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  • Other Sources  (791)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (601)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • Seismology
  • 1980-1984  (791)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
  • 1981  (791)
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  • Other Sources  (791)
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  • 1980-1984  (791)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    Regional relationships among earthquake magnitude scales (1981)
    In:  Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., Taipei, Elsevier, vol. 19, no. B2, pp. 649-663, pp. B02317, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Scaling ; Magnitude ; Nuclear explosion
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Three-dimensional spontaneous rupture propagation and implications for the earthquake source mechanism (1981)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Warszawa, Army Corps of Engineers, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, vol. 67, no. 36, pp. 375-393, pp. B05310, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; Fracture ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Theory of time-dependent rupture in the earth (1981)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Warszawa, Army Corps of Engineers, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, vol. 86, no. 36, pp. 6039-6051, pp. B05310, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Friction ; Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Seismology ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Preliminary reference earth model (1981)
    In:  Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Luxembourg, U.S. Geological Survey, vol. 25, no. 24, pp. 297-356, pp. B05309, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; PREM ; PEPI ; Dziewonski
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Contributions to the knowledge of the geometrical and physical parameters of the Vrancea earthquake foci (1981)
    In:  Rev. Roum. Géol., Géophys. et Géogr. - Géophysique, Münster, 3, vol. 25, no. 3-4, pp. 17-34, pp. L12311, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismology ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe) ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    The character of high-frequency strong ground motion (1981)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 71, no. 7055, pp. 2071-2095, pp. B05S07, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Strong motions ; Spectrum ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Hybrid ray-mode formulation of SH motion in a two-layer half-space (1981)
    In:  Bull. seism. Soc. Am., Helsinki, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Ministry for the Environment University of Iceland, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 1763-1781, pp. 2265, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: SH waves ; Layers ; Seismology ; NOModelling ; Synthetic seismograms ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Monitoring an underground repository with modern seismological methods (1981)
    In:  Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., San Francisco, Pergamon, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 517-527, pp. 1121, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; nuclear ; waste ; disposal
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    Analysis of peak ground motion in terms of a model of inhomogeneous faulting (1981)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., New York, August, vol. 86, no. 3-4, pp. 3901-3912, pp. 1610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Strong motions ; Seismology ; Inhomogeneity ; Fracture ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    Mantle P-wave velocity structure beneath Antarctica (1981)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., New York, August, vol. 71, no. 3-4, pp. 1061-1074, pp. B05S05, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: earth mantle ; Seismology ; P-waves ; residues ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 11
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    Peak horizontal accelerations and velocity from strong-motion records including records from the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake (1981)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., (submitted), Icelandic Meteorological Office, Ministry for the Environment University of Iceland, vol. 71, no. 1-2, pp. 2011-2038, pp. TC1011, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Strong motions ; Earthquake ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 12
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    Three-dimensional expression of seismic particle motions by the trajectory ellipsoid and its application to the seismic data observed in the Kanto district, Japan (1981)
    In:  J. Phys. Earth, Bonn, 3-4, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 221-239, pp. B01401, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Description: Ellipsoid-Least-Squares-Fit
    Keywords: Seismology ; Polarization ; Three component data ; JPE
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 13
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    Length of rupture from the Swabian Alb event on 3. September 1978. Derived from the Pn duration at GRF (1981)
    In:  Geol. Jb., Würzburg, Physica-Verlag, vol. E21, no. 1, pp. 13-25, pp. L24313, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: P-waves ; Fracture ; Fracture time (duration) ; Earthquake ; Seismology ; Seismic arrays
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 14
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    Source inversion of seismic waveforms: The Koyna, India, earthquakes of 13 September 1967 (1981)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Basel, Elsevier Science Publishers, vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 1-24, pp. L15S20, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Inversion ; Source parameters ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 15
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    A stochastic fault model. 2. Time-dependent case (1981)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, EGS-Gauthier-Villars, vol. 86, no. 1-4, pp. 10821-10834, pp. L23608
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source parameters ; Statistical investigations ; Fault zone ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 16
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    Seismogram synthesis using normal mode superposition: The locked mode approximation (1981)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Münster, 3, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 37-69, pp. L23301, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: NOModelling ; Layers ; Seismology ; Synthetic seismograms ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 17
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    Depth resolution of earthquakes in central Asia by moment tensor inversion of long-period Rayleigh waves: Effects of phase velocity variations across Eurasia and their calibration (1981)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Oslo, Wiley, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 5963-5984, pp. L02304, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Moment tensor ; Inversion ; Seismicity ; Rayleigh waves ; Phase velocity ; Hypocentral depth ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 18
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    Data-adaptive polarization filters for multichannel geophysical data (1981)
    In:  Geophysics, Basel, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 1423-1431, pp. 1009, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Filter- ; Polarization
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 19
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    Characteristic earthquakes on intraplate normal faults (1981)
    In:  Earthquake Notes, Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 71, pp. 1006, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Source
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 20
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    The 1886 Charleston, South Carolina earthquake and the Appalachian detachment (1981)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 86, no. 1-4, pp. 7874-7894, pp. 1006, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismology ; Geol. aspects ; Tectonics ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 21
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    Detection probabilities for earthquakes in Sweden (1981)
    In:  J. Geophys., Luxembourg, Deutsche Geophys. Gesellschaft, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 243-244, pp. 8045, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Seismology ; Detectors ; Kulhanek ; Wahlstroem ; Wahlstrom
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 22
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    An automatic measurement of arrival time of seismic waves and its application to an on-line processing system (1981)
    In:  Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Corvallis, x + 406 pp., Oregon State University Press, vol. 55, no. 1-4, pp. 449-484, pp. L13610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Travel time ; Data analysis / ~ processing
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 23
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    Conversion phases from mantle transition zones. Identification of seismic sources - earthquake or underground explosion (1981)
    D. Reidel Publ. Comp.
    In:  London, D. Reidel Publ. Comp., vol. special paper 359, ix + 190 pp., no. 2, pp. 497-504, (ISBN 0-8137-2359-0)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Discrimination ; Seismology ; ConvolutionR ; Source ; Nuclear explosion
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 24
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    Principles and Applications of Microearthquake Networks (1981)
    Academic Press
    In:  New York, 293 pp., Academic Press, vol. 34, no. 22, pp. 65-70, (ISBN 0-691-12183-4, 2005 (481 pp. + CD-ROM))
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismic networks ; Handbook of geophysics ; Seismology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 25
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    Focal mechanism solutions and their tectonic implications for the eastern Alpine-Himalayan region (1981)
    Am. Geophys. Un.
    In:  Professional Paper, Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Washington, D. C., Am. Geophys. Un., vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 243-271, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Seismology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 26
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    Earthquake magnitude - Recent research and current trends (1981)
    In:  Earth-Sci. Rev., Ottawa, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 17, no. 3-4, pp. 315-398, pp. L14310
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Magnitude ; Seismology ; Review article ; Bath
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 27
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    Crustal structures in China from surface waves (1981)
    In:  Acta Seismologica Sinica, Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 3, no. 1-3, pp. 335-350, pp. B05S09, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Surface waves ; CRUST ; China ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 28
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    Focal depths and moment tensor representations of shallow earthquakes associated with the great Sumba earthquake (1981)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 86, no. 8, pp. 9357-9374, pp. B05S21, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Moment tensor ; Source parameters ; Earthquake ; Hypocentral depth ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 29
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    An automatic seismic signal detection algorithm based on the Walsh transform (1981)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Bonn, Pergamon, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1351-1360, pp. 2050, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Detectors ; sta ; Transformations ; squ ; median ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 30
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    Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980 (1981)
    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Int., vol. 27, no. 1-4, pp. 72-92
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Magnitude ; Seismology ; Earthquake catalog ; PEPI
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 31
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    Crustal Q structure in the United States from multi-mode surface waves (1981)
    In:  Bull. seism. Soc. Am., Taipei, Elsevier, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 161-181, pp. B09401, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Attenuation ; Surface waves ; NOModelling ; CRUST ; Seismology ; Quality factor ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 32
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    Determination of source parameters from seismograms of mining tremors and the inverse problem for a seismic source (1981)
    Polish Academy of Sciences
    In:  Publications of the Institute of Geophysics, Warszawa, Polish Academy of Sciences, vol. A-11(147), no. 18, pp. 16-1 to 16-4, pp. 1869, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source parameters ; Inversion ; Induced seismicity ; Mining geophysics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 33
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    Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity (1981)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, U.S. Geological Survey, vol. 86, no. 3-4, pp. 2825-2852, pp. B05309, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Seismology ; Source ; Seismicity ; Wave form analysis ; JGR ; Dziewonski
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 34
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    Fundamental spheroidal mode observations of aspherical heterogeneity (1981)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Dordrecht, National Academy of Sciences of the USA, vol. 64, no. 5-6, pp. 605-634, pp. TC5003, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: NOModelling ; Inhomogeneity ; Seismology ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 35
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    A broadband study of the 13 August 1978 Santa Barbara earthquake (1981)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 71, no. B12, pp. 1701-1718, pp. B12406, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Broad-band ; Earthquake ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 36
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    Seismic Waves and Sources (1981)
    Springer
    In:  New York, 1108 pp., Springer, vol. 96, pp. 225, (ISBN 0-471-95596-5)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: FROTH ; RUB ; GMG ; 3.15.80 ; Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Waves ; Wavelet processing ; SModelling ; Dislocation ; Elasticity theory of dislocations ; Source
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 37
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    Identification of Seismic Sources - Earthquake or Underground Explosion (1981)
    Reidel
    In:  Amsterdam, Reidel, vol. 65, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 0-521-80380-2 (hb), 0521-00859-X (pb))
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Nuclear explosion ; Seismology ; Discrimination ; Source
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 38
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    Earthquake Mechanics (1981)
    Cambridge Univ. Press
    In:  Cambridge, XIII+248 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, vol. 7, no. XVI:, pp. 227-235, (ISBN 0231-12739-1 hb, 0231127383 pb)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Textbook of geophysics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 39
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    Earthquake Prediction (1981)
    AGU
    In:  Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 4, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 9, (3-540-24165-5, XXVI + 228 p.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain ; Seismicity ; Seismology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 40
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    A study of crustal and upper mantle structure of Northwestern Turkey (1981)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Tokyo, Railway Tech. Res. Inst., vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 33-35, pp. B06403, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; CRUST ; earth mantle ; Travel time ; GRL ; Necioglu
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 41
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    International Symposium on the Analysis of Seismicity and Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk, 18. - 23. May 1981 (1981)
    Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
    In:  Proceedings, 1., Prag, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, vol. 10, no. WS-693 7-83, pp. 235-239, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake risk ; Earthquake hazard ; Proceedings of a conference
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 42
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    A technique for the inversion of regional data in source parameter studies (1981)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 86, no. B12, pp. 1679-1685, pp. B12406, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source parameters ; Inversion ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 43
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    Seismic quiescence in the Western Hellenic Arc may foreshadow large earthquakes (1981)
    In:  Nature, Reykjavík, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Ministry for the Environment, University of Iceland, vol. 289, no. 11, pp. 785-787, pp. L05306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; Seismology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; FROTH ; (abstract)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 44
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    Seismic discrimination problems at regional distances (1981)
    D. Reidel Publishing Company
    In:  Professional Paper, Identification of Seismic Sources - Earthquake or Underground Explosion, Berlin, D. Reidel Publishing Company, vol. 24, no. 16, pp. 695-740, (ISBN 0080419208)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Discrimination
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 45
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    Prediction-oriented seismology (1981)
    Reidel
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Current Research in Earthquake Prediction, Dordrecht, Reidel, vol. I, no. XVI:, pp. 221-300, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Seismicity ; Seismology ; Earthquake precursor: stresses ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 46
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    Broad-band seismometry - a unified approach towards a kinematic and dynamic interpretation of seismograms (1981)
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Identification of Seismic Sources - Earthquake or Underground Explosion, Leiden, Noordhoff, vol. 11, no. XVI:, pp. 763-786, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Broad-band ; Seismic arrays ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Nuclear explosion ; Review article
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 47
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    Phase identification and event location at regional distance using small-aperture array data (1981)
    D. Reidel Publ. Co.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Identification of Seismic Sources - Earthquake or Underground Explosion, Moscow, D. Reidel Publ. Co., vol. 65, no. Subvol. a, pp. 467-481, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; NOR ; PIC ; f-k-Analysis ; Seismic arrays ; NOISE ; AUD ; Location ; Nuclear explosion
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    Seismological significance of the 1977-1978 eruptions and magma intrusion process of Usu Volcano, Hokkaido (1981)
    In:  J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., Kyoto, AGU, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 311-344, pp. L24617, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Source
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  • 49
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    Richtantenne für Erdbebenwellen (1981)
    In:  Umschau, New York, Scientific American, vol. 81, no. B9, pp. 443, pp. B09309, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismic arrays ; Seismology
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  • 50
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    Results of recent South Carolina seismological studies (1981)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Kunming, China, AGU, vol. 71, no. 5636, pp. 1883-1902, pp. L14317, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismicity ; Source parameters ; Seismology ; BSSA
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  • 51
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    Earthquake Interpretations. A Manual For Reading Seismograms (1981)
    William Kaufmann, Inc.
    In:  Los Altos, California, William Kaufmann, Inc., vol. Developments in Petroleum Science vol. 15B, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 9, (3-540-24165-5, XXVI + 228 p.)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Handbook of geophysics
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  • 52
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    International Symposium on the Analysis of Seismicity and Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk, 18. - 23. May 1981 (1981)
    Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
    In:  Proceedings, 2., Prag, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, vol. 10, no. WS-693 7-83, pp. 235-239, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake risk ; Earthquake hazard ; Proceedings of a conference
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  • 53
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    Untersuchungen zum Bruchvorgang des Rumänischen Erdbebens am 4.3.1977 und Bestimmung des seismischen Moments mit Hilfe von synthetischen Seismogrammen für P-Wellen (1981)
    Geophysikalisches Inst.
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Univ. Karlsruhe, Geophysikalisches Inst., vol. 1034, no. 77-3, pp. 262-277, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; seismic Moment ; Earthquake ; Synthetic seismograms ; Rakers
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  • 54
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    Properties of ambient seismic noise and summary of noise spectrum in the vicinity of RSTN sites (1981)
    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
    In:  informal report, Houston, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, vol. 339-350, no. UCID-18928, pp. 344, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; NOISE ; Spectrum ; Geol. aspects ; Seismicity
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  • 55
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    Use of stochastic models in seismology (1981)
    In:  Houston, no. 18, pp. 143-179
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Statistical investigations ; Inhomogeneity
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  • 56
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    The anelasticity of the earth's mantle in the European area (1981)
    In:  Tectonophysics, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, vol. 72, no. 5705, pp. 181-201, pp. 2389, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Inelastic ; Attenuation ; Elasticity ; earth mantle
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  • 57
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    The Denver earthquakes of 1967-1968 (1981)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 731-745, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Earthquake catalog ; BSSA
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  • 58
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    A numerical study of peak ground motion scaling (1981)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1963-1979, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
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    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Strong motions ; BSSA
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  • 59
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    Amplitudenverlauf von seismischen Kernphasen und der Geschwindigkeits- und Dichtesprung an der Grenze des inneren Kern, mit einem Anhang über die Synthese theoretischer Seismogramme mit Hilfe der schnellen Hankeltransformation (1981)
    Universität Karlsruhe
    In:  Dissertation, Grenoble, Universität Karlsruhe, vol. 10, no. GL-TR-89-0230, pp. 95-134, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; PKP ; earth Core ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Velocity depth profile ; Synthetic seismograms ; Transformations ; Hage
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  • 60
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    Regional phase processors (1981)
    VELA Seismological Center
    In:  report, Arlington, Virginia, VELA Seismological Center, vol. 10, no. VSC-TR-81-19, pp. 484-486, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Description: Polar. filter (von Smart, 1977) zur Detektion u Bestimmung des Azimuts, Anwendung auf P und Lg-Phasen in kurz-periodischen Daten der Station RKON. unterschiedlich zitiert bei Christ. und ...
    Keywords: Seismology ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Filter- ; Detectors ; Polarization
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  • 61
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    Informationsreise der seismologischen Delegation aus der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in die Volksrepublik China, 1.-25. März 1981 (1981)
    Inst. of Geophys., Univ. Frankfurt
    In:  Reisebericht an die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Bad Bergzabern, Inst. of Geophys., Univ. Frankfurt, vol. 10, no. 13, pp. 1-217
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Project report/description
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  • 62
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    Curatorial functions and the U.S. Antarctic meteorite program (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The discovery of concentrations of meteorites in Antarctica by Japanese field parties in 1969, and subsequently by joint U.S.-Japanese and U.S. field parties since 1976 has provided a significant new resource for understanding the origin and evolution of the solar system. The number of meteorites as well as the variety of meteorites has increased dramatically, and substantial amounts of data derived from their study has begun to appear in the scientific literature. The U.S. program of investigation has drawn on curatorial experience derived from the lunar program to: (1) develop specific collection and preliminary examination protocols; (2) provide documented samples for scientific investigations in response to specific requests; and (3) coordinate research by scientific consortia. The productivity of scientific research is significantly enhanced by these management approaches. Some of the results of the curatorial program for Antarctic meteorites carried out over the past three years are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: National Institute of Polar Research, Memoirs (ISSN 0386-0744); 20, D
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  • 63
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    Isotopic stack - measurement of heavy cosmic ray isotopes (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Heavy cosmic ray nuclei with nuclear charge, Z, equal to or greater than 3 are to be measured using an isotopic stack consisting of passive visual track detectors which remain sensitive throughout the entire mission. The scientific data are stored in latent tracks which are produced by heavy ions and which can be revealed in the investigator's laboratory after recovery. During the mission, only housekeeping data have to be collected. The exposure onboard Spacelab 1 allows the study of the chemical composition and energy spectrum of articles which have energies in the range 20 to 100 million electron volts per atomic mass unit, as well as the isotopic composition of heavy galactic cosmic rays with energies in the range 100 to 1000 million electron volts per atomic mass unit.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 64
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    Development of a window protection assembly for a shuttle experiment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A window environmental protection assembly developed for the shuttle infrared leeside temperature experiment is described. The assembly consists of a carbon phenolic composite window mount which contains two silicon windows, a fibrous environmental protection plug to protect the windows during launch operations and ascent heating, a release mechanism used to jettison the plug just prior to atmospheric entry, and two pin puller mechanisms which retain the plug. The plug is released from the window mount assemblies using pneumatic pin pullers and separation springs in the release mechanism. The assembly was designed and tested to withstand the severe mechanical and thermal environments which could be experienced at the top of the shuttle orbiter vertical stabilizer during the ascent, on-orbit, and entry periods of the shuttle trajectory.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 303-329
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  • 65
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    The Galilean satellites (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The general characteristics of the Galilean satellites, as determined from Voyager data, are described. Attention is then given to the characteristics (surface features, colors, compositions, and geophysical and geochemical processes) of the particular satellites. Particular consideration is given to the nature of Io's atmosphere and to magnetospheric interactions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    Atmospheres of the terrestrial planets (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The paper reviews current knowledge of the characteristics of atmospheres surrounding the terrestrial planets; attention is given to composition, temperature, characteristics of the upper atmospheres, and meteorology. In addition, the long-term history of the atmospheres is discussed, along with some of the major climatic changes that have occurred. Finally, consideration is given to future efforts that will enhance the understanding of these subjects.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 67
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    Near-infrared spectrophotometry of the satellites and rings of Uranus (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New spectrophotometry from 1.5 to 2.5 microns is reported for the Uranian satellites Titania, Oberon, and Umbriel. A spectrum of the rings of Uranus from 2.0 to 2.4 microns is also reported. No evidence is found for frost covering the surface of the ring material, consistent with the low albedo of the rings previously reported by Nicholson and Jones (1980). The surfaces of the satellites are found to be covered by dirty water frost. Assuming albedos of the frost and gray components covering the Uranian satellites to be the same as the light and dark faces of Iapetus, radii are derived that are roughly twice those inferred from the assumption of a visual albedo of 0.5.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 45; Mar. 198
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  • 68
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    Temporal and spatial variations observed in the ionospheric composition of Venus - Implication for empirical modelling (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The distributions of several ion species in a data base obtained by in situ measurements of the thermal ion composition of the ionosphere of Venus by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter have been sorted to identify temporal and spatial variations and determine the feasibility of an analytical representation of the experimental results. The first results from the sorting of several prominent ions including O(+), O2(+), and H(+) and several minor ions including CO2(+), C(+), and H2(+) reveal significant diurnal variations which consist of strong day to night contrast in the ion concentrations, with differences of one to two orders of magnitude, depending upon ion mass and altitude. It is suggested that repeatable day to night gradients in the ion distribution are adaptable to parametric modeling.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    Dynamic variations observed in thermal and superthermal ion distributions in the dayside ionosphere of Venus (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In-situ measurements of the ion composition and concentration of the ionosphere of Venus are obtained with the Bennett RF ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO). Dayside ion profiles exhibit considerable variability in the height of the ionopause as well as the scale heights of the ion constituents, which reflect the compression and expansion of the ionosphere in response to solar wind variations. Near the dayside upper boundary of the thermal O+ distribution, super-thermal ions are detected by the OIMS, presenting a complication for identifying the ion signature of the ionopause. Correlated with the presence of the superthermal ions, the ac electric field detector (OEFD) detects regions of intensified signals, with peak response in the 100 Hz frequency channel. It is expected that further analysis of the superthermal ion-electric field signatures will contribute to a clearer understanding of the physical processes underlying the formation of the ionopause.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    The electrodynamic interaction of Io with Jovian magnetosphere (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. II - Experiments and observations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Aspects of the theoretical bidirectional reflectance expression derived by Hapke (1981) are studied experimentally, and it is shown that the expression describes satisfactorily the measured angular scattering and spectral properties of a cobalt glass powder in which the two properties vary greatly with wavelength. The theoretical reflectance function also describes measured distributions of intensity across the surfaces of planets, except near the sunlit limb, where the macroscopic roughness influences the brightness.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Apr. 10
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    Observations of Martian tides over two annual cycles (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The first four diurnal surface pressure harmonics have been analyzed over major portions of two Martian annual cycles (Mars years) at the two Viking lander sites. The diurnal harmonics of surface wind have also been analyzed at one of the sites. Since the atmospheric tides have previously been shown to provide a good indication of Martian global dust storms, these results provide a basis for comparing dust storm activity in the two years. Two global dust storms occurred during the first year. During the second year, there was only one major storm, and it closely followed the pattern of the first storm of the first year. A significant feature of the results is the brief, but nearly complete, vanishing of the diurnal pressure tide at the onset of one of the global dust storms. It is proposed that this may have been due to interference between the normal westward-propagating diurnal tide and a topographically forced eastward propagating tide, and that the latter may have helped initiate the global storm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Jan. 198
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    A Martian general circulation experiment with large topography (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A three-layer general circulation model of the Martian atmosphere is described, and the assumptions governing the model are discussed. The simulated, zonally averaged circulation is found to have only limited sensitivity to differences between this model and an earlier general circulation model; this circulation compares reasonably well with observations. It is also found that the meridional mass flow produced by the seasonal condensation of CO2 in the winter polar region has a major influence on the circulation; owing to the weak influence of atmospheric heat transport, however, the mass flow is governed almost entirely by radiation. Quasi-barotropic stationary waves, which are forced kinematically by the topography and which resemble topographically forced terrestrial planetary waves, are generated by the model in the winter hemisphere region of strong eastward flow, while baroclinic stationary waves are thermally forced by topography in the tropics and summer subtropics. It is also concluded that transient baroclinically unstable waves, of somewhat lower dominant wavenumber than those found on the earth, are generated in winter midlatitudes; their amplitudes, wavenumbers, and phase speeds closely agree with what has been deduced from the Viking lander observations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Jan. 198
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    Meteoric ion production near Jupiter (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Meteoric ion layer formation within the Jovian atmosphere is examined with attention to metallic ion production in the lower ionosphere. The Fe(+) impact ionization rate within the Jovian atmosphere peaks above the mesopause with a magnitude of approximately 0.5 cu cm/sec and is much less than the ambient ionosphere photoionization rates near the late afternoon Pioneer 10 ionosphere occultation. Charge exchange of the ablated neutral Fe atoms with ambient ions can result in an Fe(+) production rate of about 10 cu cm/sec. Ignoring transport, steady state Fe(+) density maxima of about 10,000 or 1,000,000 cu cm can be maintained when Fe(+) loss is through radiative association or radiative recombination respectively. Even if an estimated lower limit to the incident meteoroid flux is used based on a meteoroid spatial density which does not vary with distance from the sun, the corresponding Fe(+) peak densities are 1,000 and 500,000 cu cm, respectively. Meteoric ion densities may thus be important in the Jovian lower ionosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Mar. 1
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    Discovery of natural gain amplification in the 10-micrometer carbon dioxide laser bands on Mars - A natural laser (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Fully resolved intensity profiles of various lines in the carbon dioxide band at 10.4 micrometers have been measured on Mars with an infrared heterodyne spectrometer. Analysis of the line shapes shows that the Mars atmosphere exhibits positive gain in these lines. The detection of natural optical gain amplification enables identification of these lines as a definite natural laser.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 212; Apr. 3
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    The role of magnetic helicity in cosmic ray transport theory (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The pitch angle scattering of cosmic ray is modified greatly if the medium through which they propagate contains significant amounts of magnetic helicity. When helicity is present in the medium, the often used expression for the pitch angle diffusion coefficient derived from quasilinear theory must be modified. These modifications are illustrated for slab and isotropic symmetries. Using measurements of helicity in the solar wind determined from single point measurements of the correlation tensor of magnetic fluctuations obtained from Voyager 2, the effects of the observed helicity on both the pitch angle and spatial diffusion coefficients are estimated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Contrib. to the 17th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf.; p 5-8
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    Determination of magnetic helicity in the solar wind and implications for cosmic ray propagation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mean value of the correlation between local magnetic field and vector potential, known as the magnetic helicity, is a measure of the lack of mirror reflection symmetry of magnetic covariances in a turbulent medium. A method is presented for extraction of helicity spectra from magnetometer data, and applied to an evaluation of the magnetic helicity of interplanetary magnetic fluctuations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Contrib. to the 17th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf.; p 2-4
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    Earthquakes - on the moon (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Information obtained with the Apollo lunar seismic stations is discussed. The four types of natural seismic sources that have been identified are described, viz., thermal moonquakes, deep moonquakes, meteoroid impacts, and shallow moonquakes. It is suggested that: (1) the thermal quakes represent the slow cracking and movement of surface rocks; (2) the deep quakes are induced by the tide-generating force of the earth's gravity; (3) the meteoroids responsible for most of the observed impacts are in the mass range from 1 to 100 kg and are clustered in groups near the earth's orbit; and (4) the shallow quakes are similar to intraplate earthquakes and indicate that the moon is as seismically active as the interior regions of the earth's tectonic plates. The structure of the lunar interior as inferred from seismic signals due to both the last three natural sources and 'artificial' impacts of used spacecraft is examined in detail.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Discovery; 6; 1, 19; 1981
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    Stellar contributions to the diffuse soft X-ray background (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One of the results of the EINSTEIN/C.f.A. X-ray stellar survey was a determination of the contribution of the disk stellar population to the galactic component of the diffuse soft (0.28 - 1.0 keV) X-ray background. This analysis employed both binned and unbinned nonparametric statistical methods that have been developed by Avni, et al. (1980). These methods permitted the use of the information contained in both the 22 detections and 4 upper bounds on the luminosities of 26 dM stars in order to derive their luminosity function. Luminosity functions for earlier stellar types are not yet developed. For these earlier stellar types, the median luminosities as determined by Vaiana, et al., are used (1981), which underestimates their contribution to the background. We find that it is the M dwarfs that dominate the disk population stellar contribution to this background. To calculate the contribution of the stellar sources to the background, simple models both for the spatial distribution of the stars and for the properties of the intervening interstellar medium are used. A model is chosen in which all stellar classes have the same functional form for their spatial distribution: an exponentially decreasing distribution above the galactic equatorial plane, and a uniform distribution within the galactic plane for a region of several kiloparsecs centered on the Sun.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory 2nd Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, Vol. 1; p 201-205
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    Chromospheric structure in relation to radiation losses (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is assumed that cool star chromospheres are heated by mechanical energy dissipation that depends quasilinearly on density and cooled by radiation loss and it is shown that the basic properties of chromospheres are determined by the ionization of hydrogen. It is hydrogen ionization that provides the freedom for chromospheres to adjust their radiation losses to balance the prescribed heat input, resulting in an extended region of low temperature gradient. Chromospheric radiation losses in cool stars occur mainly in the strongest spectral lines at wavelengths greater than about 2000 A and the fraction of the chromosphere is effectively thin. The most important lines include Ca II H and K and the infrared triplet and Mg II h and k. The strong lines of other abundant species, are less important because their high excitation energies reduce the collisional excitation rates. Lyman alpha losses are important because of the overwhelming abundance of hydrogen. However, the inability of chromospheres to adjust their Lyman alpha losses limits the geometrical thickness of the effectively thin region in Lyman alpha and limits the total Lyman alpha flux.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory 2nd Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, Vol. 1; p 3-14
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    The atmosphere and ionosphere of Jupiter (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The thermal structure of the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, the composition of the atmosphere and the strength of mechanical mixing, and sources and sinks of ionization in the Jupiter ionosphere are described from Voyager UV spectrometer, radio, IR, and imaging data. A topside ionospheric temperature of 1300 K was observed, along with an energy equilibrium between the plasma and neutral gas in the upper atmosphere. A composite thermal structure is provided, noting a close similarity to earth conditions at upper levels, and enhanced thermal behavior has been detected between the times of solar minimum and maximum activity. Ammonia photochemistry is examined, and measured concentrations of H2, CH4, C2H6, and C2H2 as a function of height are outlined. Eddy diffusion coefficient calculations are carried out, yielding a highest Ly-alpha intensity of 100 million sq cm/sec. The increased exospheric temperature between 1973 and 1980 is stressed to have no known satisfactory explanation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Vistas in Astronomy; 25; pt. 3
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    Martian channels and valleys - Their characteristics, distribution, and age (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The distribution and ages of Martian channels and valleys, which are generally believed to have been cut by running water, are examined with particular emphasis on the small branching networks referred to as runoff channels or valley networks. Valleys at latitudes from 65 deg S to 65 deg N were surveyed on Viking images at resolutions between 125 and 300 m. Almost all of the valleys are found in the old cratered terrain, in areas characterized by high elevations, low albedos and low violet/red ratios. The networks are deduced to have formed early in the history of the planet, with a formation rate declining rapidly shortly after the decline of the cratering rate 3.9 billion years ago. Two types of outflow channels are distinguished: unconfined, in which broad swaths of terrain are scoured, and confined, in which flow is restricted to discrete channels. Both types start at local sources, and have formed episodically throughout Martian history. Fretted channels, found mainly in two latitude belts characterized by relatively rapid erosion along escarpments, are explained by the lateral enlargement of other channels by mass wasting.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 48; Oct. 198
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  • 83
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    Venus nightside ionospheric holes - The signatures of parallel electric field acceleration regions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is given to the existence of 'holes', that is, regions of density depletion in the nightside Venus ionosphere associated with regions of radial magnetic fields. The properties of the electrons within the core of these holes are thought to suggest an acceleration process along the magnetic field lines, a process also suggested by the Venera 9 and 10 observations of energetic ions in the Venus tail. On the basis of the observational information, these Venusian plasma depletions are attributed to the presence of parallel electric fields similar to those observed in the terrestrial auroral ionosphere. The resulting electric field accelerates electrons down the field lines, heating the depleted thermal electron population within the hole and producing ionization below the hole. At the same time, ionospheric ions are accelerated outward toward the plasmasheet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Dec. 198
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  • 84
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    Fresnel zone structure in planetary occultations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The structures of the Fresnel zones of an occulting body with a substantial atmosphere are analyzed. The first Fresnel zone is defined as the set of all contiguous points connected to the transmitter and receiver via paths with a combined length within one half wavelength of the stationary value, and calculated by the application of the Huygens-Fresnel principle to a wave front frozen in time as it traverses the region of interest, taking into account wave front curvature of waves undergoing refraction. Calculations of the Fresnel zones of a planet determined by the meeting of wave fronts represented as tori reveal that the zone along the propagation path traversing the nearest portion of the limb to the transmitter has a shape similar to an ellipse, while that of the far zone resembles the letter X. The phase delay along the farside path is found to be a stationary point rather than a minimum, since delay is distributed in the form of a hyperbolic paraboloid near the ray and in the form of a torus intersection for greater separations. Examples are presented for S band propagation deep in the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Radio Science; 16; Nov
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  • 85
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    Topography of Venus and earth - A test for the presence of plate tectonics (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Comparisons of earth and Venus topography by use of Pioneer/Venus radar altimetry are examined. Approximately 93% of the Venus surface has been mapped with a horizontal resolution of 200 km and a vertical resolution of 200 m. Tectonic troughs have been indicated in plains regions which cover 65% of Venus, and hypsometric comparisons between the two planets' elevation distributions revealed that while the earth has a bimodal height distribution, Venus displays a unimodal configuration, with 60% of the planet surface within 500 m of the modal planet radius. The effects of mapping the earth at the same resolution as the Venus observations were explored. Continents and oceans were apparent, and although folded mountains appeared as high spots, no indications of tectonic activity were discernible. A NASA Venus Orbiting Imaging radar is outlined, which is designed to detect volcanoes, folded mountain ranges, craters, and faults, and thereby allow definition of possible plate-tectonic activity on Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: American Scientist; 69; Nov
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  • 86
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    Observations of Saturn in the 5- to 8-micron spectral region (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A spectrum of Saturn obtained from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory exhibits an emission peak at 6.8 microns attributed to ethane, but is otherwise dominated by absorption from 5.3 to 7.2 microns. While the large absorption in this spectral region is consistent with the presence of ammonia gas or ammonia ice, or both, such an explanation is inconsistent with the lack of a major absorption near 3.0 microns.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 45; Mar. 198
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  • 87
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    Martian ages (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Four discussions are conducted: (1) the methodology of relative age determination by impact crater statistics, (2) a comparison of proposed Martian impact chronologies for the determination of absolute ages from crater frequencies, (3) a report on work dating Martian volcanoes and erosional features by impact crater statistics, and (4) an attempt to understand the main features of Martian history through a synthesis of crater frequency data. Two cratering chronology models are presented and used for inference of absolute ages from crater frequency data, and it is shown that the interpretation of all data available and tractable by the methodology presented leads to a global Martian geological history that is characterized by two epochs of activity. It is concluded that Mars is an ancient planet with respect to its surface features.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Apr. 10
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  • 88
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    Precursor active galaxies and the cosmic X-ray background (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Consideration is given to Carr's theory (1980) that most cosmic X-ray background is produced by thermal X-ray emission associated with black hole accretion disks for compact objects. It is posited that the onset of significant X-rays occurs during galaxy formation when accretion disks are formed by the interaction of young galaxies and massive black holes of pregalactic origin. The study suggests that most cosmic X-ray background could be produced from distant sources with a low ratio of optical to X-ray luminosity. Precursor active galaxy objects involving a massive black hole surrounded by a hot optically thin accretion disk radiating near the Eddington luminosity limit and with an effective temperature of about 2 x 10 to the 9th K would fulfill the condition and produce the correct background spectrum and intensity. This model also associates cosmic X-ray background and nonthermal gamma-ray background to active galaxies, thus implying that massive black holes are associated with their internal dynamics.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 290; Apr. 9
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  • 89
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    Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. I - Theory (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An approximate analytic solution is derived for the radiative transfer equation describing particulate surface light scattering, taking into account multiple scattering and mutual shadowing. Analytical expressions for the following quantities are found: bidirectional reflectance, radiance coefficient and factor, the normal, Bond, hemispherical, and physical albedos, integral phase function and phase integral, and limb-darkening profile. Scattering functions for mixtures can be calculated, as well as corrections for comparisons of experimental transmission or reflection spectra with observational planetary spectra. The theory should be useful for the interpretation of reflectance spectroscopy of laboratory surfaces and the photometry of solar system objects.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Apr. 10
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  • 90
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    Spectra of the Jovian ring and Amalthea (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements made between 0.887 and 2.4 microns demonstrate that the Jovian ring and Amalthea have similar reflection spectra. The spectra, in particular the ratio of the 0.9- to 2.2-micron reflectivities, are inconsistent with those expected from water, ammonia, or methane frosts, but are consistent with reflection from large rock bodies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 86; Apr. 198
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  • 91
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    Voyager measurement of the rotation period of Saturn's magnetic field (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Saturn's radio rotation period is determined using measurements made by the Planetary Radio Astronomy experiment onboard the Voyager spacecraft. The sidereal period deduced is 10 hr 39 min 24 sec + or 7 sec. The radio rotation period is presumably that of the planet's magnetic field. A provisional Saturn longitude convention is proposed, and equations are provided to compute a longitude emphemeris and to transform between the proposed system and the (10 hr 14 min) system used for the Pioneer 11/Saturn encounter. In addition, the degree of longitude smearing which could result over the long term from the merging of data sets organized in this system is evaluated. Finally, no evidence of control of the radio emission by any of Saturn's satellites is found.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Mar. 198
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  • 92
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    Radio science investigations of the Saturn system with Voyager 1 - Preliminary results (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analyses of Voyager 1 radio occultation measurements of the Saturn atmosphere near 75 deg south latitude and of the Titan equatorial atmosphere are presented. Molecular nitrogen appears to be the primary atmospheric constituent of Titan, whose clouds are probably methane ice. Solar abundance considerations of the data suggest large quantities of surface methane near its triple-point temperature, so that the three phases of methane could play a role on Titan analogous to that of water on earth. Ionospheric electron concentration and plasma scale height for the Saturn polar cap and monochromatic attenuation of the Saturn rings are also considered, along with radio tracking figures for the masses of two moons, Rhea and Titan.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 212; Apr. 10
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  • 93
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    Infrared observations of the Saturnian system from Voyager 1 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Atmospheric chemistry analyses of Saturn based on Voyager 1 infrared spectral and radiometric data are presented, including characteristics of the planet's rings and of Titan and other satellites. Infrared spectra of Saturn indicate the presence of H2, CH4, NH3, PH3, C2H2, and C2H6, with the possibility of C3H4 and C3H8. The atmospheric thermal structure of the planet shows hemispheric asymmetries that are consistent with seasonally varying insolation response, with an extensive small-scale latitudinal structure. Atmospheric chemistries of Titan, and optical and thermal characteristics for the rings of Saturn, are also given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 212; Apr. 10
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  • 94
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    Comparative aspects of Venus and terrestrial meteorology (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The observations and measurements made by Pioneer Venus orbiters are presented in terms of comparison of Venus and terrestrial meteorology. Although the temperature-pressure profiles of the two planets differ at lower altitudes, the temperatures are similar over their common range of pressures except for a much cooler mesosphere on Venus. The additional similarities between the earth and Venus relate to the warm polar stratospheres and the zonally-averaged energy budgets of the two planets. A difference in the mean radiation budgets for Venus is the relative smallness of the upward and downward thermal flux components. It is noted that the observed similarities reflect common mechanisms despite the difference in the dynamical regimes of the two planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Weather; 36; Feb. 198
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  • 95
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    Earthlike planets: Surfaces of Mercury, Venus, earth, moon, Mars (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The surfaces of the earth and the other terrestrial planets of the inner solar system are reviewed in light of the results of recent planetary explorations. Past and current views of the origin of the earth, moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars are discussed, and the surface features characteristic of the moon, Mercury, Mars and Venus are outlined. Mechanisms for the modification of planetary surfaces by external factors and from within the planet are examined, including surface cycles, meteoritic impact, gravity, wind, plate tectonics, volcanism and crustal deformation. The origin and evolution of the moon are discussed on the basis of the Apollo results, and current knowledge of Mercury and Mars is examined in detail. Finally, the middle periods in the history of the terrestrial planets are compared, and future prospects for the exploration of the inner planets as well as other rocky bodies in the solar system are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 96
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    Jupiter's magnetopause, bow shock, and 10-hour modulated magnetosheath Voyagers 1 and 2 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This summary report discusses Jupiter's magnetopause, bow shock and magnetosheath, based on fine scale magnetic field data from the Voyager 1 and 2 encounters. Explicit models of the dawnside magnetopause and bow shock in Jupiter's orbital plane employ an axisymmetric parabola and hyperbola, respectively, and satisfy average boundary crossing positions, inbound and outbound; these models are determined separately for the two encounters. A new phenomenon has been discovered in Jupiter's magnetosheath. It is manifested as (5 or) 10 hour quasi-periodic modulation of the direction of the magnetic field in the outbound magnetosheath, predominantly in the northward (N) and southward (S) directions. It was seen to occur during both encounters and appears most evident in Voyager 2 outbound observations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 97
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    A model of temporal variations in ozone density in the Martian atmosphere (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Temporal variations of the ozone density profile in the Martian atmosphere at high latitudes are calculated for the course of a Martian year, taking into account seasonal and diurnal variations in temperature, water vapor and solar radiation. Calculations are based on a model including 35 neutral photochemical reactions, and vertical eddy diffusion using a time step of 12 min for the region from the surface to 240 km altitude. Results are found to be in better agreement with Mariner 9 observations of the time and magnitude of the seasonal maximum than previous model calculations. The diurnal variation is predicted to be small near the solstices, with the nighttime ozone density greater than the daytime and the magnitude of the difference dependent on season. Opposite temporal variations are predicted for ozone densities above and below about 25 km, and an ozone density maximum at 35-40 km is obtained. It is suggested that the effects of an aerosol layer may not be important in enhancing predicted ozone concentration, and may even decrease it.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 29; Jan. 198
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  • 98
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    The 2f/p/ circumterrestrial radio radiation as seen from ISEE 3 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A narrowband highly spin-modulated radio source has been observed with the radio astronomy experiment on ISEE 3 from a position 0.01 AU upstream of the earth. The source is interpreted as radio line emission generated at twice the local plasma frequency in the vicinity of the earth's bow shock by energetic particles. The bandwidth of the 2f(p) emission varies from less than 3 kHz to more than 20 kHz and is probably broadened by solar wind density variations across the source region. The 2f(p) source is visible about 50% of the time, and the true position of its centroid is usually located within 30 earth radii of the subsolar point, but at times is observed at a distance of up to 60 earth radii. But most of these variations might result from changes in the orientation of the polarization vector in a partially polarized source or from refraction across an electron density front.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 99
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    Solar wind pickup of ionized Venus exosphere atoms (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previous calculations of electrostatic and electromagnetic growth rates for plasma instabilities have neglected the thermal spread of the distribution function of the planetary ions. We consider the effects of finite temperatures for exospheric ions borne in the solar wind. Specifically, growth rates are calculated for electromagnetic instabilities in the low-frequency case for Alfven waves and the intermediate frequency case for whistlers. Also, electrostatic growth rates are calculated for the intermediate frequency regime. From these growth rates, estimates are derived for the pickup times of the planetary ions. The electromagnetic instabilities are shown to produce the most rapid pickup. In the situation where the angle between the local Venus magnetic field and the plasma flow direction is small, the pickup times for both electromagnetic and electrostatic instabilities become very long. A possible consequence of this effect is to produce regions of enhanced planetary ion density in favorable Venus magnetic field-solar wind flow geometries.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 1
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  • 100
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    Changes in cosmic ray propagation induced by corotating interaction regions (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: By simulating the trajectories for scatter free and diffusive propagation of relativistic cosmic rays in a model of the heliospheric magnetic fields containing a representation of corotating interaction regions (CIR's), it is found that, due to the large gradients associated with these compression regions, the motion is strongly affected and differs substantially from the predictions of current modulation theory. For positive (outward) northern hemisphere polarity, particles do not stream purely from high latitudes but can come from almost any latitude in the outer heliosphere; for negative polarity, many particles come along the current sheet (as predicted) but a second, equally important, population exists comprising particles that do not start on the current sheet but are brought to low latitudes by their interaction with CIR's. Thus, it is concluded that CIR's (and other large scale structures) cannot be ignored in analyses of cosmic ray modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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