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  • Electron microscopy  (38)
  • Gas chromatography  (24)
  • Bone
  • Springer  (79)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (79)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1981  (79)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (79)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Magnetic field ; IR light ; Light absorption constant ; Efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Enhancement of photovoltage has been found in bone and its two major constituents when placed in a magnetic field in standard Hall geometry. Infrared light has been used for carrier excitation. From data obtained in this manner, values for the light absorption constant, extinction constant, mass absorption constant, and efficiency have been estimated. All these parameters increase with the increase of magnetic field. A possible explanation for the observed phenomena is presented.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Vitamin D deficiency ; Cartilage ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary To test the importance of 24-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 on bone mineralization, rat pups born to vitamin D-deficient females were given either 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 for 16 days beginning at the time of weaning. Following such treatment analysis of blood samples revealed no detectable 24R,25-(OH)2D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the rats given the difluoro compound while revealing the expected 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The rats given 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 had the expected levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Following sacrifice at day 17, postweaning bone mineralization and modeling were studied in long bones using histological methods. Bones taken from vitamin D-deficient rats at the beginning and end of the experimental period had lesions typical of rickets. These included wide growth plates, excessive amounts of osteoid, and metaphyseal fibrosis. Following treatment with either 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3, bone mineralization returned to normal. Growth plate widths and the amount of osteoid on bone surfaces were both substantially reduced and to a similar degree in both treatment groups. Normal cartilage core formation and trabecularization of the metaphyseal primary spongiosa were also restored to a similar degree in both groups. In effect, no difference was observed in any bone parameter studied between the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3- and the 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3-treated animals. These results provide strong evidence that 24-hydroxylation of the vitamin D molecule plays little or no role in the modeling and mineralization of bone.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 655-661 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ; 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 ; 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ; Receptors ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The hormonal metabolite of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], exerts its biological effects by binding to a cytosolic receptor protein. Such a protein has been demonstrated in vitamin D3 target organs including fetal rat calvariae and more recently in rat osteogenic sarcoma cells. In this study we have compared the binding of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] to that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in fetal rat calvariae and osteogenic sarcoma (OS) cells. Sucrose density sedimentation, DNA-cellulose chromatography, and intracellular uptake studies have been employed to evaluate these interactions. In cytosol preparations from calvariae, [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 bound to a 3.3S macromolecule and to a much greater extent to a 5.8S macromolecule while both [3H]25(OH)D3 and [3H]24,25(OH)2D3 bound to the 5.8S macromolecule. By incubating intact calvariae and OS cells with labeled metabolites and thus establishing binding intracellularly prior to cell disruption, we have found that the 3.3S protein which has high specificity for 1,25(OH)2D3 occurs inside the cells; the 5.8S protein, however, does not occur inside the cells but is generated after cell disruption. The [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3-receptor complex adsorbed to DNA-cellulose and was eluted from this affinity resin at 0.28M KCl. In contrast, [3H]25(OH)D3 and [3H]-24,25(OH)2D3 binding activity did not adsorb to DNA-cellulose. We conclude that, in contrast to the 3.3S protein, the 5.8S macromolecule does not fulfill receptor criteria but is rather generated by the experimental manipulation of the bone cells. Our data suggest that the vitamin D3 actions on bone are mediated only via the 3.3S receptor, and hence quantitative but not qualitative differences of the effects of the various metabolites are feasible.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite ; Amorphous calcium phosphate ; Bone ; Radial distribution function ; Carbonate apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary When amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was transformed to crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) in a series of aqueous slurry concentrations ranging from low to high, the higher slurry concentrations produced more Ca-deficient HA as measured by Ca/P ratio and heat-produced pyrophosphate. We feel that the excess solution phosphate produced in the higher slurry transformations results in lower Ca/P ratio HA. It has been suggested that an ACP is the precursor to bone apatite. Regulation of the in vivo ACP slurry concentration could then control the stoichiometry and, therefore, the metabolic activity of bone apatite. X-ray radial distribution function (RDF) analyses showed that CO 3 2− substitution in HA creates far greater structural distortions than do Ca deficiencies. The latter, however, do produce small, but observable, structural distortions when compared to stoichiometric HA. It now seems clear that the RDF of bone apatite can be modeled by a synthetic, Ca-deficient, CO 3 2− -containing HA.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium transport ; Cytochalasin B ; Dihydrocytochalasin B ; Colchicine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary In vivo calcium absorption was studied in normal and rachitic chicks. Cytochalasin B (CB) at a concentration of 25 µg/ml added to the medium inside the duodenal lumen inhibited calcium absorption (20 min) from 82.5±1.9% of calcium absorbed in the controls to 59.2±3% in normal and from 70.0±2.3% to 47.0±2.1% in rachitic chicks. In vitro studies by everted ileal sacs of young rabbits also showed an inhibition of active transport of calcium due to CB. Whereas in the controls the ratio of45Ca concentrations in serosal and mucosal media (60 min) was 7.2±0.32, the ratios were 5.24±0.52; 4.40±0.36; 3.40±0.42; 5.77±0.52; 1.38±0.08; and 1.06±0.02 in the presence of CB at concentrations of 5, 10 and 25 µg/ml; colchicine 10−4M, Na citrate 0.02M, and heat-devitalized conditions, respectively.45Ca concentration in the mucosal scrapings was also affected. It showed an increase from controls (15,101±404 cpm/mg) and correlated with CB concentration: 17,378±489, 19,015±1000, and 20,201±362 at 5, 10, and 25 µg/ml, respectively. Dihydrocytochalasin B also inhibited active calcium transport and caused an increase in45Ca concentration in the mucosal scrapings. Correlated electron microscopic studies showed certain changes in the brush border, especially in some actin microfilaments in the terminal web region. It seems that these morphological alterations may be related to transcytoplasmic movement of calcium.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Electron microscopy ; Growth plate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have previously demonstrated that ethanol has a direct toxic effect on the rat skeleton characterized by decreased trabecular bone volume. In the present study, we examined the ultrastructure of the distal radial epiphyseal growth plates in these same animals. Eight weeks of ethanol administration to 12 male rats results in serum alcohol levels of 140 mg/dl but did not alter the width or light microscopic appearance of the radial growth plate. Quantitative electron microscopy failed to demonstrate morphologic evidence of toxicity in the skeletal cells. We conclude that although ethanol appears to have a direct effect on rat bone characterized by enhanced resorption, toxicity is not attended by ultrastructural changes in the skeletal cells.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Phosphoprotein ; Bone ; 31P-NMR ; Phosphoserine ; Phosphothreonine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fractionation of the EDTA-soluble, noncollagenous proteins of the organic matrix of chicken bone by Sephadex G-100 molecular sieving has revealed that the majority of the organic phosphorus is present in two fractions, from one of which a homogeneous phosphoprotein has been isolated. The purified phosphoprotein has an apparent molecular weight of 12,000 and contains bothO-phosphoserine andO-phosphothreonine.31P-NMR spectroscopy demonstrates that all of the organic phosphorus exists in the form of phosphomonoesters which have an average pK2 of 6.8. The phosphoprotein is highly acidic due to its high content of dicarboxylic acids in addition to the presence of organic phosphorus. The characteristic amino acid composition of the phosphoprotein establishes its noncollagenous nature and highlights the differences among bone, dentin, and enamel phosphoproteins. The absence ofγ-carboxyglutamic acid distinguishes it from osteocalcin, the noncollagenousγ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing peptide of bone matrix.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 455-457 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The bone mineral status of fifty-one children with diabetes mellitus was studied by single photon absorptiometry. The mean bone mineral content was 13% below values predicted by age, sex, height, and weight. Those children whose diabetes was one year or less in duration were as osteopenic as those whose diabetes was of longer duration. The demineralized children received a higher daily insulin dose than the others. No association was noted between the degree of skeletal demineralization and sex, statural growth, renal function, and serum calcium and phosphorus. No significant changes in bone mineral content were noted longitudinally.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 529-540 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone cells ; Electron microscopy ; PTH ; PGE1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Four different cell populations—designated PF, OB, OC, and PC—were isolated from calvaria of 18-day-old chick embryos for analysis of the effects of hormones on bone tissue. The cell populations were studied with histological and biochemical methods. Apart from the well-known cell types present in calvaria, a new cell type was found in the noncalcified organic matrix between the osteoblastic layer and the calcified matrix. These cells were provisionally called osteocytic osteoblasts. They represent the “transition state” between osteoblasts and osteocytes. On the basis of histological studies with light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the PF population was considered to originate primarily from the periosteal fibroblasts, the OB population from the osteoblasts and osteocytic osteoblasts. The population of cells still present in calvaria after removal of periosteal fibroblasts and osteoblasts was called the OC population. This cell population was very much enriched with osteocytes. The fourth isolated population (PC) was a mixed population of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and preosteoblasts. On exposure to parathyroid hormone (PTH), all four cell populations showed increased lactate production, but only the OB and OC populations displayed increased cAMP production. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) stimulated cAMP production in both OB and PF cells. From the results of this study it was concluded that PTH receptors are present on all of the cell types studied, but that occupancy of the receptor induces adenylate cyclase stimulation only in osteocytes and fully differentiated osteoblasts.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 57-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Thallium ; Chondrodystrophy ; Cartilage ; Bone ; Matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using the transmission electron microscope, we sought to describe the morphology of thallium sulfate-induced chondrodystrophy in chick embryos. There was cell death and degeneration in all zones of growth cartilage, but the cells and matrix of the hypertrophic zone were the most severely affected. Ultrastructural changes of the hypertrophic chondrocytes consisted of alteration of the cytoplasmic contents and of the intercellular matrix; the cell membrane was smooth and without cytoplasmic extensions. The cytoplasm was filled with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles of varying sizes and contents, and lipidlike bodies with electron-dense granules; mineral crystals, collagen, and degenerating mitochondria were present. The matrix showed only spotty calcification and a reduced number of dense bodies, vesicles, and granules. The cells appeared to have failed to exteriorize cell products across the plasmalemma. Failure to exteriorize cell products and to form cytoplasmic processes reduced the number of potential nucleation sites for calcification. The ultrastructure of osteocytes was much less affected.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 89-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Soluble proteoglycans ; Resistant proteoglycans ; Collagen ; Bone ; Cartilage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Soluble proteoglycans (SPG) were extracted from bovine (BCC) and human (HCC) costal cartilages by the dissociative method using 4 M guanidinium chloride (GuHCl). Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction (RPG) were obtained following collagenase digestion or hydroxylamine treatment of the cartilage residues. Similarly, SPG were extracted from bovine metaphyseal and cortical bone using EDTA. The RPG were extracted from the bones using hydroxylamine. Density gradient fractionation under dissociative conditions of cartilage SPG and RPG followed by chromatography on Sepharose 2B revealed that A1D1 RPG are smaller than the SPG. SPG reacted with either collagenase or hydroxylamine are also smaller than the parent SPG. A1D1 fractions obtained from BCC-SPG and RPG or from mixtures of SPG and acid-soluble collagen are free of hydroxyproline. Hydroxyproline is not completely separated from HCC-RPG. Density gradient fractionation of bone proteoglycans and Sepharose chromatography of the A1 and A1D1 fractions showed that those obtained from metaphysis are larger than those from cortical bone. This was attributed to the presence of calcified cartilage in metaphyseal bone. The A1D1 fractions of the metaphyseal proteoglycans seemed to undergo self-association since this fraction is larger than the A1 fraction from which it is derived. Cortical bone proteoglycans do not behave similarly. Density gradient purification under dissociative conditions failed to separate hydroxyproline from the proteoglycans obtained from bone. It is hypothesized that in bone proteoglycans and collagen might be linked.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 567-574 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Femur ; Age ; Mineral ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary It has previously been observed that after the third decade of life the tensile strength of bone decreases faster than its density [1], indicating that some microstructural change occurs in bone with advancing age. In order to try to elucidate this observation, the orientation and particle size of the mineral phase of bone have been studied with respect to age. Samples were taken from femora varying in age from 13 to 97 years. The results show that the degree of preferred orientation does not vary with age after the first decade of life. However, the percentage of small particles increased up to the fourth decade of life and thereafter decreased, a pattern of change similar to that observed for bone strength. It would seem to indicate that an increase in mineral particle size is a factor that contributes to the loss of bone strength and that an increased percentage of large particles in the later years of life could, along with osteoporosis, help to explain the increased fragility in the bones of the elderly.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 369-374 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histomorphometry ; Bone ; Reproducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary To study bone histomorphometry reproducibility in normal subjects, we performed during orthopedic surgery bone biopsies in 16 post-menopausal women. Each woman had four bone biopsies, two at the usual site in the iliac crest, one on the left and one on the right side, and two other biopsies just behind the usual site, one at each side. We performed measurements of trabecular bone volume, relative osteoid volume, osteoid surfaces, osteoclastic resorption surfaces and calcification front. The average values of the 16 patients were compared, on the one hand, two by two, by a student test, and on the other hand, by a variance analysis. By these two methods the results showed no significant difference between the average values of the 16 patients at each location for any of the histomorphometric parameters studied. However, there was a location variation which was estimated by the intra-individual variation for a given patient. On the other hand, we calculated from the variance analysis the location variance for a group of 10 to 100 patients. In any case all the parameters had a location variation which was high for osteoclastic resorption surfaces and relative osteoid volume when expressed in % of the absolute value of these parameters. The variation of the trabecular bone volume was 0–46. 15% (95% confident limit interval) in a single patient and the hypothetical value of the location variation was 41.6% for a group of 10 patients and 13.0% for a group of 100 patients.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 441-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Diffusion ; H2O ; Ions ; Vitamin D ; Diphosphonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The rates of diffusion of small ions and neutral molecules through isolated calvaria have been determined. Compared with data published on self-diffusion and diffusion through cartilage, H2O, 3-O-methylglucose, lactate, sulfate, and methylamine diffuse at approximately 2/3 the expected rate. Diffusion of H2O and sulfate was unaffected by the administration of the diphosphonate 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), although phosphate fluxes are markedly diminished. Diffusion of water was nearly doubled by vitamin D deficiency. A 1-week treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect on H2O diffusion while returning calcium influx to normal. It is concluded that bone matrix permits a flow of small neutral and ionized molecules nearly comparable to that in cartilage. When changes in calcium and phosphate influx are observed, they can be ascribed to the exchange properties of bone mineral and not to changes in matrix permeability.
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  • 15
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 499-504 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagen ; Density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The density of a bovine cortical bone matrix sample was found in water, several ethanol-water solutions, and in the dried state. Previously the density of the same mineralized bone was found fresh and when desiccated. The volume in each state was estimated from the dimensional changes axially, tangentially, and radially. Confirmation was found by determining the density of dried specimens upon immersion in xylene. The amount of imbibed xylene provided an estimate of the free pore volume in the dried matrix. The volume fraction of the solid constituent, S, in the wet matrix was found to be 0.57, from which the density of S in various solutions was calculated. Density of wet matrix in 0.15 M saline: 1.180 g/cc; for dried matrix, 1.246 g/cc. Density of wet S in saline: 1.33 g/cc; for dried S, 1.42 g/cc, which matches published values for collagen molecules. Dimensional changes between wet and dried state of matrix match published values for artificially cross-linked rat tail tendon fibers. Axially: 1.04, by area: 2.27; by volume: 2.62. Estimate of intrafibrillar volume, assuming 80% of mineral is within fibrils: 0.73 cc/g dry collagen.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 631-639 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteopenia ; Noninvasive monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Radiological techniques were utilized for monitoring progressive changes in compact bone in the tibia of monkeys during experimentally induced osteopenia. Bone mass loss in the tibia during restraint was evaluated from radiographs, from bone mineral analysis, and from images reconstructed from gamma ray computerized tomography. The losses during 6 months of restraint tended to occur predominantly in the proximal tibia and were characterized by subperiosteal bone loss, intracortical striations, and scalloped endosteal surfaces. Bone mineral content in the cross section of the tibia declined 17–21%. Tomography demonstrated endosteal widening and reduced mineral content per unit of thickness of cortical bone. In 6 months of recovery, the mineral content of the proximal tibia remained depressed. Effects of the dynamic environment on local-regional changes in various skeletal areas are discussed.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Copper ; Resorption ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary An investigation of the role of copper in bone metabolism was undertaken. Explanted calvaria from 6-day-old mice were grown for 48 h in medium with and without the addition of copper sulfate. Active resorption was found to be significantly inhibited in the presence of copper sulfate concentrations of 10−6M and above. Copper sulfate concentrations of 10−5M and above inhibited hydroxyproline, protein, and DNA synthesis. Lower concentrations were ineffective. The effect of 5 × 10−6M copper sulfate on resorption was reversible. Several other compounds were tested for similar effects and at 5 × 10−6M were found to inhibit bone resorption in the order: copper sulfate 〉 brown gold chloride 〉 sodium aurothiomalate 〉 zinc sulfate 〉 sodium sulfate. The copper sulfate effect was twice that of sodium aurothiomalate, and sodium sulfate was not significantly inhibitory. The results suggest that the high serum copper levels associated with rheumatoid arthritis may reflect the activity of a hypothetical control mechanism of bone resorption. In the diseased state this would act to restore the normal rate of bone resorption.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian eggshell ; Microstructure ; Electron microscopy ; Electron diffraction ; Calcite growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The eggshell of the domestic fowl has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction. Thin sections of shell were prepared by chemical and ion-beam thinning techniques. Each calcite column of the palisade layer consisted of crystallites of diameter 20 to 30 µm with some tendency for crystallite alignment within a single column. Evidence indicates that there was no significant preferred orientation in the palisade layer as a whole. Only in the surface layer was any preferred orientation detected, and here {1014} planes tended to lie parallel to the surface. The results are compared with previously published data, and calcite nucleation and growth are discussed.
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  • 19
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    European biophysics journal 7 (1981), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Photosynthetic bacteria ; Electron microscopy ; Planar lattices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thylakoids of Rhodopseudomonas viridis have been studied by freeze-fracturing whole cells. Depending on growth conditions and treatment before freezing, three different types of particle arrangements in the photosynthetic membrane are reported: a random arrangement, an isometric (quadratic) lattice arrangement with a lattice constant of 12.5 ± 0.8 nm, and a hexagonal lattice arrangement with a lattice constant of 12.5 ± 0.8 nm.
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  • 20
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    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhodospirillum rubrum ; Chromatophores ; Reaction centers ; Liposomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In freeze-fractures of chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum the reaction centers are seen as hexagonal arranged particles of 13 nm diameter with a density of around 5,500 particles per μm2. Similar regions on the cytoplasmic membrane suggest that these parts are the prospective invagination sites. Isolated reaction centers are easily incorporated into liposomes. In freeze fractures of liposomes particles similar in shape and size, although less dense as in chromatophores are observed. In negative staining much smaller units of only 5 nm in diameter are found indicating that reaction centers occur in the membrane as tri- or tetramers. There is a strong correlation between particle density in chromatophores and titratable reaction centers remaining in these membranes after extraction of reaction centers by detergents; both values are in good agreement with the yield of reaction centers at a given detergent concentration.
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  • 21
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    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cockroach ; Hindgut ; Distribution ; Microbial morphotypes ; Transmission ; Electron microscopy ; Statistical analysis ; Eublaberus posticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relative numbers of fourteen microbial morphotypes in transmission electron micrographs of the hindgut of a cockroach, Eublaberus posticus, were counted and their distribution was analyzed statistically. The microbiota of three wall-associated regions (the anterior paunch, the posterior paunch, and the black band region) was clearly different from that of the gut lumen. The three wall fractions were also significantly different from each other. Only one of the fourteen types, prosthecate bacteria, appeared to be distributed randomly in the four fractions. The five main wall-associated morphotypes individually constituted up to 41% of the microbes in some micrographs. They included one type with the characteristic morphology of Methanospirillum. Six morphotypes rarely made up over 2% of the population, but were consistently present. The numbers of the remaining three morphotypes were quite variable between micrographs and between individual insects, but when present often made up 5–10% of the population.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biological control ; Cyanobacteria ; Electron microscopy ; Entrapment ; lysis ; Myxococcus ; Phormidium ; Spherule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Myxococcus xanthus isolate from a farm drainage ditch, designated strain PCO2, is capable of rapidly inducing lysis of both agar and liquid-grown cultures of the cyanobacterium, Phormidium luridum, var. olivacea. Microscopic studies of the predator-prey interaction demonstrate that lysis of the cyanobacterium occurs within clumps and spherules formed by the cells of M. xanthus PCO2. In the earliest stage, one sees the formation of irregular microclumps of bacteria and cyanobacterial filaments. As these clumps mature, colonies 1 to 6 mm in diameter develops. The center of these densely green colonies contains cyanohacteria in various stages of degradation, while the periphery is almost exclusively a tightly woven mass of myxobacterial cells. Electron microscopy shows that long extrusions from the outer membrane of the M. xanthus PCO2 cells are involved in the formation both of initial clumps and of mature colonial spherules. These extrusions appear to efficiently entangle the cyanobacterial filaments in the culture environment. Predator-to-prey ratios of 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1,000 have resulted in cyanobacterial lysis. Because the entrapment and lysis of P. luridum filaments by M. xanthus PCO2 appears to be independent of any other heterotrophic nutritional requirement, as well as of environmental agitation, this system has potential as a biological control technique for undesirable aquatic cyanobacteria.
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  • 23
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    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 339-343 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Leptospira ; Halophilic ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray analysis ; Inclusions ; Cytoplasmic tubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of cells of strain Muggia, a slightly halophilic leptospire, was examined by the negative staining technique. The ultrastructure of the cells was rather similar to that of cells of Leptonema illini, i. e. the cells possessed cytoplasmic tubules. The basal complex of their flagella, however, was similar to the corresponding part of flagella on Gramnegative bacteria. The interior of the cells was densely packed with inclusions, except for the two outermost wavelengths at each end where these inclusions were absent. X-ray microanalysis showed that the inclusions contained sodium and chlorine as their main constituents. The inclusions disappeared upon storage of the cultures at room temperature.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase ; Quaternary structure ; Molecular weight ; Electron microscopy ; Cyanobacteria ; Synechococcus
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulose bisphosphate (RuP2) carboxylase from the marme cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., comprised both large (57,000 dalton) and small (12,000 dalton) subunits. The undissociated, purified enzyme was considerably smaller than the spinach enzyme when compared by pore-gradient electrophoresis, gel filtration and density-gradient centrifugation. This suggested that the cyanobacterial enzyme might have a hexameric (L6S6) subunit structure, unlike the enzymes from spinach and many other organisms which are octamers (L8S8). However, the molecular weight of the Synechococcus enzyme was measured by equilibrium sedimentation and found to be 530,000, which is within the range observed for L8S8-type enzymes. Furthermore, electron microscopic studies of negatively stained preparations of both the native enzyme, and a preparation depleted of 87% of its small subunits by repeated mild-acid precipitation, revealed four-fold symmetry characteristic of an octameric, cubical structure. Synechococcus RuP2 carboxylase therefore must be an L8S8 octamer and its anomalous pore-penetration behaviour may be due to an asymmetric shape. Some support for the latter possibility was provided by electron miscoscopic observations of two different types of images which may be different views of the molecule in two planes.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; Adrenergic innervation ; Insulin secretion ; Chemical sympathectomy ; Adrenalectomy ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in the adrenergic innervation of pancreatic islets after chemical sympathectomy by use of 6-hydroxydopamine and the influence of the sympatho-adrenal system on insulin secretion were investigated in the mouse and rat. Fluorescence histochemistry revealed a clear-cut reduction in the number of adrenergic nerve fibers in the pancreatic islets 2 days after administration of 6-hydroxydopamine; the reduction was more pronounced in the rat than in the mouse. In the rat, a partial regeneration was seen after 6 weeks. In the pancreas of the mouse, after administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, a severe damage of unmyelinated nerve fibers was revealed electron microscopically. However, no ultrastructural or immunohistochemical alterations could be demonstrated in the endocrine cells of the islets. 6-Hydroxydopamine induced a depression of basal plasma insulin concentrations in mice and an elevation in rats. Adrenalectomy depressed basal plasma insulin levels in mice. The α-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine enhanced insulin secretion in normal mice. The secretory response of insulin to phentolamine was diminished by chemical sympathectomy and almost abolished by adrenalectomy or the combination of chemical sympathectomy and adrenalectomy. Thus, the effect of phentolamine is probably mediated by liberated catecholamines. It is concluded that basal insulin secretion is partially regulated by the sympatho-adrenal system and that species differences exist in this respect. In addition, the results suggest that endogenous catecholamines have the ability to promote insulin secretion.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 471-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovulation ; Perfusion ; Graafian follicle (Rabbit) ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present investigation the ultrastructure of isolated rabbit ovaries, perfused with different media for various time periods, was studied. The steroid hormone production by the perfused ovary was also determined. Perfusion with Medium 199 results in prominent interstitial ovarian oedema which increases with perfusion time. Even after the addition of 6–10 % Dextran T40, oedema appears in the interstitial tissue of the ovary. Perfusion solutions with osmotically active colloid particles of large molecular size (Dextran T70; average molecular weight 70,000 and bovine serum albumin), cause less distortion in the ovarian structure, and ultrastructurally the ovarian tissues appear essentially the same as in the control ovaries. The results indicate that the perfused rabbit ovary, under strictly controlled conditions, can be used as an experimental model for studies of various aspects of ovarian function, including follicular rupture.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eyes ; Insects ; Crustaceans ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basement membrane of the compound eye of four insect species and three crustacean species was investigated employing electron microscopy. The basement membrane consists of an extracellular (basal lamina) and a cellular portion, the latter being composed of the flattened terminal extensions of cone cells and accessory pigment cells in insects and distal pigment cells in crustaceans. Other cells can also contribute to the basement membrane. It is thus a complex structure in all well-developed compound eyes. The cellular contributions vary in different species and were found to correlate to specific taxonomic units.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin ; CCK ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy ; Xenopus laevis (Amphibia, Anura)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of an anti-gastrin serum and colloidal gold- or ferritin-labelled sheep anti-rabbit γ-globulins, nerve fibres and nerve terminals containing a gastrin-like substance were characterized at the ultrastructural level in the median eminence of Xenopus laevis. These immunoreactive fibres contain neurosecretory granules displaying medium to high electron density and a mean diameter of 75 nm. Labelling intensity varies from granule to granule. This is the first demonstration at the ultrastructural level of the precise location of a gastrin-like hormone in the median eminence of a vertebrate.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 211-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Pars intermedia ; Electron microscopy ; Sheep
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light microscopy of coronal sections of the sheep pars intermedia revealed a compact, incompletely lobulated V-shaped region about 15–20 cells thick, situated between the pars distalis and the pars nervosa. A prominent hypophysial cleft and follicles containing a colloid-like substance were seen. Using electron microscopy, five cell types could be distinguished: pars intermedia glandular cells, pars distalis-like glandular cells, interstitial cells, follicular cells and cleft lining cells. The polyhedral to pear-shaped pars intermedia glandular cells predominated. They contained dense-cored, membrane-bound granules near the Golgi complex, and larger, irregular vesicles with finely granular contents of varying electron density throughout the remaining cytoplasm; exocytotic release of granules was occasionally observed. Smaller numbers of cells resembling those seen in the pars distalis were scattered throughout the pars intermedia. Interstitial cells usually possessed elongated cytoplasmic processes which extended between the glandular cells, and were characterized by deeply indented nuclei, elaborate junctional complexes and an absence of cytoplasmic granules. Cells lining the follicles resembled the interstitial cells. The major cells bordering the hypophysial cleft were triangular in section and bore irregular microvilli on their free surface. The pars intermedia appeared to be less vascular than the remainder of the hypophysis and only occasional fenestrated capillaries were seen. Nerve profiles were rare.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 643-649 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: T-lymphocytes ; Blast cells ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As a companion to an earlier study, the morphometric attributes of stimulated (blast-derived) lymphocytes in mouse axillary lymph nodes have been established using stereological and autoradiographic methods. Blast transformation was induced in vivo with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and stimulated cells were labelled with tritiated thymidine. Random samples of cells were taken for light and electron microscopic morphometry. In comparison to the unstimulated lymphocyte, the stimulated cell increased in size and possessed a greater plasma membrane surface area. Increase in cell size was the result of increases in the volumes of all measured subcellular compartments both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Heterogeneity of the stimulated cell population precludes firm conclusions regarding the significance of all these ultrastructural changes, though alterations in cell surface are discussed in the context of known biochemical differences accompanying blastogenesis.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 557-568 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Neuroglia ; Silver impregnation ; Brain ; Cat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The silver-impregnation procedure of Tsujiyama is suitable for demonstration of all three classical types of neuroglial cells; in the present study it was used for electron microscopic identification of neuroglial cells in the brain of the cat. The aim of the present study was 1) to determine impregnated structural correlates of neuroglial cells at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, and 2) to determine whether the method of Tsujiyama is applicable for the electron microscopic identification of the single types of neuroglial cells. Silver deposits were observed over the cytoplasm and processes of astrocytes where numerous glial filaments were present. Oligodendrocytes and microglial cells may be precisely differentiated by use of Tsujiyama's silver impregnation method at the electron microscopic level due to the pattern of silver-deposition in these two basic types of cells. This silver-impregnation method combined with electron microscopy is thus suitable for a precise identification of neuroglial cells; the technique may prove to be very helpful in identification of such categories of neuroglial cells that encompass also the images of cells which cannot be classified by use of the standard methods.
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  • 32
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Teflon columns ; Chemically modified teflon ; Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Wall-coated open tubular columns prepared from chemically modified teflon tubing have been developed for gas chromatography. Chemical reaction of the inner walls of teflon tubing allows bonding of an adhesive layer on which a variety of stationary phaes can be coated. Test mixtures of alkanes and alcohols were used to investigate the chromatographic properties of these columns and the stability and mixing of the adhesive and stationary phae layers. the results in dicate that mixing of the layers is negligible and that the column is stable for a long period of time.
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  • 33
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 55-66 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Capillary columns, glass ; Gas chromatography ; Column preparation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kapillar-Gas-Chromatographie ist heute das sich am stärksten entwickelnde Gebiet der Gas-Chromatographie. Es gibt viele komplexe, neue Fragestellungen in der Analytik, welche den Einsatz spezieller Kapillarsäulen erfordem. Glücklicherweise gibt es aber auch eine große Zahl von Herstellungsverfahren für Kapillarsäulen, welche — noch mehr als bei der Herstellung von gepackten Säulen — eine Anpassung an die gestellten Aufgaben ermöglichen. In diesem Artikel werden die Herstellungsverfahren für Kapillarsäulen zusammengestellt und Anregungen gegeben, wie aufgaben-orientierte Säulen erreicht werden.
    Notes: Summary Glass capillary column chromatography is the most rapidly growing part of gas chromatography. There are many complex new analytical tasks and they require special capillary columns, Fortunately there is a wide range of column preparation methods available, and they make the preparation of glass capillary columns a more varied job than that of packed columns. In this paper these methods are reviewed and suggestions are given for making task-oriented columns.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Urea herbicides ; Catalytic hydrolysis
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the rapid catalytic hydrolysis of phenylurea herbicides on silica gel at elevated temperatures. After derivatisation of the anilines produced with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride final analysis is done on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electroncapture detector. Detection limits are in the 1–5 picogram range. The method has successfully been applied to residue analysis of water samples at the 1 ppb level. The determination of free anilines present in water samples and the potential of various techniques to be used to discriminate between free anilines and parent herbicides are also discussed.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Graphitised carbon black ; Phenols ; Water pllutants
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The fractionation of eleven phenols which may be contaminants in drinking water has been accomplished by using acid-washed graphitised carbon black modified with trimesic acid and PEG 20 M.
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  • 36
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 447-451 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Headspace analysis ; Gas chromatography ; Residual analysis of polyethylene terephthalate ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Ethylene evolution in germinating seed ; Acetaldehyde generation in polyester resin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary New application areas for headspace gas chromatography in agricultural and polymer degradation research are described. Specific examples are drawn from the various forms of headspace analysis with emphasis on the automated static equilibrium method.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 153-161 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic transport ; Insect ovary ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ovarioles of Coccinella and Tenebrio are shown to be telotrophic — a characteristic normally associated with hemipterans rather than coleopterans. They possess an anterior region of trophic cells and a chain of oocytes. The trophic cells are connected with the latter by a series of nutritive tubes, and autoradiography has shown that RNA is transported along the tubes to the oocytes. However, the system in these beetles differs markedly from that of hemipterans in that the nutritive tubes do not contain an extensive complement of aligned microtubules. The significance of this to both the mechanism and the selectivity of transport is discussed.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atretic oocyte ; Perca fluviatilis ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regression of atretic oocytes in Perca fluviatilis was studied by histochemical, light and electron microscopic methods. The course of regression can be divided into three stages, the first two comprising the dissolution of the atretic oocyte and its phagocytosis by the granulosa cells of the follicular epithelium, and the third stage consisting of the dissolution of the granulosa cells themselves. The ultrastructure in all three stages shows only features related to phagocytosis and lysosome formation. In particular, there is no agranular endoplasmic reticulum formed within the phagocytically active granulosa cells, nor is there any 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (3β-HSD). Large yellow-orange pigments, formed during the third stage of regression, are ascribed to a relative deficiency of lysosomes in lipid digestion, and do not result from a preceeding steroid-synthesising phase as in mammalian corpora lutea. Thus, the atretic oocyte of P. fluviatilis is considered not to give rise to a corpus luteum formation with endocrine function, but merely represents a degenerative structure.
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  • 39
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 576-578 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Tortuosity factor
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the obstructive factor γ and velocity was restudied. The dependence of the obstructive factor on velocity was verified. The effects of diffusion coefficient and particle-to-column diameter ratio on the obstructive factor-velocity relationship were investigated. The results are consistent with Hawkes' hypothesis that values of γ at low velocities are averages over tightly packed and loosely packed domains while at high velocities they are weighted in favour of the loosely packed domains where there is more flow.
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  • 40
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 648-652 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas-liquid adsorption ; Bulk solution ; Mixed stationary phases
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the blending of some retention effects can make the resolution of complex mixtures on short classical columns as effective as on capillary columns.
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  • 41
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 699-703 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace analysis ; Aromatic hydrocarbons ; Water analyses
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The possibilities of using headspace analysis of aromatic hydrocarbon traces in aqueous solutions with changing values of the partition coefficients are discussed. A variant of headspace analysis of the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon in natural and waste water is described. It involves two-step gaseous extraction of a sample in vessels of varying volume before and after the equilibrium phase is replaced with a pure gas (air or nitrogen). This method permits to analyse 5–50 ml water samples with benzene and toluene contents varying from the ppb to the ppm range within an error not exceeding 155. The analysis time is about 1.5 h. The presence of non-volatile organic or mineral substances does not influence the determination. This method is unsuitable to heterogeneous systems (aqueous oil emulsions): before carrying out the analysis for the hydrocarbon content these systems have to be homogenized first.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open tubular (capillary) columns ; Glass columns ; Fused-silica columns ; Column testing
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Column characteristics affecting the chromatographic behavior of glass and siliceous glass (“fused silica”) capillary columns include the dimensional uniformity of the column, the physical and chemical characteristics of the column wall and the characteristics of the liquid phase. In the case of the coated column the uniformity and thickness of the liquid phase film are the most important criteria affecting column reproducibility. The paper discusses these factors and their influence on column performance.
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  • 43
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Quantitative analysis ; Copper oxide converter ; Inorganic gas analysis ; Determination of fluorine and oxygen ; Hydrocarbon analysis ; Wine analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A review of past activities concerning selected industrial analytical problems is given. This includes the following question: preparation of pure gas mixtures to be used for calibration, catalytic conversion of ester and pyridin samples to carbon dioxide and a one-point calibration method using peak heights, both for quantitative analysis, analysis of gas mixtures containing fluorine and inorganic fluorine compounds and the determination of the oxygen and fluorine content of the sample, separation and identification of hydrocarbons in shale oil and petroleum fraction samples, and analysis of wine.
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  • 44
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Capillary columns ; Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Structure
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention index of twenty different homologous series of esters have been determined experimentally on polar (Carbowax 1540) and non-polar (squalane) columns. General equations to calculate retention index have been established by statistical methods. The influence of the length and inductive effect of acid and alcohol chains and the relative position of the carboxylic group are discussed.
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  • 45
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Porous layer open tubular columns ; Kaolin as support ; Column performance
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary PLOT columns have been prepared with kaolin as the liquid phase support. These columns show good efficiency with different stationary phases and good thermal stability with polar phases. The performance of columns is shown by the separation of various mixtures such as fatty acids, phenols and anilines which are of analytical importance.
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  • 46
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 39-40 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Xylidine isomers ; Heteroaromatic liquid phases ; Gas chromatography
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Nicotinic acid and 1H-benzotriazole appreciably resolved all the xylidine (dimethylaniline) isomers, while benzimidazole, nicotinamide and phthalimide can also separate all the isomers except 2,4- and 2,3-xylidines. The analyses were carried out on supports which were not treated with an alkali.
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  • 47
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 345-350 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Silica capillaries ; Glass capillaries ; Mixed gum phases ; Polarity and selectivity
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mixed phases of Superox 20M and OV-1 can be coated homogeneously on the untreated wall of fused silica capillary columns. Excellent columns with regard to efficiency, inertness and thermal stability can be obtained. (CE〉95% and MAOT≥250°). The polarity and selectivity were ascertained with Rohrschneider-Reynolds probes and a capillary polarity test mixture. The analysis of an essential oil mixture illustrates the possibilities of mixed phases in practical capillary GC.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Fused silica ; Contact angle ; Wettability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the systematic characterization of glass and the newly introduced fused silica and quartz capillary columns from surface wettability measurements. Common gas chromatographic stationary phases were used in capillary-rise measurements at temperatures up to 300°C. By construction of Zisman plots and using the Cassie equation, the relative surface concentrations of wettable and non-wettable groups were determined. By application of the Fowkes equation, the dispersion force component of the surface energy was investigated. The influence of various surface treatments such as leaching, silylation, and polymeric film formation are discussed. Wettability measurements were also used to evaluate the thermostability of various treated surfaces and to compare the surface properties of glass, quartz, and fused silica. The wettability of the surfaces with selected stationary phases as a function of temperature is also discussed.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Retention index ; Average molecular polarizabilities
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A significant correlation has been found between the retention indices of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on non-polar stationary phases and the average molecular polarizabilities of the molecules separated on these phases. Equations have been derived for the determination of the average molecular polarizabilities, directly from the retention indices.
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  • 50
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ; Retention index ; Vapour pressure
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention index of a planar polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon on the GC phases OV-101, SE-52, and OV-17 is strictly related only to the boiling point, and less closely to the relative molecular mass. The very approximates relation with connectivity index ins only a consequence of the latter. On a nematic lqiuid crystal phase, a variation of activity coefficient, expressed in terms of a shape factor, also influences the retention of PAH.
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  • 51
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 269-276 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Detector performance ; Trace analysis ; Catalytic conversion ; Multidimensional gas chromatography
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Relationships are derived describing how the detection limit of a chromatographic system depends on the minimum detectable limit of the detector and the chromatographic parameters such as column length, efficiency, carrier gas flow rate and the capacity factor. Performance data of detectors developed in the last 25 years at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences are given and a few selected application examples are listed. These include trace analysis by preconcentration and by direct analysis and the utilization of multidimensional gas chromatography with two columns, two detectors, a 12-port valve, and a catalytic conversion reactor.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; C1−C5 Hydrocarbons ; Dimethyl ether
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An analytical GC method was developed which uses a single packed column consisting of three packings in series prepared with the following liquid phases: dimethyl sulfolane, propylene carbonate, and silver nitrate. This system provides satisfactory resolution of mixtures of C1−C5 hydrocarbons and dimethyl ether obtained when converting methanol to gasoline. Due to the high capacity of the column it is possible to inject larger sample amounts permitting trace analysis.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Phthalides ; Umbelliferae ; Liquid-solid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Ligustilide
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A liquid-solid chromatographic pre-fractionation of naturally occurring phthalides has been developed. The LSC was carried out on a column of silica applying a 1–50% gradient elution of diethyl ether (containing 2% methanol) in pentane. The enrichment in the fractions led to better possibilities for a gas chromatographic separation and isolation allowing further studies by spectroscopic methods. Ligustilide may easily isomerize during GC as a result of ageing of the column.
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  • 54
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 601-602 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Ethanolamines ; Ethylene glycols ; Direct separation ; Gas chromatography ; Short glass capillaries
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An effective and rapid GC separation of ethanolamines, even in the presence of ethylene glycols, using short glass capillary columns is developed. No preliminary derivatisation of the sample is necessary. The separation is completed in 6 minutes.
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 507-509 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace ; Phenol ; Urine ; Enzymatic hydrolysis
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new method has been developed for the determination of phenol in urine in which the phenol conjugates are hydrolysed enzymatically and the liberated phenol is analysed by headspace chromatography. The results compare favourably with those obtained by the method of van Haaften and Sie in which acid hydrolysis is carried out in a heated GC precolumn. The enzymatic hydrolysis headspace technique appears to be very reliable and does not suffer from the disadvantages of precolumn acid hydrolysis.
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  • 56
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    Chromatographia 14 (1981), S. 421-424 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid sulfur ; McReynolds' constants
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The McReynolds' constants for liquid sulfur as a stationary phase in gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) are presented. A simple graphical method of pattern analysis is used to indicate the uniqueness of the sulfur column as compared with other stationary liquid phases characterized by McReynolds. The limitations of using a single factor (as polarity) for the basis for the selection of GLC columns is discussed.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Kováts retention indices ; Propellants ; Solvents ; Aerosol packs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A gas chromatographic method is described by which a nearly complete separation of all commonly used propellants and solvents and their identification and determination can be achieved in one step. The separation is by simple adsorption chromatography on columns packed with Porapak-T with a temperature program 100–180°C at 10°C/min. Kováts' retention indices have been calculated for isothermal conditions at 150°C respectively 100°C for the propellants, at 180°C for the solvents. An exact identification of the propellants and solvents by means of the Kováts' indices is practicable even in complex mixtures.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine gas-chromatographische Methode angegeben, welche eine fast vollständige Auftrennung aller handelsüblichen Aerosol-Treibgase und Lösungsmittel und ihre Identifizierung und Bestimmung in einem Schritt gestatet. Die Trennung erfolgt durch reine Adsorptions-Chromatographie and Porapak T-Säulen bei 100–180°C mit einer Temperaturate von 10°C/min. Zur Bestimmung der Retentionsindices nach Kovats wurden die Treibgase isotherm bei 150°C bzw. 100°C, die Lösungsmittel bei 180°C aufgetrennt. Anhand der Kovats-Indices ist eine eindeutige Identifizierung der Treibgase und Lösungsmittel selbst in vielfältigen Gemischen möglich.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sperm-host glands ; Spermatozoa ; Fowl ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disintegration of spermatozoa in the infundibular sperm-host glands of the fowl was investigated by electron microscopy. After the 15th day following artificial insemination, secretory granules in the epithelial cells of the sperm-host glands increase in number and size, and subsequently the contents of the granules are released into the glandular lumen, so that the electron density of the lumen increases. At this stage, spermatozoa stored in the glands begin to undergo degenerative changes starting from the head. The heads become distended and chromatin of the nucleus begins to disperse as small masses, simultaneously with the destruction of the acrosome. As the dispersion of chromatin progresses, mitochondria of the middle piece become distended and irregular in shape, and then disintegrate. At the last stage, most of the organelles have disappeared, but the fibrous sheath and axial-filament complex are still identified.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Vitelline membrane ; Macrophage ; Fowl ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fate of spermatozoa that do not participate in fertilization was investigated by electron microscopy. After artificial insemination, we observed several spermatozoa between the fibers of the outer layer of the vitelline membrane of the ovum. One or more spermatozoa were also found in a phagocytic vesicle of macrophages located in the intercellular space of the mucosal epithelium of the infundibulum or in the outer layer of the vitelline membrane. From these observations, we assume that the superfluous spermatozoa in the lumen of the anterior part of the oviduct might be removed by inclusion into the outer layer of the vitelline membrane and by phagocytosis by macrophages.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat fetus ; Hepatocyte differentiation ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat hepatocyte differentiation between day 12 and 19 of fetal life was studied by electron microscopy. The cytoplasmic structures involved in synthetic and secretory function, i.e., rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, appear to be the first to differentiate, and their development is probably related to the secretion of different kinds of plasma proteins. The cytoplasmic organelles involved in other hepatic functions develop later: lysosomes from day 15, peroxysomes, glycogen rosettes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum still later. However, the morphological differentiation of bile canaliculi begins from day 12.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 223-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Active transport ; Supravital microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Preparative cell shrinkage ; Frog gallbladder
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphologic findings of widely dilated intercellular spaces in fluid transporting epithelia have been claimed as evidence for the existence of an epithelial compartment in which the coupling between solute and water fluxes takes place. The validity of using epithelial geometry in sectioned material as an argument can be questioned. The present report describes the morphological appearance of frog gallbladder epithelium — normal and ouabain-treated — in the living state in vitro and after fixation, dehydration and embedding. Gallbladder segments were photographed in the living state and at the end of each step of the preparative procedure. Direct observations of whole-mounted gallbladder segments were carried out, taking advantage of the possibility of optical sectioning and high resolution by Nomarski-microscopy. The same specimens were then sectioned and examined by conventional light and electron microscopy. The observations were quantitated and showed that the epithelial cells of normal and ouabain-treated gallbladders experienced an average linear shrinkage down to 70% of their length in Ringer's solution, which corresponds to a volume shrinkage down to 35%. Moreover, dilated lateral intercellular spaces appeared during the dehydration and embedding procedure in normal but only very moderately or not at all in ouabain-treated gallbladder specimens.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 69-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Satellite cells ; Cardiac muscle ; Decapod crustaceans ; Distribution ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure and distribution of satellite cells of cardiac muscles were examined in twenty-one species of animals chosen from each tribe within the order Decapoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea). The satellite cells were found in all animals observed. Most of them are morphologically identical with those described in different striated muscles of other species, but some cells have unusual features. The decapod satellite cell occasionally lies right over the region corresponding to the intercalated disc between the apposed cardiac muscle cells. The cell sends cytoplasmic processes into the adjacent muscle cells, enabling the plasma membrane to make close contact with the cleft opening of the intercalated disc, and with the myofibril at the level of the Z-line. Another characteristic feature is the presence of “paired” cells. Such cells are clearly separated from each other over most of the contact area by the respective plasma membranes, which are smooth in appearance and devoid of specialized regions. The significance of the presence of satellite cells in decapod cardiac muscle and its possible role are discussed and compared with those described for other species.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 313-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oligodendroglia ; Cell surface antigens ; Electron microscopy ; Immunoperoxidase ; Monoclonal antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monoclonal antibodies to cell-surface antigens of oligodendrocytes (Sommer and Schachner 1980; Schachner et al. 1980) were used to identify this cell type by immuno-electron microscopy in monolayer cultures of fetal and early postnatal mouse cerebellum. The ultrastructural features of antigen-positive cells confirm that they are immature and mature oligodendrocytes, but not neurons, astrocytes or fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells. Type I oligodendrocytes are the immature ones with a relatively large amount of moderately electron-lucent cytoplasm, clusters of ribosomes and complex networks of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Large numbers of mitochondria and microtubules, but not intermediate-sized filaments are seen in these cells. They comprise more than 90% of all 0-antigen-positive cells. Type II cells comprise only approximately 5% of all 0-antigen-positive cells. They are characterized by a limited amount of electron-dense cytoplasm, which appears more compact and granular than in type I cells. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is distributed evenly throughout the cytoplasm. Microtubules and mitochondria are present, but more difficult to distinguish due to the compactness of the cytoplasm. Type II cells display the more mature ultrastructural features of oligodendrocytes.
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 433-436 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Frog ; Cutaneus pectoris muscle ; Nerve ; Muscle spindle
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three muscle fibers were identified by electron microscopy within a nerve of a frog muscle. They resembled extrafusal muscle fibers but were located in an endoneurial rather than in an endomysial compartment. To call these endoneurial muscle fibers the obvious continuation of extrafusal fibers of a muscle spindle is certainly unwarranted; to label these fibers ectopic and to let the matter rest there is probably an understatement of sorts.
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 435-438 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Haemocyanin ; Branchial gland ; Electron microscopy ; Eledone moschata ; Cephalopoda
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    Notes: Summary Polymerized haemocyanin molecules have been identified as rings, about 25 nm in diameter, forming linear arrays within cytoplasmic vesicles, close to the nucleus. They were observed by transmission electron microscopy in the polygonal cells of the branchial gland of Eledone moschata Lamarck. These observations confirm previous data suggesting that haemocyanin is synthetized in the branchial gland cells of Octopoda.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endogenous peroxidase ; Trachea ; Lung ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea pig
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    Notes: Summary Endogenous peroxidase activity was demonstrated by cytochemistry in mucous cells of the submucosal glands and tracheobronchial epithelium of guinea pigs. It is localized in the nuclear envelope, in cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in secretory granules. It was not seen in Golgi saccules or in the airway lumen. By contrast, all epithelial cells within the lung including mucous (goblet) cells lack activity. Reaction product is also absent from alveolar macrophages and mast cells. The appearance of peroxidase in mucous cells is age-related. No activity was seen at 1.5ms of age. A few mucous cells were positive at 2.5 and 3 ms while the proportion of positive cells increased substantially up to 7 ms. Thus, the age of guinea pigs in HRP transport studies must receive careful consideration in order to avoid misinterpretation of results. The function of mucous cell peroxidase is unknown. The results of this study suggest that it is secreted. Whether it plays a significant role in lung defense through its well documented anti-infectious properties remains to be determined.
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 443-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chitin synthesis ; Electron microscopy ; Acari ; Tetranychus
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two chitin synthesising systems in Tetranychus urticae are described: one chitosomal system located in the oocytes where spatial and temporal distances are large, and one membrane bound system located in the hypodermis. Similarity of mechanisms of chitin synthesis in animals and plants is suggested.
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 501-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta (sheep) ; Cell phagocytosis ; Hemoglobin-derived pigments ; Residual bodies ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In trophoblastic epithelial cells of the sheep placenta the final stages of erythrocyte breakdown within the lysosomal apparatus were studied at the ultrastructural level. As a result of hemoglobin digestion lysosomes containing hemoglobin-derived pigments (HDP) were formed. The HDP-lysosomes were acid phosphatase-positive, highly electron-dense bodies of round to irregular shape containing whorled membranous formations. The accumulation of these lysosomes in epithelial cells led to fusion resulting in the formation of conglomerates. At the end of the gestation period the amount of HD Plysosomes and their conglomerates markedly increased. In addition to erythrocytes the trophoblastic epithelial cells in the erythrophagocytic regions phagocytosed maternal leukocytes and neighbouring epithelial cells and giant cells. By gradual accumulation of HDP-lysosomes and remnants of phagocytosed cells, highly electron-dense acid phosphatase-positive residual bodies of variable appearance were formed within the epithelial cells. At the end of pregnancy the spaces between juxtaposed villi of the trophoblastic epithelium in the erythrophagocytic zones were occluded by apposition of the epithelial cells. In these occluded regions an increase in highly electron-dense large-sized residual bodies (15–22 μm of dimension) occurred as a result of multiple cell phagocytosis in combination with fusion. In these residual bodies the numerous incorporated HDP-lysosomes and the remnants of phagocytosed cells could still be recognized.
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 583-591 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fucose ; Bone ; Parathyroid hormone ; Adenosine cyclic monophosphate ; Colchicine
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Radioautographic and scintillation counting procedures were used to examine the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH), dibutyryl cyclic-AMP (DB-cAMP), and colchicine on the incorporation of 3H-fucose into macromolecular material in organ cultures of bone. Radioautography demonstrated 3H-fucose incorporation into bone cells, with the heaviest uptake occurring in osteoclasts. A minimal incorporation occurred in pre-osteoblasts and osteoblasts of the osteogenic periosteum, and in fibroblasts of the fibrous periosteum. PTH appeared to produce a heavier label in association with osteoclasts while decreasing the limited labeling associated with cells of the osteogenic and fibrous periosteum. DB-cAMP and colchicine both markedly reduced the labeling associated with osteoclasts, while the minimal labeling of other bone cells remained. By contrast, scintillation counting results indicated that PTH had little or no effect on 3H-fucose incorporation, while DB-cAMP and colchicine considerably reduced the amount of labeled macromolecular material. The incorporation of 3H-fucose into glycoproteins and the role of glycoproteins are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 555-559 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Disaccharidases ; Intestinal brush-border membranes ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intestinal disaccharidases, lactase, sucrase-isomaltase complex, and glucoamylase are proteins intimately associated with the brush-border membrane of the epithelial cell. These three enzyme activities are found in the intestine of the adult rat; lactase and glucoamylase activities are primarily associated with the intestine of the infant rat. Only glucoamylase and isomaltase activities are detected in the intestine of the California sea lion, Zalophus californianus. The activities of these enzymes are detected only in villus cells, and not in crypt cells. We have carried out electron microscopic studies of negatively stained brush-border preparations of intestinal crypt and villus cells; from the intestine of the 10-day-old rat and from that of the California sea lion. The density of the knob-like structures protruding from the brush-border membranes was not significantly different in any of these preparations. The diameter of the knobs on the preparations from crypt cells was smaller than the diameters of the knobs found on membranes prepared from the other sources. These data are discussed in terms of the relationship between the presence of knob structures and disaccharidase activities associated with the brush-border membranes.
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 589-597 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth basement membrane ; Ruthenium red ; Tannic acid ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ruthenium red staining and tannic acid fixation were used to analyse the fine structure of embryonic mouse dental basement membrane in intact first mandibular molars or in EDTA-isolated dental papillae. Preameloblasts are separated from extracellular matrix proper by a basal lamina that contains regularly arranged proteoglycan granules of about 10 nm in diameter. This distribution pattern is particularly evident in the inner and outer lamina rara of the basal lamina associated with EDTA-isolated dental papillae. The plasmalemma of preameloblasts demonstrates electron dense plaques on the inner leaflet. Ruthenium red positive granules (50 nm in diameter) coat non-striated and striated fibrils of the matrix. Hyaluronidase treatment digested the ruthenium red positive granules. Tannic acid fixation allowed the demonstration of filaments within the lamina rara interna, connecting the lamina densa with plasmalemma of preameloblasts. These observations are discussed in the context of the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts.
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    Cell & tissue research 221 (1981), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamines ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Branchiostoma lanceolatum
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three types of monoamine-containing neurones and fibres can be discriminated in the brain of the lancelet. Two types of elongated cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurones, located in the ventral and the dorsolateral part of the brain, exhibit formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence. These neurones contain dense-core vesicles 75–100 nm in diameter. Their apical portion possesses cilia, displaying a 9×2+2 arrangement of their internal tubuli, and projecting into the ventricle. Basal processes from the ventrally situated perikarya abut upon the meninx and may discharge their catecholamines into the circulatory system. Fibres exhibiting catecholamine fluorescence originate from the dorsolaterally situated perikarya and run ventrocaudally to the neuropil, where they form numerous swellings of the bouton en passant type. A third type of perikarya in the posterior part of the brain displays specific green fluorescence. Further, neurones characterized by a specific yellow fluorescence are present in the anterior part of the brain and the anterior part of the neural tube. The rapid photodecomposition of the latter fluorophore indicates that these cells contain an indolamine.
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    Cell & tissue research 221 (1981), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sertoli cell (rat) ; Testis ; Vesicles ; Morphometry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Membrane-bounded spherical vesicles found in rat Sertoli cells have been examined quantitatively during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Most of the vesicles were localized to the basal and columnar portions of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. The thin lateral projections of the Sertoli cells contained very few vesicles. Morphometric analysis of the basal portion of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm revealed that the volume density (V v ) of the vesicles changed markedly during the cycle. The V v was at its minimum (0.036) at stage VII and maximum (0.117) at stages XI-I. The vesicles were also smaller at stage VII compared to the vesicles at stages IX-V. The stage-dependent difference in the size of the vesicles was found both in the basal and the columnar portions of the Sertoli cells. At stage VII some of the vesicles appeared to be elongated much like the tubular elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) from which they are probably derived. The stage-dependent differences in volume density and size of the Sertoli cell vesicles may be related to cyclic biochemical variations in the Sertoli cells, and are further indications of a variation in Sertoli cell function during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Whether or not this is due to an “internal” cycle of the Sertoli cell or to influences from adjacent germ cells remains to be determined.
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    Cell & tissue research 221 (1981), S. 421-430 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Mineralization ; Resorption ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The femurs from rats given 120 ppm fluoride in their drinking water for 4 weeks were examined with histological, histochemical, and radiographic methods. Blood removed from the rats prior to sacrifice was analyzed for calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase. Results of this study indicated that the ingestion of fluoride produced wide osteoid seams on the periosteal surface of the femoral diaphysis within 4 weeks. The increase in osteoid appeared to be due to an increase in the number of osteoid-producing cells (osteoblasts) along with a subsequent delay in the mineralization of this tissue. The metabolic activity of osteoblasts did not appear to be affected since the intracellular production of acid and alkaline phosphatase was not inhibited. However, due to the high concentration of fluoride ingested, abnormal collagen deposition and a change in bone mineral may have combined to cause a delay in osteoid mineralization. Mineralization was also delayed in the distal femoral epiphyseal plate resulting in an increase in the number of hypertrophied cells. Resorption of metaphyseal trabecular bone, presumably formed prior to fluoride administration, was increased causing a reduction in the amount of trabeculae extending into the shaft of the femur. Concurrent with these changes in bone, the serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase remained within normal ranges.
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Spinal cord ; Neurons ; Ependyma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tail of the gymnotid Sternarchus albifrons, including the spinal cord, regenerates following amputation. Regenerated spinal cord shows a rostro-caudal gradient of differentiation. Cross sections of the most distal regenerated cord show radially enlarged ependymal cells, relatively undifferentiated cells, and numerous blood vessels. More anterior sections contain well differentiated electromotor neurons, glial cells, and myelinated axons. The number of electromotor-neuron cell bodies in cross sections of regenerated spinal cord is three to six times the number in nonregenerated cord. Distinct tracts of axons, easily identifiable in normal cord, are not distinguishable in cross sections of regenerated cord. Some reorganization of the spinal cord also appears to take place anterior to the site of transection. Individual electromotor neurons in the regenerated spinal cord have morphologies largely similar to those of normal electrocytes, i.e., cell bodies are rounded, lack dendrites, have synapses characterized by gap junctions with presynaptic axons, and lack an unmyelinated initial segment. The presence of electromotor neurons with normal morphology in regenerated spinal cord correlates with the re-establishment of relatively normal electrocyte axonSchwann cell relationships in the regenerating electric organ of this sternarchid.
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 209-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Herring bodies ; Median eminence ; Myelinated axons ; Mouse ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior part of the median eminence of the albino mouse (CF # 1-JCL) contains a cluster of myelinated axons beneath the tanycyte layer. Among them, small Herring bodies surrounded by myelin sheaths are revealed by electron microscopy. These structures contain electron-dense bodies, lamellar bodies, autophagic bodies, autophagic vacuoles, and neurofilaments. A few neurosecretory granules and mitochondria are also present. Some myelinated axons contain mostly accumulated neurosecretory granules.
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 619-627 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mosquito strains ; Blood digestion ; Serum digestion ; Proteolytic activity ; Ribosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Frühere morphometrische und biochemische Untersuchungen erbrachten teilweise unterschiedliche Resultate betreffend Verteilung freier und membrangebundener Ribosomen in Mitteldarmzellen von Aedes aegypti. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde morphometrisch untersucht, ob diese Unterschiede bedingt waren durch die Verwendung verschiedener Mückenstämme, unterschiedlichen Futters und verschiedener Narkosemethoden durch die beiden Arbeitsgruppen, oder ob methodische Einflüsse dafür verantwortlich waren. Die meisten Zellparameter im Magenepithel von A. aegypti, Stamm „Rockefeller”, wie auch ihre Änderungen während der Verdauung eines Blutmahls, entsprachen den für einen andern Aedes-Stamm (Segemaganga, Hecker und Rudin 1979) gemessenen Werten und stimmten im allgemeinen mit denjenigen für Anopheles stephensi (Hecker 1978) überein. Die proteolytische Aktivität gegen Casein war bei beiden Stämmen gleich mit einem Aktivitäts-Maximum um 30h nach Blutmahl. Bei der Verdauung von menschlichem Serum konnte keine Zunahme des Verhältnisses von membrangebundenen zu freien Ribosomen, keine signifikante Oberflächenvergrößerung des rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulums und keine signifikante Erhöhung der Zahl gebundener und freier Ribosomen gemessen werden. Die Proteaseaktivität war deutlich schwächer als während der Verdauung von Blut. Betäubung der Mücken vor der Sektion mit Aether oder durch Schütteln in Reagenzgläsern ergab im Vergleich keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Zellparameter von Zuckerwasser-gefütterten Weibchen, die drei Tage nach dem Schlüpfen untersucht wurden. Unterschiede in den Ribosomenparametern, die mit morphometrischen Methoden (Hecker und Rudin 1979) einerseits und biochemischen (Gander et al. 1980) andererseits untersucht wurden, konnten nur teilweise durch die Wahl unterschiedlichen Futters für die Mücken durch die beiden Arbeitsgruppen erklärt werden. Es müssen zusätzlich methodische Einflüsse für diese Unterschiede verantwortlich sein.
    Notes: Summary Previous morphometric or biochemical investigations have yielded different data on the distribution of free and membrane-bound ribosomes in midgut cells of Aedes aegypti. In the present paper ribosomal distribution has been morphometrically analysed to determine whether different mosquito strains, different food and different narcosis used in these previous studies, and/or methodological errors, could account for the different results. Most of the cellular parameters in the stomach epithelium of female A. aegypti, strain Rockefeller, and their changes during blood digestion, are comparable to those measured for another Aedes strain (Segemaganga, Hecker and Rudin 1979), and are generally similar to those of Anopheles stephensi (Hecker 1978). Proteolytic activity against casein is similar for both Aedes strains with a maximum activity being registered around 30 h after a blood meal. During digestion of human serum there is no increase in the ratio of membranebound to free ribosomes, and no significant increase in the surface area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum or of the number of bound or free ribosomes. Proteolytic activity is distinctly lower than during blood digestion. Immobilization of mosquitoes prior to dissection by ether narcosis or by shaking in a test tube has no significant influence on cellular parameters in females fed on sugar solution and investigated 3days after emergence. It is concluded that the differences in ribosomal parameters previously obtained by morphometrical (Hecker and Rudin 1979) and biochemical (Gander et al. 1980) methods, can only partly be explained by the selection of different food for the mosquitoes, and must also have been caused by methodological inadequacies.
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 51-60 
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    Keywords: Cultured cells ; Detachment procedures ; Nuclear and cell surface ; Cytoskeleton ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbit auricular chondrocytes, SIRC cells, human fibroblasts, and HeLa cells were cultivated in vitro and the fine structural effects of various detachment procedures studied. Treatment with collagenase, trypsin, and trypsin-EDTA caused scalloping of the nuclear envelope, accumulation of phagolysosomes, and an increase in the number of cell surface extensions. Collagenase-EDTA evoked a marked deformation of the nuclei with formation of numerous deep indentations and a redistribution of heterochromatin. Similarly, the cell surface became extensively folded and the vacuolation of the cytoplasm was further increased. These changes were reversible and within 24 h the cells had regained a normal structure. In all cases, chondrocytes and SIRC cells were most prominently affected, whereas fibroblasts and HeLa cells were only slightly changed. Treatment of chondrocytes with colchicine or cytochalasin B did not produce any effects of the type mentioned above. Neither did treatment with the drugs before and during detachment with collagenase-EDTA prevent the structural modification of the cells. It therefore seems unlikely that micro tubules and micro filaments are essential for this process. The structural changes occurring during detachment of cells could represent an adoptive mechanism for disposal of excessive membrane in connection with transition from a flattened to a rounded shape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 49-54 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Bone ; Biopotentials ; Impedance ; Loss factor ; Stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Some electrical parameters such as biopotentials, impedance, charge, power availability, loss factor and corresponding Q values have been measured in unstressedin vivo bone in adult rabbits. Measurements were performed with stainless steel electrodes implanted in the bones (tibia and femur). By placing a variable resistance across any two electrodes, the power available from the source was also obtained. Intact bone was subjected to d.c. stimulation by passing a constant current between the extreme electrodes and the potential profile and the charge retention were measured all along the affected medium. It is hoped that these data obtained will establish some quantitative relationship between the bone electrical behaviour and the electret phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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