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  • Articles  (47)
  • Nitrogen  (25)
  • Potassium  (19)
  • Rhizosphere
  • 1980-1984  (47)
  • 1983  (24)
  • 1981  (23)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (47)
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  • Articles  (47)
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  • 1980-1984  (47)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of phosphorus and potassium deficiency on keto acid and amino acid content of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaves (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acid ; Deficiency ; Keto acid ; Peanut ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lack of both phosphorus and potassuium results in accumulation of all the keto acids and amino acids in 30 days and 20 days old peanut leaves respectively. This is due to te sluggish metabolism of the tissue under P and K deficienty. Decrease of all the keto acids in 20 days old plants suggests that their synthesis might be affecte under P and K deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183603
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of lime on nitrogen mineralization as measured by grass growth (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 177-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Lime ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; pH ; Pot ; trial ; Ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of rates of lime and nitrogen on the growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was measured in a pot experiment using two yellow-brown earth steepland soils (pH 5.1 and 5.3). Nitrogen or raising the soil pH above 5.8–6.0 markedly increased growth on both soils. Negative lime×N interactions on both soils together with other data indicated that an increase in the rate of mineralization of N was the major effect of lime. Numbers of bacteria and fungi as measured by plate counts were not increased by liming and hence the increased rate of mineralization of N was attributed to increased microbial activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrate production in the rhizosphere of Plantago species (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 43-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Allelopathy ; Ecophysiology ; Grassland ; Plantago ; Nitrate production ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrate uptake ; Nitrification ; Nitrifying bacteria ; Rhizosphere ; Root environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The production of nitrate in an old established dune grassland soil and its uptake by plants was studied by comparing amounts of mineral nitrogen and numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere on the one hand, and on the other accumulated nitrate and levels of nitrate reductase (NaR) of individual plants of three Plantago species,i. e., P. major, P. lanceolata andP. coronopus. For these three Plantago species andP. media basal levels of NaR in the absence of nitrate were determined in plants grown in culture solutions. The basal NaR levels ofP. major andP. media (species occurring on nutrient-rich soils) were significantly higher than those ofP. lanceolata andP. coronopus (species found on nutrient-poor soils). NaR activity increased in the presence of nitrate and was suppressed by ammonium. From the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere and NaR activity in the leaves it was concluded that nitrate was produced in the root environments of the three Plantago species and that the compound was taken up by the plants. NaR activities and numbers of nitrifying bacteria were higher for individuals ofP. major than for those ofP. lanceolata andP. coronopus. No correlation was found between the ammonium levels and the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the soil, and no indications of inhibition of nitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere were obtained. For individuals ofP. lanceolata a correlation was found between the numbers of nitrifying bacteria in the soil and NaR activity in the leaves. The results are discussed in relation to the ecological habitats of the three species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277361
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of legume cropping and organic matter accumulation on the infiltration rate and structural stability of a granite soil under a simulated tropical environment (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Infiltration ; Legumes ; Nitrogen ; Physical fertility ; Tropics ; Structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An experiment was conducted under a simulated tropical environment to examine the effect of legume cropping on the infiltration rate and aggregate stability of a sandy granite soil. The stability of aggregates 〉2 mm increased from 47.3% in soil on which one siratro crop had been grown to 61.6% where six crops had been grown. In a soil on which soybeans had been grown this increase was from 39.4 to 77.1%. Infiltration rate (IR) was measured over a 30 min. period using a constant 2.5 cm head. IR in the 0 to 5 min. time period was related to soil total nitrogen by the relationship y=158.5x−0.738, (R=0.87**) where y=infiltration rate and x=soil total N(%). Beyond 5 minutes IR was determined by the sub-soil permeability. These results demonstrate the beneficial effects of legume cropping on infiltration rate and structural stability and the difficulty of improving soil water relations in soils with impermeable sub-soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377108
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The productivity of pine plantations in relation to previous land use (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 161-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregation ; Forests ; Land use ; Mycorrhiza ; Nitrogen ; Pasture ; Phosphorus ; Pine productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences in the productivity of establishedP. radiata plantations on pasture and forest soils were found to be reproducible withP. radiata seedlings in a glasshouse environment. The growth of seedlings on pasture soil exceeded that of seedlings on native forest soil (the ‘primary pasture effect’). After a history of pine on both native and pasture soils a residual effect of pasture on seedling growth was evident (the ‘secondary pasture effect’). However, the effect of a history of pine plantation (the ‘pine effect’) was to decrease the productivity of both native and pasture soil as assessed by seedling growth. These effects were not related to changes due to land management in mycorrhizal infection or in soil structure. The analysis of seedling growth leads to the conclusion that soil fertility, particularly the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus, has changed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374101
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Balance sheet of soil phosphorus and potassium as influenced by intensive cropping and fertilizer use (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Intensive cropping ; Lime ; Multiple cropping ; Manure ; Nutrient removal ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Weedicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The balance sheet of phosphorus and potassium were worked out from a long term manure and fertilizer experiment conducted for eight years and is still continuing at Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke, Ranchi, India. Increasing levels of fertilizer combination with organic manure and lime give the highest yield as well as removed the highest amount of phosphorus and potassium from the soil and gave the positive gain of soil phosphorus and potassium in intensive cropping. The highest gains of 59.0 and 278.0 kg/ha of phosphorus and potassium respectively were recorded in 150% NPK application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374103
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural (non-pathogenic) death of the cortex of wheat and barley seminal roots, as evidenced by nuclear staining with acridine orange (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 255-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acridine orange ; Barley ; Cerelas ; Microdochium bolleyi ; Nuclear staining ; Phialophora radicicola ; Rhizosphere ; Root cortex death ; Take-all ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nuclear staining with acridine orange was used to assess cell viability in the cortex of wheat and barley seminal roots from glasshouse and field experiments. Results from this method correlated well with nuclear assessments made in unstained or Feulgen-stained roots, and other evidence is presented to support the validity of the method. The pattern of root cortex death (RCD) was similar in wheat and barley and consistent over a wide range of conditions. Behind the extending root tip and zone of nucleate root hairs, nuclei disappeared progressively from the outer five (of six) cortical cell layers of the root axes, starting in the epidermis. Stainable nuclei remained in the sixth cell layer, next to the endodermis, and in most cell layers around the bases of root laterals and in a small region immediately below the grain. The onset of cell death was apparently related more to the age of a root region than to its distance behind the root tip, and it was not closely correlated with endodermal or stelar development assessed by staining with phloroglucinol/HCl. The rate of RCD was much faster in wheat than barley in both glasshouse and field conditions, and faster in some spring wheat cultivars than in others in the glasshouse. RCD occurred in sterile vermiculite and perlite and was not enhanced by the presence of soil microorganisms; nor was it enhanced in soil by the addition of the non-pathogenic fungal parasitesPhialophora radicicola var..graminicola orMicrodochium bolleyi. RCD is suggested to be endogenously controlled by the amount of photosynthate reaching the cortex. Its implications for growth of soil microorganisms and especially for growth and biological control of root-infecting fungi are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374110
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibiotic-resistantArthrobacter sp. andPseudomonas sp. responses in the rhizosphere of blue grama after herbage removal (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 91-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arthrobacter ; Blue grama ; Bouteloua gracilis ; Herbage removal ; Pseudomonas ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Streptomycin-resistant Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter were isolated from semi-arid grassland soil and their relative responses in the rhizosphere of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) subjected to herbage removal were evaluated. Using plants grown in normal soil, the two bacteria showed differential responses to herbage removal, which were most marked in the rhizoplane, where the Pseudomonas showed a two-log unit increase over a 60 hour period, while Arthrobacter, in contrast, exhibited a one-log unit decrease in viable counts for at least 48 hours after defoliation, responses which are similar to those observed in root exudate medium experiments by earlier workers. These results suggest that the rhizoplane may be a critical environment for interaction of these two types of microorganisms, and that sequential responses of the root-associated soil microorganisms may occur after herbage removal from this important rangeland plant. These responses are most likely associated with increased exudate release following herbage removal, which has been best documented using blue grama grown under sterile conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205028
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival ofPseudomonas solanacearum in soil (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 169-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Antagonism ; Fallow period ; Inoculum potential ; Non-host plant ; Rhizosphere ; Root exudate ; Soil amendment ; Survival ; Tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies on the survival ofPseudomonas solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt of tomato, under laboratory conditions showed that soil amendments had little effect on the population of the pathogen. When the host plant was grown in amended soil there was a positive influence on growth of the pathogen. The population level of the pathogen incorporated into the soil was reduced to one-half within a period of 46 days. The pathogen survived in the rhizosphere of non-host plants belonging to the families Acanthaceae and Leguminosae even in the absence of the natural hosts, but its incidence in the rhizosphere of plants belonging to Graminae and Cyperaceae was comparatively low indicating possibilities of reducing the inoculum potential of the pathogen in tomato fields by allowing such plants to grow during fallow periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374082
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen and zinc on the yield of submerged rice and uptake of N and Zn on unlimed and limed soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 183-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Liming ; Nitrogen ; Rice ; Submerged rice ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of N and Zn on the yield of submerged rice and uptake of N and Zn was studied on limed and unlimed soils in greenhouse. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 0,80 and 160 ppm through urea, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, Zn at 0 and 10 ppm in limed (4% CaCO3) and unlimed soils. Liming (4% CaCO3) decreased dry matter yield of rice at tillering, heading and straw and grain at maturity significantly against unlimed treatments. Ammonium sulphate gave highest yield with all applied doses followed by ammonium nitrate and urea. Zinc at 10 ppm increased dry matter and grain yield significantly over no Zn treatment in rice. The N sources gave N concentration and uptake in rice plants in decreasing order: $$Ammonium sulphate 〉 Ammonium nitrate 〉 Urea.$$ The highest N concentration was recorded with 160 ppm followed by 80 ppm N through any source and lowest in control. The application of Zn increased and liming decreased N concentration and uptake by rice at all sampling stages. Highest N concentration (2.37 to 3.92%) was observed at tillering followed at heading (0.48 to 1.05%). At maturity N in grain ranged from 0.69 to 1.13% whereas in straw from 0.24 to 0.41%. There were positive significant interactions of N(S) x N(L), N(S) and N(L) x Zn and negative interaction with lime on yield, N concentration (%) and N uptake (mg/pot). The application of N sources and levels and Zn increased Zn uptake (μg/pot), and liming decreased it. But 160 ppm N through any source decreased straw Zn concentration over 80 ppm N in absence of added Zn, however, effects on grain were not so strong particularly that of 160 ppm, when 10 ppm Zn was also added even 160 ppm N increased Zn concentration over 80 ppm significantly in both straw and grain. In this case the effect of N sources on Zn concentration was in the order: $$Ammonium sulphate 〉 Urea 〉 Ammonium nitrate.$$
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374083
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen sources on copper uptake and amino acid status of cereals (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 279-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Copper ; Barley ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of different nitrogen sources (NH4, NO3, and NH4 NO3) on the uptake of copper by wheat and barley growing in solution culture were compared in three experiments. Both the copper concentration and weight gain of shoots and roots were found to decrease in the order NO3〉NH4 NO3〉NH4 irrespective of the solution copper concentration. Ammonium nitrogen was also found to decrease the copper concentration of wheat grown on a copper deficient soil compared with a nitrate source of nitrogen. Increasing concentrations of ammonium ions in solution culture caused ammonium toxicity and reduced both plant copper concentrations and vegetative yield. Biochemical investigations using paper chromatography revealed that the amino acid asparagine was the major detoxification product of ammonia in wheat. Copper deficient plants were found to have elevated levels of amino acids compared with controls, irrespective of the nitrogen source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374091
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil beidellite and its relation to problems of potassium fertility and poor response to potassium fertilizers (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Beidellite ; Fixation ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary X-ray diffraction studies were made on soils with and without potassium fertility problems. All soils with clay fractions containing dominant beidellite or vermiculite showed potassium deficiency and lack of response to potassium fertilizer applications. All of the soils containing dominant montmorillonite or other clay minerals contained adequate potassium; on none of these, poor potassium response was reported. Special management practices are needed on the beidellitic and vermiculitic soils to increase potassium and ammonium fertilizer efficiency. Dominance of beidellite in the clay fraction should be reflected in soil classification. Establishment of a ‘beidellite’ family differentiating criterion in the Soil Taxonomy is proposed for this purpose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374093
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of zinc, phosphorus and nitrogen on tryptophan concentration in rice grains grown on limed and unlimed soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Liming ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Rice ; Tryptophan ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of Zn, P, N and CaCO3 on tryptophan concentration in rice grain were studied in greenhouse at Haryana Agricultural University. Zinc application upto 20 ppm increased tryptophan concentration in rice grain. Zn-EDTA gave highest increase followed by ZnSO4 and then ZnO. Liming at the rate of 4 and 8 per cent decreased tryptophan concentration significantly. Phosphorus application upto 100 ppm also decreased tryptophan significantly but Zn in combination with P increased tryptophan and overcame negative effect of P. Nitrogen application upto 120 ppm increased tryptophan concentration. There was positive interaction between Zn and N. Ammonium sulphate gave highest tryptophan followed by ammonium nitrate and then urea. The tryptophan concentration ranged between 766 ppm and 2011 ppm in paddy grain. The lowest tryptophan concentration was in the plants treated with 8 per cent lime in absence of added Zn and highest with 10 ppm Zn through Zn-EDTA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374094
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A root observation chamber for replicated use in a natural plant community (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glass wall method ; Observation chamber ; Rhizosphere ; Root dynamics ; Savanna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A relatively small, low cost root observation chamber of steel construction has been designed for replicated use in a natural plant community. An undisturbed soil profile, suitable for detailed study can be obtained by avoiding conventional backfilling methods and despite such factors as the recognized need for teh chamber roof to be below ground level. Installation procedure emphasizes preparation of the observation face in established woody plant communities. The technique incorporates microscopic study of roots and simultaneous recording of major soil climatic factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374591
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distributional gradients and variability of macroelement concentrations in the crowns of plantation grownPinus resinosa (AIT.) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 345-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Foliage age ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Red pine ; Tissue sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The vertical distribution of inorganic nutrient concentrations in red pine were dependent on the foliage age. Older foliage did not show an average vertical gradient while younger foliage did show a significant gradient. Horizontal gradients across foliage age classes in a branch whorl were consistent for all branch whorls, but the relative difference between the concentration of the current foliage and foliage three years-old or older was dependent on crown position. Coefficients of variation (CV) did not show a variability gradient in the crown for nitrogen and phosphorus. Variability of potassium tended to decrease as foliage age increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370035
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Nitrate reductase and nitrogenase activities of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from different geographic locations (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 427-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Assimilation ; Fixation ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogenase ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Temperate cultivar ; Tropical cultivar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cultivars ofPhaseolus vulgaris (L.) from contrasting geographic locations were cultivated under fields conditions for measurements of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase activities. A first trial with two cultivars indicated that a tropical cultivar B-789 has a higher nitrogenase activity than a temperate one Elsa. And the converse was true for the nitrate reductase activity. While where a post flowering application was made, a renewal of nitrate reductase activity occurred. Further similar comparisons of both enzymatic activities upon eight tropical and temperate cultivars of equivalent vegetative cycles indicated, on the average, that tropical cultivars have a higher level of (C2H2) reduction and a lower nitrate reductase activity than temperature cultivars. These observations suggest that there exists an inverse relationship between the two enzymatic activities in common beans, and there probably exists genetic variability for a possible improvement of N-fixation ability. An early application of N-fertiliser upon the Elsa and B-789 plots promotes later nitrogenase activity while a post flowering application shows obvious a renewal of nitrate reductase activity. Thus, analyses of nitrate reductase and nitrogenase activities of a common bean crop at different physiological stages may give us an indication of the best time to apply supplementary nitrogen fertilisation to common beans to increase seed yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370042
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a soil fulvic acid on the growth and nutrient content of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 491-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Copper ; Flowers ; Iron ; Leaves ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Koots ; Shoots ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants were grown in Hoagland solution to which 20 to 2000 ppm of a soil fulvic acid (FA) were added. The addition of 100 to 300 ppm of FA produced highly significant increases in the growth and development of above and below ground plant parts, in the uptake of nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn), and in the formation of numbers of flowers per plant. Effects of adding 500 and more ppm of FA were less beneficial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370049
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice-wheat double cropping system as affected by duration of rice variety, methods of planting rice and levels and sources of nitrogen (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Neem cake coated urea ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rice ; Rice-wheat ; Sulphur coated urea ; Urea ; Urea briquette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Removal of NPK in the rice-wheat double cropping system was studied in a field experiment conducted for two crop years (1977–79) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The double cropping system producing 8×103 kg/ha/yr grain (4.5×103 kg rice and 3.5×103 kg wheat) removed 166 kg N, 35 kg P and 174 kg K per hectare per year. Thus the rice-wheat double cropping system heavily depletes the soils of their NPK content and calls for balanced fertilization for continued high production. NPK removal was higher when a 135-day duration rice variety was grown than when a 105-day duration variety was grown, because the former resulted in overall (rice + wheat) more grains and straw. Similarly grain and straw yield and NPK removal was more with transplanted rice than when sprouted rice seeds were sown on puddled seedbed; the latter method was in turn superior to direct drilling. Use of urea briquette, neem cake coated urea and sulphur coated urea gave higher yields and resulted in removal of more NPK than prilled urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374787
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen nutrition, photosynthesis and carbon allocation in ectomycorrhizal pine (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 415-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon allocation ; Light Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Photosynthesis ; Pinus contorta ; Pinus taeda ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; Respiration ; Source-sink ; Suillus granulatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies examined net photosynthesis (Pn) and dry matter production of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizalPinus taeda at 6 intervals over a 10-month period. Pn rates of mycorrhizal plants were consistently greater than nonmycorrhizal plants, and at 10 months were 2.1-fold greater. Partitioning of current photosynthate was examined by pulse-labelling with14CO2 at each of the six time intervals. Mycorrhizal plants assimilated more14CO2, allocated a greater percentage of assimilated14C to the root systems, and lost a greater percentage of14C by root respiration than did nonmycorrhizal plants. At 10 months, the quantity of14CO2 respired by roots per unit root weight was 3.6-fold greater by mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants. Although the stimulation of photosynthesis and translocation of current photosynthate to the root system by mycorrhiza formation was consistent with the source-sink concept of sink demand, foliar N and P concentrations were also greater in mycorrhizal plants. Further studies examined Pn and dry matter production ofPinus contorta in response to various combinations of N fertilization (3, 62, 248 ppm), irradiance and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation. At 16 weeks of age, 6 weeks following inoculation with eitherPisolithus tinctorius orSuillus granulatus, Pn rates and biomass were significantly greater in mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants had significantly greater foliar %P, but not %N, than did nonmycorrhizal plants. Fertilization with 62 ppm N resulted in greater mycorrhiza formation than either 3 or 248 ppm. Increased irradiance resulted in increased mycorrhiza formation.
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    Effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth and nitrogen uptake by mycorrhizal Douglas-fir seedlings (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 445-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clay type ; CEC ; Douglas-fir ; Hebeloma crustuliniforme ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen Phosphorus ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; Rhizosphere ; pH ; Root-soil interface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a greenhouse pot study, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Douglas-fir seedling were grown in a forest soil amended with clays and ammonium or nitrate fertilizer. Mycorrhizal seedlings grew taller, increased root and shoot dry weight more, and accumulated more nitrogen and phosphorus than non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal effects were most pronounced in the nitrate treatment. Ammonium enhancement of phosphorus uptake was demonstrated for both mycorrhizal and control seedlings. Rhizosphere pH was altered by nitrogen source and the presence of mycorrhizas. Ammonium fertilization decreased pH, while nitrate fertilization increased pH.
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    The search for and interpretation of genetic controls that enhance plant growth under deficiency levels of a macronutrient (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 335-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Nutrient stress ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Root growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Techniques developed to measure growth of tomatoes and beans under limiting amounts of either P, K or Ca in solution culture reveal differences among strains. Genetic analysis permits estimates of gene action for control of efficiency and the isolation of improved segregants. The genetic isolates have value in studying mechanisms contributing to uptake, transport and utilization processes.
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    Effects of high concentrations of sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol on the growth and ion absorption in plants (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 87-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Barley ; Excised roots ; Multi-compartment transport box ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Radioisotopes ; Translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of high concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the absorption and translocation of K and P were examined using a multi-compartment transport box with excised roots of barley. The results were as follows: When no Ca was added, a high concentration of NaCl inhibited the absorption and translocation of K and P, although the inhibition of K was more pronounced as compared with that of P. The inhibitory effect of PEG was smaller than that of NaCl. On the other hand, the drastic inhibition of ion absorption and translocation of P was increased dramatically up to the control level by Ca, even in a high NaCl condition. The results, especially in the presence of Ca, are quite consistent with water culture experiments in the preceding paper15, which reported a less inhibitory effect of salt and water stresses on P absorption.
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    Agronomical and physiological aspects of the role of nitrogen in yield formation of cereals (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 379-391 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop development ; Grain yield ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen dressing ; Nitrogen economy ; Nitrogen harvest-index ; Soil Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen exerts its influence on crop growth and grain yield in various ways. Early top dressings or a high level of soil nitrogen stimulate tiller formation and leaf growth, which results in an increase of shoot dry weight and leaf area index. Late top dressings promote the survival of ear-bearing tillers, grain set and leaf area duration. Nitrogen compounds for grain growth are mainly supplied by the vegetative aerial parts (65–80%); the remainder originating from uptake and relocation by the roots after anthesis. The proportion of the total amount of nitrogen present in the grains, the nitrogen harvest-index, centers around 0.78 under optimum conditions. The recommendations for nitrogen dressing are based on the amount of residual soil nitrogen and on the requirement of the crop in the given environment. Both components may vary considerably due to environmental constraints. Despite inaccuracies in the assessment of mineral nitrogen content of the soil and the predicted nitrogen requirement of the crop, the recommendations for splitting nitrogen dressing in winter wheat have considerably improved the efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer.
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    Studies on the possible role of cation exchange capacity in the soil preference of mosses (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 77-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Calcium ; Calcium carbonate ; Cation Exchange Capacity ; Hydrogen ; Magnesium ; Moss ; pH ; Potassium ; Sodium ; Soil preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Moss species with a different soil preference with respect to its acidity and carbonate content also differ in their cation exchange capacity (leaf, stem, rhizoid), the acidiphile-calcifuges having lower C.E.C. values than the neutrophile-calcicoles. The higher the C.E.C. value, the more the divalent cations calcium and magnesium tend to be adsorbed as compared to the monovalents sodium and potassium, from an equinormal tetracationic solution. The increase in divalent adsorption is mainly due to calcium. Considering this differential adsorption of calcium and in view of data in literature on membrane characteristics, it appears that among the studied cations calcium is an important factor in the observed soil preference through its presence in the cell wall adsorbed fraction and thus in the membrane environment.
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    Taxonomic character of plant species in absorbing and accumulating alkali and alkaline earth metals grown in temperate forest of Japan (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 367-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alkali metals ; Alkaline earth metals ; Barium ; Calcium ; Ceasium ; Lithium ; Magnesium ; Potassium ; Rubidium ; Sodium ; Strontium ; Temperate forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Absorption and accumulation of alkali (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and alkaline earth (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) metals were investigated as taxonomic characteristics (in 62 plant species). Leaf and soil samples were collected from 9 sites in temperature forest in Japan and the above mentioned elements were analyzed. Considerable differences were found among species in their ability to accumulate alkali and alkaline earth metals. Very high concentrations of Li (45 ppm, D.W.), K (37×103 ppm), Rb (159 ppm) and Cs (8.2 ppm) were detected inLastrea japonica which were about 412, 12, 27 and 6 times higher than those of the species with the lowest concentrations. Na content was high inAcer micranthum (358 ppm) which was 16 times higher than species with the lowest concentration. Other species containing high levels of alkali metals wereHydrangea macrophylla, Struthiopteris niponica, Clethra barbinervis. Mean discrimination ratio (D.R.) for all investigated plant species for Li, Na, Rb, and Cs to K were 1.7, 0.44, 0.9 and 1.8 respectively. High concentrations of alkaline earth metals Ca (36×103 ppm), Sr (345 ppm), and Ba (241 ppm) were found in the leaves ofHydrangea paniculata which were about 31, 84, and 72 times higher than those for the species with the lowest concentration. Mg was very high inStruthiopteris niponica (83×102 ppm). Other species with high concentrations of alkaline earth metals belonged to the genus Viburnum. Mean D.Rs. for Mg, Sr, and Bavs Ca were 1.0, 0.7 and 0.08. Principal component analysis of interrelationships between the mineral content in leaf tissues indicated that these elements could be classified into 2 groups with respect to their accumulation behavior in plants. The alkali metals K, Li, Rb, and Cs behaved similarly in their accumulation in leaves but Na behaved independently. Alkaline earth metals Ca, Mg, Sr, and Ba were also found to behave similarly in their accumulation. Factors scores of 1st and 2nd components revealed three groups of plant species: alkaliphilic, alkaline earthphilic, and neutral (non-accumulators).
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    Effects of N fertilisation on populations of fine roots and mycorrhizas in spruce humus (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 49-53 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertiliser ; Fine roots ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen ; Picea sitchensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertilisation with N alters the numbers, biomass and seasonal pattern of activity of fine roots and mycorrhizas in spruce humus. Production and mortality decrease, and longevity increases. Fertilisation reduces mycorrhizal infection, alters the relative proportions of mycorrhizal types and permits the appearance of new types.
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    Ionic interactions in rice plants from dilute solutions (1983)
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Ionic interaction ; Magnesium ; Nutrient solution ; Oryza sativa L. ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ionic interactions may occur as cation-cation interactions, anion-anion interactions, or cation-anion interactions. Greater knowledge of this subject is warranted, due to the intensification of agriculture, in devising efficient fertilization systems. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the interaction among P, K, Ca and Mg absorption by the intact rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants from dilute solutions. The uptake of P was independent of Ca concentrations up-to 250 μM Ca but-there was a small decrease at the higher concentrations. Absorption of K and Mg was stimulated in the presence of Ca ions at low concentrations. But K and Mg absorption was decreased at higher Ca concentrations. Increasing concentrations of K in the nutrient solution depressed P and Ca uptake. Magnesium uptake was stimulated at lower concentrations of K, but at higher concentrations it was also decreased. Similarly, absorption of K and Ca was also decreased with increasing concentrations of Mg. Magnesium at lower concentrations stimulated P uptake but at higher concentraions it was decreased. In the present study maximum growth of rice plants was achieved at about 250μM Ca, 260 μM K, and 33μM Mg in the nutrient solution.
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    The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L. (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 13-29 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Exudation ; Lupins ; Lupinus albus L. ; Micro-organisms ; Proteoid roots ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A model predicted that the concentration profile of exudate would be less steep and its concentration values higher for larger diameter roots and that rhizosphere volume/g of root would be maximised at a particular root size for a given exudation rate. Root hairs, if active in secretion, would increase the rhizosphere volume/g of root and the substrate concentrations in it. Proteoid roots would increase the concentration of diffusing substance even further, although the rhizosphere volume per g of root may decline due to overlap effects. These effects are discussed in relation to the rate and extent of reactions between exudates and the soil.
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    Plant genotype differences in the uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements required for plant growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 175-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron ; Calcium ; Copper ; Genotypic differences ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mineral nutrition ; Molybdenum ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Plant adaptation ; Plant breeding ; Potassium ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant genotypes differ in their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements. Examples of genotype differences to iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are discussed. Current knowledge is sufficient to indicate that many crop plants can be improved for the efficient use of mineral elements and better adaptation to mineral stress conditions.
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    Nutrient inflows into apple roots (1983)
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    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 371-380 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Apple ; Calcium ; Copper ; Iron ; Irradiance ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient uptake rate ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Scion effects ; Season ; Source of nitrogen ; Temperature ; Tissue nutrient level ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rates of uptake of nutrients from solution by apple roots were measured (a) in a root laboratory, using intact roots of mature trees growing under field conditions and (b) in controlled environment using young trees. Maximum nitrate inflows into Discovery/M.9 roots under field conditions were only slightly lower than those into roots of the same genotype in controlled environment, but up to 80 times lower than those into roots of Worcester Pearmain seedlings. At any given external P concentration, P inflows into roots of field-grown trees were about 2.5-times lower than those into the roots of young trees in controlled environment. Nitrate inflows were constant above a solution concentration of 20 mmol m−3 in both field-grown and small trees. In both cases, phosphate inflows increased linearly with solution concentration up to 10 mmol m−3. Among the various plant and environmental factors influencing nutrient uptake characteristics of apple roots were: the scion genotype, tissue nutrient levels, root origin, the form in which N is supplied, level of irradiance of the shoot, root temperature and the season of the year. The effects of these factors are illustrated with examples.
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    Nutrient reserves in roots of fruit trees, in particular carbohydrates and nitrogen (1983)
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    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 401-413 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Cultural factors ; Environment ; Fruit trees ; Nitrogen ; Reserves ; Seasonal pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In trees, nutrient reserves built up in the previous year are of primary importance for early spring growth. Despite the relatively great importance of roots for nutrient storage, the root system should not be regarded as a special storage organ. Quantitatively, carbohydrates predominate in these reserves, but qualitatively N and other minerals are of more than minor significance. In roots carbohydrates are usually stored in insoluble form, mainly as starch; sorbitol is the predominant soluble compound in apple and peach. For nitrogen reserves, the soluble form predominates in roots, especially arginine in apple and peach, followed by asparagine. The level of reserves usually becomes maximal early in the winter. During leafing-out the reserves are drawn on until, later in the season, the supply of newly produced or absorbed nutrients exceeds the demand and replenishment occurs. The initial carbohydrate reserves do not determine the amount of new growth, whereas reserve nitrogen is of decisive importance for shoot growth vigour. Environmental factors such as light intensity and temperature affect the level of carbohydrates in roots; the concentration can be reduced by defoliation and summer pruning and increased by ample supply of nitrogen fertilizer in the autumn. The main cultural factors that influence nitrogen reserves are the amount and the time of nitrogen fertilization.
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    Rationale of selection for specific nutritional characters in crop improvement withPhaseolus vulgaris L. as a case study (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 351-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soils ; Cation exchange capacity ; Fertilizer use ; Nitrogen ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Phosphorus ; Selection ; Soil stresses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic effects are obtainable for any aspect of transport, accumulation, and efficiency of nutrient use by plants, and for virtually any element. Some of the important characters are: tolerance to acid soils (18% of soils or 2.4 billion ha), tolerance to high pH induced Fe-chlorosis, and tolerance to salinity (about 1,000 m ha). Genotypes which made better use of N and P would be the means of saving fertilizers, especially important to developing countries. A 10% economy of fertilizer use represents a minimum world saving of US$6 billion annually. Phaseolus vulgaris is taken as a model to show that although we know quite a lot about the extent of its nutritional variation, e.g. adaptability to acid soils, and the crop's utilization of N and P, we are handicapped in exploiting this because of lack of genetic information. This in turn depends on knowledge of specific mechanisms, and investigating these must be a priority.
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    Efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use by corn, sunflower, and sugarbeet for the synthesis of organic matter (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 219-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Corn ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Sugarbeet ; Sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A three-year experiment was conducted in natural conditions on chernozem soil to examine the efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use by corn (C4 type), sunflower and sugarbeet (C3 type) grown in optimum conditions of mineral nutrition (N100P100K100 kg/ha). Plant materials were analysed for the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and dry matter mass per individual plant parts and the whole plant. Leaves of different age, of all three plant species, were analysed to find eventual differences in the efficiency of use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the synthesis of organic matter depending on leaf age. It was found that corn had the lowest concentration of the elements studied but the highest dry matter mass. In other words, corn was more efficient than sunflower or sugarbeet in the use of these elements for the synthesis of an organic matter unit. Such results were arrived at in both sets of analyses, i.e., the analyses of leaves performed in the course of ontogenetic plant development as well as the analyses of leaves of different age.
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    Nutritional differentiation within the speciesDittrichia viscosa W. Greuter, between a population from a calcareous habitat and another from an acidic habitat (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 297-303 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcicole ; Calcifuge ; Calcium ; Dittrichia viscosa ; Magnesium ; Potassium ; Sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dittrichia viscosa is a Mediterranean bush widespread on various soil types. It is shown that the plants from a calcareous habitat (G plants) and those from an acidic habitat (M plants) differ in their ability to accumulate various cations when growing in the same experimental conditions. On this acidic soil the G plants accumulate more Ca and less K than the M plants. On a calcareous soil the response is reversed; it is the M plants which contain more Ca and often less K. This behaviour on each of the soils is typically that of a calcifuge for M and a calcicole for G. The two types of plants also differ in their affinity for Mg and Na. The ubiquity of the species could well be explained at least partially by genetic differentiation in the ability of plants to select ions.
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    Gains and losses in soil nutrients associated with harvesting and burning eucalypt rainforest (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 437-450 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning controlled ; Calcium ; Carbon ; CEC ; Eucalyptus ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; N. mineralisation ; Potassium ; Rainforest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In mixed eucalypt/rainforest in southern Tasmania, samples of surface soil 0 to 2 cm, 2 to 5 cm, and 5 to 10 cm were taken from a clear-felled coupe before and after burning in 1982, from a similar coupe after burning in 1979, and from an uncut area adjacent to each coupe. Factors compared were bulk density; total organic C, N, P, Ca, Mg, and K; pH; exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K; cation exchange capacity; extractable P; and N-mineralisation rates. The effect of burning was found to be restricted mainly to the upper 2 cm of soil. The combustion of organic matter caused losses of 7360 kg organic C and 211 kg N/ha; 348 kg Ca and 282 kg Mg and 151 kg K/ha were added to the soil in ash. Burning caused significant increases in pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, and in extractable P; cation exchange capacity was reduced. In the 6 months after burning only K was leached from the upper 2 cm of soil. Equilibrium levels of NH4−N increased initially after the fire, but between 6 and 18 months, equilibrium levels and rate of production of NH4−N during anaerobic incubation in soil of burned coupes differed little from that in adjacent uncut forest. Rates of production of NO3−N during aerobic incubation were very low throughout the period of study. It is concluded that for soils developed on dolerite in mixed eucalypt/rainforest, a single regeneration burn probably improves the nutritional status of the soil. Nutrients lost from the area as particulate ash are in quantities that will probably be replaced in rainfall in 15 to 20 years.
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    Studies on sulphur in vertisols (1983)
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max L. Merr ; Nitrogen ; Soybean ; Sulphur deficiency ; Vertisols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Some soil and plant test methods were evaluated for predicting response of soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to S application in vertisols. Morgan's reagent, 500 ppm P containing Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O and KH2PO4 solutions, 0.5N NH4OAc+0.25N HOAc and 0.15% CaCl2 were found to be suitable extractants for measuring available soil S. The critical limits of extractable S were 9.0 ppm by Morgan's reagent, 10.0 ppm by phosphate solutions, 8.0 ppm by 0.5N NH4OAc +0.25N HOAc and 14.0 ppm by 0.15% CaCl2. Morgan's reagent was regarded as superior to other soil test methods in view of its high relationship with S uptake by plants, A values and relative yield. Critical S concentration in soybean plants varied with age. It was 0.15% and 0.185% for 36 and 60 days old plants, respectively. The critical N/S ratio on the other hand appeared to be constant at about 16.5 during vegetative growth period. Constancy of critical N/S ratio in plants was attributed to the near constancy of N/S ratio in plant proteins. There was highly significant relationship between response of soybean to S and to N, supporting the conclusion of some earlier workers that any soil showing large responses to N may not be supplying adequate S from the mineralization of soil organic matter.
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    The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L. (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 391-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intercropping Lupins ; Lupinus albus ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significant interactions between wheat and lupins occur below ground and wheat intercropped with lupins has access to a larger pool of available P, Mn and N than has wheat grown in monoculture. This suggests that the wheat is able to take up nutrients produced or made available by lupins grown in association with it.
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    Cation fluxes in excised and intact roots in relation to specific and varietal differences (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 197-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allium ; Atriplex ; Cation selectivity ; Fagopyrum ; Halophytes ; Helianthus ; Hordeum ; Plasmalemma fluxes ; Potassium ; Potassium-sodium selectivity ; Salt tolerance ; Secale ; Sodium ; Suaeda ; Tonoplast fluxes ; Triticum ; Xylem parenchyma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In this short survey differences between species and varieties in the four major mechanisms that affect selective uptake of potassium and sodium to the plant within the root are considered. These include influx selectivity, K+/Na+ exchange at the plasmalemma, and selectivity at the tonoplast as well as at the symplasm-xylem boundary. The affinity of various plants for potassium influx in system 1 is rather uniform although varietal differences in barley have been observed. Differences are much more pronounced for sodium influx, for which Helianthus showed rather high and Fagopyrum rather low affinity. There is substantial variation between species in the efficiency of K+/Na+ exchange at the plasmalemma of cortical root cells; the three cereals Hordeum, Triticum, and Secale were highly efficient while K+/Na+ exchange in Atriplex, Helianthus and Allium was poor, even if the cytoplasmic sodium content was accounted for. Apparently there was no direct relation between salt tolerance and K+/Na+ exchange. The observed differences in the efficiency of K+-dependent sodium extrusion or K+/Na+ exchange were not due to the use of excised roots, they were observed also when roots of whole seedlings were investigated. At the tonoplast a 1∶1 exchange of vacuolar potassium for sodium has been observed in roots of Hordeum. By this exchange sodium ions are removed from the symplasm and potassium ions are recovered from vacuoles and thus made available for transport to the shoot. Indications for specific differences in this exchange have been observed; the exchange appears to be more efficient in Helianthus than in Hordeum roots. More comparative studies are needed here. At the boundary between symplasm and xylem vessels selectivity can be set up during xylem release of cations and there are reports that suggest a preference for sodium (Lycopersicum cheesemanii, Solanum pennellii, and Suaeda) and for varietal differences amongst tomatoes. Selectivity at this boundary, the plasmalemma of the xylem parenchyma cells was described in this paper by the selectivity ratio of transport that relates the rates of xylem transport to the cytoplasmic sodium and potassium concentrations. Based on this ratioAtriplex hortensis was shown to discriminate for sodium during xylem release while there was little selectivity in Hordeum and possibly some discrimination in favour of K+ in Allium roots. The data are shortly discussed in relation to salt tolerance and to the breeding of salt-tolerant crop varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181958
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    Competition between fast- and slow-growing tropical legume rhizobia for nodulation ofVigna unguiculata (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 105-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Competition ; Inoculum potential ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium growth rates ; Rhizosphere ; Temperature ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The competition between slow- and fast-growing types of rhizobia for nodulation of cowpeas was studied using modified Leonard-jars. Rhizosphere populations of Rhizobium, mixed and pure populations, were examined on cowpea plants grown in large glass tubes. At 25°C and at a low level of inoculation, the fast-growing strain, NGR 234, dominated the rhizosphere but at 30°C, the slow-growing strain CB 756 dominated or was equally represented depending on its initial level in the mixed inoculum. At 25°C/23°C (day/night), the fast-growing strain from Lablab (NGR 234) was a superior competitor for nodule sites compared with three slow-growing strains of Rhizobium. When plants were grown at 30°/26°C, the slow-growing rhizobia were the better competitors for host nodulation. Fast-growing strains from Mimosa and Leucaena were poor competiors at both temperatures. The results were influenced by the proportions of the competing strains, as well as the total numbers of rhizobia, in the mixed inoculum. Other factors, including ‘host preferences’, host compatibility and time taken for nodule initiation, also contributed to the relative success of competing strains. The results reflect the persistent isolation in tropical regions of slow-growing cowpea-type of rhizobia from most tropical legumes. Dual occupancy of nodules by both fast- and slow-growing rhizobia occurred in 0–15% of the nodules formed for most paired inocula. However, the fast-growing Leucaena isolate NGR 14/1 was present in 73 to 83% of the nodules formed by the slow-grower CB 756.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197760
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  • 40
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    Effect of seed nitrogen on response to applied nitrogen in six spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in a glasshouse (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Cultivars ; Early vigour ; Glasshouse ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; Nitrogen ; Seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation in the nitrogen content of seed of six barley cultivars was brought about by growing parent plants at four nitrogen levels. Shoot dry weight of plants grown for 23 days from these seeds was generally enhanced by an increase in seed nitrogen content. The most responsive cultivar was a primitive type of barley from Ethiopia. Cultivars with a longer breeding history were less responsive. Risø 1508 apparently had physiological and biochemical limitations in responding to extra seed nitrogen. In the barley cultivars studied extra seed nitrogen seems to supplement, rather than substitute for, nitrogen fertilizer in the seed bed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197716
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  • 41
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    Comportement dePicea abies Karst. en plantation au Québec, Canada (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azote ; Croissance ; Nutrition ; Picea abies ; Plantation ; Potassium ; Sol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A nutrient-growth study was undertaken in 94Picea abies plantations, ranging in age from 20–31 years, in the L-3 forest region, Canada. Correlation analysis and canonical variable analysis indicated a positive relation between growth and the percentage of nitrogen and potassium in needles of the current year growth. By stepwise discriminant analysis, these two elements classify correctly 53% of the sites in the predetermined growth classes whereas combining all foliar characteristics tested classified correctly 59% of the sites. Adequate nitrogen and potassium nutrition is observed on plantations grown on soils with high levels of exchangeable cations and rich in silt and clay.
    Notes: Résumé Une étude nutrition-croissance a été réalisée dans 94 plantations dePicea abies, âgées de 20–31 ans, établies dans la région forestière L-3, Canada. Des relations positives ont été mises en évidence, par l'analyse de correlation et l'analyse des variables canoniques, entre la croissance et les teneurs en azote et en potassium des aiguilles de la pousse courante. Ces deux éléments permettent, par analyse discriminante progressive, de classer correctement en moyenne 53% des stations, au sein des classes de croissance prédéterminées alors que le total des caractéristiques foliaires analysées classe correctement 59% des stations. Une bonne nutrition en azote et en potassium est observée dans les plantations sur sols présentant une teneur élevée en cations échangeables et riches en limon fin et en argile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197753
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  • 42
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    Influence of hexachlorocyclohexane on the nitrogenase activity of rice rhizosphere soil (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 473-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hexachloroxyclohexane ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Redox potential ; Rhizosphere ; Rice plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of application of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH=gamma BHC), to a submerged tropical field soil at rates equivalent to recommended field rates (1–2.5kg a.i./ha) and twice this level, upon the rhizosphere soil nitrogenase, nitrogen fixers, and soil redox potential (Eh) was investigated. The rhizosphere soil from HCH-treated field exhibited significantly higher nitrogenase activity than that from untreated fields. HCH retarded the drop in redox potential of the field soil upto 80 days after transplantation under submerged conditions. Populations of nitrogen-fixingAzospirillum sp. and Azotobacter, to a greater extent, and anaerobic organisms, to a lesser extent, were stimulated in HCH-treated soils. Results indicate the stimulation of heterotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria by HCH in submerged paddy soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184551
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  • 43
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    The uptake of sodium by perennial ryegrass and its relationship to potassium supply in flowing solution culture (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 73-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Distribution (shoots roots) ; Flowing solution culture ; H-ions ; Lolium perenne ; Potassium ; Sodium ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The uptake of Na and K by perennial ryegrass from flowing solution culture with monitored concentrations of Na and K was followed in two experiments. In the first, when only 50 and 10 per cent of the K uptake by one set of plants, grown with K held constant at 2.5 μeq 1−1, was supplied to two other linked sets of plants and the balance supplied as Na, there was a rapid decrease in K, and an increase in Na, concentration in the shoots over a 20-day period. However, when compared with the plants grown in K in solution held constant, there was not a complete replacement of Na for K. In the second experiment the concentration of K in the culture solution was held constant at 2 μeq 1−1 and Na at 0, 5, 25, 50 and 100 μeq 1−1. Although uptake of Na increased with increasing concentration in solution the contents in the plants were low,i.e. less than 0.19 per cent and decreased with time. There was an increase in the yield of both shoots and roots with increasing Na in the solution; it was suggested that, during the early stages of growth there may have been an inadequate supply of K and that Na may have substituted for K in some of the non-specific roles of K in the plants. There was evidence in both experiments that a flux of H-ions was involved in the uptake of Na.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377113
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  • 44
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    The influence of some soil and plant factors on the concentration of copper in perennial ryegrass (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 275-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Absorption ; Availability ; Copper ; Extractable-Cu ; Lolium perenne ; Nitrogen ; Roots ; Soils ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The absorption and transport of Cu were studied in perennial ryegrass grwon on 21 soils under controlled environment conditions. Neither the concentration, nor the total amount, of Cu in the shoots was related to available Cu in the soils as assessed by extraction with 0.05M EDTA, 0.005M DTPA, or 1.95 per cent HNO3. The concentration in the roots and, more especially, absorption per unit weight of root (i.e. μg Cu g dry wt−1) were, however, highly correlated with available soil Cu. This suggests that, unless the extent of exploitation of the soil by roots is taken into account, measurements of available Cu will not be effective in predicting uptake by plants. On average, 63 per cent of the Cu absorbed by the roots was retained in the roots, and variation in the proportion retained was related to the transport of nitrogen from roots to shoots. On some soils the concentrations of N and Cu in the shoots were significantly correlated, and variation in N concentration accounted for a considerable proportion of the variance in the Cu concentration at later harvests. The relative importance of the measured soil (pH, organic matter) and plant (dry weight, N content) factors changed markedly over 6 successive harvests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374111
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  • 45
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    The productivity of pine plantations in relation to previous land use (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 329-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Availability ; Krasnozem ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Pinus radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The improved growth of pine plantations on pasture soils compared with that on soils which previously supported native eucalypt forest is primarily explained in terms of soil phosphorus. Pasture development has resulted in a decrease in the P adsorption maximum of about 300 μg g−1 soil, a figure which agrees with the increase in total P due to the application of superphosphate. P adsorption isotherms were used to calculate additions of P to give comparable levels of soil solution P in eucalypt and pasture soils. The growth of pine seedlings in soils thus amended showed a strong N×P interaction. When P was non-limiting, addition of N raised productivity of the eucalypt soil above that of the pasture soil. It is postulated that the different nature of the N×P interaction in eucalypt and pasture soils results from differences in the nitrogen cycle in the two soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182014
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  • 46
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    Phyllosphere and rhizosphere microflora of pearl millet with reference to downy mildew incited bySclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 65-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Downy mildew ; Microflora ; Phyllosphere ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Analysis of phyllosphere microflora showed that in the resistant cultivar (PHB-14) there was a significantly higher population of fungi, gram positive and gram negative bacteria, compared to susceptible cultivar (NHB-3) under healthy and diseased situations. The cultivars during earhead stage supported maximum phyllosphere fungal and gram negative bacterial populations. The rhizosphere of the susceptible cultivar under downy mildew influence supported maximum fungal and gram negative bacterial populations and the rhizosphere effect was the highest in downy mildew colonized susceptible NHB-3 at the earhead stage (95 days after planting). Among the fungi isolated Cladosporium dominated the phyllosphere of resistant, susceptible and susceptible cultivar under the influence of downy mildew. Among the rhizosphere microflora the population ofAspergillus sp. was found to be greatest in resistant, susceptible and the susceptible cultivar under the influence of downy mildew.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205026
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  • 47
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    Populations ofRhizobium japonicum associated with the surfaces of soil-grown roots (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fluorescent antibody ; Immunofluorescence ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizosphere ; Root surfaces ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Populations of nativeRhizobium japonicum 123 in the rhizospheres of field and pot grown plants as determined by immunofluorescence were calculated on the basis of root surface area. The density ofR. japonicum 123 on the root fluctuated between a few hundred to over a thousand per square centimeter of root surface. As root volume expanded rapidly, the Rhizobium density fell to less than one hundred per unit area. There was no appreciable effect due to different plant, nitrogen amendment, or addition of another strain ofR. japonicum, on the surface density of the nativeR. japonicum population on roots. Nor did the native population influence the added strain. Direct examination of root surface segments revealed that naturalized rhizobia existed sparsely on root surfaces in the form of short rods. They were observed to be attached sideways or in a polar manner on root hairs, epidermal cells, and at junctions of tap and lateral roots. There was no evidence of specific stimulation of the homologous Rhizobium by the host plant as a prelude to nodulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277364
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