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  • Artikel  (78)
  • Turbellaria  (35)
  • Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde  (22)
  • Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption  (21)
  • Springer  (78)
  • 1980-1984  (78)
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  • 1981  (78)
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  • Artikel  (78)
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  • Springer  (78)
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  • 1980-1984  (78)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Eulecithophora ; Paravortex ; Cerastoderma ; parasites ; ultrastructure ; epidermis ; embryo capsule
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The epidermis and associated structures of adult and embryonic Paravortex cardii and Paravortex karlingi, internal parasites of Cerastoderma edule, have been examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The cellular epidermis of adult Paravortex bears cilia and microvilli which differ in number and distribution between P. karlingi and P. cardii. Cellular organelles include mitochondria, lipid bodies, Golgi bodies, and ultrarhabdites. Epidermal nuclei are located in the proximal portion of the cells. The development of the tegument of embryo Paravortex has been described and a possible origin for the embryo capsule is suggested. These findings are discussed in relation to the phylogenetic status of the Turbellaria in relation to other Platyhelminthes and in the functional adaptation of the epidermis for a parasitic mode of life.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Polycladida ; epidermal eye ; cerebral eye ; ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Examination of the larvae of Thysanozoon brocchii and Stylochus mediterraneus shows that they have both epidermal and cerebral eyes, while the young worms of Notoplana alcinoi have only cerebral eyes. A description is given of the ultrastructure of both kinds of eyes. The epidermal eye consists of one cup-shaped pigmented cell, whose cavity is filled with lamellae of ciliary origin. A small covering cell is located over the cup-opening. The cerebral eye is made up of three cells: one pigmented cell with ciliary projections and two rhabdomeric-type photoreceptor cells. The cerebral eye in the adult is formed of a pigmented cup without cilia and at least three rhabdomeric-type photoreceptors. A number of remarks of a morpho-onthological nature are presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Proseriata ; Archilopsis unipunctata ; ultrastructure ; copulatory organ
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The copulatory organ in adult specimens of Archilopsis unipunctata has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. This copulatory organ is of the conjuncta-duplex type with eversible cirrus. The seminal vesicle, lined with a nucleate epithelium, is surrounded by spirally arranged muscles. The fibres are enclosed in a sheath that is continuous with the septum of the bulbus and the basement lamina of the male canal epithelium. Distally to the seminal vesicle the bulbus is filled with the secretory cell-necks of the prostate glands. The male canal shows three different parts: seminal duct, ejaculatory duct and eversible cirrus. At the transition of seminal duct and ejaculatory duct two prostate ducts open into the lumen. The structure of the epithelium lining the different parts of the canal is described. The transition into the cirrus may be recognized by an abrupt change in the thickness, the electron density and the stratification in the basement lamina and by the disappearance of the epithelium absent indeed in the cirrus. The material found inside the cirrus-lumen is different according to the zone considered. The origin of this material and of the cirrus teeth is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 45-52 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; Dugesia ; karyology ; Spain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Some species of Planarians, new to Spain, are recorded. Dugesia polychroa, D. sicula, D. iberica and D. gonocephala s. 1. have been investigated karyologically. The former possesses a diploid complement characteristic of the biotype A (2n = 8); the second is diploid with 2n = 18; diploidy and triploidy were found in sexual populations of D. iberica with n = 8. Triploidy occurred in all the asexual strains of the D. gonocephala group with a basic number of either 8 or 9. In this latter case B-chromosomes were occasionally found.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; ecology ; freshwater
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract To attempt a complete review of turbellarian ecology in the time and space available would result in superficiality. Therefore, I have restricted this account to the four basic ecological processes which have and continue to determine flatworm distribution and abundance. These are: (1) historical or zoogeographical events which permit or prevent a species from reaching a habitat; (2) physiological limitations of the species vis à vis the habitat; (3) access to suitable energy sources and (4) the effects of competition, predation and parasitism, referred to collectively as bionomic processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 129-130 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Cercyra ; Pseudomonocelis ; ecology ; reproduction ; feeding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The biology of two marine turbellarians, Cercyra hastata (Tricladida) and Pseudomonocelis ophiocephala (Proseriata) has been studied over a period of five years. They are the main components of the biocoenosis of the saccocirrus sand of Sevastopol Bay. These species have a significant role in the processes of secondary production and transformation of the organic matter in the coastal zone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 231-239 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Macrostomum ; ultrastructure ; ciliogenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Electron microscopy of Macrostomum hystricinum raised in culture shows that ciliogenesis in the worm's epidermal blastomeres begins in embryos 39–41 h old with kinetosomal and de novo genesis of presumptive basal bodies, which are morphologically distinguishable from centrioles of the mitotic apparatus, and proceeds by the migration of basal bodies to the apical plasma membrane of the cells and their production there of ciliary axonemes by an age of 51–53 h when the bastomeres emerge between yolk cells on the embryo's surface. Ciliogenesis continues throughout development with the addition of cilia virtually one by one to the expanding epidermal cells' surfaces. At no time in ciliogenesis are stages seen that might show derivation of these multiciliated cells from the primitive monociliated cell type presumably present in the ancestors of the Turbellaria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Proseriata ; Coelogynoporidae ; ultrastructure ; paracnids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The ‘Schlauchdrüsen’ or paracnids of Coelogynopora axi Sopott, 1972 consist of two components: a muscle cell and a secretory cell. The secretory cell is provided with a tube, which bears a border of microvilli. In the normal position the tube is situated in the interior of the secretory cell, and the microvilli stand at the inner side of the tube. After expulsion of the tube the microvilli are situated at its free surface. The evagination takes place in response to chemical stimuli and is effected by the contraction of the myofibrils of the muscle cell. The paracnids are supposed to be mechanisms of defense. However, conformities with nematocysts and spirocysts of the cnidarians do not exist. The paracnids in other species of the Coelogynoporidae, for example in Invenusta paracnida (Karling, 1966) and Carenscoilia bidentata Sopott, 1972 differ from those of C. axi in many details.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; T. G. Karling ; biography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Polycladida ; karyology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A karyological analysis of eight species of Polyclads has been carried out. A chromosome number of n = 10 for Stylochus alexandrinus and for Stylochus mediterraneus was ascertained on germinal lines. A chromosome number of 2n = 20 was ascertained from metaphasic plates from regenerative blastemas of Notoplana alcinoi and Leptoplana tremellaris. A karyometric analysis of this last species permitted the reconstruction of an idiogram. An idiogram was also prepared from metaphasic plates of Stylostomum ellipse obtained from early embryonic mitoses. The chromosome number of this species also was 2n = 20. Chromosome numbers of n = 8 and 2n = 16 were ascertained on germinal lines and metaphasic plates of blastemas in Echinoplana celerrima and on germinal lines and early embryonic mitoses of Stylochoplana maculata. Finally the diploid number 2n = 18 was ascertained on metaphasic plates from regenerative blastema of Yungia aurantiaca.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; Dugesia ; karyology ; taxonomy ; Japan
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A review of previous studies on the taxonomy, karyology and chorology of a polymorphic species Dugesia japonica from the Far East is presented. Two subspecies are now known: D. j. japonica (n = 8, 2x = 16, 3x = 24) and D. j. ryukyuensis (n = 7, 2x = 14, 3x = 21). An attempt has also been made to determine the definition of the B-chromosome as LB and SB and the variation of the karyotypes of both subspecies is described. Every known karyotype of D. japonica is classified into six groups (see Table 2). D. japonica from many localities has a diploid karyotype (2x), a triploid karyotype (3x) and an orthoploidic mixoploid karyotype of 2x & 3x. The origin and the karyological significance of these karyotypes are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 147-153 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Graffillidae ; entosymbionts ; physiology ; nutrition ; respiration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Three entosymbiotic graffillid rhabdocoels (Paravortex scrobiculariae, P. cardii and Graffilla buccinicola) from marine bivalve and gastropod molluscs show several physiological adaptations to their life-style which are intimately related to the nutritional physiology and ecology of their respective hosts. All three species feed on their hosts' partially digested food plus the cellular debris released at the end of the hosts' own digestive cycle. G. buccinicola supplements this diet by actively removing intact cells from the host's digestive epithelium. Host enzymes, ingested with the food, are utilized for digestion within the flatworms' gut; there is concomitant reduction in the types and amounts of endogenous enzymes and the gastrodermal gland cells characteristically found in free-living species are absent. Food reserves in the three species consist mainly of glycogen, following the pattern seen in other entosymbiotic flatworms (Turbellaria, Digenea, Cestoda); in P. scrobiculariae this primary adaptation, believed to be linked in all entosymbiotes to the ready availability of food and to high fecundity, probably has a secondary function, in relation to anaerobic respiration, of the type found in cestodes. Other adaptive features, closely correlated with host ecology, are the occurrence of a physiologically active haemoglobin in the brain and pharynx of P. scrobiculariae and, in this species and P. cardii, the differential occurrence and distribution of dehydrogenase systems concerned with aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle), the pentose phosphate shunt and anaerobic respiration (glycolysis). P. scrobiculariae and P. cardii are viviparous and the normal provision of yolk for embryonic nutrition is supplemented by direct passage of materials to the later larvae from the parental gut, thus facilitating extended development of the larva until its birth as an immature miniature adult.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; Paludicola
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Is the assumption of the monophyly of the Paludicola (freshwater triclads) justified? There seems little doubt on morphological grounds of the close relationship between the Planariidae and the Dendrocoelidae but it is difficult to connect, phylogenetically, the Dugesiidae with these groups. A connection between the former and some of the latter has been unknowingly implied by the author in previous papers, thus raising an anomaly since this would mean that the Dugesiidae are not monophyletic. Is it possible that the Dugesiidae and the Planariidae + Dendrocoelidae have arisen independently from marine ancestors? The implications of such a speculation are examined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 91-102 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Polycelis ; Dugesia ; Dendrocoelum ; Erpobdella ; Glossiphonia ; Helobdella ; serological technique ; diet ; British lakes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The food niches of four species of triclads and three species of non-parasitic leeches living in the littoral zone of British lakes of different trophic status were investigated, over one year, using a serological technique. Antisera against ten potential prey groups were employed. The basic data were adjusted to compensate for differences in predator size and seasonal changes in field temperatures. Data on two of the leech species have been presented elsewhere, but comparisons of the diet of all seven predator species are made in this paper. Much overlap in diet between the various predator species occurs, but, with one exception, each of the genera has a major food resource. The Polycelis spp. feed extensively on oligochaetes, Dugesia polychroa on molluscs, Dendrocoelum lacteum on Asellus, Erpobdella octoculata on chironomids and Glossiphonia complanata on molluscs. Helobdella stagnalis is a generalist feeder. Problems of coexistence of the leech species, and of the leech and triclad species are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; distribution ; oxygen availability ; redox ; phylogeny
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Records from a considerable number of meiofaunal samples are reexamined in relation to the depth within sediment distribution of various taxa especially Schizorhynchidae and the main turbellarian orders. Frequency and density records in samples with particular oxygen flow rates and redox potentials confirm that the ranges of Schizochilus, Proschizorhynchus and Neoschizorhynchus spp. within these factors may help account for congeneric occurrence within cores. However, statistical analysis of the records is seldom able to confirm apparent differences. There is, for example, a statistically significant difference in distribution in relation to redox potential between the red schizorhynchians Pseudoschizorhynchides ruber, Diascorhynchus rubrus and the red acoelan Paratomella rubra but not in relation to oxygen availability and depth within sediment. On one beach Gnathostomula aff. paradoxa was found at Eh and O2 availability values under which it must be assumed to be living anaerobically. Contingency and other analyses are extended to differences between higher taxa and the results discussed in relation to habitat evolution of the Turbellaria. The suggestion that structural complexity of turbellarians has increased with increased oxygenation of the environment is tentatively supported.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Umagillidae ; symbiosis ; nutrition ; Syndisyrinx ; Syndesmis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Three species of umagillid turbellarians were found to have different nutritional relationships with their echinoid hosts: Syndisyrinx franciscanus ingests host intestinal tissue and ciliates that are symbiotic in the intestine of the host; Syndesmis dendrastrorum consumes intestinal tissue and materials that have been ingested by the host; an umagillid that closely resembles Syndesmis echinorum subsists entirely on host intestinal tissue.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; cell differentiation ; regeneration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Dugesia ; cell types ; growth ; degrowth ; regneration ; maceration-technique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A method of tissue maceration (dissociation) of planarian tissues into single cells was used to characterize the basic cell types in the planarians Dugesia mediterranea and Dugesia tigrina, and to determine the total cell number and distribution of cell types during growth, degrowth and regeneration. Using this method, 13 basic cell types have been determined for both species. The total number of cells increases with body length and volume whereas the distribution of cell types is only slightly affected. Growth and degrowth occur mainly through changes in total cell number leaving cell distribution only moderately affected. During regeneration, an increase in neoblast density in the blastema followed later on by increases in nerve cells are the more significant changes detected. These results are discussed in relation to mechanisms of cell renewal, blastema formation and maintenance of tissue polarity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Crustacea ; Mollusca ; commensalism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The brachyurans Chionoecetes opilio and Hyas araneus collected from the east coast of Canada harbour two species of commensal turbellarians. Ectocotyla hirudo (Levinsen) and E. multitesticulata Fleming & Burt are found on the gills and branchial chambers of male and female crabs. The molluscs Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis collected from several locations where they are cultured along the Northumberland strait carry two commensal eulecithophoran turbellarians, both on the gills, viz., Urasloma cyprinae (Graff) and Paravortex gemellipara (Linton), the latter being a new host record. Aspects of the biology and life-history of these turbellarians are discussed, especially in relationship to the biology of their hosts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Dugesia ; karyology ; reproduction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Dugesia sanchezi reproduces in nature both sexually and by fission. Laboratory cultures have shown that fissioning is controlled by genetic factors. From sexual specimens randomly mated, 105 sexual and five fissiparous offspring were obtained. The former produced almost exclusively sexual descendents while the latter gave rise to fissiparous individuals, although successively many of them became sexual. These ex-fissiparous specimens show a high fertility and their offspring were almost all fissiparous, with the same characteristics displayed by the preceeding fissiparous generation. Some hypotheses are advanced in order to attempt a genetical interpretation of these results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; regeneration ; cAMP ; neuromediators
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Regenerating planarians of the species Polycelis tenuis have been studied with respect to the two distinct phases which occur during regeneration, viz., the first 24 h involving cellular activation, and the following days when differentiation of the blastema occurs after a period of cellular proliferation. We have studied particularly the biochemical events that control regeneration with respect to the nature of the signals which induce cellular activation, the membrane receptors of these signals, and the consequences of these signals for the cellular metabolism of DNA, RNA and proteins. The roles of neurohormones such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline are assessed, and a provisional model of the process of cellular activation is proposed which takes account of all the information that is now available concerning planarian regeneration.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 213-229 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; morphology ; ultrastructure ; body wall ; nervous system ; protonephridia ; parenchyma ; digestive system ; reproductive system
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The paper reviews the following systems: body wall, nervous system, protonephridia, parenchyma, digestive system, reproductive system, and includes a summary of the literature. New information is presented for the catenulid and neoophoran body wall-construction, the kalyptorhynch proboscis, the catenulid and haplopharyngid protonephridial construction, and the prolecithophoran spermatozoon and female germ cell. Examples of new features, as well as examples of how electron microscopy has clarified the relative position of structures and their substructures are given from the subcellular level to the organization of whole organs. Fine structural features linking different turbellarian orders are summarized. They apparently support Karling's (1974) latest assessment of the affinities between the turbellarian orders which is based primarily on light histological data, they add the recognition of a special link between the Macrostomida and Haplopharyngida and they suggest the existence of three main evolutionary lines within the Turbellaria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Typhloplandoe ; Mesostoma zariae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A new species of the genus Mesostoma Ehrenberg 1935, M. zariae n.sp. is described and its relationship discussed. The new species belongs to the M. lingua species-group and is characterised by the presence of two kinds of prostate secretions and a pear-shaped penis papilla. It occurs in small standing or slowly running waters at Zaria, Nigeria. It has previously been proven (Mead 1978) that this species is predatory on the aquatic stages of mosquitoes.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 167-169 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Dugesia ; reproduction ; karyology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract One of the biotypes of the planarian Dugesia benazzii is triploid in the somatic line, hexaploid in the female line owing to a chromosome set doubling, and diploid in the male line due to a haploid set elimination. In a population of this biotype only 50% of the oocytes are hexaploid, the others being triploid as a results of the lack of set doubling; the male line is always diploid. After a long period of laboratory culture most of the individuals became asexual and fissiparous. Almost all the oocytes of the few specimens which have remained sexual showed triploid complement; B-chromosomes also appeared. These events represent the manifestation of a new genetic background which act upon the two germ lines in different ways and moments. These topics are discussed.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; karyology ; mixoploidy ; electrophoresis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Various kinds of chromosomal polymorphisms or karyotypic variations are found in the Japanese freshwater planarian Polycelis auriculata. Within this species, there are found worms whose chromosome numbers are 2n = 6, 10, 11, 12 and others, and 3x = 6 and 9. There are some which have cells with triploidy and tetraploidy complements (3x = 6 & 4x = 8), and others which have cells with triploidy and hexaploidy complements (3x = 6 & 6x = 12). These worms with such varied karyotypes are usually found in separate habitats, though occasionally they occur together. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins extracted from the karyotipically different worms which belong to three different local populations shows some dissimilarity in the constitutive proteins according to their karyotypic differences. The results obtained suggest that this species is still in the process of speciation or chromosomal evolution.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; regeneration ; neurohormones ; adenylate cyclase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Planarians are a good subject for studies of cell differentiation. Each multicellular organism is maintained by continuous production, differentiation and ageing of cellular elements. Each cell has a specific position defined by specific regional boundaries. After amputating a part of the body this positional information changes, involving, probably, the first range of cellular activation, the activation of membrane receptors. At the same time in an injured organism the level of neurohormones, which can be now coupled with activated receptors, increases. In the opinion of many authors neurohormones act on the regenerative cells through the medium of adenylate cyclase. This enzyme converts ATP to cAMP and by means of this cyclic nucleotide the second range of cellular activation is initiated i.e. changes of activation of cAMP dependent protein kinases. The sequence of these processes plays the principal role in the ensuing cell differentiation.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; Polycelis ; speciation ; Europe ; enzyme variation ; iso-electric focusing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Polycelis nigra Ehrenberg and Polycelis tenuis Ijima differ morphologically and karyologically. No difference, however, was found in the isozyme pattern of malate dehydrogenase and tetrazolium oxidase, indicating a close relationship. Most sibling species differ at half of the loci. It could be deduced that the reproductive behaviour of a single population of Polycelis nigra in a Dutch pond was not panmictic. Two genetically different strains retained their identities during two years of observation. If pseudogamy occurs in this diploid planarian, the presence of heterozygous specimens indicates the absence of a true meiosis. The iso-electrofocusing technique by which these population-genetical studies were carried out, also lends itself to a comparison of overall protein banding patterns. The membrane proteins especially are conservative. The sodium dodecyl sulphate extracted proteins of Polycelis nigra-tenuis, Planaria torva and Phagocata vitta were very similar, while their water soluble proteins were not. This technique may be of great help in taxonomic studies of the higher taxa.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; meiobenthos ; fauna composition ; taxonomy ; Netherlands Delta area
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Sand dwelling Turbellaria from the Delta of the Rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt have been investigated. Thirty-eight samples taken from littoral and sublittoral stations in the Grevelingen, Eastern and Western Scheldt have been analysed. Thirty-three species were recorded (Acoela were not considered); twenty-four of them are new for the area and seven new species are described. Density and diversity of Turbellaria were higher in the Eastern Scheldt than in the Western Scheldt or in the Lake Grevelingen. A maximum density of 82 ind./100 cm3 was noted. A tentative calculation on relative abundance of the representatives of the different Turbellaria orders is established. Proseriata seem to be dominant in the localities studied.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Proseriata ; Coelogynoporidae ; taxonomy ; New England
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Eleven species of the proseriate turbellarian family Coelogynoporidae have been encountered between Cape Cod, Mass. and the southern shore-line of New Brunswick, Canada. The distributions of Coelogynopora schultzii, C. biarmata and Cirrifera cirrifera are reported. Four new species belonging to the genus Coelogynopora, one new species of Cirrifera and a species belonging to a new genus are described. Two species remain undescribed. Biological observations on a laboratory-reared colony of C. biarmata maintained since 1978 are reported.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Neorhabdocoela ; Paravortex ; parasites
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Paravortex karlingi sp. nov. collected from the intestine of the bivalve mollusc Cerastorderma edule from the Ythan Estuary, N. E. Scotland, and elsewhere, is distinguished from a closely related species, P. cardii, also occurring in this host, on the basis of differences in habitat occupied by the two species as well as behavioural and morphological differences. P. karlingi is smaller, has fewer embryos in the gravid adult and shows a different behaviour pattern when released from the host intestine. It is also negatively phototactic whereas P. cardii is initially positively phototactic, only later becoming negatively phototactic. The occurrence of both species in Britain is briefly described.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Rhabdocoela ; Fecampiidae ; parasites ; crustaceans ; distribution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract All members of the Fecampiidae are endoparasites. Since 1964 when only four species were known, four new species and 11 cocoon types, made by as many unknown species, have been described. The Fecampiidae are distributed in all major oceans from shallow waters to more than 5000 m depth.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Dugesia lugubris ; regeneration ; ultracytochemistry ; adenylate cyclase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Adenylate cyclase (AC) was localized ultracytochemically in certain tissues of the regenerating planarian Dugesia lugubris. Studies were carried out from one hour after injury up to the 5th day of regeneration. It was found that the greatest amount of active AC appears during the initial hours of regeneration in the membranes of the muscle cells near the wound, in the epithelial cells surrounding the wound, and in rhabdite-forming cells and neoblasts.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 240-240 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Acoela ; ultrastructure ; ciliary rootlets ; glycogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The rootlets of the kinetic cilia form patterns of different types in the different turbellarian subgroups (cf. Rieger 1981). In the Acoela a rather complex system of ciliary rootlets is found in the epidermis (Dorey 1965; Hendelberg & Hedlund 1973; Bedini & Papi 1974). In the acoel Childia groenlandica (Levinsen) the four rootlets of each cilium make contact with those of adjacent cilia at two levels (Hendelberg & Hedlund 1974). Distinct granules are found in the interior of the main rootlets (Hendelberg & Hedlund 1974; Bedini & Papi 1974, Fig. 16) and basal bodies (Silveira 1972; Hendelberg & Hedlund 1974) of the epidermal kinetic cilia of acoels. Similar granules, probably of identical structure, can be seen in nemertodermatids, in the same positions (Tyler & Rieger 1977, Figs. 3 & 6). Such granules were studied in C. groenlandica with histochemical methods adapted for electron microscopy. Like Silveira (1972) I found the granules of the basal bodies to be Thiéry-positive, and thus evidently to be made up of or at least to contain polysaccharide material. The granules of the main rootlets were also found to be Thiéry-positive (Hendelberg 1976). Digestion experiments (Hendelberg & Hellmén 1978 and unpublished results) strongly support the concept that the granules are glycogen beta-particles. We know that cilia can function as kinetic organelles without any rootlets. But we are still uncertain about the function of the rootlets when occurring. Most probably they form an anchorage, a function which may be favoured by branching rootlets making contact with each other. Another function which has been discussed is the transmittance of impulses regulating the ciliary beat. Glycogen granules represent an energy deposit. The functional implication of these granules in the interior of the ciliary rootlets and basal bodies is not clear. However, the observations raise the question of how energy is transmitted to the cilia. Are the ciliary rootlets, when occurring, involved? This question will be further discussed, with references, in a future full report on the digestion experiments (to be published elsewhere).
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 84 (1981), S. 276-276 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; ultrastructure ; eye ; Urastoma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Urastoma cyprinae (Graff) is a microturbellarian which has been recorded both as a free-living organism by Westblad (1955) and Marcus (1951) and as a commensal in various lamellibranch molluscs (see Burt & Drinnan 1968). The material used in this study came from oysters, Crassostroea virginica, collected off the coast of Prince Edward Island, in which hosts it occurs in large numbers especially during the summer months when the oysters are spawning (Fleming et al. 1981). When U. cyprinae is exposed to light as happens, for example, when an oyster is opened, it shows a marked negative phototactic response. Preliminary work on the fine structure of the photoreceptors in U. cyprinae shows that the two eyes each consists of: (1) a single cup cell full of relatively large, electron-dense pigment granules; (2) a tripartite conical lens system; and (3) what appear to be two photosensitive rhabdomes. The pigment cup cell has a single, well defined nucleus situated basally and close to the membrane of the pigment cell furthest away from the rhabdomeres. The lens system consists of a cone made up of three, separate but equal, parts. Each part has two, flat inner surfaces which join at an angle of 120°, an outer rounded surface, and a rounded upper surface. When these three parts fit together, the cone-shaped lens is formed with the apex of the lens within the ‘cup’ of the pigment cell and the rounded, convex, broad end of the cone lying more or less at the same level as the top of the pigment cup and below the epidermis layer. The rhabdomeres lie between the electron dense lenses and the inside of the pigment cup. They show connections to the visual cells which are bipolar: one extension joining the rhabdomeres; the other constituting the axon which extends into the centrally situated brain or into the longitudinal, lateral nerves. The axons that enter the brain, form connections with other axons from the other eye. The axons that extend posteriorly in a lateral position, presumably play a role in facilitating the avoidance reaction. The chemical nature of the unusual lens has not yet been determined. This is presently under investigation and will be reported later at which time our work will be discussed in relation to other types of rhabdomeric eyes in the Turbellaria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 218 (1981), S. 375-387 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nervous system ; Turbellaria ; Synaptic contacts ; Release of neurosecretory material
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of release sites of neurochemical messenger substances in the microturbellarian Microstomum lineare was examined. Aminergic neurites form conventional synapses and synapse-like structures (SLS). Variants of true synapses include: “single” synapses with symmetric pre- and postsynaptic densities, “shared” synapses, i.e., contacts between 1 pre- and 2 postsynaptic fibres, en passant synapses between parallel axonal membranes, and synapses without thickenings having only clustered vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. SLS on a nerve cell soma or facing an intercellular stromal channel near muscles are described. Peptidergic neurites containing large granular vesicles (LGV) form synaptoids and signs of putative neurosecretory release. Synaptoids between neurites and between neurite and muscle have lucent vacuoles (about 100nm) and dense material at the contact site. In en passage synaptoids dense-core vesicles are embedded in electron-dense material at the contact site. Putative signs of release of neurosecretory material other than “typical” exocytosis have been observed.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Arsen in Biolog. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Red. zu Arsin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A sensitive method for hydride generation and graphite tube furnace atomic absorption spectrometric measurements with a reducing tube has been developed for the determination of arsenic in tea and orchard leaves. Arsines were generated in a horizontal glass tube, in which a pellet of NaBH4 was placed. 1.5–2.0 l/min of argon flow rate and 2,400° C of atomization temperature were the best experimental conditions. The strong supression of the arsenic signal by Ni and Co was effectively eliminated with 1,10-phenanthroline. A detection limit of 0.3 ng was obtained with a precision of 3–4%.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Arsin wird in einem horizontalen Glasrohr erzeugt, das eine NaBH4-Tablette enthält. Die AAS-Bestimmung erfolgt am günstigsten bei einem Argonstrom von 1,5–2,0 l/min und mit einer Atomisierungstemperatur von 2400° C. Die starke Unterdrückung des Arsensignals durch Ni und Co kann mit 1,10-Phenanthrolin wirksam eliminiert werden. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,3 ng bei einer Reproduzierbarkeit von 3–4%. Das Verfahren wurde auf die Arsenbestimmung in Tee und Obstbaumblättern angewendet.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Bleitetraalkyl in Luft ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitofen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The determination of the total concentration of tetraalkyllead compounds in the air is based on the cryogenic condensation in a cooled trap at −130° C, thermal desorption at 60° C into impingers containing nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and a determination with graphite furnace atomic-absorption. The method is highly specific and suffers no interferences from lead in the particulate phase. The detection limit is 42 ng Pb/m3 for air samples of ca. 3601.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung der Gesamtkonzentration an Tetraalkylbleiverbindungen in der Luft beruht auf der Kondensation in einer Kühlfalle bei −130° C, Desorption bei 60° C in ein Salpetersäure-Wasserstoffperoxid-Gemisch und anschließender Bestimmung mit Graphitofen-AAS. Die Methode ist hochspezifisch und wird durch bleihaltige Festteilchen nicht gestört. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 42 ng Pb/m3 für 3601-Proben.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 13-14 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Bor in Wasser ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flammenlos, Graphitrohr
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A simple and rapid procedure is described for the determination of boron in water using flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. A Ca/Mg solution is added before measurement. The method is suitable for boron concentrations up to 250 μg/l. The mean standard deviation is 6±4 μg/l.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Eine schnelle und einfache Methode zur Bestimmung von Bor im Wasser mittels flammenloser AAS wird beschrieben. Die Messung erfolgt nach Zugabe einer Ca/Mg-Lösung. Die Methode ist geeignet für Borkonzentrationen bis 250 μg/l. Die mittlere Standardabweichung beträgt 6±4 μg/l.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Gold in Selen, Erzen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Methacrylsäuremethylester
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In einem einfachen Verbundverfahren werden ppm- und ppb-Gehalte von Gold entweder nach Extraktion mit Methacrylsäuremethylester (MME) direkt im ppm-Bereich mittels Flammen-AAS oder im ppb-Bereich nach Absorption an selenorganische Verbindungen in der Graphitküvette bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze in der Flammen-AAS ist 0,2 μg Au/ml MME; in der Graphitküvette können noch 0.25 ng nachgewiesen werden. Die relative Standardabweichungen für die Goldbestimmungen sind bei Gehalten von 0,064 ppm in Selen 23%, bei 14 ppm 3,5%; in Bleikonzentraten bei 0,41 ppm 10,2%. Das angegebene Verfahren ist auf Erze und andere Metallkonzentrate übertragbar.
    Notizen: Summary With a simple method ppm and ppb amounts of gold were determined either after extraction with methyl methacrylate (MME) directly by flame AAS in ppm amounts or after absorption on organoselenium compounds in ppb amounts with flameless AAS. The determination limit by flame AAS is 0.2 μg Au/ml MME, by flameless AAS 0.25 ng. The relative standard deviations for the determination of gold are 23% for the determination in selenium in the range of 0.064 ppm, in the range of 14 ppm 3.5%. For lead concentrates with 0.41 ppm the relative standard deviation is 10.2%. This method may be used, too, for the analysis of other metal concentrates and ores.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 218-220 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Nachw. von Alkaliionen an Protein, Biolog. Material ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 201-205 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; Beeinflussung anorg. Folien
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 224-228 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Analyse von Muskelgewebe ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A technique is described to obtain shockfrozen tissue specimens from a beating heart in situ using liquid propane as cooling agent. The method allows to take up to 8 samples from the ischemic area of the left ventricle of a pig heart following acute coronary artery occlusion. A freeze-drying apparatus was developed in which, under a vacuum of 10−6 mm Hg, the specimens remain for 10 days with the temperature slowly rising from initially −100
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 234-238 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Fluor in Zahngewebe ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 239-245 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Nachw. von Uran in Algen ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; Dunaliella
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Untersuchungen von Mycobakterien ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 270-273 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; Spektren, Gleichgewichtsmodell
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 309-311 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Analyse von Organ. Molekülen ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; elektronenstrahl-geschÄdigte Filme
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 297-303 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Analyse von Polymeren ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Positive and negative ion spectra of various industrially important polymers were recorded using the Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA) technique. Using methods developed in earlier work [1] we interpret the ions as being generated from the polymer backbone or pendant sidechain functional groups. Results are given for polypropylene, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polycaprolactam (Nylon 6) and polydimethylsiloxane. Mass patterns are analyzed and compared to the previous work.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 332-338 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Magnesium, Calcium ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Matrixeffekt, empirische math. Modelle, Optimierung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A method of experimental optimization of an analytical procedure aimed at elimination of the matrix effect is proposed which is based on the theory of design of experiments. The criterion functions Q are formulated, which are expressed by regression coefficients in the empirical mathematical model approximating the relationship between a quantity R and the concentrations of sample components. R denotes, for example, the measured signal (e.g. absorbance, emission intensity), the concentration of a component being determined read from the calibration graph, or the error of determination. The quantities Q depend, in general, on the conditions of analysis which can be expressed by the factors z 1..., z M (e.g., in AAS — observation height, gas flux, concentrations of the auxiliary substances in a sample, etc.). It is assumed that the extreme of a function Q corresponds to the optimum conditions of analysis. In this paper the relationship between a quantity Q and the factors z is approximated by the polynomial model. The regression coefficients in this model are estimated on the basis of the results of an experiment carried out according to the composite rotatable design. The extreme of the model is found mathematically. Various criterion functions Q are discussed. An example concerning determination of Mg and Ca in AlCl3 reagent by AAS is presented.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Ein auf der Theorie der Versuchsplanung beruhendes Verfahren zur experimentellen Optimierung einer analytischen Methode mit dem Ziel der Eliminierung des Matrixeffekts wird beschrieben. Die Kriteriumfunktionen Q werden formuliert, die durch Regressionskoeffizienten in einem mathematischen Modell ausgedrückt werden, das der Beziehung zwischen einem Wert R und den Konzentrationen der Bestandteile angenähert ist. Hierbei bedeutet R z. B. das gemessene Signal (Extinktion, Emissionsintensität), den von der Eichkurve abgelesenen Konzentrationswert oder den Fehler der Bestimmung. Der Wert Q hängt im allgemeinen von den Analysenbedingungen ab, die durch die Faktoren z 1... z M (bei der AAS zum Beispiel die Beobachtungshöhe, der Gasstrom, die Konzentration von Hilfssubstanzen usw.) ausgedrückt werden können. Es wird angenommen, daß der Extremwert einer Funktion Q den optimalen Analysenbedingungen entspricht. Die Beziehung zwischen Q und den Faktoren z wird durch ein Polynommodell angenähert. Die Regressionskoeffizienten in diesem Modell werden aufgrund von Versuchsergebnissen bestimmt. Der Extremwert des Modells wird mathematisch berechnet. Verschiedene Kriteriumfunktionen Q werden diskutiert. Als Beispiel wird die Bestimmung von Mg und Ca in AlCl3 mit Hilfe der AAS beschrieben.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 258-259 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Analyse von Bazillen ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 274-279 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Mikroanalyse von mineral. Fasern, Asbest, Glasfasern ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Analysis of asbestos and glass fibers obtained by either environmental sampling or after longer periods of deposition in human and animal tissue revealed that the latter undergo changes of their chemical composition. Electron microscopy and LAMMA were used in these investigations. The extent of fiber dissolution could be assessed. Some fibers remained chemically unchanged. In certain fibers only some elements were partially leached out whereas in other fibers the majority of metallic elements were eluted.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 283-286 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Untersuchung von Holzschutzmitteln ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; Verteilung in der Zellwand
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The “Laser Microprobe Mass Analyzer” (LAMMA) proved to be a useful instrument for element localization in single wood cells treated with preservatives. The relative concentration of elements occurring within the cell wall can also be determined. Even those with low mass numbers, namely boron and fluorine, are identifiable. In this respect, LAMMA-analysis is preferable to electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Poles treated with CCF- or CCB-preservatives exhibit an overall gradient of ion concentration across the sapwood. Chromium becomes more strongly fixed in the wall than copper. Relative to these elements boron becomes rather irregulary distributed. Moreover, the adsorption of fluorine is considerably low.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 304-308 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Analyse von AminosÄuren, Peptiden ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 312-320 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Analyse von Metallorganoverbindungen ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary LAMMA spectrometry allows to study many kinds of insoluble and non volatile organometallic compounds. The mass peak of the positive part of such molecules can be seen in positive LAMMA spectra. It is possible at times to quickly verify the coordinance degree of metal. At last, by LAMMA spectrometry, it is even possible to describe some very intricate systems such as asphaltenes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 448-451 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Selen in Schwefelsäure ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Ultramicro amounts of selenium in sulphuric acid are determined by a new atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Selenium(IV) is directly determined ater extraction into toluene with an aromatic o-diamine and addition of nickel(II) prior to atomization; the determination of total selenium (0, IV and VI) needs a treatment of the sample with selected oxidizing and reducing agents. In the studied samples, total selenium (0.003–0.022 μg of Se in 1 ml sulphuric acid) is present only in the tetravalent state. The detection limit of the method is 0.003 μg of selenium.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Selen(IV) kann direkt bestimmt werden nach Toluolextraktion der mit einem aromatischen o-Diamin behandelten Lösung und Zusatz von Nickel(II). Die Bestimmung von Gesamtselen (0, IV, VI) erfordert eine Vorbehandlung mit Perchlor- bzw. Salpetersäure und Wasserstoffperoxid. Die Nachweisgrenze des Verfahrens beträgt 0,003 μg Se. In den untersuchten Proben war das Gesamtselen (0,003–0,022 μg/ml) nur als Se(IV) vorhanden.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Thallium in Gesteinen, Kohle Gras ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Vorkonzentrierung, Extraktion, Spuren
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die beschriebene Methode für die Bestimmung von Tl in Zement und dessen Ausgangsmaterialien eignet sich auch für die Spurenbestimmung in Gesteinen, Lösungen, usw. Spuren von Tl können aus großen Gehalten von Ca oder Fe durch Maskieren der Fremdelemente in mineralsaurer Lösung mit großen Mengen Citronensäure, Ascorbinsäure, wenn nötig auch mit KCN, und Extrahieren bzw. Konzentrieren des Tl als Diethyldithiocarbaminat-Komplex mit kleinen Mengen Methylisobutylketon bei pH 10,5 abgetrennt werden. Tl+ und auch Tl3+ werden erfaßt. Der Methylisobutylketon-Extrakt kann direkt in die Flamme eingesprüht werden. Die Empfindlichkeit ist in Methylisobutylketon-Lösung etwa um 30% besser als in rein wäßriger Lösung. Ein Zusatz von Cd, welches unter den gegebenen Bedingungen ebenfalls mitextrahiert wird, verbessert die Empfindlichkeit durch Interferenzeffekt nochmals um weitere 30 %. Wird eine Proben-Einwaage von 1 g zur Extraktion verwendet, so kann noch 0,1 ppm Tl im Ausgangsmaterial nachgewiesen werden. 60 untersuchte Kationen und etwa 20 Anionen stören in weiten Grenzen nicht. Mit der flammenlosen Atomisierung im Graphitrohrofen können noch 20–100mal kleinere Mengen Tl bestimmt werden, wenn das Tl im Methylisobutyl-Extrakt mit HNO3 in die Nitratform gebracht und mit Alkohol verdünnt wird. Die Methoden wurden mit Standardgesteinen und Zementproben mit zugesetztem Tl überprüft.
    Notizen: Summary A sensitive method for the trace analysis of Tl in cement raw materials, rocks and other samples by AAS is described. To the aqueous sample solutions, containing mainly Ca or Fe, large amounts of citric and ascorbic acid were added for masking interfering cations. Tl is extracted and concentrated as the diethyldithiocarbamate complex in methyl-isobutylketone at pH 10.5. This extract can directly be injected into the flame. The sensitivity was found to be 30% higher than for aqueous solutions and can be enhanced by another 30% by addition of some Cd. For a 1 g-sample the sensitivity is about 0.1 ppm Tl. Some 60 cations and 20 anions may be present in rather large amounts without disturbing the Tl-determination. A procedure for the flameless AAS is also described leading to a 20–100 times higher sensitivity. The methods were tested with standard rocks and with cement samples to which defined amounts of Tl had been added.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 398-399 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Nickeloxid in Nickel ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Lösung in KCuCl3
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 382-386 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Arsen, Selen in Geolog. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Hydridbildung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A rapid semi-automated hydride evolution-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of arsenic and selenium in geological materials. A representative sample of a rock, soil or sediment is digested with a mixture of HNO3-HClO4. The nearly dry digestate is taken up in HCl. The arsenic (or selenium) in the hydrochloric acid solution is converted to its hydride with sodium borohydride. The hydride is decomposed and atomized in an electrically heated quartz furnace, and the atomic absorption signal is measured at the appropriate resonance wavelengths of arsenic and selenium. Both the elements can be reliably determined in geochemical samples in the range of 0.05–2.00 μg/g. The method has wide tolerance for variation in reagent concentrations and possible interferences, and when tested on some certified rocks having a wide range of arsenic and selenium values is found to be satisfactorily accurate and precise. The procedure is now routinely used in our laboratories. At least 10 samples can be analyzed per hour.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Bei dem beschriebenen Verfahren wird die Probe mit einem Salpetersäure-Perchlorsäure-Gemisch aufgeschlossen, der Rückstand in Salzsäure aufgenommen und Se bzw. As mit Hilfe von Natriumborhydrid in Hydrid übergeführt. Die Atomisierung zur Messung erfolgt in einem elektrisch beheizten Quarzofen. Beide Elemente können im Bereich von 0,05–2,00 μg/g zuverlässig in geologischem Material bestimmt werden. Die Methode hat einen weiten Toleranzbereich für Änderungen der Reagenskonzentration sowie für mögliche Begleitelemente und zeigte bei Referenz-Gesteinsproben zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse. Sie wird in den Laboratorien des Autors routinemäßig eingesetzt. Wenigstens 10 Proben können innerhalb von 1 h analysiert werden.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 365-371 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Chrom, Kupfer, Mangan, Nickel, Eisen in Stahl ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Genauigkeit in Gefügebestandteilen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Charakterisierung von Isolaten differenziert behandelter Stähle erfordert die schnelle und genaue Bestimmung von Haupt- und Nebenbestandteilen aus Einwaagen im Milligrammbereich. Mit der Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie wurden die Elemente Fe (40–95 m-%) sowie Cr, Cu, Mn und Ni (0,05–10 m-%) aus einer Lösung (50–100 ml) durch Eichung mit geeigneten Standardstählen bestimmt. Die statistische Bewertung der Eisenbestimmung erfolgte am Beispiel der Analyse von Standardstählen und konkreten FexC-Isolaten. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit der klassisch-chemischen Isolatanalyse verglichen. Es wurden Reproduzierbarkeiten von s r≦0,01 bei garantierter Richtigkeit im Konfidenzintervall erreicht. Voraussetzung dafür ist die Messung auf Fe-Linien geringerer Empfindlichkeit (373,7 nm bzw. 358,1 nm), wodurch weitere Verdünnungsschritte vermieden und das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis verbessert werden. Bei der Cr-Bestimmung muß die spektrale Reinheit der Hohlkathodenlampe garantiert werden. Es wurde gezeigt, daß deutliche Mehrbefunde bei Lampen mit eisenhaltigem Trägermaterial bei Spaltbreiten 〉 0,2 nm und Messung auf λ Cr=357,9 nm in Abhängigkeit vom Cr-Fe-Verhältnis auftreten. Als Ursache dafür wurde eine absorbierende Fe-Linie (358,1 nm) innerhalb der spektralen Bandbreite nachgewiesen.
    Notizen: Summary The characterization of residues of differently treated steels requires the rapid and precise determination of principal and secondary components from mg sample weights. The elements Fe (40–95%-wt) and Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni (0.05–10% wt) were determined from one solution (50–100 ml) with calibration of suitable standard reference materials by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Precision and accuracy of the Fe-determination were studied at SRM and concrete FexC-residues and by comparison with classical chemical analysis. The precision was ≦1% with a guaranteed accuracy in the confidence interval. This was attained by using Fe-lines with lower sensitivity (373.7 nm or 358.1 nm) to eliminate the dilution and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. For the determination of chromium, it is necessary to guarantee the spectral purity of the used hollow cathode lamp. It was shown that the Cr-response was too high in dependence on the Cr-Fe-ratio when using a hollow cathode lamp with ferruginous cathode material, a spectral bandpass of 〉 0.2 nm and the Cr-line λ Cr=357.9 nm. This was caused by an absorbing Feline (358.1 nm) in the used spectral bandpass.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 378-380 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Selen in Techn. Produkten ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Methacrylsäuremethylester, Extraktion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Methacrylsäuremethylester (MME) wird als Extraktions- und Lösungsmittel für die Flammen-AAS vorgeschlagen. Als Extraktionsmittel ist es für bestimmte Spurenanreicherungen selektiver als Methyl-iso-butylketon bei gleichen Eigenschaften in der Flammen-AAS. Als analytisches Beispiel wird die Selen-Extraktion und Bestimmung im ppm-Bereich bei Kupfer- und Bleikonzentraten, Kupferstein und Rohkupfer durchgeführt. Als Extraktionsmittel wird eine 5%-Lösung von Aceton im MME verwendet. Die relativen Standardabweichungen sind für Selengehalte von 5,6–70,5 ppm 6 bis 2%, bei 580–1100 ppm 1,8 bis 1,4%. Das beschriebene Verfahren ist im ppm-Bereich störungsfrei gegenüber Begleitelementen.
    Notizen: Summary Methyl methacrylate (MME) is proposed as an extractant and solvent for flame-AAS. For the enrichment of certain traces it is more selective than methyl-iso-butylketone (MIBK), with equal properties in flame-AAS. The extraction and determination of selenium in the ppm-range in copper- and lead concentrates, blister copper and copper matte is described as an analytical example. A solution of 5% acetone in MME is used as extractant. The relative standard deviations for selenium are 6 to 2% for 5.6 to 70.5 ppm and 1.8 to 1.4% for 580 to 1,100 ppm. Accompanying elements do not interfere in the ppm-range.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 307 (1981), S. 411-412 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Fluorid in Wasser ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Fällung mit Ca, Pb, Bi
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Blei, Cadmium, Quecksilber in Klärschlamm ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zeeman-Effekt
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Drei Klärschlammstandards wurden mit der Zeeman-AAS auf ihren Blei-, Cadmium- und Quecksilbergehalt untersucht. Es fand keine chemische Probenvorbereitung statt. Die gut homogenisierten Proben wurden direkt auf einer Mikrogrammwaage in ein Graphitschiffchen eingewogen. Die Messungen zeigen gute Übereinstimmung mit den Referenzwerten. Auch für andere Elemente und Matrixformen ist diese Feststoffanalyse möglich.
    Notizen: Summary Three sewage sludge standards were analysed for their Pb, Cd and Hg contents by means of Zeeman-AAS. The samples did not undergo chemical pretreatment. They were well homogenized and directly weighed into a graphite boat by means of a microbalance. Results were in good agreement with reference values. This solid state analysis is also suitable for other elements and other types of matrices.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; LAMMA 500, GerÄtebeschreibung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 206-211 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; Folien u. Partikel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 221-223 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Kationen in Biolog. Material ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; Stria vascularis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary It was possible to maintain the differentiated structure of inner ear tissues by freezing in supercooled propane, freeze-drying under special conditions and embedding the tissue in a low viscosity resin. Using LAMMA we were able to measure intracellular ion concentration and concentration gradients in the soft tissues such as muscle and stria vascularis specimens. The preliminary results demonstrate that the distribution of cations in the lateral wall of the cochlear duct is not uniform. The K/Na ratio in the basal cells was significantly higher (12∶1) than in the spiral ligament and middle part of the stria vascularis (7∶1). Changes of such concentration ratios recorded after anoxia suggest that an energy dependent active transport mechanism must exist in the stria vascularis.
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Selen in Anorgan. Material, Organ. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Verdampfung im dynam. System
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine spezielle Apparatur zur Abtrennung von Selengehalten aus anorganischen (≥ 0,5 ng/g) und organischen (≥ 2 ng/g) Matrices beschrieben, die eine zuverlässige Bestimmung der isolierten Selenspuren durch Hydrid-AAS (HG-AAS) bzw. AAS mit elektrothermischer Atomisierung (ETA-AAS) ermöglicht. Beim Aufschluß der Probe im O2- bzw. Ar/O2-Trägergasstrom wird das Selen in einem Quarzsystem als SeO2 verflüchtigt und in einer Vorlage zusammen mit dem Sauerstoff und anderen flüchtigen Substanzen durch Kühlen mit flüssigem Stickstoff kondensiert. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Verbundverfahrens wird durch zahlreiche Se-Bestimmungen in Metallen, Gesteinen, Sedimenten, Böden, pflanzlichen und tierischen Matrices belegt.
    Notizen: Summary A special apparatus for the separation of low levels of selenium from inorganic (≥ 0.5 ng/g) and organic (≥2 ng/g) matrices is described. It enables a reliable determination of the isolated traces of selenium by hydride-AAS (HG-AAS) or AAS with electrothermal atomisation (ETA-AAS). During decomposition of the sample in a stream of O2 or Ar/O2 in a quartz system, selenium is volatilized as SeO2 that is subsequently trapped simultaneously with oxygen and other volatile substances by cooling with liquid nitrogen. The capability of this multi-stage procedure is proved by numerous determinations of Se in metals, rocks, sediments, soils, plant and animal matrices.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Arsen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; heißes Quarzrohr, Zugabe von Komplexbildnern
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Nickel, Cobalt und Kupfer stören die Arsenbestimmung durch Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie mit Atomisierung von Arsenwasserstoff im heißen Quarzrohr. Der Störeinfluß läßt sich durch Komplexbildner vermindern. Von einer Anzahl untersuchter Chelatbildner zeigte Pyridin-2-aldoxim die größte Wirkung: 300 mg Pyridin-2-aldoxim in der Meßlösung schalten die Störung durch 40 mg Metalloxid aus.
    Notizen: Summary Nickel, cobalt and copper interfere in the quantitation of arsenic by atomic absorption spectrometry with atomisation of arsine in a hot quartz tube. A number of chelating agents was investigated with a view to eliminate the suppressing effect of these metals. Pyridine-2-aldoxime was most efficient: 300 mg of pyridine-2-aldoxime exclude an interference by up to 40 mg of metal oxide in the final solution.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Bleioxid in Blei ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A method has been developed for the determination of a minute amount of lead oxide in and on high-purity lead metal. The lead metal is shaken with 0.5% (w/v) ammonium acetate solution and sodium tetrahydroborate in nitrogen atmosphere. The metallic lead is unaffected while the lead oxide is dissolved in the aqueous solution and can be determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure is repeated in the presence of mercury. In this case lead is converted to amalgam and total lead oxide is dissolved and determined. The lead oxide contained in the interior of the sample is obtained by the difference. Lead oxide in commercial lead metals of various forms has been determined by this method. It is simple and fast, a minute amount of lead oxide can be determined precisely with high reproducibility (recovery is 98–100%).
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Bleiprobe wird mit 0,5 %iger Ammoniumacetatlösung und NaBH4 unter Stickstoff geschüttelt, wobei sich das an der Oberfläche befindliche Bleioxid löst und in der Lösung durch AHS bestimmt werden kann. Metallisches Blei wird durch diese Behandlung nicht angegriffen. Eine weitere Metallprobe wird dann in Gegenwart von Quecksilber ebenso behandelt, wobei Bleiamalgam gebildet wird und das gesamte Oxid in Lösung geht. Der Oxidgehalt in der Probe ergibt sich aus der Differenz der beiden Werte. Verschiedenartige Bleiproben wurden mit diesem Verfahren untersucht (Reproduzierbarkeit 98–100%).
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 104-111 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Analyse von Gallium, Aluminium ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren in Reinstmetallen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der für die Extraktion im stark sauren Medium geeignete Chelatbildner Dithiophosphorsäure-O,O-diethylester kann auch für die Spurensorption an Aktivkohle eingesetzt werden. Durch das unterschiedliche Sorptionsverhalten der Elemente ist es möglich, eine Gruppe von Elementspuren (Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Tl) selektiv aus verschiedenen Matrices abzutrennen. Am Beispiel der Analyse von Reinstgallium konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Kombination von Spurenabtrennung und mikrophysikalischem Bestimmungsschritt zu Nachweisgrenzen im ng/g-Bereich führt. Als Bestimmungsverfahren für die angereicherten Spuren wurden die Injektionsmethode der Flammen-AAS und die Schlaufen-AAS eingesetzt, da mit beiden Methoden bei sequentieller Messung noch Multielementbestimmungen aus Spurenkonzentraten von weniger als 1 ml möglich sind.
    Notizen: Summary The chelate complexing agent dithiophosphoric acid-O,O-diethylester, suitable for extraction from high acidity media, can also be put to use in trace sorption on activated carbon. Due to different sorption behaviour of elements, it is possible to separate selectively from different matrices, groups of elements (such as Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Tl). By way of example concerning the analysis of high-purity gallium, it could be demonstrated that by combination of a trace separation with a micro-physical determination step, detection limits in the ng/g-region could be reached. As a determination procedure regarding pre-concentrated traces, the injection method of flame-AAS and loop-AAS were applied, because both these methods allow sequential multielement determinations from trace concentrates of less than 1 ml.
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  • 70
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    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 129-132 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Cobalt, Nickel in Boden ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Zr-beschichtetes Graphitrohr
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das es gestattet, Cobalt und Nickel in Bodenaufschlüssen nach Anreicherung durch Extraktion mit APDC/MIBK und anschließender Reextraktion mit Salpetersäure mit der flammenlosen Atomabsorption unter Verwendung Zirkonium-beschichteter Graphitrohre zu bestimmen. Das bisher für Cadmium und Blei verwendete Anreicherungsverfahren wurde so modifiziert, daß außer diesen beiden Elementen auch Cobalt und Nickel quantitativ extrahiert wurden. Cobalt und Nickel werden dabei um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Die stark salpetersauren Reextrakte können direkt in die Zirkonium-beschichteten Graphitrohre injiziert werden. Mit einem Rohr können 150 bis 200 Analysen durchgeführt werden. Als Nachweisgrenze wurde im Mittel eine Konzentration von 15 μg Co und 20 μg Ni/l Reextrakt gefunden. Das entspricht einer Nachweisgrenze von ca. 3 μg Co und 4 μg Ni/l Aufschlußlösung (statistische Sicherheit 95%).
    Notizen: Summary Subsequent to an enrichment of cobalt and nickel from digested soil solutions by extraction with APDC/MIBK followed by reextraction with nitric acid these elements can be determined by means of flameless atomic absorption without interferences. Zirconium coated tubes are used as electrothermal atomizers. After a modification of the enrichment procedure which was used for cadmium and lead, also cobalt and nickel could be extracted quantitatively. Both elements are enriched by a factor of five. In spite of the high concentration of nitric acid in the reextracts, which are injected directly into the tubes, their life time was remarkable good. 150 to 200 analyses could be performed with one tube. Detection limits were found to be 15 μg of Co and 20 μg of Ni/l reextract and about 3 μg of Co and 4 μg of Ni/l digested soil solution (confidence level 95%).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Identifizierung von Atomen, Molekülen in Haut ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; med. Behandlung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 212-217 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Analyse von Biolog. Material ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; Standards, Isotopenmarkierung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Besides a remarkably high sensitivity for light elements, laser microprobe mass spectroscopy offers two main advantages for microprobe analysis: 1) the possibility to obtain data of relatively high precision and 2) the ability to discriminate isotopes. This opens the possibility to use cold isotopes as atomic labels to study cellular or subcellular kinetics of ions or labelled organic compounds. In this study photoreceptor cells were labelled with 44Ca2+ prior to LAMMA analysis to monitor Ca2+ uptake and/or Ca2+ accumulation from extracellular sources into intracellular compartments such as the various pigment granula present in these photoreceptors. As in other microprobe techniques also LAMMA analysis requires internal standards for quantitative work. For this purpose thin films of inorganic material were shown to be useful standards when deposited (in vacuum) directly onto the specimen to be analyzed. Some metals and dielectrica have been tested for their possible suitability for standardisation procedures. Even though metals like Pt, Ag, Au, Al are excellent for thin film production, they seem to be less useful for the present purpose because their threshold for laser induced perforation and ion production is rather different from that of the specimen material. However, thin film deposits of some dielectric materials such as MgF2 turned out to be more suitable to serve as an internal standard for plastic embedded biological material in LAMMA analysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Untersuchung von Flechten ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 351-351 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Anwendung der Additionsmethode, Diskussionsbeiträge
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 260-269 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Untersuchung von Aerosolen ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 280-282 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Mikroanalyse von Boden ; Massenspektrometrie, Lasermikrosonde ; Dünnschliffe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Experiments with a LAMMA-500 instrument were performed in order to test whether or not thin sections of soils with a thickness of more than 15 Μm could be analysed with this instrument. Although the usual thickness of the specimens for this instrument lies between 0.1–1 Μm, it was possible to analyse such thick sections by application of laser milling in which the laser beam was aimed at grazing incidence onto the edge of the section. In this way a path was cleared through the section by erosion and the material that sputtered away along this path could be analysed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Best. von Mangan in Legierungen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Statist. Versuchsplanung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Mangan in verschiedenen Legierungen wurde die Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie (AAS) angewendet. Die Abhängigkeit des Mangansignals von der Zusammensetzung der zu analysierenden Probe wurde unter Einsatz der statistischen Versuchsplanung untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Elemente Eisen, Molybdän und Kobalt das Mangansignal nicht beeinflussen, Nickel und Aluminium vermindernd und Kupfer leicht erhöhend wirken. Zusätzlich dazu beeinflussen die Elemente Nickel, Chrom, Aluminium und Kupfer das Mangansignal in Form von Wechselwirkungen, d. h. der Einfluß eines dieser Elemente hängt ab von der Konzentration der anderen. Diese Information kann nur unter Einsatz der statistischen Versuchsplanung erhalten werden. Die Auswertung der Versuchspläne gestattet es, die Manganbestimmung in hochlegierten Stählen und Legierungen auf Kobalt- oder Nickelbasis mittels AAS unter Einsatz einer einheitlich zusammengesetzten Eichlösung durchzuführen und somit das Additionsverfahren zu ersetzen.
    Notizen: Summary The dependence of the absorbance of manganese on the composition of sample was studied by means of the design of experiments. It was found that the elements iron, molybdenum and cobalt do not influence the absorbance of manganese, while nickel and aluminium reduce it and copper slightly increases it. In addition, the absorbance of manganese is influenced by several interaction effects of nickel, chromium, aluminium and copper. This means that the magnitude of the influence of one of these elements depends on the concentration of the other elements. This information can only be obtained by means of the design of experiments. The evaluation of the designs allows the determination of manganese in high-alloy steels and alloys based on cobalt or nickel by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy using only one uniformly composed series of calibrating solutions and makes it possible to substitute the method of addition in this way.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 342-346 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Berechnung der Standardabweichung
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Standardabweichung des Meß-resultates stellt eine der wichtigsten Analysenkenngrößen dar. Für den Fall der Atomabsorptionsanalyse werden theoretische Beziehungen für den Zusammenhang zwischen der zu messenden Elementkonzentration und der zu erwartenden Standardabweichung abgeleitet. Die gewonnenen Beziehungen werden anhand von Literaturdaten und eigenen Meßwerten am Beispiel der Cadmiumbestimmung sowohl für den Fall der Flammenatomisation als auch für Messungen mit der Graphitrohrküvette überprüft. Insgesamt ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment.
    Notizen: Summary The standard deviation of measurements is one of the most important characteristics of any analytical method. For the case of atomic absorption spectrometry, theoretical relations are given revealing the relation between concentration of the element in question and the standard deviation expected. These relations are tested against data from literature and own measurements by determination of cadmium by flame atomization and using the cuvette as an example. The agreement between theory and experimental data is quite satisfactory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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