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  • Weitere Quellen  (58)
  • Springer  (27)
  • Wiley  (23)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1990-1994  (49)
  • 1980-1984  (9)
  • 1992  (49)
  • 1981  (9)
  • 1
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    Applied Regression Analysis (1981)
    Wiley
    In:  New York, 2nd Edition, 709 pp., Wiley, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 2-203, (ISBN: 3-7643-7143-9)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1981
    Schlagwort(e): Correlation ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; fit ; Textbook of mathematics
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    BIBLIOGRAFIE SEISMOLOGIE
  • 2
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    Seismic Waves and Sources (1981)
    Springer
    In:  New York, 1108 pp., Springer, vol. 96, pp. 225, (ISBN 0-471-95596-5)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1981
    Schlagwort(e): FROTH ; RUB ; GMG ; 3.15.80 ; Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Waves ; Wavelet processing ; SModelling ; Dislocation ; Elasticity theory of dislocations ; Source
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    BIBLIOGRAFIE SEISMOLOGIE
  • 3
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    Bruchmechanik 1 (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 4, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN: 1589480406)
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    Publikationsdatum: 1992
    Schlagwort(e): Fracture ; Handbook of geophysics ; Handbook of physics
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    BIBLIOGRAFIE SEISMOLOGIE
  • 4
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    Temperatures at the base of the seismogenic crust beneath Long Valley caldera, California, and the Phlegrean Fields caldera, Italy (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, IAVCEI Proceedings in Volcanology, Berlin, Springer, vol. 3, no. XVI:, pp. 432-461, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
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    Publikationsdatum: 1992
    Schlagwort(e): Geothermics ; Seismicity ; Volcanology
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    BIBLIOGRAFIE SEISMOLOGIE
  • 5
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    Trophic relations of the cephalopod Martialia hyadesi (Teuthoidea: Ommastrephidae) at the Antarctic Polar Front, Scotia Sea (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 114 (3). pp. 415-421.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-14
    Beschreibung: Samples of the squid Martialia hyadesi were collected aboard two Japanese squid-jigging vessels carrying out commercial fishing trials at the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, north Scotia Sea, in February 1989. The dissected stomachs of 61 specimens were classified according to fullness and the contents were examined visually. Identifiable food items included fish sagittal otoliths, crustacean eyes, the lappets on euphausiid first antennule segments and cephalopod sucker rings. The most frequent items in the squid's diet were the myctophid fishes Krefftichthys anderssoni and Electrona carlsbergi, the euphausiid Euphausia superba and a hyperiid amphipod, probably Themisto gaudichaudi. A small proportion of the sample had been feeding cannibalistically. Total lengths of the fish prey were estimated from sagittal otolith size using published relationships. All fish were relatively small; 7 to 35% of squid mantle-length. However, it is possible that some heads of larger fish are discarded by the squid and so are not represented by otoliths in the stomach contents. Over the size range of squid in the sample there was no relationship between size of fish prey and size of squid. Similarly, when the squid sample was divided into groups according to prey categories: crustaceans, crustaceans+fish, fish, cephalopod, there was no evidence that dietary preference was related to squid size. The prevalence of copepod-feeding myctophids in the diet of this squid, which is itself a major prey item of some higher predators in the Scotia Sea, suggests that a previously unrecognised food chain: copepod-myctophid-M. hyadesi-higher predator, may be an important component of the Antarctic oceanic ecosystem.
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  • 6
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    The diet of the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans at Subantarctic Marion Island (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 12 (5).
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-10
    Beschreibung: The diet of the Wandering Albatross at Subantarctic Marion Island was studied by inducing recently fed chicks to regurgitate and by stomach flushing adults about to feed chicks. Liquid comprised 70.2% of stomach content mass recovered from chicks. Solid material comprised cephalopods (58.6% by mass), fish (36.5%) and crustacean, cetacean and seabird material as minor items. Twenty-three taxa of cephalopods were identified, the onychcteuthid squid Kondakovia longimana being the most important. Estimated average mass of squid was 694 g with a maximum of over 8 kg. Diet of the Wandering Albatross at Marion Island was broadly similar to that at other studied localities. The high proportion of cephalopods known to float after death in the diet, and the deep-water habits of the few fish identified, suggest that scavenging plays an important role in foraging behaviour.
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  • 7
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    Continuous spawning in the cirrate octopods Opisthoteuthis agassizii and O. vossi: features of sexual maturation defining a reproductive strategy in cephalopods (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 114 (2). pp. 265-275.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-14
    Beschreibung: The reproductive strategy of the cirrate octopods Opisthoteuthis agassizii and O. vossi (collected off Namibia from 1988 to 1990) was analyzed. Ovarian oocyte size frequency analysis for both species revealed continuous egg production over the entire adult life span. Mature eggs were stored in the single oviducal gland and distal oviduct, but oviducal gland fullness was not related to body size (p〉0.2). All O. agassizii male specimens from 95 to 5400 g total weight were sexually mature, as were all females from 190 to 1650 g, indicating that considerable growth takes place after the onset of sexual maturity. “Continuous spawning” is defined as a single, extended and continuous period of egg maturation and spawning. This model of reproductive strategy is previously unreported in cephalopods. All O. vossi male specimens from 750 to 3050 g total weight, and females from 800 to 1300 g, were sexually mature. Mature males and females of both species were collected in all seasons of the year. The adaptation of cirrate octopods to non-scasonal deep-sea environments is considered. The sexual maturity characteristics of males were analyzed, and examination of the spermatophore revealed opercular structures previously unreported in cephalopods. For females, the micropyle of the eggs are described and the mineral analysis of the egg shell disclosed that sulphur was the major element present.
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  • 8
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    Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The hexos results (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 60 (1-2). pp. 109-142.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-09
    Beschreibung: Turbulent fluxes have been measured in the atmospheric surface layer from a boom extending upwind from the Dutch offshore research platform Meetpost Noordwijk (MPN) during HEXMAX (Humidity Exchange over the Sea Main Experiment) in October–November, 1986. We started out to study eddy flux of water vapour, but discrepancies among simultaneous measurements made with three different anemometers led us to develop methods to correct eddy correlation measurements of wind stress for flow distortion by nearby objects. We then found excellent agreement among the corrected wind stress data sets from the three anemometers on the MPN boom and with eddy correlation measurements from a mast on a tripod. Inertial-dissipation techniques gave reliable estimates of wind stress from turbulence spectra, both at MPN and at a nearby ship. The data cover a range of wave ages and the results yield new insights into the variation of sea surface wind stress with sea state; two alternative formulas are given for the nondimensional surface roughness as a function of wave age.
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  • 9
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    Culture studies on the life history of Chordaria Linearis (Phaeophyceae) from Tierra del Fuego, South America (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Phycology, 28 (5). pp. 678-683.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-09
    Beschreibung: Studies of laboratory cultures of Chordaria linearis (Hooker et Harvey) Cotton from southernmost South America revealed that this species has an obligate sexual life history in which a macroscopic sporophyte alternates with a monoecious microscopic gametophyte. Sexual reproduction is isogamous and under photoperiodic control. Gametes are produced only in short days, whereas in long days, asexual zoospores are formed that recycle the gametophyte generation. Unfused gametes develop into gametophytes, and sporophytes originate only from zygotes. Unlike other sexual members of the Chordariales, gametes of C. linearis have a reduced stigma and do not show phototaxis. They are released at the beginning of the night, not in the morning. In nature, C. linearis seems to be regularly infected by a dictyosiphonalean epiphyte resembling the rare arctic species Trachynema groenlandicum (Lund) Pedersen. The epiphyte is responsible for previous contradictory results obtained in laboratory cultures of C. linearis. This is the first record of Trachynema in the southern hemisphere.
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  • 10
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    Protection of human skin against jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) stings (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 113 (4). pp. 669-678.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-20
    Beschreibung: In tropical and subtropical regions of the world, jellyfish stings cause fatalities by means of venom injecting nematocysts. For nematocyst discharge an adequate combination of chemical and mechanical stimulation is required. In order to test whether skin care products can protect against nematocyst discharge, we tested two sunscreens and one lotion applied to pieces of live human skin and exposed them to Cyanea capillata tentacles. (Test specimens were collected in 1990 along the shore of Rømø, Denmark and in the Flensburger Förde.) The fine structure analysis of the cnidom of C. capillata showed a high grade of variation in shape and size. The basic distinctive characteristic for stomocnides and astomocnides, the terminal opening at the tubule tip, could not be found. The identification of spines at the basal tubule of atrichous isorhizas suggested that these should be characterized as basitrichous isorhizas. An association between nematocyst morphology and a special function such as penetration or entanglement was not observed. All nematocyst types penetrated unprotected skin. Parafilm (an inert material) and unprotected skin substrates served as controls. The discharged nematocysts on the skin and Parafilm surfaces were counted using scanning electron microscopy. The percentage of discharged nematocysts on test substance protected skin surfaces ranged from only 7.7 to 38.2%, compared to 100% on the unprotected control skin. In addition to this marked reduction in nematocyst discharge, the relatively few discharged nematocysts on protected skin showed malfunctions, and the injection of venom would have failed because the tubules of the nematocysts did not penetrate the skin. The results indicate a general possibility that human skin may be protected against nematocyst discharge of jellyfish with the application of sunscreen or lotion.
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  • 11
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    Dyar's rule and multivariate allometric growth in nine species of waterstriders (Heteroptera: Gerridae) (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 227 (3). pp. 453-464.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-16
    Beschreibung: The constancy of postmoult/premoult ratios of measures of linear size during ontogeny in insect and other arthropods is widely known as Dyar's rule. We tested this rule in nine species of the waterstrider genera Gerris and Aquarius (Heteroptera: Gerridae), using two size variables: head width and a multivariate measure derived from the pattern of multivariate allometry common to the species considered. Allometric patterns were similar in two independent datasets of laboratory-reared and field-caught specimens. Although our data strictly followed Dyar's rule injust a few instances, all growth ratios varied within a limited range only. Growth ratios for head width differed more between moults than those for multivariate size. The relationship between growth ratios for the two size measures conformed to the predictions based on allometry. We discuss hypotheses of the possible adaptive significance of growth ratios, such as their relation to mobility and systematic differences between hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects, and emphasize the importance of allometry. Since Dyar's rule is consistent with available evidence of physiological mechanisms underlying growth and moulting control of insects and crustaceans, it can be used as a general frame of reference to test alternative growth models.
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  • 12
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    The cause of the Late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere glaciations: a climate change enigma (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Terra Nova, 4 (3). pp. 305-311.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-02-06
    Beschreibung: The ultimate cause of the onset of glaciations remains elusive, but in the case of northem hemisphere glaciation it is probable that several factors acted in combination. General global cooling resulted from reduction of atmospheric C02 by weathering of silicate rocks exposed by erosion of late Cenozoic uplifts. Uplifts in south Asia, southwestern North America and Scandinavia occurred at distances appropriate for the generation of quasi-permanent Rossby waves in the atmosphere. The resulting winds, given suitable moisture sources, were favourable for causing large-scale precipitation at mid-latitudes on the northern continents. Moisture sources were provided by the closure of the Central American isthmus. Gulf Stream flow increased, carrying warm subtropical waters to high latitudes. The Denmark Strait deepened permitting greater outflow of deep water from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. The relative importance of each of these factors should be investigated by additional atmospheric and ocean climate model sensitivity studies.
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  • 13
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    Trophic relations of the cephalopod Martialia hyadesi (Teuthoidea: Ommastrephidae) at the Antarctic Polar Front, Scotia Sea (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 114 (3). pp. 415-421.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-16
    Beschreibung: Samples of the squid Martialia hyadesi were collected aboard two Japanese squid-jigging vessels carrying out commercial fishing trials at the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, north Scotia Sea, in February 1989. The dissected stomachs of 61 specimens were classified according to fullness and the contents were examined visually. Identifiable food items included fish sagittal otoliths, crustacean eyes, the lappets on euphausiid first antennule segments and cephalopod sucker rings. The most frequent items in the squid's diet were the myctophid fishes Krefftichthys anderssoni and Electrona carlsbergi, the euphausiid Euphausia superba and a hyperiid amphipod, probably Themisto gaudichaudi. A small proportion of the sample had been feeding cannibalistically. Total lengths of the fish prey were estimated from sagittal otolith size using published relationships. All fish were relatively small; 7 to 35% of squid mantle-length. However, it is possible that some heads of larger fish are discarded by the squid and so are not represented by otoliths in the stomach contents. Over the size range of squid in the sample there was no relationship between size of fish prey and size of squid. Similarly, when the squid sample was divided into groups according to prey categories: crustaceans, crustaceans+fish, fish, cephalopod, there was no evidence that dietary preference was related to squid size. The prevalence of copepod-feeding myctophids in the diet of this squid, which is itself a major prey item of some higher predators in the Scotia Sea, suggests that a previously unrecognised food chain: copepod-myctophid-M. hyadesi-higher predator, may be an important component of the Antarctic oceanic ecosystem.
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  • 14
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    Correlation of bioluminescence emissions with ventral photophores in the mesopelagic squidAbralia veranyi (Cephalopoda: Enoploteuthidae) (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 112 (2). pp. 293-298.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-14
    Beschreibung: Specimens of the squidAbralia veranyi were collected off the Bahamas in 1989. The bioluminescence of the ventral photophores was recorded on videotape at 11 to 12°C and 24°C, in conjunction with measurements of the spectral emission at the same temperatures. At 11 °C, the spectrum was unimodal, peaking at 490 nm with a narrow bandwidth. At the higher temperature a shoulder at about 440 nm appeared in the emission spectrum. The short, bright flashes from the subocular photophores had a broader bandwidth and a shorter wavelength emission maximum (475 nm) than that of the ventral photophores. Video recordings at the two temperatures showed no changes in either the identities of the luminescing photophores or their relative intensities. One structurally distinct type of photophore was not illuminated. We conclude that the observed spectral changes were produced within one group of photophores, and that recruitment of the unilluminated photophores would produce an additional spectral component, previously reported from another species ofAbralia (A. trigonura).
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  • 15
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    Diving Behavior and Energetics During Foraging Cycles in King Penguins (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Ecological Monographs, 62 (1). pp. 143-163.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-19
    Beschreibung: King Penguins are the second largest of all diving birds and share with their congener, Emperor Penguins, breeding habits strikingly different from other penguins. Our purpose was to determine the feeding behavior, energetics of foraging and the prey species, and compare these to other sympatric species of subantarctic divers. We determined: (1) general features of foraging behavior using time—depth recorders, velocity meters, and radio transmitters, (2) energetics by doubly labeled water, (3) food habits and energy content from stomach lavage samples, and (4) resting and swimming metabolic rate by oxygen consumption measurements. The average foraging cycle was ≈6 d, during which the mass gain of 30 birds was ≈2 kg. When at sea, the birds exhibit a marked pattern of shallow dives during the night, whereas deep dives of 〉100 m only occurred during the day. Maximum depth measured from 34 birds and 18 537 dives was 304 m, and maximum dive duration from 23 birds and 11 874 dives was 7.7 min. The frequency distribution of dive depth was bimodal, with few dives between 40 and 100 m. Overall, swim velocities when a bird was at sea averaged 2.1 m/s (N = 5), while descent and ascent rates of change in depth averaged 0.6 m/s for dives 〈60 m (N = 74) and 1.4 m/s for dives 〉150 m (N = 90). Night feeding dives occurred at a rate of ≈20 dives/h, and deep dives occurred at a rate of ≈5 dives/h. The energy consumption rate while resting ashore was 3.3 W/kg (N = 3) or 1.6 times the predicted standard metabolic rate (SMR). The average energy consumption rate while away from the colony was 10 W/kg (N = 8) or 4.6 x SMR, compared to 4.3 x SMR estimated from a time—energy budget. The latter value is based on an average metabolic rate of 4.2 W/kg for three birds while resting in 5°C water and 9.6 W/kg while swimming at 2 m/s, which was extrapolated from the average of three birds swimming at 1 m/s. The average energy intake based on 9 stomach content samples was nearly 24.6 kJ/g dry mass. The main prey by number are myctophid fish of the species Krefftichthys anderssoni and Electrona carlsbergi. It was concluded that: (1) feeding begins ≈28 km from the colony, (2) prey is pursued night and day through its vertical movements, (3) vertical distribution of the prey is reflected closely by diving habits of the birds, (4) deep—diving, for unknown reasons, is an important component of foraging success, (5) diving capacities of King Penguins are remarkable compared to other birds and many pinnipeds, and (6) calculated foraging energetics can be closely estimated from time—energy budgets.
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  • 16
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    Concentration and distribution of heavy metals in tissues of two cephalopods, Eledone cirrhosa and Sepia officinalis, from the French coast of the English Channel (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 114 (3). pp. 407-414.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-10
    Beschreibung: The concentrations of 11 heavy metals (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) were measured in the tissues (digestive gland, branchial hearts, gills, digestive tract, kidney, genital tract, muscle, skin, shell) of the two cephalopods Eledone cirrhosa (d'Orb.) and Sepia officinalis (L.) collected from the French coast of the English Channel in October 1987. The tissues of both species displayed a similar pattern of heavy-metal accumulation: the digestive gland, branchial hearts and kidney were the major sites of concentration for all 11 metals; the digestive gland accumulated silver, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead and zinc, the branchial hearts high concentrations of copper, nickel and vanadium, and the kidney high concentrations of manganese, nickel and lead. The digestive gland, which constituted 6 to 10% of the whole-animal tissue, contained 〉80% of the total body burden of Ag, Cd and Co and from 40 to 80% of the total body burden of the other metals. The ratios between heavy metal concentrations in the digestive gland and those in the muscle separated the elements into three groups, those with a ratio ≤10 (Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn), those with a ratio 〉10 to 〈50 (Co, Cu, Fe), and those with a ratio ≥50 (Ag, Cd). The digestive gland of cephalopods (carnivorous molluscs whose age can be easily calculated with great accuracy) would seem to constitute a good potential indicator of heavy metal concentrations in the marine environment.
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  • 17
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    Late Wisconsin-Weichselian Mountain Glaciers and Small Ice Caps (1981)
    Wiley
    In:  In: The last great ice sheets. , ed. by Denton, G. H. and Hughes, T. J. Wiley, New York, pp. 179-206. ISBN 0-471-06006-2
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-10
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  • 18
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    Field metabolic rates of instrumented Adelie penguins using double-labelled water (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Journal of Comparative Physiology B - Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 162 (6). pp. 567-573.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-09-23
    Beschreibung: Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) carrying dummy instruments were used to determine field metabolic rates using double-labelled water. All penguins injected with double-labelled water showed a marked loss of body mass (-4.5%) during the period of the experiments (20–131 h), irrespective of the time of the breeding season. Total body water averaged 57.3% and water flux estimates of field metabolic rates correlated with double-labelled water estimates of field metabolic rate (r2=0.68), indicating that Adélie penguins do not ingest significant amounts of sea water. Brooding Adélie penguins had a mean field metabolic rate of 10.1 W·kg-1 and at sea a field metabolic rate of 13.3 W·kg-1, both of which compare well with previously published estimates based on time/activity budgets and respirometry. Mean field metabolic rate in penguins with crèching chicks was 14.1 W·kg-1, and the birds spent 65 h absent from the nest as opposed to previous estimates of 7.1 W·kg-1 and 21 h. The effects of weather, disturbance and manipulation on the behaviour and field metabolic rate of penguins late in the breeding season are discussed. Adélie penguins (crèching chicks) equipped with externally attached instruments spent more time absent from the nest than noninstrumented controls (76 vs 54 h), but had a lower field metabolic rate.
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  • 19
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    Factors influencing routine oxygen consumption in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 8 (1-4). pp. 62-71.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-09
    Beschreibung: Routine oxygen consumption of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, was determined in relation to temperature, salinity, body wet weight, and time of day. The highest routine oxygen consumption rates measured roughly followed a arabolic curve over the temperature range tested (8 to 24°C). The lowest rates showed a more linear refationship over the same temperature range. It is argued that lowest rates correspond to the standard oxygen consumption. Between 16 and 19°C, routine oxygen consumption reached a maximum. It is suggested that these temperatures correspond to the preferred ternerature of the species and are within the range of optimum temperature for growth of specimens weigkng about 100 g. Salinity effect on oxygen consumption rates was studied in five groups acclimated over 4 weeks to 8, 15, 22, 29, and 35%. salinity. Routine oxygen consumption rates were lowest at 8% salinity with no significant differences in higher acclimation salinities. Routine respiration of turbots showed conspicuous daily fluctuations. During spring, summer, and autumn, oxygen Consumption was higher during morning hours and at night. In winter, higher rates were measured only once (during morning and early afternoon). The relationship between routine oxygen consumption and body weight of turbots followed an exponential function with a slope of 0.7, which was lower compared to the slope of 0.8 usually given for roundfish-species.
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  • 20
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    Distinction of South American Haplogloia Andersonii and Chordaria Linearis (Phaeophyceae) based on differences in sexual reproduction, morphology, ecophysiology, and distribution (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Phycology, 28 (5). pp. 684-693.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-13
    Beschreibung: Haplogloia andersonii (Farlow) Levring is an anti-tropical species that occurs on cold and warm-temperate Pacific coasts of both Americas. In its habit it resembles the subantarctic species Chordaria linearis (Hooker et Harvey) Cotton. Culture studies show that the species differ in morphology and ecophysiology of their microscopic gametophytes and in gamete behavior. Details of sporophyte anatomy are presented that also allow the distinction of field plants. In South America, H. andersonii occurs only on the Pacific coast, from central Perú (14°S) to southern Chile (50°S). Chordaria linearis occurs on the Pacific coast from Chiloé Island (43°S) to Cape Horn (56°S). In the shared area the species may co-occur. On the Atlantic coast, C. linearis was newly collected at a locality in northern Patagonia (41°S). In addition, C. linearis occurs in Antarctica. Haplogloia moniliformis Richer, recently described from Macquarie Island, is probably synonymous with Chordaria linearis.
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  • 21
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    Temperature responses of disjunct temperate brown algae indicate long-distance dispersal of microthalli across the tropics (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Phycology, 28 (4). pp. 428-438.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-13
    Beschreibung: We examined the temperature tolerance of microscopic phases from geographically disjunct isolates of eight species or closely related, putatively conspecific taxa of temperate brown algae with disjunct distributions. Maximum within-taxon differences were small and ranged from 1.6° to 4.3° C. Desmarestia aculeata and Sphaerotrichia divaricata, both with northern hemisphere amphioceanic distributions, showed little or no significant intraspecific variation between the mean upper survival limits (USL) of Atlantic and Pacific strains (δUSL ≤ 1.4°C), which would agree with a relatively recent separation of the respective populations. Among the plants with bipolar distributions, there was likewise very little difference (δUSL 0–1.1°C) between northern and southern hemisphere strains in Striaria attenuata and in the species pair Desmarestia viridis/D. willii. In Desmarestia ligulata, and in the species pairs Desmarestia firma/D. munda, Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus/D. hirsutus, and Scytothamnus australis/Scytothamnus sp., significant differences occurred, which indicate longer divergence times. δUSL in these cases ranged from 1.7° to 2.7°C, without overlap between strains from the northern and southern hemispheres. All species that passed the equator during cooler epochs had a USL of 26–27°C, at least in some geographical isolates. The NE Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida, which passed the equator in recent times, had a USL of 29.6°C. We hypothesize that the mechanism of spreading in the amphipolar species studied was migration of vegetative microthalli. The more unlikely alternative hypothesis of continuous populations through the tropics during a cooler epoch would imply a drop in seawater temperatures to approximately 20° C in summer and 15° C in winter, which is not supported by paleoclimatic evidence.
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  • 22
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    On the contribution of spray droplets to evaporation (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 61 (3). pp. 309-313.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-20
    Beschreibung: The effect of spray droplets in the marine surface layer on evaporation is considered. Independent evidence from energy constraints, from visibility and from sea salt content of air is used. The estimation shows that, except perhaps for hurricane wind strength, the increase of total evaporation from evaporating droplets is negligible. This is in agreement with recent experimental evidence.
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  • 23
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    The location of spawning grounds, spawning and schooling behaviour of the squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii (Cephalopoda: Myopsida) off the Eastern Cape Coast, South Africa (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 114 (1). pp. 97-107.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-14
    Beschreibung: The location of spawning grounds of the squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii (D'Orbigny) was investigated in the years 1988–1990. At least 39 spawning sites were found during this period along the inshore areas of the Eastern Cape coastline between Algoa Bay and Plettenberg Bay. The substrate chosen for egg laying was mostly fine sand or flat reef, frequently in large and relatively shettered bays. Spawning was found to occur sporadically throughout the year, and some spawning sites were used repeatedly within a particular year and in subsequent years. Squid migrate in discrete schools separated by sex in the vicinity of the spawning sites; these schools mix during spawning. Mating and egg deposition behaviour is described from observations made on the spawning grounds. Cannibalism was seen on a number of occasions, but no post-spawning mortality was recorded. Egg beds consisted mostly of large concentrations of egg strands (〉3 m in diameter), with smaller aggregations of one to ten egg strands surrounding these, with single strands in the immediate vicinity. Three basic patterns of echotraces were identified and interpreted according to diving observations. These patterns were classified as loose patches, dense patches, and complex patterns. The first two represent non-spawning schooling patterns and the third, mating and egg laying behaviour. This observation led to the general classification of squid aggregations: schools (non-spawning mode) and concentrations (spawning mode). Concentrations as far as Loligo vulgaris reynaudii was concerned were further divided into two patterns: suprabenthic and benthic (spawning) squid.
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  • 24
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    Octopod 'ballooning' response (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 356 (6366). p. 199.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-14
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  • 25
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    Locomotion, fin coordination and body form of the living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Environmental Biology of Fishes, 34 (4). pp. 329-356.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-03
    Beschreibung: Locomotion and fin coordination of the only living crossopterygian fish Latimeria chalumnae were studied with submersibles in the fish's natural habitat at around 200 m depth off Grand Comoro, western Indian Ocean. Latimeria is a highly specialized predatory fish adapted for nocturnal drift hunting with good fast start capability. Twelve different forward movements and manoeuvres were found and described. The movements of the paired and unpaired fins were analysed. Propulsion was accomplished with downstrokes of the pectoral fins and right-left or left-right strokes of the unpaired lobed fins. The paired fins were not used for walking on the bottom. Swimming velocity, stroke amplitudes and stroke duration were analysed from films and videos taken in the wild. Stroke duration of the paired and unpaired lobed fins was similar and varies between 1.9 to 5.8 sec. Paired fins alternated synchronously. The coordination at approximately ø = 180° between opposite paired fins is stable and independent of locomotory pattern and velocity. A phase deviation of about 90°–100° exists between paired and unpaired fins. A model is developed that describes the functional implication of this deviation as a method of producing a steady swimming performance which smooths recoil movements and prevents rotation of the body. The novel slow and fast swimming mode of Latimeria is named in accordance with Breder's (1926) descriptive nomenclature as ‘coelacanthiform’. This study indicates a primary swimming function for the primitive sarcopterygian fin and confirms earlier evolutionary assumptions of a more open-water life style of coelacanth fishes. Paleoethological models of the walking habits of Latimeria have to be rejected. Synchronous alternation of paired fins originating from hydrodynamic demands could be a pre-adaptation and a shared derived character in sarcopterygian fishes that facilitated the fish-tetrapod transition.
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  • 26
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    The oxygen requirements of three fish species from the German Bight: cod Gadus morhua, plaice Pleuronectes platessa, and dab Limanda limanda (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 8 (1-4). pp. 72-76.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-15
    Beschreibung: The survival of cod Gadus morhua, plaice Pleuronectes platessa, and dab Limanda limanda was determined in relation to ambient oxygen saturation at 8° C and 35% m salinity. Mortalit rates were observed in fish exposed to constant oxygen levels for 24h. First mortality occurred around 60 % oxygen saturation in cod and around 30% oxygen saturation in dab and plaice. Below these thresholds mortality increased linearly with decreasing oxygen levels. If cod were infested with 1 or 2 individuals of Lernaeocera branchialis (Copepoda), their tolerance was significantly lower; under such circumstances the incipient lethal oxygen saturation was 66 %.
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  • 27
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    Sedimentation and Hiatuses in the Central Pacific Basin: Their Relationship to Manganese Nodule Formation (1992)
    Springer
    In:  In: Geology and Offshore Mineral Resources of the Central Pacific Basin. , ed. by Keating, B. H. Earth Science Series, 14 . Springer, New York, pp. 179-203.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-25
    Beschreibung: Sediment cores from the Central Pacific Basin were studied to determine (a) stratigraphic hiatuses, (b) sedimentation rates, and (c) their relationship to topography and the occurrence of deep-sea manganese nodules. The results of core studies and of detailed examination of two selected areas in the Central Pacific Basin led to the following conclusions. (1) Hiatuses of Neogene through Quaternary age occur widely in the Central Pacific Basin. A close relationship exists between the distribution pattern of the hiatuses and areas of low sedimentation rate, indicating the strong influence of a bottom current on sedimentation processes. (2) The hiatuses within the cores are dated as late Miocene, late Pliocene, and latest Pliocene to early Pleistocene. (3) The areas where the hiatuses are most common, and where sedimentation rate varies locally, are divided into two types: topographic highs in flat basin plains (“abyssal hill type”), and narrow, elongated topographic lows (“valley type”). They show different styles of sedimentation and hiatus formation related to the intensity of bottom current. (4) Local variation in the style of occurrence of manganese nodules depends on the relative importance of the bottom current. The differences in the manganese nodule types (r- and s-types) reflect the chemical environment where nodules have been formed. The r- and s-type nodules are related to poorly oxygenated and well oxygenated environments, respectively. Sedimentation rate is the main control on the chemical environment and nodule characteristics, determining the positions of nodule growth in the vicinity of the water-sediment interface; sedimentation rate varies inversely with the support strength of the surface sediments.
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  • 28
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    Coelacanth tissue bank (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 357 (6374). p. 105.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-03
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  • 29
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    Evidence for lecithotrophic viviparity in the living coelacanth (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Naturwissenschaften, 79 (10). pp. 476-479.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-22
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  • 30
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    The influence of salinity and temperature covariation on the photophysiological characteristics of Antarctic sea ice microalgae (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Phycology, 28 (6). pp. 746-756.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-29
    Beschreibung: The responses of sea ice microalgae to variation in ambient irradiance (0 to 150 μE · m−2· s−1), temperature (–6° to + 6° C), and salinity (0 to 100 ppt) were tested to determine whether these variables act independently or in concert to influence rates of microalgal photosynthesis. The photosynthetic efficiency and maximum photosynthetic rate for sea ice microalgae increased as a function of incubation temperature between -6° and + 6° C. Furthermore, photosynthetic efficiency, maximum photosynthetic rate, and quantum yield were greatest at salinities between SO and 50 ppt. In contrast, the mean specific absorption coefficients were lowest near seawater salinities, and the saturating irradiance, Is, appeared to be inversely proportional to salinity. Results also suggest that the effects of salinity on the growth of sea ice microalgae are independent of those elicited by temperature or light, and that the functional relationship between salinity and light or temperature is multiplicative. This information is essential to the proper formulation of algorithms used to describe algal growth in environments where light, temperature, and salinity are changing simultaneously, such as within sea ice or within the water column at the marginal ice edge zone.
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  • 31
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    Antimicrobial Procecces (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Water environment research, 64 . pp. 391-398.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-04-28
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  • 32
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    Relative departures in July temperatures in northern Canada for the past 6,000 yr (1981)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 289 (5794). pp. 164-167.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-11
    Beschreibung: There has been concern about recent temperature trends and the future effects of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere1,2; but instrumental records only cover a few decades to a few centuries and it is essential that proxy data sources, such as pollen spectra from peats and lake sediments, be carefully interpreted as climate records. Several workers have shown statistically significant associations between the modern pollen rain and climatic parameters, an approach that by-passes the recognition of pollen/vegetation units. Statistically defined equations that associate abiotic and biotic elements are called transfer functions. We report here on the application of transfer function equations to nine middle and late Holocene peat and lake sediment sequences from northern Canada (Fig. 1).
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  • 33
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    Effects of variation in temperature. II. On the fatty acid composition of eight species of marine phytoplankton (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Phycology, 28 (4). pp. 488-497.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-20
    Beschreibung: Eight species of marine phytoplankton showed significant variation in the relative amount of some fatty acids (FAs) in response to variation in temperature. Large changes in relative amounts of certain FAs occurred as a result of a 15° C change in growth temperature. For example, 14:0 increased from ≃4% of total FAs at 10° C to 〉 20% at 25° C for Chaetoceros simplex and Isochrysis aff. galbana but decreased for Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The percentage of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 16:ω1 was consistently greater at 10° C than at 25° C, and the converse was usually true for 16: 4ω3. Calculated over all eight species, there was a modest but significant inverse relationship between the percentage of PUFAs and temperature. Only for Thalassiosira pseudonana was the percentage of either of the PUFAs and nutritionally essential fatty acids (EFAs) also an inverse function of temperature. For T. pseudonana, the percentage of the EFA 22:6ω3 decreased linearly with increasing temperature over the range from 10 to 25° C. For three species, the ratio of unsaturated/saturated FAs was correlated with growth rate when growth rate was controlled by variation in irradiance and temperature. Only for Thalassiosira pseudonana was the ratio of unsaturated/saturated FAs also an inverse function of temperature alone.
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  • 34
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    Sulfate assimilation in Rhodopseudomonas globiformis (1981)
    Springer
    In:  Archives of Microbiology, 130 (3). pp. 234-237.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-01-21
    Beschreibung: Rhodopseudomonas globiformis is able to grow on sulfate as sole source of sulfur, but only at concentrations below 1 mM. Good growth was observed with thiosulfate, cysteine or methionine as sulfur sources. Tetrathionate supported slow growth. Sulfide and sulfite were growth inhibitory. Growth inhibition by higher sulfate concentrations was overcome by the addition of O-acetylserine, which is known as derepressor of sulfate-assimilating enzymes, and by reduced glutathione. All enzymes of the sulfate assimilation pathway. ATP-sulfurylase, adenylylphosphate-sulfotransferase, thiosulfonate reductase and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase are present in R. globiformis. Sulfate was taken up by the cells and the sulfur incorporated into the amino acids cysteine, methionine and homocysteine. It is concluded, that the failure of R. globiformis to grow on higher concentrations of sulfate is caused by disregulation of the sulfate assimilation pathway. Some preliminary evidence for this view is given in comparing the activities of some of the involved enzymes after growth on different sulfur sources and by examining the effect of O-acetylserine on these activities.
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  • 35
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    Use and misuse of the seafloor : report of the Dahlem Workshop on Use and Misuse of Seafloor, Berlin 1991, March 17 - 22 (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  , ed. by Hsü, K. J. and Thiede, J. Wiley, Chicester, XV, 440 S pp. ISBN 0-471-93191-8
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-03-10
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  • 36
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    Marine Transgression und Regression : Ursachen und Folgen ; mit 12 Abbildungen ; vorgetragen in der Sitzung vom 23. Mai 1992 (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 1992 (5. Abhandlung). Springer, Berlin [u.a.], 25 pp. ISBN 3-540-56403-9
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-04-28
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  • 37
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    Chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharides of Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Ectothiorhodospira mobilis, and Ectothiorhodospira halophila (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Archives of Microbiology, 157 (6). pp. 499-504.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-01-22
    Beschreibung: Lipopolysaccharides were isolated from the moderate halophilic Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii slight to and Ectothiorhodospira mobilis and from the extremely halophilic Ectothiorhodospira halophila by the hot phenol-water and purified by the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether methods. The isolated lipopolysaccharides of all three species contained 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid and d-glycero-d-mannoheptose indicating the existence of a core. They contained additionally glucose and uronic acids (E. shaposhnikovii and E. mobilis) or glucose, uronic acids and threonine (E. halophila). Sodium deoxycholate gel-electrophoresis of the three lipopolysaccharides, each showing only one major band, indicated R-type character of the lipopolysaccharides of the three Ectothiorhodospira species. The lipid A fractions of the lipopolysaccharides from E. shaposhnikovii and E. mobilis represented phosphorylated “mixed” lipid A types with both 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-d-glucose and d-glucosamine. The lipid A from E. halophila contained also phosphate and 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-d-glucose but only traces of d-glucosamine, which would indicated lipid ADAG. The fatty acid spectra were characterized by amide-bound 3-OH-10:0 and 3-OH-12:0 (E. shaposhnikovii), 3-OH-10:0 (E. mobilis), or 3-OH-10:0,3-OH-14:0, and 3-oxo-14-0 (E. halophila). The predominant ester-bound fatty acids were 14:0 and 16:0 (E. shaposhnikovii and E. mobilis), or 12:0 and 14:1 (E. halophila).
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  • 38
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    Structure of extracellular polysaccarides produced by a soil Cryptomonas Sp. (Cryptophyceae) (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Phycology, 28 (1). pp. 61-63.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-20
    Beschreibung: The Hindak strain of a Cryptomonas species (Cryptophyceae) produces extracellular polysaccharides. Because there is no information on the structure of these compounds in the Cryptophyceae we conducted structural studies. Gas–liquid chromatographic analyses showed that the polysaccharide is composed of fucose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, and traces of 3-O-methyl galactose. The polysaccharide was separated into two subtractions by ion-exchange chromatography. Fraction A consisted mainly of 1,3-linked galactose units and 1,4-linked galacturonic acid. Unlike fraction B, fraction A did not have xylose, 3-O-methyl galactose, or glucuronic acid. Also, its degree of branching was low compared to that of fraction B. Only traces of sulfate were present infraction A, but fraction B was 10–15% sulfated. Protein was approximately 1% in both fractions. These polysaccharides appear to be a novel type of polymer in algae.
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  • 39
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    Mixing of rhyolite, trachyte and basalt magma erupted from a vertically and laterally zoned reservoir, composite flow P1, Gran Canaria (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 112 . pp. 1-19.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-02
    Beschreibung: The 14.1 Ma composite welded ignimbrite P1 (45 km3 DRE) on Gran Canaria is compositionally zoned from a felsic lower part to a basaltic top. It is composed of four component magmas mixed in vertically varying proportions: (1) Na-rhyolite (10 km3) zoned from crystal-poor to highly phyric; (2) a continuously zoned, evolved trachyte to sodic trachyandesite magma group (6 km3); (3) a minor fraction of Na-poor trachyandesite (〈1 km3); and (4) nearly aphyric basalt (26 km3) zoned from 4.3 to 5.2 wt% MgO. We distinguish three sites and phases of mixing: (a) Mutual mineral inclusions show that mixing between trachytic and rhyolitic magmas occurred during early stages of their intratelluric crystallization, providing evidence for long-term residence in a common reservoir prior to eruption. This first phase of mixing was retarded by increasing viscosity of the rhyolite magma upon massive anorthoclase precipitation and accumulation. (b) All component magmas probably erupted through a ring-fissure from a common upper-crustal reservoir into which the basalt intruded during eruption. The second phase of mixing occurred during simultaneous withdrawal of magmas from the chamber and ascent through the conduit. The overall withdrawal and mixing pattern evolved in response to pre-eruptive chamber zonation and density and viscosity relationships among the magmas. Minor sectorial variations around the caldera reflect both varying configurations at the conduit entrance and unsteady discharge. (c) During each eruptive pulse, fragmentation and particulate transport in the vent and as pyroclastic flows caused additional mixing by reducing the length scale of heterogeneities. Based on considerations of magma density changes during crystallization, magma temperature constraints, and the pattern of withdrawal during eruption, we propose that eruption tapped the P1 magma chamber during a transient state of concentric zonation, which had resulted from destruction of a formerly layered zonation in order to maintain gravitational equilibrium. Our model of magma chamber zonation at the time of eruption envisages a basal high-density Na-poor trachyandesite layer that was overlain by a central mass of highly phyric rhyolite magma mantled by a sheath of vertically zoned trachyte-trachyandesite magma along the chamber walls. A conventional model of vertically stacked horizontal layers cannot account for the deduced density relationships nor for the withdrawal pattern.
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  • 40
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    Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 7 (2). pp. 73-104.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-27
    Beschreibung: An intercomparison is undertaken of the tropical behavior of 17 coupled ocean-atmosphere models in which at least one component may be termed a general circulation model (GCM). The aim is to provide a taxonomy—a description and rough classification—of behavior across the ensemble of models, focusing on interannual variability. The temporal behavior of the sea surface temperature (SST) field along the equator is presented for each model, SST being chosen as the primary variable for intercomparison due to its crucial role in mediating the coupling and because it is a sensitive indicator of climate drift. A wide variety of possible types of behavior are noted among the models. Models with substantial interannual tropical variability may be roughly classified into cases with propagating SST anomalies and cases in which the SST anomalies develop in place. A number of the models also exhibit significant drift with respect to SST climatology. However, there is not a clear relationship between climate drift and the presence or absence of interannual oscillations. In several cases, the mode of climate drift within the tropical Pacific appears to involve coupled feedback mechanisms similar to those responsible for El Niño variability. Implications for coupled-model development and for climate prediction on seasonal to interannual time scales are discussed. Overall, the results indicate considerable sensitivity of the tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system and suggest that the simulation of the warm-pool/cold-tongue configuration in the equatorial Pacific represents a challenging test for climate model parameterizations.
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  • 41
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    Glacial and interglacial wind regimes over the eastern subtropical Atlantic and North-West Africa (1981)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 293 (5829). pp. 193-196.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-02
    Beschreibung: Analysis of aeolo-marine dust deposits in the subtropical eastern Atlantic enables the strength of the major wind patterns during the late Quaternary to be evaluated and gives an insight into the climate of North Africa.
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  • 42
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    Heterochronic Developmental Plasticity in Larval Sea Urchins and Its Implications for Evolution of Nonfeeding Larvae (1992)
    Society for the Study of Evolution | Wiley
    In:  Evolution, 46 (4). p. 972.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-31
    Beschreibung: Preexisting developmental plasticity in feeding larvae may contribute to the evolutionary transition from development with a feeding larva to nonfeeding larval development. Differences in timing of development of larval and juvenile structures (heterochronic shifts) and differences in the size of the larval body (shifts in allocation) were produced in sea urchin larvae exposed to different amounts of food in the laboratory and in the field. The changes in larval form in response to food appear to be adaptive, with increased allocation of growth to the larval apparatus for catching food when food is scarce and earlier allocation to juvenile structures when food is abundant. This phenotypic plasticity among full siblings is similar in direction to the heterochronic evolutionary changes in species that have greater nutrient reserves within the ova and do not depend on particulate planktonic food. This similarity suggests that developmental plasticity that is adaptive for feeding larvae also contributes to correlated and adaptive evolutionary changes in the transition to nonfeeding larval development. If endogenous food supplies have the same effect on morphogenesis as exogenous food supplies, then changes in genes that act during oogenesis to affect nutrient stores may be sufficient to produce correlated adaptive changes in larval development.
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  • 43
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    Diminishing oxygen (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 358 (6389). pp. 710-711.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-10
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  • 44
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    Interhemispheric transport of carbon dioxide by ocean circulation (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 356 (6370). pp. 587-589.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-10
    Beschreibung: ALTHOUGH anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide have today created a greater atmospheric CO2concentration in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere, a comparison of interhemispheric CO2 profiles from 1980 and 1962 led Keeling and Heimann1,2 to conclude that, before the Industrial Revolution, natural CO2 sources and sinks acted to set up a reverse (south to north) gradient which drove about one gigatonne of carbon each year through the atmosphere from the Southern to the Northern Hemisphere. At steady state, this flux must have been balanced by a counter flow of carbon from north to south through the ocean. Here we present a means to estimate this natural flux by a separation of oceanic carbon anomalies into those created by biogenic processes and those created by CO2 exchange between the ocean and atmosphere. We find that before the Industrial Revolution, deep water formed in the northern Atlantic Ocean carried about 0.6 gigatonnes of carbon annually to the Southern Hemisphere, providing support for Keeling and Heimann's proposal. The existence of this oceanic carbon pump also raises questions about the need for a large terrestrial carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere, as postulated by Tans et al.3, to balance the present global carbon budget.
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  • 45
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    Upset for Milankovitch theory (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 359 (6398). pp. 779-780.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-10
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  • 46
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    Deep ocean circulation puzzle (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 356 (6372). pp. 744-746.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-02
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  • 47
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    Global sedimentary mass balance and sea level changes (1981)
    Wiley
    In:  In: The oceanic lithosphere. , ed. by Emiliani, C. The Sea, 7 . Wiley, New York, pp. 1618-1684. ISBN 0-471-02870-3
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-02-07
    Materialart: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 48
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    Quantification of trypsin with a radioimmunoassay in herring larvae (Clupea harengus) compared with a highly sensitive fluorescence technique to determine tryptic enzyme activity (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 113 (3). pp. 469-473.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-06
    Beschreibung: Enzymatic activity and quantity of the protease trypsin were measured in individual herring larvae (Clupea harengus L.). The enzymatic activity assay was done using a fluorescence technique, and a radioimmunoassay was used for quantification of trypsin. The results are compared and the differences between the techniques discussed. Both methods gave similar results, as high or low values in trypsin quantity were reflected in high or low values of tryptic activity. Quantity and activity were linearly and positively correlated, but small differences between methods were found at the lowest detection limits. Both techniques reflect high variability between individual larvae.
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  • 49
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    Water content and metabolic organization in anhydrobiotic animals (1992)
    Springer
    In:  In: Water and life : comparative analysis of water relationships at the organismic, cellular, and molecular levels. , ed. by Somero, G. N. Springer, Berlin, pp. 104-127. ISBN 3-540-54112-8
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-02-20
    Materialart: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 50
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    Movement, injuries and growth of members of a natural population of the Pacific pygmy octopus, Octopus digueti (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 228 (2). pp. 247-264.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-11
    Beschreibung: Sampling inadequacies and an inability to distinguish age classes have limited our knowledge of octopus biology in nature. Using an artificial shelter sampling technique (Voight, 1988a), and defining mature males by the presence of enlarged suckers (Voight, In press), an intertidal population of Octopus digueti was monitored for one year. In total, 803 octopuses were narcotized; the mass, sex, arm injuries and reproductive condition of each octopus were recorded. Captures were more frequent in lower intertidal areas offering higher shelter availability and a more moderate environment. Capture rates, assumed to indicate octopus movement, correlated with sea temperature except during full moon periods when they were reduced. Over 26%, of the octopuses handled had damaged arms or arm tips, with dorsal arm pairs more often injured. The overall sex ratio was significantly male biased, probably due to maturity‐linked mobility differences between the sexes. Reproduction occurred throughout the year; reproductively competent adults, brooding females and juveniles were present every month. However, annual temperature oscillations synchronize spring hatching of eggs spawned from winter to early spring, creating a clear spring cohort. Growth and age at maturity of males in the spring and autumn cohorts were estimated. Variance was too high for these parameters to be estimated in the winter cohort. Growth rates of males over 12 weeks of age did not differ from those reported in laboratory rearing studies. Estimated average age at maturity ranged from 20 to 32 weeks, depending on temperature.
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  • 51
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    The spatial dispersion of seabirds near the South Orkney Islands and the Weddell-Scotia confluence (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 11 (8). pp. 637-641.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-04-19
    Beschreibung: We used five transects radiating from the South Orkney Islands to describe the distribution and abundance of marine birds during three days in late summer 1983. We found elevated numbers of birds at most crossings of steep physical gradients (fronts), but species were not equally attracted to each front. Our data suggest that the fronts around the South Orkney Islands, especially the Weddell-Scotia Confluence, provide important foraging habitat for birds. Albatrosses and fulmars appeared to aggregate preferentially near fronts overlying the insular slope, whereas Chinstrap Penguins were most abundant over the shelf.
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  • 52
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    The diet of Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, during the summer-autumn period at Mossman Peninsula Laurie Island (South Orkneys) (1992)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 11 . pp. 565-566.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-19
    Beschreibung: From mid January to April 1988 a total of 105 faecal samples of non breeding male fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, was collected at Mossman Peninsula, Laurie Island. Examination of scats containing prey remains showed that fur seals fed mainly on krill, occuring in 100% of samples but fish were also a common food item (78.8%). Myctophids constituted more than 90% of fish taken by fur seals. Squid beaks occured in 34.3% of scats, being more common in the autumn period.
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  • 53
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    Biology of Octopus vulgaris off the east coast of South Africa (1981)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 65 (1). pp. 1-12.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-05
    Beschreibung: The biology of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier inhabiting subtropical littoral reefs off the east coast of South Africa was investigated. Analyses of stomach contents and lair middens revealed that the mussel Perna perna was the dominant food organism. Growth rate of captive individuals was higher than has previously been recorded but food conversion was lower. Females became sexually mature at 900 g which is estimated to be attained in 3.6 months. Males became sexually mature at 400 g, which is estimated to be attained after 3 months. Results indicate that females live for 9–12 months and have the potential to reach 4 000 g in 240 d while males live for about 12–15 months and have the potential to achieve 4 000 g in 290 d. Mating and breeding occurred throughout the year although evidence for the seasonal migration of females is presented and discussed in relation to breeding and feeding behaviour.
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  • 54
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    The breeding biology and population dynamics of King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonica on the Crozet Islands (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Ibis, 134 (2). pp. 107-117.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-04-26
    Beschreibung: Among King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonica at Possession Island, one of the Crozet Islands, the length of the moult period, pre‐laying period, incubating and brooding shifts were highly variable according to the year and to the stage of the breeding season. The moulting period was shorter in late breeders than in early breeders. Only half of the birds which successfully reared a chick bred the following cycle, but late in the season. Almost all these late breeders were unsuccessful. The reasons for the high variability in the breeding pattern observed in this species between years, as well as between colonies and between individuals are discussed. Breeding success was on average 30.6% and survival during the first year at sea could reach 50%. The survival of adult birds has increased during the past 10 years from 90.7% to 95.2% per annum. Despite an almost biennial breeding frequency and a very high rate of chick loss during the winter fast, the King Penguin population of Possession Island has doubled between 1966 and 1985 due to a high survival rate of adult and immature birds. The increase during the last decade in adult survival and in adult and chick condition suggests that the population increase could be the result of an improvement in food availability.
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  • 55
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    On the structure of the Ivrea‐Verbano Zone (northern Italy) and its implications for present‐day lower continental crust geometry (1992)
    Wiley
    In:  Terra Nova, 4 (1). pp. 34-40.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-02
    Beschreibung: The Ivrea‐Verbano Zone in northern Italy represents a section through the lower continental crust which has been tilted and emplaced into its present position during the Alpine orogeny. Recent and on‐going structurally‐oriented geological mapping in this region is providing new information about the geometry of the complex. The central part of the zone is dominated by a large basic complex (the ‘mafic formation') which is intrusive into the surrounding gneisses. The foliation within the envelope of gneisses is deflected around the intrusive complex as if by ballooning, but in the region south‐west of Monte Capio both units are folded together into a tight to isoclinal steeply plunging fold with an amplitude of c. 10 km. This fold locally inverts the stratigraphy of the layered basic group of the complex, and is thought to be the result of gravitational collapse following intrusion and inflation of a large magma body into the lower crust. Several high‐temperature shear zones have now been traced within the country rock for distances up to 20 km. The geometry of these, and their relationship to the basic complex suggests that at least some of the extensional collapse of the mafic body is related to uplift caused by intrusion of this body. Close parallels can be drawn between the observed structure in the Ivrea‐Verbano Zone (after removing the effects of late, low‐temperature faulting and folding related to emplacement of the rocks into their present position), and those inferred from deep seismic reflection profiling in areas of current extension such as parts of the US Basin and Range province.
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  • 56
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    Egg development in the octopus Eledone cirrhosa (1992)
    Zoological Society of London | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 227 . pp. 623-638.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-05
    Beschreibung: The development of egg/follicular cell complexes is described in maturing females of the octopus Eledone cirrhosa. Follicle cells proliferate to enclose the oocyte in a single epithelial layer which becomes deeply infolded. Active cell division of the follicle cells and recruitment of cells from an outer (thecal) layer generate this expansion of follicle cell epithelium. The onset of the main phase of vitellogenesis, secretion of protein yolk, occurs when eggs reach about 2mm in length and is marked by the columnar appearance of the follicle cells and an increased number of larger and more complex nuclei. A significant proportion of the egg population fails to develop beyond 2-3mm in length and these eggs subsequently degenerate.
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  • 57
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    Seismicity surveys with ocean bottom seismographs off western Canada (1981)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 86 (B5). pp. 3867-3880.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-11-03
    Beschreibung: Three arrays of ocean bottom seismographs have been deployed to study the seismicity at the northern end of the Juan de Fuca ridge system off western Canada. Nearly 100 events were located with estimated accuracies generally better than ±10 km, all lying on or near the en echalon ridge-transform fault plate boundaries as defined in this area by the magnetic anomalies, the seafloor morphology and by other geophysical data. The depths of 12 events were determined to lie between 2 and 6 km below the top of the crust. The seismograms exhibit clear P and S wave arrivals along with phases that involve P to S and sometimes S to P conversion probably at the base of the sediments beneath the instruments. The event magnitudes have been estimated from signal duration using four calibration events that were well recorded by a land station. The magnitude estimates permit the determination of rough magnitude-frequency of occurrence relations over the magnitude range of 1 to 3 that are in surprisingly good agreement with the recurrence relations for the area at larger magnitudes from 75 years of land station data. The mean P wave velocity in the uppermost mantle from the earthquake data recorded by the sea floor arrays is 7.6 km s-1 and the mean Vp/Vs ratio is 1.71 or a Poisson's ratio of 0.24.
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    Shear strength of the Great Pacific Fracture Zones (1992)
    Wiley | AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-08
    Beschreibung: Shipboard bathymetry and gravity data from 30 crossings of 6 great Pacific fracture zones (FZs), the Mendocino, Murray, Molokai, Clarion, Clipperton, and Udintsev, are compared with the predictions of a model in which FZs are locked beyond the ridge-transform intersection, such that no vertical motion occurs on the fault in response to differential thermal subsidence. At least some sections of all of these FZs, except the Molokai, are consistent with this model and sustain shear stresses as high as 20 MPa. However, none of the FZs is locked along its entire length, as inferred from observed shear stresses dropping below 75% of the value necessary to maintain a locked fault. There is some suggestion that the unlocking may be related to excess volcanism.
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