ALBERT

Notizen: X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns from nominally β-SiC specimens often differ from those expected for the cubic crystal structure. These differences include the presence of additional peaks, enhanced background intensities, peak broadening, changes in relative peak heights, and shifts in peak positions. It has long been recognized that they are due to the presence of stacking faults, and models relating the experimental observations to stacking fault population have continued to evolve. The presence and relative magnitude of these features vary among different β-SiC specimens. In this work, computer simulations were used to show that the variations are closely related to differences in the type and spatial distribution of stacking faults in each specimen. In these simulations, stacking sequences were generated using a selectively activated 1-D Ising model with a Boltzmann-type probability function for specifying errors, which allows a wide variety of fault configurations to be generated. Direct correlations between different features in the XRD data to the underlying fault population are demonstrated, which are discussed in this paper. It is also shown that this computer model is general, in the sense that many of the models presented in prior work can be interpreted as limiting cases of it.

Notizen: Abstract— This paper examines the application of the Jk, L and M integrals, in complex-variable form, to the Boussinesq wedge. The wedge is symmetrical and subjected to a point couple and point forces at the apex of the wedge. In the case of a point couple acting at the wedge apex the Jy, L and M integrals are found to vanish for all wedge angles whereas Jx displays a 1/r3 path-dependence; where r is a radial dimension measured from the wedge apex. When the wedge is subjected to point forces at the wedge apex then Jx and Jy are 1/r path-dependent whereas L and M are path-independent.The property that the L and M integrals are path-independent for the Boussinesq wedge is applied to the problem of determining the modes I and II stress intensity factors for a corner-loaded edge crack in a half-plane subjected to both normal and parallel point forces to the free surface of the half-plane.

Notizen: Abstract— Fatigue tests were performed on thin-walled tubular specimens of S45C steel under tension-compression, pure torsion, in-phase and out-of-phase axial-torsional loadings. The relationship between cracking behaviour and stress components on the crack plane was investigated. Measurement of microcrack density showed that microcracking was governed predominantly by the shear stress amplitude acting on the crack plane for all loading conditions. The failure crack was formed by coalescence of many cracks initiated near the maximum shear planes. The cracks grew turning their orientation to the direction perpendicular to the maximum normal stress. The transition of crack orientation occurred at relatively longer crack lengths at a higher stress ratio. The crack growth behaviour for all loading modes can be correlated using an equivalent strain intensity parameter based on shear and normal strains on the crack plane.

Notizen: Abstract— A ductile medium strength steel has been modelled by means of the Gurson model, and been used to investigate the effect of crack tip constraint in several fracture mechanics specimens. Both numerical and experimental results have been obtained, in the course of the crack extension process, for single edge notch bending specimens with different crack length-to-width ratios. The geometries with the shorter cracks always exhibited higher J values at initiation and steeper J crack growth resistance curves, and these results have been explained in terms of the stress and strain fields and damage development in the region ahead of the crack tip.

Notizen: Abstract— It is shown that autofrettage at low temperatures is superior to autofrettage at room temperature in enhancing the fatigue resistance of thick-walled tubes against pulsating internal pressure. The physical reason is based on the well-known temperature dependence of the mechanical behaviour of metals and alloys which generally exhibit an enhancement of both the yield stress and strain hardening behaviour at lower temperatures. As a consequence, significantly larger compressive residual hoop stresses can be introduced during pressurization at low temperatures than at room temperature. Experimental data obtained on thick-walled tubes of the metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 L which were subjected to pulsating internal pressure at room temperature after autofrettage at temperatures between-110°C and room temperature are presented. These data demonstrate convincingly the advantages offered by low-temperature autofrettage in enhancing both the fatigue life in the finite-life region and the fatigue endurance limit in comparison with autofrettage at room temperature. In conclusion, some specific materials requirements for optimum low-temperature autofrettage performance are discussed.

Notizen: Abstract— A new single-specimen testing method, the normalization method with the so-called LMN calibration function, based on the load separation principle and function calibrations from an individual test record, was used to construct J-R curves directly from load versus load-line displacement records without any additional on-line crack-length monitoring equipment. The research was done on CT-specimens of a glassy polymer PVC at different crosshead speeds ranging from 0.01 to 50 mm/min. The J-R curves evaluated from the normalization method are in good agreement with those from the conventional multiple-specimen testing method in the whole range of the tested crosshead speeds. The results demonstrated the applicability of the normalization method for developing J-R curves at different crosshead speeds in PVC. The crack initiation J-integral values, J0.2, showed a two-regime dependence on the crosshead speeds in the tested crosshead speed range.

Notizen: Abstract— Biaxial fatigue tests were conducted on a high strength spring steel using hour-glass shaped smooth specimens. Four types of loading system were employed, i.e. (a) fully reversed cyclic torsion, (b) uniaxial push—pull, (c) fully reversed torsion with a superimposed axial static tension or compression stress, and (d) uniaxial push—pull with a superimposed static torque, to evaluate the effects of mean stress on the cyclic stress—strain response and short fatigue crack growth behaviour. Experimental results indicate that a biaxial mean stress has no apparent influence on the stress—strain response in torsion, however a superimposed tensile mean stress was detrimental to torsional fatigue strength. Similarly a superimposed static shear stress reduced the push—pull fatigue lifetime. A compressive mean stress was seen to be beneficial to torsion fatigue life. The role of mean stress on fatigue lifetime, under mixed mode loading, was investigated through experimental observations and theoretical analyses of short crack initiation and propagation. Using a plastic replication technique the effects of biaxial mean stress on both Stage I (mode II) and Stage II (mode I) short cracks were evaluated and analysed in detail. A two stage biaxial short fatigue crack growth model incorporating the influence of mean stress was subsequently developed and applied to correlate data of crack growth rate and fatigue life.

Notizen: Abstract— The development of fatigue damage in Co45Ni specimens during push—pull and reversed torsion tests, performed inside a scanning electron microscope, was observed and the different stress states compared. It appeared that transgranular crack initiation and development is delayed and intergranular crack initiation promoted under torsional loading. This was explained in terms of reduced surface distortion at the emergence of persistent slip bands (PSBs) and smaller compatibility stresses at the PSB-matrix interfaces. The influence of the mechanical strength of grain boundaries on the difference between tensile and torsional fatigue lives is discussed.

Notizen: Abstract— A Fourier series approach is proposed to calculate stress intensity factors using weight functions for semi-elliptical surface cracks in flat plates subjected to two-dimensional stress distributions. The weight functions were derived from reference stress intensity factors obtained by three-dimensional finite element analyses. The close form weight functions derived are suitable for the calculation of stress intensity factors for semi-elliptical surface cracks in flat plates under two-dimensional stress distributions with the crack aspect ratio in the range of 0.1 ≤a/c≤ 1 and relative depth in the range of 0 ≤a/t≤ 0.8. Solutions were verified using several two-dimensional non-linear stress distributions; the maximum difference being 6%.

Notizen: Abstract— A conventional finite element method may show a weakness when determining the hot spot stress distributions in the brace/chord intersection region of offshore tubular joints. This is because the chosen element displacement functions do not implicitly satisfy the conditions which prevail on the free surfaces. A procedure has been proposed to modify the conventional finite element method so as to allow the hot spot stresses, which occur at the free boundary of the weld toe of tubular joints, to be determined with improved accuracy. The results obtained by this modified method are compared with both an experimental and a traditional finite element solution. The comparison shows that the modified solution is in better agreement with the experimental data as compared with the traditional solution.

Notizen: Abstract— Simple extensions to the standard deep notch bend test procedure are suggested to allow the collection of data relevant to the energy dissipation rate, D, crack opening angle, COA, and J, all for arbitrarily large amounts of growth in extensive plasticity. The methods of analysis are detailed for real elastic-plastic behaviour of a high strength low-hardening type metal with a view to encouraging use on a wider range of materials. A proposal is made, and equations given, that the particular version of J used for an R-curve derived from the area under the loading diagram, should correspond to the value of the far-field integral, Jff.The relationship between the global measure of COA that emerges from D and the local crack tip opening angle, CTOA, as used in computational studies, is established. Transferability of CTOA data is examined in the light of effects of size and configuration. An explicit rule of the form CTOA √G =f (material and configuration) is proposed for the modelling of ductile growth in finite element studies. It is applied to a set of data in the literature, for the variation of CTOA with size in the deep notch bend test and for the configurations, bending, double edge and centre cracked tension.

Notizen: Abstract— In this investigation the Electron Channelling Contrast (ECC) technique in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to reveal the dislocation structures in the vicinity of surface fatigue cracks in comparison to those of cyclically-deformed recrystallized polycrystalline copper. The plastic zone around a fatigue crack was found to consist of an innermost region containing cells, followed by a region containing dense veins and PSBs, surrounded by a structure of loose veins, bundles and loop patches typical of the cyclically deformed matrix. A relation between plastic strain amplitude values deduced from cyclic stress-strain investigations and the dislocation structures near fatigue cracks are given. Typical regions of damage accumulation were identified and plastic strain contours for surface fatigue cracks established. The essentially non-destructive ECC technique is particularly suited to identify the changes in mesoscopic dislocation structures from surface layers to the interior of specimens over large specimen areas.

Notizen: Abstract— The propagation behaviour of fatigue cracks emanating from pre-cracks was numerically simulated to evaluate the development of crack closure with crack growth. The crack opening stress intensity factor at the threshold was approximated as a function of the applied stress and the amount of crack extension. Pre-cracked specimens of a medium-carbon steel with a small surface crack and a single-edge crack were fatigued to investigate experimentally the initiation and propagation of cracks from pre-cracks. Crack closure was dynamically measured by using an interferometric strain/displacement gauge. The threshold condition of crack initiation from pre-cracks was given by a constant value of the effective stress intensity range which was equal to the threshold value for long cracks. The cyclic R-curve was constructed in terms of the threshold value of the maximum stress intensity factor as a function of crack extension approximated on the basis of the experimental and numerical results. The cyclic R-curve method was used to predict the fatigue thresholds of pre-cracked specimens. The predicted values of the fatigue limits for crack initiation and fracture, and the length of non-propagating cracks agreed very well with the experimental results.

Notizen: Abstract— A basic study was performed on the evolution of three-dimensional shapes of small surface fatigue cracks during fatigue, and the effect of this evolution on small-crack growth behavior of a titanium-base alloy. Specifically, the nature and the magnitude of variations in crack aspect ratio, a/c (a is the crack depth and c is the half-surface crack length), during cyclic crack growth and its impact on growth rates have been studied. Experiments were performed on naturally initiated micro-cracks in a microstructure consisting of equiaxed primary-α2 phase in a Widmanstätten (transformed β) matrix. Several cracks under stress ratio (R) levels of 0.1 and −1, were studied. A specialized experimental system, consisting of a laser interferometer (to measure precisely the small-crack surface displacements), and a photo microscope (to automatically and continuously photograph the fatigue micro-cracks) was employed in the study. Apparent aspect ratios of surface cracks were calculated from the compliance response and the surface crack length data as a function of fatigue cycles. These data enabled accurate calculations of growth rates at the surface crack tip as well as the tip at depth in the bulk over the entire crack growth period, thus giving an insight into the crack growth process. Measurements of closure levels of small cracks were also performed and were used to partly account for the differences in growth rates. In the comparisons of small-crack growth data with the large-crack data, surface growth rates correlated relatively well with the large-crack data. Growth rates at depth exhibited large variations due to the irregularity of crack fronts at this location, and these rates deviated significantly from the large-crack behavior. Additionally, these growth rates varied between different cracks. An attempt was made to rationalize these observations in terms of the effects of inhomogeneities present in the microstructure.

Notizen: Abstract— A new technique, known as crack modelling, is used here to predict fatigue failure in a crankshaft component. The technique uses a linear elastic finite element (FE) analysis to derive a stress intensity factor (K) for the component under load. The novel feature of the technique is that K is calculated without introducing a crack into a component; the stress field around the maximum stress point is examined and compared to that for a standard centre-cracked plate. The fatigue limit for a crankshaft was successfully predicted, when compared to experimental data. The only material parameter required for this prediction was the threshold stress intensity range, ΔKth.

Notizen: Abstract— The effects of bluing, associated with drawing strain, on the fatigue strength of eutectoid steel wires have been investigated. The fatigue limit increases by bluing and the increase is more significant with higher drawing strain. The peak in the fatigue limit with regard to the drawing strain in the wires, at a strain of 2.5, disappears after bluing. On the other hand, in the ferritic steel wires investigated for comparison, the fatigue limit gradually increases with the drawing strain up to 7.7. Furthermore, no appreciable change in the fatigue limit due to bluing is found. Based on the results of hardness tests on fatigue specimens with- and without-bluing, it is deduced that the decrease of the fatigue limit beyond the peak drawing strain in the eutectoid steel wire can partly be attributed to insufficient locking of the high-density dislocations by solute atoms. The effect of relaxation of residual stress during bluing is also briefly discussed.

Notizen: Abstract— It is well known that for very short cracks the stress intensity factor K is not a suitable parameter to estimate the stress level over the small but finite Stage II process zone activation region of size rs near the crack tip, within which crack growth events take place. A critical appreciation of the reasons for the limitations on the applicability of ΔK as a fatigue crack propagation (FCP) parameter, when the crack length a is of the same order of magnitude or smaller than the size of the ‘fatigue-fracture activation region’, rs is presented. As an alternative to ΔK the range Δσs of the cyclic normal stress at a point situated at the fixed distance s=rs/2, ahead of the crack tip, inside the fatigue-fracture activation region, is proposed. It is observed that the limitation on the use of ΔK when the crack is short, is mathematical (and not physical) but this inconvenience is easily circumvented if the stress Δσs at the prescribed distance is used instead of ΔK since nowadays Δσs can be obtained numerically by using finite element methods (FEM). It follows that the parameter Δσs is not restricted by the mathematical limitations on ΔK and so it would seem that there is, a priori, no reason why the validity of the parameter Δσs cannot be extended to short cracks. It is shown that if the Paris law is expressed in terms of Δσs (πrrs)½ instead of ΔK the validity of the modified Paris law can be extended to short cracks.A coherent estimate of the value of the fatigue-fracture activation region rs is derived in terms of the fatigue limit ΔσFL obtained from S-N tests and of the threshold value ΔKth obtained from tests on long cracks where both relate to Stage II crack growth that ends in failure, namely, rs= (ΔKth/ΔσFL)2/π. An overall, threshold diagram is presented based on the simple criterion that, for sustained Stage II FCP, Δσs must be greater than ΔσFL. The study is based on a simple continuum mechanics approach and its purpose is the investigation of the suitability of both ΔK and Δσs to characterise the crack driving force that activates complex fracture processes at the microstructure's scale. The investigation pertains to conditions that lead to the ultimate failure of the component at values of Δσs 〉 ΔσFL.

Notizen: Abstract— The boundary value problem for an arbitrarily shaped plane crack embedded in a 3D linear elastic solid can be reduced to a governing hyper-singular integral equation. A discretizing procedure based on a triangulation of the crack area has been offered in Part I of this work. The main goal of Part I is to introduce the analytical results for the 18 resulting finite-part integrals defined over a triangular mesh area. The finite-part integrals occur in those triangles where the source point coincides with one of the element nodes. Mostly the source point lies outside of the considered triangle. In these cases the occurring area integrals are regular.The aim of Part II is, therefore, the derivation of the closed form expressions for the relevant 18 regular area integrals. The resulting relations are of algebraic form which can easily be coded in compact form. Their numerical proof by two different methods shows the highest accuracy and, therefore, the correctness of the final solutions. The relevant numerical results are offered in Appendix I.With the formulae provided in Part I and Part II of the paper the determination of the coefficient matrix, necessary for the calculation of COD values from a linear equation system, is precise and needs only minimum computer time.

Notizen: Abstract— Circumferentially notched cylindrical specimens are tested in torsion to obtain critical J values from crack resistance curves. The specimens are explosion cladded, half ferrite, half austenite, with the interface perpendicular to the cylinder axis and the circumferential notch at, or parallel to, the interface. Critical J values for crack extension in mode III were found to be a factor 1.1 to 2.1 higher than under comparable mode I loading.

Notizen: Abstract— Strength measurements are becoming increasingly important for electroceramics. Bending of specimens small enough to be cut out of small electroceramic components may be one possibility. Therefore the miniaturisation of the 4-point bend-test for ceramic specimens is now being attempted. In this paper the errors in determining the flexural strength arising from the test principle itself, plus the geometry and measuring inaccuracies are calculated and expressed as a function of the outer span length. Contact pressure and a tolerable total measuring inaccuracy determines the dimensions of miniature specimens and fixtures. The possibilities of appropriate specimen preparation are also investigated.Ceramic materials show a volume (i.e. a specimen size) dependence of strength which is described by Weibull's statistical theory. The applicability of the miniature bend-fixtures is demonstrated by measuring this volume effect.

Notizen: Abstract— This paper describes a versatile technique for simulating the fatigue growth of a wide range of planar cracks of practical significance. Crack growth is predicted on a step-by-step basis from the Paris law using stress intensity factors calculated by the finite element method. The crack front is defined by a cubic spline curve from a set of nodes. Both the 1/4-node crack opening displacement and the three-dimensional J-integral (energy release rate) methods are used to calculate the stress intensity factors. Automatic remeshing of the finite element model to a new position which defines the new crack front enables the crack propagation to be followed. The accuracy and capability of this finite element simulation technique are demonstrated in this paper by the investigation of various problems of both theoretical and practical interest. These include the shape growth trend of an embedded initially penny-shaped defect and an embedded initially elliptical defect in an infinite body, the growth of a semi-elliptical surface crack in a finite thickness plate under tension and bending, the propagation of an internal crack in a round bar and the shape change of an external surface crack in a pressure vessel.

Notizen: Abstract— Cold-expansion of fastener holes is now commonly used within the aerospace industry to increase the fatigue endurance of airframes. Although a number of methods of cold expansion are possible, the split-sleeve cold-expansion process is the most widely accepted and is frequently used in the repair and manufacture stages of both military and civil aircraft. In the present work, the redistribution of residual hoop stresses due to the application of constant amplitude fatigue loading at 4% cold-expanded holes has been studied. A modified Sachs method was adopted to evaluate the residual stress profiles and a replication technique was used to quantify crack growth. It was found that the decay of the residual hoop stress profile near the bore of the hole was due to the initiation and growth of small fatigue cracks. Cracks were found to initiate both near and below the fatigue limit, but subsequently arrested so stabilising the overall residual stress profile.

Notizen: Abstract— The factors affecting the fatigue strength of nitrided titanium were clarified. The fatigue strength depended strongly on the fracture strength of the compound layer formed on the surface by nitriding. We found a Hall-Petch relationship between the fatigue strength of nitrided titanium and the grain size. The findings indicated that the reduction in the fatigue strength by nitriding results from both the formation of the compound layer possessing low fracture strength and grain growth occurring from ordinary nitriding. Furthermore, low-temperature nitriding (620°C, 24 h) was proposed to suppress grain growth. This treatment method improved not only the wear resistance and the corrosion resistance but also the fatigue strength of titanium.

Notizen: The paper defines entrepreneurship as about ‘self-competition’, the quest to test self-ability: Can a future self achieve greater goals than what has been so far achieved? Self-competition involves the development of ability and, hence, ex post assessment of ability is uncertain. Such uncertainty occasions either immobilizing anxiety (Buridan's ass) or entrepreneurial action. No such uncertainty surrounds the assessment of risk probability characterizing events such as floods and stock market crashes. An observable prediction of the proposed uncertainty/risk dichotomy is that insurance, which concerns risk, cannot crowd out religion and other belief systems which appeal to uncertainty.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn diesem Papier wird Unternehmertum im Sinne von ‘Selbst-Konkurrenz’ deftniert, als Streben, die eigenen Fähigkeiten unter Beweis zu stellen: Kann das zukünftige Ich höhere Ziele als bisher erreichen?Selbst-Konkurrenz beinhaltet die Entwicklung von Fähigkeiten, und daher ist deren ex post Einschätzung unsicher. Diese Unsicherheit führt entweder zu einer lähmenden Angst (Burdians Esel) oder zu unternehmerischer Aktivität. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Einschätzung der Risikowahrscheinlichkeit von Überschwemmungen oder Kursschwankungen an der Börse nicht von einer solchen Unsicherheit geprägt. Als beobachtbare Voraussage aus der vorgeschlagenen Unsicher-heit/Risiko-Dichotomie heraus ergibt sich, dass eine dieses Risiko betreffende Versicherung nicht in der Lage ist, Religion und andere Glaubenssysteme, die sich auf Unsicherheit bezichen, zu verdrängen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCe papier définit ľesprit entrepreneur comrne ‘une concurrence de soi’, la quete d'éprouver la capacityé de soi: Est-ce possible qu'un futur-soi puisse achever de plus grands buts qu'il a déjà accomplis? Une concurrence de soi consiste du développcinent de sa capacityé, done, ľévaluation ex past de cette capacityé n'est pas certaine.Une telle incertitude mène à une anxiété paralysante (ľǎne de Buridan) ou àľ action entreprenante. Une incertitude de la sorte n'entoure pas ľévaluation de la probabilityé de risque qui caractérisent les événements tels comme ľ inondation ou la chute de la Bourse. Une prédiction qu'on petit observer de la dichotomie proposée incertitude/risque, c'est que ľ assurance, qui concerne le risque, doit laisser de place aux réligions et aux autres systèmes de croyance qui invoquent ľ incertitude.

Notizen: The paper results from interviews held among economists from Central and Eastern Europe. It tries to get an inside view on the profession under communist rule. As expected, the results depend upon period and country under analysis. Poland and Hungary did not lose contact with Western developments, while the Soviet Union and the GDR and also Czechoslovakia after 1968 isolated themselves completely. In Russia there was an own development in the sphere of optimal planning theory. In the GDR strict political control and adherence to dogmatism led to sterility. Reform thinking became stronger in the 1980s, with the exception of the GDR and Russia. The results are corroborated by the personal situation of the individual economist. Asked where they see the lasting contribution of economics under communism, most respondents are rather pessimistic: it is more the abortive practice of Soviet-type central planning which taught a lesson than the theoretical developments of the period.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Studie ist das Ergebnis von Interviews, die unter Wirtschaftswissenschaftlern aus Mittel- und Osteuropa gehalten wurden. Sie sucht einen Blick von innen auf die Entwicklung einer Wissenschaft unter kommunistischer Herrschaft zu gewinnen. Das Resultat hängt von der jeweiligen Periode und dem jeweiligen Land ab. Polen und Ungarn haben den Kontakt zum Westen nicht verloren. Russland und die DDR, ebenso die CSSR nach 1968, haben sich dagegen vollständig isoliert. Russland kannte eine eigene Entwicklung in der Planungstheorie. In der DDR führten dagegen politische Kontrolle und Dogmatismus zur Sterilität. Mit Ausnahme dieserbeiden Länder wuchs das Reformdenken in den 80er Jahren stetig an. Die Ergebnisse spiegeln sich auch in der persönlichen Situation der einzelnen Wissenschaftler wider. Nach dem bleibenden Beitrag der Ökonomie unter dem Kommunismus befragt, zeigen sich die Antworten eher pessimistisch: nicht die theoretischen Errungenschaften der Periode sind lehrreich, vielmehr aber das abschreckende Beispiel des sowjetischen Zentralplansystems.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉL' article rend compte des résultats d'interviews réalisés auprès d'économistes des pays de l'Europe Centrale et Orientale. II présente une vision de l'intérieur sur le développement de la science économique sous le régime communiste. Les résultats dépendent de la période et du pays analyses. La Pologne et la Hongrie n'ont jamais perdu le contact avec la science économique occidentale, tandis que la Russie, l'Allemagne de l'Est et, après 1968, la Tchécoslovaquie s'en sont isolés complètement. Avec la théorie de la planification optimale, la Russie a connu son propre développement. En RDA, le contrǒle politique et le dogmatisme ont abouti à une stérilité théorique. À l'éxception de ces deux derniers pays, la pensée réformiste s'est renforcée continument au cours des années 80. Ces résultats se reflètent aussi dans la situation personnelle faite aux économistes. Quant a la contribution durable de la science économique sous le communisme, les réponses sont peu optimistes: ce ne sont pas tellement les développements théoriques qui survivront à la periode soviétique, mais plutöt (‘experience avortée de la planification centrale de type soviétique.

Notizen: This paper presents the results of an overlapping-generations experiment on the individual choice between intergenerational transfers and savings. One dominant finding of our experiment is that if savings are possible individuals choose to (gradually) opt out of the intergenerational transfer system. In that case the average individual pay-offs are lower but their distribution among individuals is less volatile. This suggests that risk aversion is a driving force behind the decline of intergenerational transfers. The willingness to give to previous generations does not disappear completely, however. Moreover, the degree of cohesion between successive generations, measured by (lie correlation between current and past transfers does not diminish significantly after the introduction of (he savings option.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMIENEASSUNGDicser Artikcl präsentierl die ErgebnisseeinesOvcrlapping-Generations-Experitnents, indent sich die Tcilnehmer zwisehen tnlergenerationalcn Transfers und Sparen entscheiden mussten. Eines der Hauptergcbnisse besteht darin, dass die Einführung der Mögliehkeit zur individuellen Zukunfts-vorsorge durch Sparen zu einer (allmählichen) Zurückdrängung von intergencrationalen Transfers führt. Im Fall des Sparens isl die durehschnittliche individuclle Auszahlung zwar geringer, dafür aber weniger unsieher. Die Zurückdrangung intergenerationaler Transfers lässt sich dahcr durch Risikoaversion erklären. Dennoch verschwindct die Bereitschaft, an die vorausgehende Generation abzugeben, nicht völlig. Ausserdein vennindert sich die Stärke des Zusatnnienhalts zwisehen aufcinanderlolgcnden Generalionen, getnessen durch die Korrelation zwisehen gegenwärtigen und früheren Transfers, nicht wesentlich durch die Einführung der Mögliehkeit des Sparens.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉLe papier présente des résultats expérimentaux sur les choix individuels entre transferts inter-génération et épargnc. Un des résultats principaux est que s'il est possible d'épargncr, alors (progressivement) les agents passent du système de transfer! inter-générationnelausystème d'épargne. Dans de cas le payoff moyen des agents est plus faible mais la distribution des payoffs est inoins volatile. Ceei suggère que l'aversion pour le risque est l'une des prineipales causes du déclin des transferts intergénération. Cependant, les transferts inter-génération ne disparaissent pas totalement. De plus, le degré de cohesion entre les génération successives, mesuré par la corrélation entre les transferts présents et passés, ne diminue pas significativemenl apres l'introduction de la possibilityé d'épargncr.

Notizen: This paper investigates spatial disparities in unemployment in three Member States of the EU. It attempts to identify the factors responsible for the persistence of regional unemployment disparities in Germany, Italy and the UK during 1984-94. The empirical results indicate that a substantial proportion of the variation in unemployment rates between NUTS2 level regions can be explained by regional disparities in three key variables: unit labour costs, the industry mix and employment density. The findings are consistent with the view that regional unemployment disparities are explained primarily by regional disparities in economic competitiveness.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNODieser Artikel untersucht die räumlichen Unterschiede in der Höhe der Arbeitslosigkeit in drei Mitgliedsstaaten der EU. Er basiert auf dem Versuch, die Faktoren zu bestimmen, die im Zeitraum zwischen 1984 und 1994 für die Persistenz von regionalen Unterschieden der Höhe der Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland, Italien und Grossbritannien verantwortlich waren. Die empirischen Ergeb-nisse zeigen, dass ein wesentlicher Teil der Unterschiede in der Höhe der Arbeitslosigkeit zwischen NUTS2 Regionen durch eine regional unterschiedliche Ausprägung von drei wichtigen Variablen erklärt werden kann: Lohnstückkosten, Wirtschaftsstruktur und Zahl der Arbeitsplätze pro Quadratkilometer. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Ansicht, dass die regional unterschiedlich hohe Arbeitslosigkeit hauptsächlich durch Unterschiede der regionalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu cr-klüren ist.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCe document examine les disparités géographiques du chǒmage dans trois États membres de l'Union Européenne. Nous essayerons d'identifier les facteurs responsables de la persistance des disparités en chǒmage régional en Ailemagne, en Italie el au Royaume-Uni pendant la période 1984-94. Les résultats empiriques indiquent qu'une proportion importante de la variation du taux de chǒmage entre les régions de la catégorie NUTS2 peut s'expliquer par des disparités régionales en trois variables prépondérantes: le coǔt unitaire d'emploi, la structure industrielle et la densité d'emploi. Les résultats coïncident avec l'avis que les disparités du chǒmage régional s'expliquent surtout par les disparités régionales en compétitivitééconomique.

Notizen: In many settings, economic efficiency in law enforcement appears to require differential enforcement of the law. For example, as shown in the paper, crime prone populations warrant stronger sanctions than less crime prone populations if costly sanctions are to be meted out in an efficient manner. However, narrow economic analysis of efficient sanctions attributes an efficiency to modern democratic governments which can not be easily justified by analysis or experience. This paper demonstrates that constraining majority coalitions to write laws consistent with the principle of equal protection generally yields more desirable outcomes than obtained when majority coalitions are permitted to discriminate in an arbitrary manner. The efficiency case for equality before the law is based on political considerations rather than economic ones per se.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Kriterium der ökonomischen Effizienz bei der Durchsetzung von Recht scheint in vielen Situationen eine differenzierende Durchsetzung des Rechts zu erfordern. Wie in diesem Artikel ge-zeigt werden kann, können beispielsweise für mehr zu Verbrechen neigende Bevölkerungsteile härtere Strafen gerechtfertigt sein, als für weniger zu Verbrechen neigende Bevölkerungsteile, wenn die mit hohen Kosten verbundene Bestrafung von Verbrechen effizient eingesetzt werden soil. Allerdings schreibt die ökonomische Analyse von effzienten Strafen modernen demokratischen Regierungen eine Effizienz zu, die durch Analyse oder Erfahrung nur schwer zu bestätigen ist. Dieses Papier zeigt nämlich, dass wünschenswertere Ergebnisse zu erzielen sind, wenn man Mehrheitskoalitionen dazu zwingt, Gesetze zu schreiben, die mit dem Prinzip der Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz übereinstimmen, als wenn man Mehrheitskoalitionen erlaubt, auf willkürliche Weise zu diskriminieren. Im Ergebnis lasst sich daher feststellen, dass die Effizienzargumente im Hinblick auf die Gleichheit bzw. Ungleicheit vor dem Gesetz lediglich auf politischen Überlegungen beruhen, aber nicht auf ökonomischen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉDans beaucoup de situations, l'éfficience économique de l'application de la loi semble exiger une application différenciée. Par exemple, comme il est expliqué dans l'article, des lois plus restrictives peuvent ětre appliqués pour une partie de la population étant plus incliné a la criminalité que pour des parties moins inclinées, si les coǔts élevés de l'application de la loi doivent ětre utilisés avec éfficience. Pourtant, l'analyse économique sur la punition éfficiente attribue aux gouvernements démocratiques modernes une éfficience qui ne peut pas ětre justifyé aisément par l'analyse et l'expérience. Cet article montre que des résultats meilleures peuvent ětre atteints si des coalitions majoritaires peuvent ětre contraintes à concevoir des lois qui sont consistents avec le principe de la protection égale devant la loi, que si une coalition majoritaire permet de discriminer une partie de la population de manière arbitraire. L'éfficience du principe de l'égalité devant la loi est basé sur des considérations politiques, et non sur des considérations économiques.

Notizen: Argy, Victor and Leslie Stein (1997). The Japanese Economy. Basingsto-ke/London: Macmillan. 379 pp. £47.50. ISBN 0-333-6756-5. £17.50. ISBN 0-333-67566-5.Balasubramanyam, V. N. and D. Greenaway (eds.) (1996). Trade and Development. Essays in Honour of Jagdish Bhagwati. Basingstoke/London: Macmillan. 217 pp. £45.00. ISBN 0-333-65616-4.Blejer, Mario I. and Teresa Ter-Minassian (eds.) (1997). Macroeconomic Dimensions of Public Finance. Essays in Honour of Vito Tanzi. London/New York: Routledge. 506 pp. £65.00. ISBN 0-415-14111-7.Blejer, Mario I. and Teresa Ter-Minassian (eds.) (1997). Fiscal Policy and Economic Reform. Essays in Honour of Vito Tanzi. London/New York: Rout-ledge. 305 pp. £60.00. ISBN 0-415-13739-X.Brömmelhörster, Jörn and John Frankenstein (eds.) (1997). Mixed Motives, Uncertain Outcomes. Defense Conversion in China. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 275 pp. $ 55.00. ISBN 1-555-87710-9.Constanza, Robert, Charles Perrings and Cutler J. Cleveland (eds.) (1997). The Development of Ecological Economics. Cheltenham, UK/Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar. 777 pp. £160.00. ISBN 1-85898-386-X.Craig, Lee A. and Douglas Fisher (1997). The Integration of the European Economy, 1850-1913. Basingstoke/London: MacMillan Press. 327 pp. ISBN 0-333-58036-2.Davies, Stephen and Bruce Lyons (1996). Industrial Organization in the European Union. Structure, Strategy and the Competitive Mechanism. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 287 pp. £40.00. ISBN 0-19-828973-1.Fratianni, Michele and Franco Spinelli (1997). A Monetary History of Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 305 pp. £40.00. ISBN 0-521 -44315-6.Gandolfo, Giancarlo (1996). Economic Dynamics, 3rd ed. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/London: Springer. 610 pp. DM 178.-. ISBN 3-540-60988-1.Garfinkel, Michelle R. and Stergios Skaperdas (eds.) (1996). The Political Economy of Conflict and Appropriation. Cambridge/New York/Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 182 pp. $ 49.95. ISBN 0-521-56063-2.Kemp, René (1997). Environmental Policy and Technical Change. A Comparison of the Technological Impact of Policy Instruments. Cheltenham, UK/Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar. 360 pp. £55.00. ISBN 1-85898-506-4.Klamer, Arjo (ed.) (1996). The Value of Culture. On the Relationship between Economics and Arts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 243 pp. £21.95. ISBN 90-5356-218-4.Llau, Pierre (1996). Economie financeère publique. Paris: Presses Universitai-res de France. 546 pp. 168 FF. ISBN 2-13-047774-7.Mueller, Dennis C. (ed.) (1997). Perspectives on Public Choice. A Handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 672 pp. $79.95. ISBN 0-521-55377-6 (he.). $ 29.95. ISBN 0-521-55654-6 (pbk.).Pritzl, Rupert F.J. (1997). Korruption und Rent-Seeking in Lateinamerika. Zur Politischen Ökonomie autoritärer politischer Systeme. Baden-Baden: Nomos. 318 S. ISBN 3-7890-4692-2.Schmidt-Trenz, Hans-Jörg (1996). Die Logikkollektiven Handelns bei Delegation. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck). 293 S. ISBN 3-16-146607-1.Xepapadeas, Anastasios (ed.) (1996). Economic Policy for the Environment and Natural Resources. Techniques for the management and Control of Pollution. Cheltenham, UK/Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar. 245 pp. £59.95. ISBN 1-85898-413-0.

Notizen: After overall entry deregulation, regulation of market power can only be justified in local telecommunication networks as long as they constitute monopolistic bottlenecks. Technical progress leads to a gradual disappearance of monopolistic bottlenecks, pointing out the large potential for economically efficient phasing out of sector-specific regulation. In contrast, all forms of asymmetric regulation containing an intrinsic bias towards some firms or technologies have a strong tendency towards overregulation. The new telecommunications laws in Germany and Switzerland are shown to be prominent examples of asymmetric regulatory frameworks. Since the new telecommunications law in Switzerland is less restrictive and more transparant than its German counterpart, it seems to be more suitable to tackle the potential for phasing out sector specific regulation in telecommunications.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGNach einer umfassenden Marktoffnung ist eine Marktmachtregulierung in der Zukunft lediglich noch in Ortsnetzen gerechtfertigt, solange diese monopolistische Engpassbereiche darstellen. Der technische Fortschritt in Ortsnetzen führt allerdings allmahlich zu einer Auflösung dieser Engpassbereiche und schafft dadurch ein zunehmendes Potential für die Abschaffung sektorspezifischer Regulierungseingriffe. Demgegenüber beinhalten alle Formen asymmetrischer Regulierung eine immanente Verzerrung zugunsten spezieller Firmen oder Technologien und damit einhergehend eine starke Tendenz zur Uberregulierung. Die neuen Telekommunikationsgesetze in Deutschland und in der Schweiz stellen bedeutende Beispiele für asymmetrische Regulierungsrahmen dar. Allerdings erweist sich das neue schweizerische Telekommunikationsgesetz als weniger restriktiv und transparenter als sein deutsches Gegenstück. Es ist daher zu erwarten, daß das zunehmende Potential für ein ‘phasing out' sektorspezifischer Regulierungseingriffe in der Schweiz rascher ausgeschöpft wird als in Deutschland.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉA près une ouverture entière du marché de télécommunication une régularisation de la domination du marché ne sera justifiée à l'avenir que dans les réseaux locaux aussi longtemps qu'ils constituent des goulots d'étranglement monopolistiques. Le progrès technique dans les réseaux locaux mène peu à peu à la disparition des ces goulots détranglement en créant ainsi un potentiel croissant de suppression de la régularisation sécteur-spécifique. Par contre, toutes les formes de régularisation asymétrique contenant une distorsion immanente au profit de certaines firmes ou de certaines technologies ont une forte tendance à la sur-régularisation. Les nouvelles lois de télécommunication en Allemagne et en Suisse sont des exemples importants d'encadrements asymétriques de régularisation. Cependant, la nouvelle lot de télécommunication suisse se montre moins restrictive et plus transparente que la loi respective en Allemagne. Par conséquent, l'on peut s'attendre à ce que le potentiel croissant de suppression de régularisations sécteur-spécifiques sera épuisé plus vite en Suisse qu'en Allemagne.

Notizen: Tax evasion has been mainly studied as a problem of choice under uncertainty; like any portfolio manager, the taxpayer has to allocate her/his fixed gross income between two assets a risky asset, tax evasion, and a safe asset (with a zero return), tax payment. As suggested by the portfolio theory, the taxpayer's choice will be affected by her/his preferences — mainly by her/his attitude towards risk-taking — and by the return on the risky asset determined by the tax structure, which includes both the tax rate and the penalties in the case of evasion However, the pure gamble model appears unsatisfactory on various grounds. Among these and most importantly for our purpose, it neglects the psychological aspects of the decision to evade tax because it rules out any feeling of shame about evading or being detected and punished, and it ignores any intrinsic pleasure from successful evasion In other words, the pure gamble model does not take full account of the moral constraints involved in the tax evasion decision. The main objective of the experiment presented here was therefore to investigate the role played by moral constraints in determining the decision to evade taxes. The experimental evidence supports the thesis that the taxpayer's decisional process involves not only monetary elements but also psychological and moral factors.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Steuerhinterziehung wurde bisher überwiegend als Problem von Entscheidungen unter Unsicherheit untersucht Wie jeder Portfoliomanager muss auch der Steuerzahler sein Bruttoeinkommen zwischen zwei Anlageformen verteilen eine risikoreiche Anlageform. Steuerhinterziehung, und eine sichere Anlageform (ohne Gewinn), Steuerzahlung. Nach der Portfoliotheorie wird die Entscheidung des Steuerzahlers von seinen Praferenzen beeinflusst — vor allem von seiner Risiko-bereitschaft — und von der Gewinnaussicht der risikoreichen Anlageform, die vom Steuersystem abhangt, d.h. vom Steuersatz und den Strafen bei Steuerhinterziehung. Dieses Lotteriemodell ist jedoch aus mehreren Grunden unbefriedigend: es vernachlässigt die psycholgischen Aspekte der Steuerhinterziehung, weil es jegliches Schamgefühl bei der Steuerhinterziehung bzw. der Entdeckung und Bestrafung ausschliesst und ein intrinsisches Vergnugen bei erfolgreicher Steuerhinterziehung ignoriert. Das Lotteriemodell zieht also nicht in Betracht, dass moralische Restriktionen die Entscheidung zur Steuerhinterziehung beeinflussen konnten Das hier vorgestellte Experiment wollte daher in erster Linie untersuchen, welche Rolle moralische Restriktionen bei der Entscheidung zur Steuerhinterziehung spielen. Die Ergebnisse des Experiments bestatigen die Hypothese, dass der Entscheidungsprozess des Steuerzahlers nicht nur durch monetare Elemente beeinflusst wird, sondern auch durch psychologische und moralische Faktoren.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉL'évasion fiscale a été principalement étudiée en tant qu'un problème de choix dans des conditions d'incertitude, comme n'importe quel gestionnaire de portfolio, le contribuable doit répartir son revenu brut fixe entre deux actifs un actif risqué, l'évasion fiscale, et un actif sǔr (avec un taux d'intérét zéro), le payement des taxes. Comme suggéré par la théorie du portfolio, le choix du contribuable sera affecté par ses préférences — principalement par son attitude vis-à-vis du risque — et par le bénéfice déterminé par la structure fiscale qui inclut à la fois le taux de taxation et les pénalités prévues en cas d'évasion Cependant, le modèle pur de jeu apparait insatisfaisant pour plusieurs rasisons Parmi celles-ci, le modèle néglige les aspects psychologiques de la décision, limitation spécialement importante pour notre objectif, puisqu'il écarte tout sentiment de honte associé à la découverte de l'évasion et à la punition ou encore il ignore le plaisir découlant d'une évasion fiscale réussie. En résumé, le modèle pur de jeu ne prend pas pleinement en compte les contraintes morales qui influencent la décision. L'objectif principal de l'expérimentation présentée ici était d'analyser le rǒle joué par les contraintes morales dans la prise de décision d'évasion fiscale. Les résultats confirment l'hypothèse que le processus décisionel du contribuable dépend non seulement des aspects financiers mais également des facteurs psychologiques et moraux.

Notizen: This paper shows two points: (1) there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the real value of the agricultural minimum wage and the level of agricultural output in Morocco, for eight important crops; (ii) the latter may be explained using a theoretical model where the productivity of the laborers depends on their consumption level, and where wage incomes are shared among family members to fund consumption. The Nash equilibrium is then inefficient.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDieser Artikel zeigt zweierlei: a) Für acht Feldfnichte existiert eine statistisch sigrufikante Beziehung zwischen realem Mindestlohn und Produktionsniveau in der marokkanischen Landwirtschaft; b) Diese Beziehung lasst sich mit einem theoretischen Modell erklären. Darin hangt die Produktivitat der Arbeiter von ihrem Lebensstandard ab. Zur Konsumfinanzierung werden die Lohneinkunfte zwischen den Mitgliedern der Familie aufgeteilt. Das Nash-Gleichgeèicht ist somit ineffizient.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCet article montre deux choses: (a) il y a une relation statistiquement significative entre la valeur réelle du salaire minimum agricole et le niveau de la production agricole au Maroc, pour huit cultures importantes; (b) celle-ci peut s'expliquer au moyen d'un modèle théorique où la productivité des travailleurs dépend de leur niveau de consommation, et où les revenus salariaux sont partagés entre les membres de la famille pour financer la consommation. L'équilibre de Nash est alors inefficient.

Notizen: This paper reports the results of a comparison of employment adjustment in Japan, the United States and four major EC countries. Output and real wages are used in explaining the optimal employment level and change in employment. Short- and long run responses to alterations of the exogenous variables are estimated and compared. Surprisingly, Germany has a quite rapid adjustment of labor while France and Italy show a much slower adjustment pattern. Even in comparison with the United States. Great Britain demonstrates the fastest adjustment to changes in the economic environment. By far the slowest adjustment pattern is realized in Japan. Overall the difference between the US and Europe seems not to be too large and European labor markets are not as sclerotic as occasionally assumed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASUNGDieser Artikel gibt die Ergebnisse eines Vergleichs der Beschäftigungsanpassung in Japan, den Vereinigten Staaten und den vier wichtigsten EU-Landern wieder. Das Produktionsniveau und der Reallohn sind die erklarenden Variablen für das optimale Beschaftigungsniveau wie auch Veranderungen der Beschäftigung. Es werden kurz- und langfnstige Beziehungen zwischen den exogenen und der endogenen Vanablen geschatzt und verglichen Uberraschenderweise hat Deutschland eine relativ rasche Beschaftigungsanpassung, während Frankreich und Italien eine viel langsamere Anpassung aufweisen. Großbntannien hat auch im Vergleich zu den USA die schnellste Reaktion auf Veränderungen der ökonomischen Umwelt. Das bei weitem inflexibelste Anpassungsverhalten wird für Japan registriert. Zusammenfassend scheinen die Unterschiede zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und Europa nicht so groß und der europaische Arbeitsmarkt nicht so sklerotisch zu sein wie erwartet.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCet article présente les résultats d'une comparaison de la vitesse d'adaptation de l'emploi au Japon, aux Etats-Unis et dans les quatre pays les plus importants de l'UE. Le niveau de l'emploi optimal ***ainsi que les variations de l'emploi sont expliquées par le niveau de production et les salaires réels. Les variations à court et long terme des changements des variables exogènes ont été estimés et comparés. Étonnamment, l'Allemagne a une vitesse d'adaptation de l'emploi relativement rapide par rapport à celles de la France et de l'Italie. L'Angleterre montre měme, en comparaison avec les Etats-Unis, une plus grande flexibilité envers les modifications de l'environnement économique. L'adaptation la plus lente est observée au Japon. Pour conclure les différences concernant la vitesse d'adaptation de l'emploi entre les Etats-Unis et l'Europe ne semblent pas si grandes et les marchés de travail européens sont moins sclérosés que ce que l'on attendait.

Notizen: The paper is the 1980 - Bohm-Bawerk - lecture given at the University of Innsbruck. Starting from Bohm-Bawerk's book Rights and Relations from the Point of View of the Economic Theory of Goods the paper tries to evaluate rights and phenomena like goodwill from the perspective of innovation. A framework of three levels of economic activity is developed. The three levels are consumption (the lowest level), production and innovation (the highest level). Rights are interpreted as instruments of protection of higher level activity from lower level activity. Focus of attention are industries with very high rates of technical progress and innovation. There the most important positive externality of innovation is the increased potential for even more innovations. It is argued that competition policy, as a rule of thumb, must foster competition by innovation and must discourage competition by imitation.

Notizen: Allen, Polly Reynolds and Kenen, Peter B.: Asset Markets, Exchange Rates, and Economic Integration.Duwendag, Dieter und Siebert, Horst (Hrsg.): Politik und Markt.Eger, Thomas: Das regionale Entwicklungsgefälle in Jugoslawien.El-Agraa, Ali Mohammed and Jones, Anthony John: Theory of Customs Unions.Forster, Edgar und Vaassen, Bernd : Der Wettbewerb zwischen privater und gesetzlicher Krankenversicherung.Gehrig, Bruno: Geldpolitik unter alternativen institutionellen Voraus-setz. ungen.Hughes, Barry B.: World Modeling.Issawi, Charles : The Economic History of TurkeyJantsch, Erich: Die Selbstorganisation des Universums.Kakwani, Nanak C.: Income Inequality and Poverty.Kotte, Detlef J.: Wirkungen zwischenstaatlicher Finanztransfers in der EG auf Konjunktur und ZahlungsbilanzKÖtzle, Alfred : Die Eignung von Subventionen für die UmweltpolitikLaitinen, Kenneth : A Theory of the Multiproduct Firm.Lehment, Harmen: Devisenmarktinterventionen bei flexiblen Wechselkursen.Leroy, Dominique: Economie des arts du spectacle vivant.McKinnon, Ronald I.: Money in International Exchange.Noll, Werner: Finanzwissenschqft.Ohlsson, Lennart A.: Engineering Trade Specialization of Sweden and other Industrial Countries.Porschen, D.:Währungskooperation in West und Ost - Ein Systemvergleich auf der Grundlage der neuen politischen Ökonomie.Rohde, Wolfgang: Ein spieltheoretisches Modell eines Terminmarktes.Schmid, GÜnther: Strukturierte Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitsmarktpolitik.Shah, A. B. and Bhan, Susheela (Eds.): Non-Formal Education and the NAEP.Vallender, Dorle E.: Einführung in die Finanzwissenschaft.

Notizen: This paper summarizes the conclusions of a number of studies prepared in recent years by the German Development Institute (Berlin) on the structural implications of the Southern enlargement of the European Community for the acceeding countries as well as for the whole EEC. Reference is made to the problems arising generally from the internal and external impact of the changes in the structural equilibrium of the Community, defined in terms of increasing structural disparities within the EEC and growing inflexibility vis-à-vis the rest of the world. The implications for the Common Agricultural Policy and the industry are then discussed with special reference to the problem of the ‘sensitive’ industries. Arguments are presented in favour of the thesis that a new structural equilibrium can only be achieved through the improvement of production structures in the weaker regions of the Community and so through the gradual elimination of the intra-Community development gap.

Notizen: Bizien, Yves: Population and Economic Development.Black, John and Hindley, Brian (Eds.): Current Issues in Commercial Policy and Diplomacy.Brams, S. J.; Scmotter, A. and SchwÖdiauer, G. (Eds.): Applied Game Theory.Bruder, Wolfgang: Sozialwissenschaften und Politikberatung — Zur Nutzung sozialwissenschafthcher Informationen in der Ministerialorganisation.Clarkson, Kenneth W. and Martin, Donald L. (Eds.): The Economics of Nonproprietary Organizations.Dixon, P. B.; Bowles, S. and Kendrick, D.: Notes and Problems in Microeconomic Theory.Dobias, Peter: Wirtschaftspolitik.El Mallakh, Ragaei and Dorothea H. (Eds.): New Policy Imperatives for Energy Producers.Frey, RenÉ L.: Wachstumspolitik.Gollnick, Heinz und Thiel, Norbert : Ökonometrie.Gordon, Wendell: Institutional Economics.Gram, Harvey and Walsh, Vivian : Classical and Neoclassical Theories of General Equilibrium.Hacche, Graham: The Theory of Economic Growth. An Introduction.Hesse, Helmut (Hrsg.): Arbeitsbuch Angewandte Mikroökonomik.Hirsch, Werner Z.: Law And Economics: An Introductory Analysis.Kanemoto, Yoshitsugu: Theories of Urban Externalities.Klein, Lawrence R. and Young, Richard M.: An Introduction to Econometric Forecasting and Forecasting Models.Lavigne, Marie : Stratégies des pays socialistes dans l'echange international.Lindbeck, Assar (Ed.): Inflation and Employment in Open Economies.Lippman, S. A. and McCall, J. J. (Eds.): Studies in the Economics of Search.Lowe, Julian and Lewis, David : The Economics of Environmental Management.Peacock, Alan: The Economic Analysis of Government.Rao, C. H. Hanumantha and Joshi, P. C. (Eds.): Reflections on Economic Development and Social Change.Rossier, Edouard:.Economie structurale.Siebert, Horst and Antal, Ariane Berthoin : The Political Economy of Environmental Protection.Smith, Vernon L. (Ed.): Research in Experimental Economics. A Research Annual. Vol. 1.Uhlir, Helmut: Überprüfung der Random-Walk-Hypothese auf dem österreichischen Aktienmarkt.United Nations Industrial Development Organization: Industrial Priorities in Developing Countries.

Notizen: The paper develops and renders plausible the hypothesis that modern man is developing an ever greater tolerance and desire for excitement and violence, because scientific and economic progress has so greatly diminished the hardships and hazards of everyday work and existence and of the fight for survival that most people are left with a stimulus deficit, which they try to eliminate. The various sources of deliberately sought-for stimulation, ranging from dangerous sports and gambling to violence, crime and participation in collective hazardous action, are listed and discussed, and the available statistics of their use or incidence compared and analyzed.

Notizen: Agénor, Pierre-Richard and Peter J. Montiel (1996). Development Macroeconomics.Baldwin, John R. (1995). The Dynamics of Industrial Competition.Barnet, William A., Hervé Moulin. Maurice Salles and Norman J. Schoficld (eds.) (1995). Social Choice, Welfare, and Ethics.Benassi, Corrado, Alessandra Chirco, Caterina Colombo (1994). The New Keynesian Economics.Eatwell, John et al. (1995). Transformation and Integration.Führer, Karl Christian (1995). Mieter, Hausbesitzer, Staat und Wohnungs-markt.Haq. Mahbuh ul (1995). Reflections on Human Development.Hartwig, Karl-Hans und Ingo Pies (1995). Rationale Drogenpolitik in der Demokratie.Hausman, Daniel M. and Michael S. McPhcrson (1996). Economic Analysis and Moral Philosophy.Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, Carol Gabyzon (1996). Fundamental Tax Reform and Border Tax Adjustments.Judge, Paramjit S. (1994). A study of Formation of an Ethnic Community.Kleindorfer, Paul L., Howard C. Kunreuther and David S. Hong (eds.) (1996). Energy, Environment and the Economy.Lombardini, Siro (1996). Growth and Economic Development.Penz, Reinhard und Holger Wilkop (Hrsg.) (1996). Thorstein Veblens evoluto-rische Ökonomik.World Bank (1996). World Development Report 1996.

Notizen: A discrete time, discounted utility model with a finite horizon is analyzed. Utility is separable and additive in the natural logarithms of the choice variables, consumption and leisure, and an exogenous ‘memory' series. Happiness is defined as the discounted value of the utility over the remaining lifespan. Simulations of the model show how happiness grows as the high consumption years get closer, peaks, then declines in later life as the remaining lifespan shortens, even though year by year utility may continue to rise. Simulations also show how the peak year for happiness depends on the subjective, personal discount rate, the rate of wage growth, the effect of a liquidity constraint, the effect of memories, and other parameters in the model. The model also illustrates those aspects of the life cycle characterized by the ‘slackers’, the ‘mid-life crisis’, and the ‘golden years’.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEin diskretes, abdiskontiertes Nutzenmodell mit einem endlichen Zeithorizont wird analysiert. Nutzen wird als zerlegbar und additiv in den natürlichen Logarithmen der Wahlvanablen Konsum und Freizeit und in den exogenen Zeitreihen für ‘Erinnerungen’ angenommen. Gluck ist definiert als abdiskontierter Wert des Nutzens der verbleibenden Lebenszeit. Simulationen zeigen, wie das Glück bei der Annäherung an die Jahre erhöhten Konsums ansteigt, einen Hohepunkt erreicht, um dann in der verbleibenden Lebenszeit wieder abzunehmen, obwohl der Nutzen Jahr fur Jahr weiterhin zunehmen kann. Die Simulationen zeigen auch, wie der Höhepunkt des Glücks vom persönlichen Diskontsatz, der Zuwachsrate des Einkommens, Liquiditatsbeschrankungen, Erinnerungen und anderen Parametern abhangt. Das Modell veranschaulicht aber auch jene Aspekte der Lebenszeit, die üblicherweise als ‘Slackers’, ‘Mid-life Crisis' und ‘Goldene Jahre’ bezeichnet werden〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉAnalyse d'un modèle d'utilité d'escompte à temps discret et à horizon limité. L'utilité est séparable et additive dans les logarithmes naturels des variables de choix, la consomption et les loisirs, et une série exogène de ‘mémoire’. On définit le bonheur comme la valeur d'escompte de l'utilité pendant la durée de la vie qui reste. Des simulations du modèle montrent comment le bonheur s'augmente au fur et à mesure que les année de grande consomption s'approchent, atteint son comble, puis baisse dans la dernière partie de la vie pendant que la durée de la vie qui reste se réduit, quoique, année par année, l'utilité puisse continuer à s'augmenter. Les simulations montrent aussi comment l'année du point culminant de bonheur dépend du taux d'escompte subjectif et personnel, du taux d'augmentation de salaire, de l'effet d'une contrainte de liquidité, de l'effet des souvenirs, et d'autres paramètres du modèle. Le modèle illustre aussi les aspects du cycle de vie caractérisés par les fainéants, la crise de ‘mid-life’ et les années ‘dorées’.

Notizen: 25 Jahre kaldorianische Verteilungstheorie ist das Generalthema von Fasc.4, Kyklos 1981. Diese Abhandlung führt in die Rezeption des kaldorianischen Ver-teilungsmodells im deutschsprachigen Raum ein.Hauptgegenstand ist die Resonanz, die die am Kreislaufmodell orientierte Verteilungstheorie bei den lohn- und verteilungspolitischen Auseinandersetzun-gen in der Bundesrepublik gefunden hat. Die Voraussetzungen, auf denen KALDORS Ansatz beruht, stimmen recht gut mit der wirtschaftlichen Situation der Bundesrepublik und der Schweiz in den 50er und bis Mitte der 60er Jahre überein. Auf das Modell gestützt, wurde die These vertreten, dass eine ausschliesslich am Nominallohn orientierte Lohnpolitik ungeeignet ist, verteilungspolitische Ziele zu erreichen. Viele Pläne, die deshalb die Einkommensverwendung einbezogen, waren primär auf eine gleichmassigere Vermögensverteilung als ein gesellschaftspolitisches Ziel ausgerichtet.Schliesslich wird dargelegt, weshalb heute nur noch geringe Chancen für urnfassende vermögenspolitische Pläne bestehen. Die kaldorianischen Modellvoraus-setzungen sind seit den 70er Jahren nicht mehr erfüllt. In der Schweiz hat sich überdies die Vermögensbildung mit Schwerpunkt auf das institutionelle Sparen (allgemeine Altersversicherung und private Pensionskassen) verlagert, das in das kaldorianische Modell noch zu integrieren bleibt.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SUMMARY‘25 years of KALDOR'S distribution theory’ is the subject of fasc. 4, Kyklos 1981. The essay describes the model's echo in the German speaking area and especially emphasizes the influence on the discussion of wage and distribution policy in Germany. In that discussion, and referring to KALDOR'S model, it was argued that a wage policy which focuses on nominal wages is inappropriate for distribution purposes.While during the 1950's and 1960's, the conditions for KALDOR'S model were fulfilled in Germany and Switzerland, this was no longer the case during the last decade. Additionally, the formation of wealth in Switzerland has become to be centered on institutional saving, a fact that remains to be integrated into the KALDOR model.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉDepuis 25 ans la théorie de la répartition des revenus de KALDOR est discutéc: e'est le thème général du fasc. 4, Kyklos 1981. Lc présent exposé analyse les répercussions que le modèle kaldorien a entraǐnées dans le monde scientifique de langue allemande. L’ echo a été considérable; le modèle de base a été prolongé et élargi de différentes manières.L'article se concentre cependant sur L'‘influence que la théorie de la répartition des revenus basée sur le modèle D'équilibrc macroéconomique keynésien a exercé sur les discussions et débats concernant les salaires et la répartition en RFA. Les suppositions et hypothèses, sur lesquelles la théorie de KALDOR est fondéc, coïncident assez bien avec la situation économique en RFA et en Suisse dans les années 50 à 65 environ. Se référant au modèle on admettait L’‘hypothèse qu'une politique salarialc qui s'oriente uniquement au taux de salaire nominal n'était guére appropriée à atteindre des buts ayant trait à la répartition des revenus. Par la suite, beaucoup de projets, incorporant L’ aspect de la dépense imputée du produit national, aspiraient en premier lieu à une répartition plus égalitaire des biens (de la propriété) en tant que but D’ ordre soeiopolitique.Finalcment L’ exposé montre pour quelle raison aujourd'hui des projets visant à une politique de redistribution de la propriété n'ont plus guère de chance de succes. Les hypothèses de base du modèle kaldorien ne sont plus valables depuis les années soixante-dix. En outre, L’ aceumulation de la propriété en Suisse se fait de plus en plus sous forme D’ epargne institutionnelle (assurance-vieillesse générale et caisses de pension privées), cc qu'il faudrait intégrer dans le modèle kaldorien.

Notizen: KALDOR hat seine Verteilungstheorie deshalb als keynesianisch bezeichnet, weil sic die Einkommensverteilung aus Nachfragebedingungen erklärt und sich dadurch von den klassisch-marxistischen und neoklassischen Verteilungstheorien, die Theorien der Produktion und damit des Angebots sind, abgrenzt. Es mtissen jcdoch methodische Bedenken dagegen angemeldet werden, eine nachfrage-orientierte produktionsorientierten Theorien gegentiberzustellen. Verteilungstheorien sind an ein langfristiges Gleichgewicht gebunden, bei dem temporare Einkommen verschwunden sind; das impliziert jedoch, dass sich die Verwen-dungsstruktur den knappheitstheoretisch fundierten Produktionsbedingungen an-passt, die damit die Einkommensverteilung bestimmen. Eine keynesianische Verteilungstheorie kann daher nur dadurch einen genuinen Stellenwert erhalten, dass sie auf einer spezifischen Theorie der Produktion basiert. Die preistheoreti-schc Grundlage einer derartigen Produktionstheorie liefert dabei eine monetäre Zinsbestimmung und die Ableitung von Produktionspreisen, ein System, dessen formale Grundlage SRAFFA gelegt hat. Seine makroökonomische Version zeigt dabei, dass die Lohnquote durch den Zinssatz, die Arbeits- und Kapitalproduk-tivitat bestimmt wird. KALDORS Verteilungstheorie erweist sich dabei als eine kurzfristige Theorie, die Abweichungen der Profitrate vom Gleichgewichtszins-satz ausdrückt.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉summaryKALDOR indicates his distribution theory as keynesian, explaining the distribution of income demand-related, and distinguishing so his theory from the classical, marxian and neoclassical versions, who are production- and supply-related. On methodical reasons it is, however, doubtful to confront demand-related and supply-related theories. Theories of distribution are founded on a long-period equilibrium, since temporary income effects are disappearing. In such an equilibrium the structure of demand depends on the scarcities, i.e. on the conditions of production determining in this way the distribution of income. Therefore a keynesian theory of distribution has to be founded on a specific theory of production. The price theory of such a keynesian production theory is based on a monetary determination of interest and the derivation of production prices, a system, constructed by SRAFFA. His macroeconomic version demonstrates that the share of wages is determined by the interest rate and the productivity of labour and capital. KALDORS theory of distribution is therefore a short-period theory expressing deviations of the rate of profit from the interest rate.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉKALDOR qualifie sa théorie de distribution comme keynésienne parce qu'elle explique la distribution du revenu par les conditions de demande. Elle se distingue ainsi nettement des theories de distribution classiques-marxistes et néoclassiques qui sont des théories de production et d’ offre. Pour des raisons méthodiques il est pourtant délicat de confronter une théorie orientée vers la demande avec une autre orientée vers la production. Les théories de distributions sont liées à un équilibre de long terme où les revenus temporaires ont disparu. Dans un tel équilibre la structure de la demande d́epend des conditions de rareté, c'est-à-dire des conditions de production qui déterminent ainsi la distribution du revenu. Par conséquent une theorie de distribution keynésienne doit se fonder sur une théorie de production spécifique. La théorie des prix d'; une telle théorie de production keynésienne est basée sur une détermination monétaire des intérěsts et sur la dérivation des prix de production - un système formellement construit par SRAFFA. Sa version macro-économique demontre que la quote-part des salaires est déterminée par le taux d';interet et par la productivityé de travail et de capital. C'est pourquoi la théorie de distribution de KALDOR est une théorie à court terme, exprimant des déviations du taux de profit du taux d'; interet.

Notizen: The KALDOR model of economic growth and distribution has been subjected to two different strands of criticism: in 1962, PASINETTI claimed that KALDOR had slipped over the simple truism that people who save accumulate capital; subsequently, MANESCHI, GUPTA, and MÜCKL pointed out that, allowing the workers to own capital, and assuming that both workers and capitalists coexist, the KALDOR model would only be satisfied by assuming a ‘classical’ saving function. The purpose of this paper is to show that, by dropping the unnecessary assumption that the rate of interest received by the workers on their loans to the capitalists is equal to the rate of profit which the capitalists get from their investments, both criticisms are unfounded, and the KALDOR model is perfectly consistent. In a neo-Kcynesian model, there is no need to assume that in the long-run the rate of profit equals the rate of interest, as would obviously be the case in a neoclassical model. The paper also shows that the assumption made by most authors, and by KALDOR himself, that the capital-output ratio be constant is unnecessary; it is argued that any technological relationship between the capital-output ratio and the rate of profit is consistent with the KALDOR model. Finally, the paper shows that in KALDOR'S model there is no ‘dual’ of the kind found in PASINETTI-like models by MEADE, SAMUELSON and MODIGLIANI.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGKALDORS Wachstums- und Verteilungsmodell war von zwei Seiten der Kritik ausgesetzt: PASINETTI behauptete 1962, KALDOR sei über den einfachen Gemein-platz gcstolpert, dass Leute die sparen auch Kapital akkumulieren; spater zeigten MANESCHI, GUPTA und MÜCKL, indem sie den Arbeitern die Möglichkeit des Kapitalbesitzes einräumten und Arbeiter sowie Unternehmer als gleichzeitig vorhanden annahmen, dass das KALDOR-Modell nur unter Annahme einer “klassischen” Sparfunktion haltbar ist. Der Zweck dieses Aufsatzes ist aufzuzeigen, dass beide Kritiken ungerechtfertigt sind, wenn die unnötige Annahme fallengelassen wild, dass der Zinssatz, den die Arbeiter für ihre Darlehen erhalten, gleich der Profitratc der Unternehmer ist, die diese aus ihren Invcstitionen erhalten. In diesem Falle ist das KALDOR-Modell durchaus konsistent. In einem neo-keynesianischen Modell besteht keine Notwendigkeit anzunchmen, dass die Profitrate dem Zinssatz entspricht, anch nicht auf lange Frist, wie dies in einem neoklassischen Modell offensichtlich der Fall wäre. Die Arbeit zeigt auch die Überflüssigkeit der Annahme (die von den mcisten Autorcn, inklusivc KALDOR selbst, getroffen wurde), dass die “capital-out put ration konstant zu sein hat. Es wild argumentiert, dass jede tcchnologische Beziehung zwischen der “capital-output ration und der Profitrate mit dem KALDOR-Modell vereinbar ist. Der Beitrag legt schliesslich dar, dass das KALDOR-Modell kein “Dual” der Art der PASINETTI-ähnlichcn Modelle von MEADE, SAMUELSON und MODIGLIANI aufweist.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉLe modèle de KALDOR sur la croissance et la distribution économique a étć l'‘object de critiques émanant de deux sources principales: en 1962, PASINETTI déclara que le simple fait que les gens qui souscrivent à l'éparque se constituent par la un capital avait échappéà KALDOR; par la suite MANESCHI, GUPTA, et MÜCKL firent ressortir que měme si Ton procurait aux travailleurs la possibilityé de posséder un capital et en supposant que travailleurs et capitalistes continuent à coexistir, le modèle de KALDOR ne serait exact que dans le contexte d’ une fonction d’éparque dite “classique”. Le but de cet article est de montrer que ces deux écoles de critiques sont sans fondement et que le modèle de KALDOR est parfaitement logique si on écarte l'hypothèse, pas nécessaire, que le taux d’ intérět perçu par les travailleurs sur leurs prěts aux capitalistes est le měme que le taux de profit que les capitalistes obtiennent de leurs investissements. Dans un modèle néo-keynésien, il n'est pas besoin d’ assumer qu‘à long terme le taux de profit soit égal au taux d'intérět comme eut évidemment été le cas dans un modèle néo-classique. Cet article démontre aussi que le concept d’ invariabilityé du rapport capital-production cher à la plupart des auteurs, dont KALDOR, n'est pas nécessaire; car il est soutenu que toute relation technologique entre le rapport capital-production et le taux de profit est compatible avec le modèle de KALDOR. Enfin cet article veut prouver que dans le modèle de KALDOR il n'y a pas de “dualité” semblable à celle que l’ on trouve dans les modèles du genre PASINETTI, de MEADE, SAMUELSON et MODIGLIANI.

Notizen: This paper examines KALDOR'S theoretical justification for his saving function and relates KALDOR'S hypothesis to neoclassical theory. KALDOR'S reasoning is most fully developed in the famous ‘Neo-PASINETTI Theorem’. The Neo-PASINETTI model adopts very stringent assumptions but these assumptions can be relaxed leaving the basic Kaldorian saving hypothesis intact: In a corporate economy where households and firms are independent decision makers and where the wealth of households takes the form of ownership rights in firms and other financial assets, the share of saving in output will depend on the share of retained profits in output. BLISS has criticized KALDOR'S saving hypothesis from a ncoclassical/Walrasian perspective. According to Buss the retention of profits by firms will - at least in the long run - be fully offset by reduced household saving out of distributed incomes. As a statement about equilibrium configurations in a Walrasian intertemporal model this is correct. It is not however a criticism of KALDOR'S saving hypothesis; if anything it is a criticism of KALDOR'S investment theory. The real issue separating BLISS (Walrasian theory) from KALDOR (Keynesian theory) concerns the determinants of company behaviour - in a Walrasian world firms possess perfect knowledge and maximise present values whereas Kaldorian firms operate under uncertainty in imperfect markets.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDieser Artikel untersucht KALDORS theoretische Rechtfertigung seiner Theorie des Sparens und verbindet seine Hypothesen mit der neoklassischen Theorie. Am weitesten ist KALDORS Beweisfuhrung in seinem beruhmten “Neo-PASINETTI Theorem” entwickelt. Das NCO-PASINETTI Modell macht sich sehr stringente Voraussetzungen zu eigen, die aber gelockert werden können und dabei KALDORS grundsätzliche Hypothese des Sparens intakt lassen: In einer von grossen Kapital-gesellschaften geprägten Wirtschaft (“corporate economy”), in der Haushaltc und Betriebe unabhängig voneinander Entscheidungen treffen, und in der das Vermögen der Haushalte die Form von Eigentumsrechten an Betrieben und sonstigen Finanzguthaben annimmt, wird der Anteil der Ersparnisse vom Ertrag abhängig sein vom Anteil der einbehaltenen Gewinne aus dem Ertrag. BLISS hat KALDORS Hypothese des Sparens von einer neoklassisch-WALRAs'schen Per-spektive aus kritisiert. Nach BLISS wird die Einbehaltung des Profits durch die Betriebe - wenigstens auf lange Sicht - voll durch die reduzierten Haushaltsersparnisse aus dem verteilten Einkommen ausgeglichen. Als Feststellung fiber Gleichgewichts-Konfigurationen in einem WALRAS'schen intertemporalen Modell ist dies korrekt. Dennoch ist dies keine Kritik an KALDORS Theorie des Sparens; wenn überhaupt, so ist es eine Kritik an KALDORS Theorie der Investition. Die wirkliche Frage, die BLISS (WALRAs'sche Theorie) von KALDOR (Keynes'sche Theorie) trennt, betrifft die Determinanten des Firmenverhaltens - in einer WALRAS'schen Welt besitzen die Betriebe vollkommenes Wissen und maximieren gegenwärtige Werte, wohingegen die Betriebe bei KALDOR unter Unsicherheit in unvollkommenen Markten operieren.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCet essai examine la justification théorique de KALDOR en vue de sa fonction d’ epargne et associe l'hypothese Kaldorienne a la theorie neoclassique. Le rai-sonnement de KALDOR est plus amplement développé dans le fameux “Théorème Néo-PASINETTI”. Le modèle NéO-PASINETTIétablit des suppositions très restreintes mais ces suppositions peuvent ětre généralisées tout en laissant l’‘hypothese Kaldorienne de la fonction d'epargne intacte: Dans une économie de sociétes (corporate economy?) où les individus et les compagnies font des décisions de manière indépendante et où les richesses individuelles sont sous forme de droits de propriété et autres valeurs financeères, la part d'épargne sur les revenus dépendra de la part des profits sur les revenus. BLISS a critiqueé l'hypothese d'épargne de KALDOR dans une perspective néoclassique/Walrasienne. Selon BLISS la retention des profits d’ une firme sera - du moins à long terme - pleinement compensée par la diminution de l’épargne sur les revenus distribués des individus. En tant qu'exposé des configurations de l’équilibre dans un modèle Walrasien intertemporal ceci est correct. Néanmoins ce n'est pas une critique de la théorie Kaldorienne de l'épargne; c'est, tout au plus, une critique de la théorie Kaldorienne des investissements. Le vrai problème que sépare BLISS (theorie Walrasienne) et KALDOR (théorie Keynesienne) réside dans les causes déterminantes du comportement des compagnies: dans un monde Walrasien les firmes ont une connaissance parfaite et maximisent les valeurs présentées alors que dans un monde Kaldorien les firmes agissent dans l’ incertitude et dans des marchés imparfaits.

Notizen: Le but de cet article est d'étudier les conséquences de l'introduction de l’ hypothese des cycles vitaux dans un modèle de croissance avec deux classes d’épargnants (percepteurs de profits et percepteurs de salaires). Notre analyse montre que dans un tel contexte la détermination du taux d’ intérět d’équilibre (et par conséquent la distribution du revenu) est plus flexible que dans un modèle avec propensions àépargner constantes; toutefois les résultats obtenus tendent à confirmer la validité de l’ analyse des auteurs néokeynesiens KALDOR et PASINETTI. En effet le taux d’ intérět d’équilibre dans notre cas est (a) supérieur au taux de croissance de la population, (b) déterminé uniquement par le comportement des percepteurs de profits, et (c) indépendant de la fonction de production. Quant aux propriétés à long terme du modèle, nous montrons que l’ incertitude relative au taux d’ interet peut ětre un élément stabilisateur pour la croissance équilibrée du modèle.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SUMMARYThis paper explores the consequences of the introduction of the life-cycle hypothesis into an economic growth model with two classes of savers (profits earners and wage earners). Our analysis shows that the determination of the equilibrium interest rate is more flexible than in the corresponding model with constant propensities to save; the results obtained are however basically similar to those obtained in the traditional KALDOR/PASINETTI model. As a matter of fact, the rate of interest turns out to be (a) higher than the natural rate of growth, (b) determined by the behavioural parameters of the profits earners only, and (c) independent of the form of the production function. Looking at the long term properties of the model we show that interest uncertainty may have a stabilizing effect on the equilibrium growth rate of the model.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn diesem Aufsatz wird untersucht, wie sich die Berücksichtigung der Lebenszyklus-Hypothese in einem Zwei-Klassen-Wachstumsmodell auswirkt (die beiden Klassen sindjene der Lohn- und Profitbezieher). Unsere Analyse zeigt, dass unter diesen Umständen die Bestimmung der Gleichgewichtsrate des Zinssatzes viel flexibler und umfassender ist, als in einem Wachstumsmodell mit konstanten Sparneigungen. Spezifisch ergibt sich, dass (a) der Zinssatz die natürliche Wachstums-rate übersteigt, dass (b) der Zinssatz nur durch die Verhaltensparameter der Profitbezieher bestimmt ist und dass (c) dieser unabhängig von der Form der Produk-tionsfunktion ist. Die Untersuchung der langfristigen Eigenschaften unseres Modells zeigt, dass Unsicherheit in bezug auf den Zinssatz eincn stabilisierenden Effekt auf die Gleichgewichtswachstumsrate des Modells haben kann.

Notizen: The purpose of this paper is to use KALDOR'S alternative theories of distribution to derive a trade-off curve between unemployment and inflation. In the absence of capital accumulation, it is shown that this trade-off curve depends on the monopoly power of firms, the strength of the labor union and the price expectation of the workers. An interesting result is that there is a range of employment levels associated with price stability and for all other employment levels, inflation occurs. The effect of capital accumulation on the trade-off curve is also investigated. In particular, it is shown that capital accumulation is a vehicle to achieve high employment and price stability if accompanied by appropriate demand-manipulating government policy.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Zweck dieses Artikels ist es, anhand der Yerteilungstheorien von KAEDOR cine Transformationskurve zwischen Bcschäftigung mid Inflation abzuleiten. Bci Abwesenheit von Kapitalbildung ist diese Transformationskurve von der Mono-polmacht der Untcrnehmungen. der Stärke der Gewcrkschaften und den Prcis-ervvartungen der Arbeiter abhängig. Eine interessante Schlussfolgcrung ist, dass cin bestimmter Bereich der Beschäftigungsratc mil Preisstabilität vcrbunden ist, und alle andcren Beschäftigungsebenen inflationär sind. Anch die Wirkung der Kapitalbildung auf die Transformationskurve vvird untersucht. Insbesondcre zeigt sich, dass Kapitalbildung, begleitet von einer geeignctcn, staatlichen Politik der Nachfrage-Manipulation, Vollbeschäftigung zur Folge haben kann.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RËSUMÉD'après les théories alternatives dc repartition de KALDOR, cette étude vise a tirer une courbe d’ alternance entre le chǒmage et l'‘inflation. En absence de l'accumulation de capital, il indique que la courbe d'‘alternance est une fonc-tion du pouvoir de monopole des firms, dc la puissance du syndicat et de la prévision de prix des ouvriers. II est intéressant qu'un rayon spécifique des niveaux d'emploi se lie avec la stabilityé de prix, et pour tons les autres niveaux d'emploi, l'inflation se produit. L'‘effet de l'‘accumulation de capital sur la courbe d’ alternance est aussi examiné en détail. En particulier, il indique que l’ accumulation de capital est un véhicule menant à un haut niveau d’ emploi et a une stabilityé de prix, au cas qu'elle soit accompagnée par une politique gouvernementale de revendication-manceuvrant appropriée.

Notizen: Economic theory is often criticized for the lack of ‘realism’ of its assumptions. Milton Friedman rebutted such criticism with the famous dictum ‘the more significant the theory, the more unrealistic the assumptions’. Friedman's position, often called the ‘F-twist’, stems from his failure to distinguish three different types of assumption. Negligibility assumptions state that some factor has a negligible effect upon the phenomenon under investigation. Domain assumptions specify the domain of applicability of the theory. Heuristic assumptions are a means of simplifying the logical development of the theory. It is argued that Friedman's dictum is false of all three types of assumption. Finally, it is conjectured that what began as a negligibility assumption may be changed under the impact of criticism first into a domain assumption, then into a mere heuristic assumption; and that these important changes will go unnoticed if the different types of assumption are not clearly distinguished from one another.

Notizen: BERGMANN, BARBARA; ELIASSON, GUNNAR and ORCUTT, GUY (Eds.): Micro Simulation - Models, Methods and Applications. Proceedings of a Symposium on Micro Simulation Methods in Stockholm, September 19-22, 1977. Stockholm 1980. Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research. 409 pp. Skr. 150.-BLANKART, CHARLES BEAT: Ökonomie cier öffenilichen Unternehmen. Eine institutioncllc Analyse dcr Staatswirtschaft. WiSo-Kurzlehrbiicher: Rcihc Volkswirtschaft, München 1980. Vahlcn. 205 S. SFr. 29.80BRAEUER, WALTER: Urahnen der Ökonomie. Von dcr Volkswirtschaftslehre dcs Altertums und des Mittelalters. München 1981. Ölschlager Verlag. 216 S. DM 39.-, SFr. 44.-, öS 320.- (P/b)BRAHMANANDA, P. R.: Growthless Inflation by Means of Stockless Money. A New Classical Treatise on Rising Prices. Bombay 1980. Himalaya Publishing House. 471 pp. Rs. 95.-BURKOLTER-TRACHSEL, VERENA: Zur Theorie sozialer Macht. (Res publica helvetica, 14.) Bern/Stuttgart 1981. Paul Haupt. 258 S. Fr. 34.-, DM 38.50DEUTSCH, KARL W. und FRITSCH, BRUNO: Zur Theorie der Verein-fachung: Reduktion von Komplexitat in der Datenverarbeitung für Weltmodelle. (Sozialwissenschaft und Praxis, Buchreihe des Wissenschafts-zentrum Berlin, Band 8.) Königstein 1980. Athenäum. 72 S. DM 19.80FOSTER, CD.; JAGKMAN, R. and PERLMAN, M.: Local Government Finance in a Unitary State. London 1980. George Allen & Unwin. 643 pp. £27.50GRAVELLE, HUGH and REES, RAY: Microeconomics. (Modern economics.) London/New York 1981. Longman. 620 pp. £9.95HIRSCHHAUSER, KARL-FRIEDRICH : Konjunktur analyse mit Hilfe von System Dynamics-Simulationsmodellen. Gottingen 1981. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 284 S. DM 68.- (kart.)INTERFUTURES : Facing the Future, Mastering the probable and managing the unpredictable. OECD. Paris 1979. 425 S.JHA, PREM SHANKAR: India: A Political Economy of Stagnation. Bombay 1980. Oxford University Press. 311 pp. £6.75KARRENBERG, M.; FRITSCHE, B.; KITTERER, W. u.a. (Hrsg.): Die Umverteilungswirkungen der Staatstätigkeit bei den wichtigsten Haushaltstypen. (Schriftcnreihe des Rheinisch-Westfälischen Instituts fur Wirt-schaftsforschung, N.F., Heft 43.) Berlin/München 1980. Duncker & Humblot. 215 S. DM 76.-KELLER, WOUTER J.: Tax Incidence. A General Equilibrium Approach. (Contributions to Economic Analysis, 134.) Amsterdam/ New York/Oxford 1980. North-Holland Publishing Company. 348 pp. $53.75, Dfl. 110.-KRAUS, WILLY: Wirtschaftsentwicklung undsorjaler Wandel in der Volks-republik China. Bcrlin/Hcidclbcrg/Ncw York 1979. Springer. 738 S. DM 148.-KUIPERS, S.K. and LANJOUW, G.J. (Eds.): Prospects of Economic Growth. Amsterdam/New York/Oxford 1980. North-Holland. 287 pp. 5546.25, Dfl. 95.00LANGHAMMER, ROLF J. und STECHER, BERND: Der Nord-Sud-Konflikt. Die Spiclrcgcln dcr Wcltwirtschaft im Brennpunkt. Wiirzburg/Wien 1980. Physika-Verlag. 156 S. DM 17.80VON LOEFFELHOLZ, HANS DIETRICH : Die personale Inzidenz des Sozialhaushalts. Eine theoretische und empirische Studie. Gottingen 1979 Ynndrnhoerk & Rimnrecht. 373 S.VAN MEERHAEGHE, M.A.G.: A Handbook of International Economic Institutions. The Hague Boston London 1980. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 441 pp. Dfl. 145.-MEIER, GERALD M.: International Economics. The Theory of Policy. (Oxford Student Edition.) New York/Oxford 1980. Oxford University Press. 371 pp. £6.95 (paper, also available in hardback)NELL, EDWARD J.: Growth, Profits, and Property. Essays in the Revival of Political Economy. Cambridge 1980. Cambridge University Press. 304 pp. £19.50OSERS, JAN : Sozinalistischr Wirtschaftsmodelle Frankfurt. York 1980. Campus. 205 S.PASINETTI, LUIGI L. (Ed.): Essays on the Theory of Joint Production. London/Basingstoke 1980. Macmillan. 243 pp. £20.00ROBINSON, JOAN: Aspects of Development and Underdevelopment. New Delhi 1980. Vikas. 146 pp. Rs. 75.00SEIDEL, HANS und KRAMER, HELMUT (Hrsg.): Die österreichische Wirtschqft in den achtziger Jahren. Überlegungen zu den Entwicklungstendenzen. (Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.) Stuttgart 1980. Gustav Fischer. 252 S. DM 45.- (kart.)Diesc Leserschar mi In- unci Ausland sci dcm Unci) inständig gewünscht.SHINZAWA, YUICHI : The Generalized Reproduction Scheme. A Theoretical Analysis. Tokyo 1980. Waseda University Press. 300 pp. $25.00TAYLOR, LANCE: Macro Models for Developing Countries. New York 1979. MacGraw-Hill: Economics Handbook Series. XII+271 pp.TOLLISON, ROGER D. (Ed.): The Political Economy of Antitrust. Principal Paper by WILLIAM BAXTER. Lexington, Mass. 1980. D. C. Heath. IX, 160 pp. £11.00, $25.50TURBAN, MANFRED : Alarxsche Reproduktionsschemata und Wirtschafts-theorie. Die Diskussion ihres analytischen Gehalts in verschiecienen wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Forschungstraditionen. (Osteuropa-Institut an der Freien Universität Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaft-liche Veröffentlichungen, Band 40.) Berlin 1980. Duncker & Hum-blot. 554 S. DM 112.30VERNON, RAYMOND and AHARONI, YAIR (Eds.): State-Owned Enterprise in the Western Economies. London 1981. Croom Helm. 203 pp. £11.95WUST, HERBERT F.: Föderalismus. Grundlage für Effizienz in der Staatswirtschaft. (Abhandlungen zu den Wirtschaftlichen Staats-wisscnschaftcn, Bd.20.) Göttingen 1981. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. XX, 281 S. DM 76.- (kart.)

Notizen: The paper contains incentive mechanisms for the control of natural monopoly. They are based on the observation that government lacks information on industry costs and market demands which the managers of natural monopoly firms hold. Thus, all mechanisms only make use of publicly accessable information. They are all adjustment processes derived from the common principle to share the benefits of quantity weighted price reductions between the firm and the public. Differences between the mechanisms relate to their welfare objective and the institutional environment. Our findings show that the institutional environment does matter both as regards distributional consequences and the possibilities to reach efficient solutions.

Notizen: This paper examines the contribution of monetary policy to the development of inflation and real growth in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1973. The investigation is based on a macro-model for the shorter run, taking into account rational expectations of permanent impulses. Reduced form estimates for the period 1973-1980, based on semi-annual data, permit to explain about 80 percent of the variances of the inflation rate and of output growth. The estimates are used to demonstrate (i) that the severe recession of 1974/75 was initiated by unanticipated contractionary impulses from monetary policy and from relative import prices, (ii) that monetary policy did not reduce the variance of output growth, resulting from unanticipated impulses of relative import prices and real export demand, (iii) that monetary policy supported inflation by providing too large permanent impulses.

Notizen: A new microeconomic approach to the otherwise intractable problems of stagflation is developed. If social security contributions were proportional to hours worked, and if unemployment insurance were primarily supplied by firms, these will have an incentive to reduce hours rather than number of employees during recession, when long spells of unemployment are to be expected, with consequent high insurance costs to the firm. Such work-sharing would encourage wage and price restraint as all workers gain from returning to normal hours when the utility of extra leisure begins to decline. Reduction of the work force would take place when new jobs can be found quickly and social costs are minimized.

Notizen: This article points out that the egalitarian ideals adopted by many Less Developed Countries (LDC's) often lead to an inefficient allocation of resources because productive and unproductive agents are given equal access to public facilities. Productive agents then find it worthwhile to bribe their way into obtaining differential access to such public facilities —e.g., the telephone system. As long as bureaucrats look upon such bribes as windfall gains, the efficiency of the economic system can be improved. In practice, however, LDC bureaucracies often come to look upon such incomes as a systematic part of their remuneration and this leads them to pursue bribes rather than carry out their appointed duties; as a result, the system as a whole becomes increasingly inefficient.

Notizen: Economics tries to explain unique chains of historical events. Economic doctrines, however, are mostly pieces of logics with few references to testable propositions. However, to criticize this lack of ‘testable hypotheses’ is a misapplication of Popper's ideas. History being unique, empirical propositions in economics have to be tailored to individual cases. Economic doctrines, like a chess handbook, are a collection of prefabricated elements promising to be helpful in this task. Economic science is a process of continuous discovery and thus, like all scientific discovery, to large extent an art.

Notizen: Some analysts have argued that the burden of public debt is passed on to the future because public debt competes for funds in private capital markets, which lowers capital accumulation. Others argue that using debt finance rather than taxation will have no real effects because an increase in debt will be offset by an equal increase in savings, in anticipation of the higher future taxes that will be needed to service the debt. An empirical test finds that savings changes are only about 20 percent of debt changes, ceteris paribus, implying that most of the burden of the debt is passed on to the future through reduced capital accumulation.

Notizen: In the first portion of this paper, marginal-balance theorems are introduced for linear Keynesian models. The Haavelmo balanced-budget multiplier is the best-known example of such theorems. We also introduce the concept of ‘impact differential’ between the initial expenditure-taxation (or investment-saving, or export-import) increments required for the marginal balance to hold. (In the balanced-budget multiplier case with dY = dG = dT in the usual symbols, the impact differential is |MdY/|MdG0—dY/|MdT0, where G0, G0, T0 are constants.) In the second part of the paper, the American tax revolt of the 1970s is introduced in its macro-economic aspect, i.e. as assuming inter-relations between G and T in both directions. (The expansive effects of higher public expenditures are reduced by consequent or anticipated increases in taxation; the contractive effects of higher taxes are reduced by consequent or anticipated increases in expenditures.) In both these cases the balanced-budget multiplier theorem continues to hold, but its impact differential may move in either direction. It will fall (as one might expect) if the dominant relationship (G, T) is from dG to dT, but it will rise if the dominant relationship is in the opposite direction.

Notizen: The criticism that the Mundellian policy-mix approach results merely in the financing of external imbalances without effecting their adjustment is reexamined within the context of an aggregative stock adjustment model and found to be suspect. The analysis emphasizes the strategic importance of the desired stock of financial wealth and its susceptibility to monetary and credit policies. In an open economy the aggregate stock of financial wealth can be altered only through the balance of non-financial transactions with the rest of the world. To the extent that, e.g., credit tightening precipitates an increase in the desired stock of financial wealth, domestic transactors will on balance seek to increase their receipts from/sales to overseas relative to their payments to/purchases from overseas. Thus the consistent pursuit of monetary policy for external balance will induce real adjustments that do contribute to the adjustment of the current account imbalance.

Notizen: The paper argues that shortcomings with respect to regional allocation are often due to misconstructions of fiscal adjustment and therefore must not be looked upon as market failures. The main argument is based on Buchanan's principle of fiscal equity as a guide to fiscal adjustment, which usually is not applied in existing fiscal systems. It is argued, that the common interpretation of Buchanan's principle in terms of benefits is misleading. Thus an interpretation in terms of costs is presented the essence of which is to provide a ‘right to generate public costs’ which is equal for ‘equals’ in any of a state's regions. Finally it is shown that on certain conditions a system of fiscal decentralization will generate exactly those results to be desired with respect to efficient regional adjustment. It is concluded therefore, that there is no general trade off concerning regional efficiency and fiscal federalism respectively; rather the opposite seems to be the case.

Notizen: The authors investigate the question whether there exist ‘convergence’ or ‘divergence’ tendencies with regard to sectoral input output-structures. They apply the model of two-factor analysis of variance with one factor referring to the influence of economic systems the other to intertemporal changes; the interaction between these factors is interpreted as the dynamic system effect. The data base are input output-tables from thirteen Western and five Eastern countries for years around 1959 and 1965. Significant influences of the economic system can be found only in very few sectors. As to the dynamic system effect many sectors show converging and diverging patterns. An interesting fact is that system-specific influences are obviously far more significant in output structures, where the relations can be influenced more easily by administrative procedures than in the input structures which are mainly determined technologically.

Notizen: Die Arbeit will die weltweite Produktionsverlagerung konzeptionell erfassen und theoretisch erklären. Der traditionelle Erklärungsrahmen in Form der neoklassischen Theorie der Unternehmung beziehungsweise des internationalen Handels erweist sich dabei als wenig geeignet, um die transnationalen Produktionsaktivitäten der modernen Industrie zu deuten. Die Mängel liegen in den Axiomen der Freihandelsdoktrin wie auch der repräsentativen Firma. Die zentralen Elemente der konzeptionellen Synthese sind (1) eine neo-LISTSCHE dynamische Interpretation der Standortvorteile, (2) eine darauf abgestützte Industrialisierungsund Entwicklungsvorstellung für die gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Aufholländer, sowie (3) einem mit (1) und (2) kompatiblen theorctischen Ansatz der strukturellen Transformation der alten Industrieländer. Dieser Strukturwandel wird im Gegensatz zur Drei-Sektoren-Hypothese oder Wettbewerbsfähigkeitsanalysen ganzer Branchen auf die offensiven und defensiven Strategien von Unternehmungen zurückgeführt. Die Multis bilden dabei ein wichtiges Verbindungsglied zwischen exportorientierter Entwicklung und struktureller Anpassung. Ihre Überlegenheit infolge ihrer organisatorischen Infernalisierung der entscheidenden Transaktionen und ihre markt- oder kostendeterminierte Internationalisierung des gesamten Produktionsprozesses ist zugleich ein Indiz dafür, dass weder eine weltmarktorientierte Industrialisierungsstrategie der Entwicklungsländer noch eine spiegelbildliche De-Industrialisierung der Industrieländer durch das freie Spiel der Marktkräfte allein zu bewältigen ist.

Notizen: This paper employs several methods to estimate the trade creation and diversion effects of EC enlargement. Treating the original EEC and EFTA each as one country it compares total and external imports and the ratios of these imports to consumption between 1970/71 and 1977/78. The comparable figures for U. S., Canada and Japan are used as a ‘normalizer’. Based on several approaches, 1978 trade creation is estimated at $28 billion and diversion at $5 billion, with an implied substitution elasticity between European and non-European sources of 3.2. The results are consistent with independent estimates constructed for the period 1959/60 to 1977/78; namely, the two stages of integration combined.

Notizen: After briefly examining recent export trends of less developed countries, this paper discusses measures which can be adopted by advanced countries to facilitate Third World manufactured exports. While the provision of tariff preferences are shown to be unwarranted, there is a strong argument for furthering (trade- induced) structural adjustments. Evidence is provided that imports from less developed countries do not significantly displace workers and that an enhancement of manufactured trade with Third World countries would indeed yield the developed countries with sizeable gains.

Notizen: In diesem Aufsatz werden Laborexperimente und Feldversuche in der ökonomie mit der Vorstellung von der Geschichte als einer Art Laboratorium von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Verbindung gebracht. Diese Verknüpfung ist keineswegs willkürlich. Die Wirtschaftsgeschichte bringt nämlich von Zeit zu Zeit Situationen hervor, die durch die mehr oder weniger isolierte Variation einer Grösse Zusammenhänge wie von selbst transparent machen und damit Experimenten recht ähnlich sehen. Ist auch die Kontrolle der ≪Versuchsbedingungen≫ in wirtschaftshistorischen Quasiexperimenten weniger gut möglich als in der experimentellen Wirtschaftsforschung, so hält demgegenüber die Wirtschafts geschichte die realitätsnäheren Aufschlüsse bereit. Die betrachteten methodischen Ansätze werden jeweils durch empirische Fallstudien illustriert – etwa zum Thema ≪Kollektivgut und Trittbrettfahrerverhalten≫.

Notizen: Economists as advisers are often unsuccessful when proposing more Pareto efficient policies. The reason lies mostly in the fact that they disregard the distributive impacts of their proposals. Starting from the model of a rent-seeking society, it is shown what field an economic adviser should concentrate on, in order to increase the effectiveness of his advice. This approach is then found to be relevant for the deregulation issue.