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  • Articles  (2,135)
  • Chemistry  (2,135)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
  • Statistical Physics
  • 1980-1984  (2,135)
  • 1925-1929
  • 2014
  • 1983  (1,030)
  • 1981  (1,105)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (2,135)
Collection
  • Articles  (2,135)
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (2,135)
  • 1925-1929
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of HDPE-PS-SEBS blends (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), and an SEBS triblock copolymer were extruded, pelletized, and injection molded. The binary HDPE-PS blends exhibit very poor ductibility; however, addition of the SEBS block copolymer greatly improves this characteristic but with an accompanying loss in strength and modulus. The modified blends are very tough and have mechanical properties suitable for many end use applications. However, weld lines pose a problem and should be avoided with these blends.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase separation behavior of rubber-modified epoxies (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2391-2401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compatibility and phase separation behavior of mixtures of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers were studied by means of light transmission, viscosity measurements, and optical microscopy. Cloud point measurements of the blends prior to curing showed a strong influence of acrylonitrile on the miscibility behavior, especially near the critical composition of the system. In addition, the cloud point curves showed a highly skewed shape which turned out to be particularly favorable to the formation of a rigid but tough two-phase structure. Blends subjected to isothermal cure at 120°C were found to begin phase separation at a progressively shorter time with increase in the copolymer content. Furthermore, while the phase domains tended to cease growing at the time of gelation, the composition within the sample continued to change well beyond the gel point.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260725
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on synthetic polymer plates with high surface energy. I. Diallyl phthalate-unsaturated carboxylic acid system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2423-2436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new preparation technique of the polymer plate with high water wettability and sufficient mar resistance was proposed. The gel plate resulting from the prepolymerization of diallyl compound (M1), diallyl phthalate (DAP), in a casting cell was immersed in an aqueous solution of unsaturated carboxylic acid (M2), acrylic acid (AA), and methacrylic acid (MAA), at a specific temperature for a specific time. M2 was copolymerized with the remaining M1 in the region near the surface of the gel plate, and polymer plates with the following characteristics were obtained: for DAP-AA system, θi (contact angle of the alkali-treated plate) = 10.5° and mar resistance (for the alkali-treated plate at a dry state) = 70 g; for DAP-MAA system, θi = 8.3°, and mar resistance = 65 g.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260728
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reticulated versus crenelated surfaces on macroporous polystyrene-divinylbenzene membranes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 591-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Reticulated polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PSt-DVB) copolymer membranes or thin sheets were prepared using two different methods. The first method employed a nonsolvating diluent which dissolves the monomer but precipitates the polymer. This resulted in skinned membranes with the skin being nonporous, being either crenelated or smooth. The second method used paraffin wax as the inert phase. The wax was precipitated by cooling, followed by polymerization of the styrene. The wax was then solvent extracted. This resulted in a reticulated structure both on the surface and in the interior of the membrane. The resulting products from the two methods were compared using scanning electron microscopy. The objective of this study was to prepare a skinless, macroporous, crosslinked polystyrene, as polymer I for the preparation of novel interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) materials.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260218
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of anhydrous ferric chloride with nylon 6 (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 603-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of anhydrous ferric chloride with nylon 6 has been inferred from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermal (DSC and TGA), and rheological (Rheometrics) measurements. At very low additive concentration of ∼0.25 wt %, an about 50-fold melt viscosity increase of nylon 6 was observed. However, progressive decrease in melt viscosity was also observed with increasing additive concentrations indicative of degradation as confirmed by the enhancement of weight loss with TGA at a lower temperature. Decrease in crystallinity content of the filled nylon samples is inferred from the reduction of the melting endotherms with DSC, pronounced reduction in diffraction intensity with WAXD, an increase in amorphous CH2 bending band (1400 cm-1) with FTIR. The above results can be attributed to the strong complex formation between the FeCl3 and the N—H groups as suggested by the subtraction spectra of FTIR where decreased intensities of the 690, 1200, and 1265 cm-1 bands were observed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260219
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adiabatic polymerization of acrylamide using a persulfate-bisulfite redox couple (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 611-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The temperature rise during the adiabatic polymerization of acrylamide in water has been used to characterize the kinetic parameters. Based on initial rate data, the following equation is obtained: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ - \frac{{d\left[ {\rm M} \right]}}{{dt}} = 99.7\exp \left[ {5767\left( {\frac{1}{{303.6}} - \frac{1}{T}} \right)} \right]\left[ {\rm M} \right]^{1.53} \left[ {{\rm PS}} \right]^{0.53} \left[ {{\rm BS}} \right]^{0.47} $$\end{document} where concentrations of monomer, persulfate, and bisulfite are in mole/kg, T is in K, and t is in min. The order with respect to monomer is confirmed by an analysis of the entire temperature-time record during polymerization. The persulfate-bisulfite couple was studied also in the absence of monomer. Concentrations were measured by UV absorbance and by permanganate titration. The reaction can be represented by: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ - \frac{{d\left[ {{\rm S}_2 {\rm O}_{\rm 8}^{\rm = } } \right]}}{{dt}} = - \frac{{d\left[ {{\rm HSO}_{\rm 3}^{\rm - } } \right]}}{{dt}} = 4.38\exp \left[ {7900\left( {\frac{1}{{302}} - \frac{1}{T}} \right)} \right]\left[ {{\rm S}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{\rm 8}^{\rm = } } \right]\left[ {{\rm HSO}_{\rm 3}^{\rm - } } \right] $$\end{document} where concentrations are in mole/liter, T is in K, and t is in min.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260220
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion with simultaneous immobilization in polymer-dye systems. I. Diffusion of the cationic dye anilana red BL in the anionically modified polyester fiber dilana (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 643-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient of the cationic dye Anilana Red BL in the anionically modified polyester fiber Dilana has been calculated regarding a general diffusion-immobilization model. In the model the mobile species are distinguished from the immobilized ones. In computations of Sand's equation and experimentally determined sorption isotherm of the dye in the fiber, the rate-of-dyeing curve and the concentration profiles of the dye in the same fiber were employed. The diffusion coefficient of the mobile species of Anilana Red BL in the fiber is two orders of magnitude higher than the average diffusion coefficient obtained from Hill's equation and the apparent diffusion coefficient calculated by the Boltzmann-Matano method.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260223
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Swelling and mechanical properties of cellulose hydrogels. II. The relation between the degree of swelling and the creep compliancePart of this work was presented at the 26th International Symposium on Macromolecules, Mainz, 1979. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2533-2544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of swollen cellulose hydrogels have been studied. The degree of swelling of the gels was varied between 0.75 and 6.3 g water/g dry gel (g/g) by partial drying followed by reswelling in water. Creep rate was measured in uniaxial compression in the time interval 15-900 s for gels in equilibrium with water. Isochronous relations between stress and reversible strain were found to be linear, and creep compliance was calculated from the slopes. Both the creep compliance and the creep rate increase with an increased degree of swelling. General observations, such as the high strain limit of linearity in the stress-strain curves and the magnitude of the creep compliance, indicate similarities between swollen cellulose gels and rubbery networks. It is therefore assumed that the statistical theories for swollen networks can describe the amorphous matrix of the gels. In order to obtain creep compliance values representative of the amorphous matrix, the experimental values were corrected for the presence of crystalline regions. It is also suggested that non-load-bearing microvoids are present at high swelling levels. According to calculations based on the theory, the network chains of the amorphous regions in a gel swollen to 2.4 g/g contain about 11 monomer units and the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ equals 0.2.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260804
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrinsic birefringence of nylon 6 (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2573-2580 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Different values are reported in the literature for the intrinsic birefringence of the crystalline (Δn0c) and the amorphous (Δn0a) phases in nylon 6. Mostly, these values have either been determined by extrapolation (and then it is assumed that Δn0c = Δn0a) or calculated theoretically. In this study, intrinsic birefringence values Δn0c and Δn0a for nylon 6 were determined using the Samuels two-phase model which correlates sonic modulus with structural parameters. Three series of fiber samples were used: (1) isotropic samples of different degrees of crystallinity for estimation of E0t,a and E0t,c moduli at two temperatures. The following modulus values were obtained: 1.62 × 109 and 6.66 × 109 N/m2 for 28.5°C, and 1.81 × 109 and 6.71 × 109 N/m2 for -20°C; (2) anisotropic, amorphous fiber samples for estimation of Δn0a = 0.076 and E0t,a = 1.63 × 109 N/m2 at 28.5°C; (3) semicrystalline samples of various draw ratios for estimations of Δn0c = 0.089 and Δn0a = 0.078. All measurements were carried out with carefully dried samples to avoid erroneous results caused by moisture.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260807
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of butadiene in toluene with nickel(II) stearate-diethyl aluminum chloride catalyst. II. Kinetic study (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 653-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on the polymerization data presented in part I of this series, a kinetic mechanism for the polymerization of butadiene in toluene initiated with nickel(II) stearate-diethyl aluminum chloride was proposed. Expressions for the conversion, the degree of polymerization, and the cis content were derived. Those models were then used to correlate the experimental data from which the rate constants were estimated. A quantitative discussion of various aspects of the polymerization is also presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260224
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new approach to the study of plasticizer migration from PVC into methanol (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 667-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new approach to the study of the migration rate was attempted for dioctylphthalate as plasticizer from solid PVC into liquid methanol. Two different experiments were carried out: first, a classical one by measuring the increase in the plasticizer concentration in solution; second, a new one by measuring the plasticizer concentration inside the solid PVC itself, for different times and for different depths in that solid. Equations of diffusion in unsteady state were found to correlate well with experiments in both cases. Stirring of the solution measured by Reynold's number was found to be important. Measurements were carried out inside the solid PVC, and the profile of the concentration of dioctylphthalate inside the PVC disc was determined at different times. The diffusion coefficient was calculated inside the PVC disc, and it was found to vary with the DOP concentration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260225
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water permeation of polymer films. III. High-temperature polyimides (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 679-686 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various freestanding, commercially available polyimides have been found to have virtually identical water permeation properties. However, conformally coating them prevents their relaxing their swelling stresses to accommodate the motions of permeating water molecules, manifesting this inability through changes in the diffusion coefficient.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260226
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of epoxy resin synthesis on the basis of GPC measurements (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2783-2786 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260827
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure drop through tapered wide-slit dies. A revised version (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2801-2804 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260831
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical aging studies of semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2813-2825 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical aging of semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been investigated as a function of crystalline content. Stress-strain, stress relaxation, and differential scanning calorimetry experiments were used to monitor the physical aging process. Both the overall extent and the rate of physical aging in this material decrease with increasing crystallinity. Several possible reasons for this behavior are advanced and discussed. It was also found that the drawing behavior of amorphous PET changes significantly as physical aging progresses. Specifically, for samples aged and then elongated, the extent of localized deformation (necking) and associated strain-induced crystallization was greater for samples aged for longer periods of time.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260901
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accelerated photo-oxidation of polyethylene. II. Further evaluation of selected additives (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2917-2926 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of additives previously observed to promote photo-oxidative degradation of polyethylene films have been evaluated with respect to their relative photoinitiating effectiveness at wavelengths near 300 nm and their effects on thermal-oxidative stability of polyethylene. Depending on the nature of the additive, the photo-oxidation process may display autoretarding or autoaccelerating behavior. Thermomechanical analyses and gel content measurements on UV-exposed films containing substituted anthraquinones suggest that at short exposure times, photo-oxidative degradation is accompanied by photochemical crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260908
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromic titanate catalysts for high-melt-index polyethylene by the particle-form process (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2927-2934 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel thermal activation procedure for ethylene polymerization catalysts made from silica, a chromium compound, and a titanium ester greatly increases the melt index of the polyethylene product under commericla polymerization conditions in comparison with conventional air activation. The novel activation has two steps. The first is heating under a reducing gas atmosphere (N2 + CO). The second step is partial oxidation at a lower temperature for a shorter time. The size of the melt index increase is related to the average oxidation number of the chromium, but oxidized chromium can be reduced and the effect persists with less intensity. Additionally, the magnitude of the effect is dependent upon gas flow rates during activation and prior chemical and thermal history of the chromium-silica combination. Since titanium is required for the two-step activation to be effective in increasing melt index, titanium atoms have a critical influence on the catalyst active sites. An experiment with tetraethoxysilane added to the catalyst shows that titanium and chromium atoms must be next nearest neighbors (separated by oxygen atoms).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260909
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some theoretical aspects of bromine-containing triazine flame retardants (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2959-2966 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We studied flame retardancy of cotton fabric treated with five diaminotriazines containing bromine - three compounds with the bromine on aliphatic groups and two with the bromine on phenyl groups. Flame retardancy, as measured by oxygen index and FF3-71 flammability standards, was better on the fabrics containing aliphatic bromine than on the fabrics containing aromatic bromine. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric analyses (DTG) were obtained on the fabrics, results of which supported the theory that HBr liberated during burning lowers the ignition temperature and decomposition point of the cellulose causing a reduction in flammable gases and an increase in residual char. Since C—H and C—Br bond strengths are stronger on aromatic groups than on aliphatic groups, our results agree with the theory that flame retardancy increases as the C—Br bond strength decreases. In other words, since bromine inhibits oxidation reactions in the gas phases, the heat evolved is expected to become less as the C—Br bond strength decreases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260912
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and properties of poly(vinyl chloride)-polyurethane blends (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2989-3006 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The objective of this research was to study the morphology and properties of PVC-polyurethane blends. Studies on blends of a segmented polyether polyurethane with PVC were carried out utilizing differential scanning calorimetry, Rheovibron, stress-strain, infrared peak position studies, and infrared dichroism experiments. This thermodynamically incompatible system was made kinetically compatible by precipitation from tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions. THF-dioxane solution casting and melt processing produced an incompatible system. The compatible polyurethane-PVC system contains a well-mixed PVC-polyether matrix phase as evidenced by Tg shifts, orientation characteristics, and infrared peak position changes. The aromatic urethane segments which exhibit microphase separation in the pure polyurethane are not solubilized by blending with PVC by any of sample preparation methods used in this study.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260915
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalysis of the reaction between isocyanates and protonic substrates. I. Metal salt-amine complexes as catalysts in the polyurea foaming process (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3027-3043 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tertiary amines and metal [Cu(II), Zn(II)] salts exhibit a synergistic effect in the catalysis of the isocyanate water reaction. The amino complexes of zinc and copper salts display a very large versatility in defining the most suitable formulations for the polyurea foam production. The foaming process is indeed controlled by the nature and the composition of these new catalytic combinations; kinetics of foaming and textural characteristics of final foams are easily modified in that way.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260918
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  • 21
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    Nylon 6 water-permeable membranes prepared by electron beam radiation-induced graft copolymerization (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3065-3071 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 6 films, 25 μm thick, were grafted with polar monomers in aqueous solution following preirradiation with a 550-kV electron beam accelerator. The graft yield rose linearly with grafting period up to 100% graft and leveled off at a graft yield above 150%. At 100 to 200% graft of several acrylic acid derivatives onto the nylon 6 films, water permeation rates comparable to those of PVA and cellophane films were observed. These high water permeation rates of the grafted nylon films were considered as an indication that some of the acrylate copolymers penetrated throughout the matrix of the host polymer. The highest rates of water permeability were observed in nylon acrylamide grafts.
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  • 22
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    The influence of filler particles and polymer structure on the mobility of polymer molecules (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3099-3102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The presence of carbon filler has been shown to cause a change in the glass transition temperature of polymers. For poly(vinyl chloride) and two of its copolymers with 10 and 15% vinyl acetate an increase in Tg was observed when Graphon C Carbon was added. The increase was greater when the proportion of vinyl acetate was greater. Polar vinyl acetate units allow stronger adsorption of polymer onto the carbon. Brittle polymers such as polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) showed scattered Tg's when filled with carbon. The changes were not a function of concentration. It is postulated that the thermal stress of these polymers is increased in the presence of filler.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260923
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  • 23
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    Grafting vinyl monomers onto cellulose. IV. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto modified cellulose using peroxydiphosphate as the initiator (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3151-3156 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto modified cellulose was studied at 60° causing peroxydiphosphate as the initiator. The rate of grafting in case of different modified cellulose was determined by varying peroxydiphosphate, monomer, nature of substrate, and temperature. The molecular weight of the isolated polymer has been determined, and the mechanism of grafting is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260927
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    The effect of network structure on moisture absorption of epoxy resins (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3015-3025 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the effect of modifying the network structure on moisture absorption of epoxies was performed. The network was modified by crosslinking the epoxides with various mono/diamine proportions, resulting in decreasing density and increasing free volume. It was discovered, however, that concomitant effects, i.e., the formation of a two-phase structure, and changes in resin polarity and in resin-water affinity predominated. Thus, compositions with higher chain molecular weights between crosslink points yet exhibited lower diffusion coefficients. Also, when drastic swelling conditions (such as a water-boil treatment) were employed, moisture absorption was facilitated by penetration via newly formed microcracks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260917
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  • 25
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    Condensation products from imidobis(sulfuryl chloride) (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3073-3084 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of model compounds and polycondensation products derived from imidobis(sulfuryl chloride) (IBSC), HN(SO2Cl)2, has been carried out and their structures determined. The model compounds were reaction products of IBSC with aniline or ethyl alcohol. Polymeric products were obtained by polycondensations with (1) p-phenylenediamine and (2) 2,2-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-propane. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, NMR, DSC, TGA, and viscometry data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260921
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  • 26
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    Block copolymers obtained by free radical mechanism. II. Butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3103-3115 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Block copolymers were synthesized using methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate as the monomers and a multifunctional initiator, di-t-butyl 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanoperoxyvalerate). The polymerizations for the formation of the block copolymers were carried out in two stages. First the poly(methyl methacrylate) polymeric initiator was synthesized and isolated. In the second stage, the thermallyactivated azo group in the polymer backbone initiated the polymerization of butyl acrylate. Upon termination by combination a tri-block results. Selective solvent fractionation was used to separate the block from the homopolymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260924
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  • 27
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    Flows of dilute hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions in porous media under various solvent conditions (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3125-3149 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results on pressure losses of flows of dilute polymer solutions through porous media are summarized. The polymer products employed in this study consisted of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAM) with different degrees of hydrolysis. The effect of the hydrolysis on the pressure drop is investigated in a porous media test section designed to minimize polymer degradation. The investigations were carried out for various solvent conditions, and it is shown that the maximum increase in pressure drop is mainly dependent on the molecular weight of the polymers. The onset of the polymer action is measured for various fluid and solvent properties. Particular attention is given to measurements near θ-conditions. The results stress the importance of the solvent properties on the actions of the polymers and on the resultant pressure drop for porous media flows. The addition of salt ions to solutions of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides yields onset behavior previously observed for nonionic polymers. The differences measured between various solvent properties can be explained by the actual hydrodynamic molecule dimensions for a given molecular weight and polymer concentration. To quantify the influences of the solvent properties on the polymers, measurements were carried out in aqueous solutions for various pH values and therefore at various degrees of dissociation. The importance of separating polymer effects caused by their linear dimension in the solution from those that are introduced by and increase in solvent viscosity is shown. Measurements were performed to quantify the effects of solvent viscosity on the polymer action and to separate these effects from those due to changes in molecule dimensions. The implications of the present results are stressed in connection with applications of polymer solutions in tertiary oil recovery, and the positive features of the molecule actions on flow in such applications are described.
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    Modeling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactors. I. A semibatch ester interchange reactorNCL Communication No. 2710. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3179-3204 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comprehensive model for a semibatch ester interchange reactor has been developed with a view to investigate the effect of various process and operational variables on the DMT conversion rate as well as the by-product formation. The influence of important variables such as EG-to-DMT ratio, catalyst concentration, and operational variables such as temperature and pressure has been considered. Definite conclusions concerning the choice of the desirable range of process and operational variables to maximize productivity and minimize by-product formation have been reached.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261001
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  • 29
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    H2O2-induced graft polymerization of acrylic acid on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3245-3251 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft polymerization of acrylic acid to poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers using H2O2 as initiator was only possible in benzyl alcohol as reaction medium. The effect of initiator and monomer concentrations, reaction time, and temperature as well as addition of metallic salts to the polymerization medium was studied. Percent grafting was enhanced significantly by increasing H2O2 concentrations up to 100 mequiv/L and then decreased upon further increase in initiator concentration. The same held true for acrylic acid concentration of up to 10%, but above this concentration grafting leveled off. Raising the polymerization temperature from 85 to 115°C favored grafting at lower H2O2concentration. The reverse was the case at higher H2O2 concentration (more than 25 mequiv/L). Addition of copper sulfate to the polymerization medium decreased the rate of grafting, and no leveling off of grafting could be achieved even after 5 h. The ferrous ammonium sulfate functioned similarly but to lesser degree, and leveling off of grafting occurred after 4 h. This contrasted with grafting in the absence of metallic salts where grafting leveled off after 1 h. Action of initial graft formation as diffusion barrier is believed to account for this.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261005
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    Rubber-modified epoxies. I. Transitions and morphology (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 889-905 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A variety of different morphologies, and therefore mechanical properties, can be obtained from a single rubber-modified epoxy formulation. The volume fraction, domain size, and the number of particles of phase-separated rubber are determined by the competing effects of incompatibility, rate of nucleation and domain growth, and the quenching of morphological development by gelation. These factors can be varied by the butadience/acrylonitrile ratio of the reactive rubber, the temperature of cure, and the gelation time. These ideas have been exploited to control the development of morphology of these amorphous systems. Phase separation was investigated by electron microscopy, viscometry, and dynamic mechanical analysis.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260313
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    Infrared study of the effect of heat on wool (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 921-932 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The infrared spectra of wool heated in vacuum and in air to different temperatures ranging from 120 to 250°C were investigated. It was found that certain absorption bands disappear when wool is heated in vacuum to 180°C and in air to 120°C for 2 hr. Also, the results showed that the intensities of the C=O stretching band at 1660 cm-1, N-H stretching band at 3325 cm-1 and the C-H stretching band at 2940 cm-1 decrease when wool is heated in vacuum to 180°C and in air to 120°C. The spectra of the samples heated in vacuum to 250°C and in air to 225°C exhibited strong absorption bands belonging to the carboxyl and sulfonate groups.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260315
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    Poly(methyl methacrylate)-cellulose nitrate copolymers. I. Preparation (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 933-940 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(methyl methacrylate)-cellulose nitrate copolymers were prepared in the form of rods and sheets by bulk polymerization using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Suspension polymerization did not succeed in preparing poly(methyl methacrylate)-cellulose nitrate copolymers, especially when cellulose nitrate of 11.4% nitrogen content was used. The parameters such as cellulose nitrate concentration, nitrogen content of cellulose nitrate, the amount of initiator and the reaction time, and the temperature are discussed. The prepared copolymers were irradiated for specified periods of up to 11.83 Mrad. It was found that poly(methyl methacrylate)-cellulose nitrate copolymers did not dissolve in any conventional solvent, but they swelled. Swelling decreases with increasing cellulose nitrate concentrations, nitrogen content of cellulose nitrate, and irradiation dose, indicating the crosslinked structure of the prepared copolymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260316
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    Prediction of osmotic pressures of polymer solutions (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3575-3582 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theory which has been developed to account for the effects of concentration on the equivalent hydrodynamic volumes of dissolved polymers has been combined with a statistical mechanical relation for the virial coefficients of dilute suspensions of rigid spheres. With a scaling factor for solvent goodness, osmotic pressures of polymer solutions can be predicted with good accuracy. The input parameters needed are the number-average molecular weight of the polymer sample and its intrinsic viscosity in the solvent of interest, as well as its intrinsic viscosity under theta conditions. The intrinsic viscosities can be estimated with sufficient accuracy from tabulated Mark-Houwink coefficients. The model developed contains no adjustable parameters. Comparisons of predicted and reported experimental osmotic pressures are presented, and a method for prediction of second virial coefficients is described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261106
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    Effect of heat treatment on dielectric relaxation of polyacrylonitrile: Reversible thermally induced structural change (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3599-3608 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of heat treatment on the dielectric relaxation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was studied. Dielectric measurements, in the frequency range 0.1-100 kHz and temperature range 30-170°C, on PAN heat treated at two temperatures (120 and 160°C) and the untreated PAN are reported. The loss peak height, the dielectric relaxation strength, loss peak width, and the loss peak temperature were found to vary systematically with the temperature of the heat treatment. The changes in dielectric relaxation produced by heat treatment at the higher temperature (i.e., 160°C) were considerably less than those produced by heat treatment at 120°C. The results are discussed and attributed to the variation of the degree of bound nitrile groups (through their dipole-dipole interaction) with heat treatment temperature. Heat treatment of the higher temperature (160°C) results in lower degree of bound nitrile groups in the structure than heat treatment at the lower temperature (120°C).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Poly(vinyl chloride)-polyol (AB)x block copolymers: Synthesis, characterization, and mechanical properties (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3657-3668 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride)-polyol (AB)x block copolymers have been prepared by the condensation polymerization of low-molecular-weight hydroxy-terminated poly(vinyl chlorides) (PVC) and diisocyanate-capped polyester and polyether diols. The difunctional poly(vinyl chlorides) were synthesized by ozonization of commercial resin followed by metal hydride reduction. The (AB)x block copolymers, which contained 3000 or 4300 molecular weight PVC block sizes and 1000-2000 molecular weight polyol segments, had a wide range of mechanical properties, depending on overall polymer structure. Tensile strengths ranged from 7.8 to 31.5 MPa, elongations from 125% to 610% and torsional stiffness temperatures (Tf) from 25°C to -22°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261113
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    Thermo-oxidative degradation of low-density polyethylene close to industrial processing conditions (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3409-3423 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermo-oxidative degradation of low density polyetylene (LDPE) at a low degree of volatilization (about 4%) at 264-289°C was studied. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometric analysis was used to separate and identify the products of LDPE decomposition. Altogether 44 compounds representing hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, cyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, cyclic esters, and hydroxycarboxylic acids were identified. Sixteen oxygen-containing products were quantified. Among the components identified, the fatty acids and aldehydes predominated. The most abundant product was formic acid. The mechanism of formation of the degradation products is discussed.
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    Metal acetylacetonates as latent accelerators for anhydridehyphen;cured epoxy resins (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 979-986 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Twenty-two metal acetylacetonate compounds have been evaluated as possible latent accelerators for epoxy-anhydride solventless resins. Experimental data have revealed that titanium (IV) oxyacetylacetonate, chromium (III), zirconium (IV), cobalt (III), and cobalt (II) acetylacetonates are particularly effective with anhydride cured epoxy resins. When added to the resin at a level of 0.05-0.10% (w/w), they provide very fast gel times at 150-175°C combined with very good storage stabilities (〉 six months) at room temperature. The power factor values of cured resin samples, containing these preferred metal acetylacetonates, have been found to be between 2.0 and 2.5% at 150°C and 60 Hz. Correlation between the catalytic effectiveness of these metal acetylacetonates, as latent accelerators for epoxy-anhydride resins, and their thermal stabilities suggest that decomposition products may be the active species responsible for initiating polymerization in epoxyanhydride resin systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260320
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    Dynamic mechanical analysis and image analysis characterization of crimped yarns (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 987-995 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Quantimet image analysis system and dynamic mechanical analysis have been applied to characterization of crimped yarns. The image analysis system is useful for obtaining accurate measurements of crimps per inch, uncrimped versus crimped length, crimp wavelength, and crimp amplitude. In addition, the dynamic tensile mechanical properties of fibers and the dynamic compression mechanical properties of the fiber masses were examined. These analyses identify the relationships between crimp parameters and loss tangents for the first time. The loss tangents of fiber masses increase with increasing crimp frequency. The higher loss tangents of crimped yarns in the glassy region quantify both the internal friction of constituent fibers and the external fiber to fiber friction separately.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260321
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  • 39
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    Microbial attack of nitrocellulose (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 997-1000 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This is a study dealing with the use of a microorganism for partial denitration of the surface of nitrocellulose-based small arms propellants, in order to gain burning rate control. An organism, Aspergillus fumigatus, was found to grow on pyroxylin suspended in a nitrogen deficient, carbon-containing nutrient medium. No growth was observed under the same conditions when carbon was absent. This would indicate that the organism utilized nitrogen from nitrocellulose without attacking the carbon backbone. Further, mechanism studies indicated that the organism did not utilize the nitrogen directly from nitrocellulose, but rather relied on a hydrolysis reaction for a source of nitrogen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260322
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    Prediction of rheological behavior of branched polyethylene from molecular structure (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1001-1014 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The general description of steady shear melt viscosity as a function of shear rate for polyethylene, containing any level of long chain branching, in terms of molecular structure is reported. A model, developed previously by B. H. Bersted for the prediction of rheological properties from the molecular structure of linear materials, and which has been subsequently modified by Ram and Pedersen for application to highly branched low-density polyethylene, is extended to describe the flow behavior of branched high-density polyethylene. The description of the branched high-density polyethylenes, which characteristically show dramatic viscosity enhancement relative to linear polyethylene, is effected by considering these materials to be blends of branched and linear species. A logarithmic rule of mixtures was found adequate at all shear rates for the description of blends of branched and linear materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260323
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  • 41
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    Reinforcement of siloxane elastomers by silicas. Comparison between fumed and precipitated silicas in their interactions with an oligomer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1015-1025 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Comparison between fumed and precipitated silicas in their interactions with an oligomer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) showed both materials to exhibit general identical behavior depending on the experimental temperature range. However, the results obtained suggest on the one hand that these interactions are directed more by morphological and structural characteristics than by chemical properties and on the other hand that the distribution of surface silanol groups on precipitated silicas is not the same as on fumed silicas. Both siloxane-modified fillers exhibit high thermal stability.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Preparation of ion-containing elastomers by emulsion copolymerization of dienes with olefinic sulfonic acid salts (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1027-1037 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Procedures were developed for the emulsion copolymerization of either butadiene or isoprene with several different water-soluble monomers containing sulfonic acid salt groups, primarily with sodium styrenesulfonate, for the preparation of ionomer elastomers. By the use of a nonionic surfactant and a two-component redox initiator, which was based on a water-soluble reducing agent and a hydrophobic peroxide, copolymers with sufficient amounts of the ionic monomer could be prepared. Unusual effects of conversion on rate, copolymer composition, and molecular weight were observed and attributed to special effects caused by the ionic monomers. The copolymers were soluble in mixed hydrocarbon-alcohol solvent systems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260325
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    Electronic Resource
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    Environmental stress crack growth in medium-density polyethylene pipe (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1049-1056 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260327
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    Wet poly(vinyl chloride) membrane (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1039-1048 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Wet, porous, and semipermeable poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane prepared from a binary system, PVC and dimethylformamide, by immersing in alcohols or ethers was studied. The pore dimensions of the wet PVC membrane were from 0.01 to 0.05 μm, calculated from hydrodynamic permeability by using experimental values such as water flux and water content. They agreed reasonably well with the dimension of the pores which prevented the protein passing through the membrane, observed by SEM photographs. Formation of the wet PVC membrane can be explained by slow phase separation and slow leaching of the casting solution immersed in alcohols and ethers such as methanol and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260326
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    Practical and theoretical molecular weights in polyaddition reactions of ethylene and propylene oxide (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1059-1071 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The addition reactions of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide catalyzed by KOH and initiated with compounds containing free hydroxyls are followed by secondary reactions which vary the expected molecular weight. By using ethylene oxide, diols are formed and by using propylene oxide, both diols and unsaturated monofunctional compounds are formed. These products are usually characterized by their hydroxyl number. The average molecular weight is found by taking into consideration the starter functionality only. There are often some behavioral differences among similar products owing to the different quantity and chain length of the secondary products contained therein. The secondary products are analyzed and the quantity of the secondary products were determined from the hydroxyl number values and from the unsaturation of reagents and products. In the case of monofunctional adducts using the calculation method, the results have been experimentally confirmed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260401
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of container diameter on β-radiation-induced polymerization of acrylamide (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1105-1115 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Beta particles emitted by radioactive nuclei have a finite depth of penetration in a given medium and hence a certain linear energy transfer value depending upon their initial energy. This property can be utilized to achieve different rates of radiation induced reactions. Various diameter capillaries containing saline solutions of acrylamide and radioactive phosphorus-32 were used in the experiment and the change in viscosity of acrylamide solution was used as an indicator of the amount of energy transferred. Distinctly different rates were observed which were roughly proportional to the diameters of the capillaries containing the solutions. It also appears that irradiation of the polymer solution at 80°C even in the absence of oxygen has an adverse effect on the viscosity. The experimental conditions were chosen to approximate those existing in oil reservoirs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260404
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  • 47
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    Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers on modified cottons. XVIII. Grafting of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile on cotton treated with N-methylol crosslinking agents using tetravalent cerium as initiator (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3995-4009 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: CeIV-induced grafting of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile on cotton fibers crosslinked with dimethylol ethylene urea, dimethylol dihydroxyethylene urea, and dimethylol carbamate was investigated. The graft yields obtained with crosslinked cotton were signifcantly lower than the untreated cotton, irrespective of the crosslinking agent and the monomer used. However, the extent and rate of grafting depended upon the degree of crosslinking and the nature of monomer. Based on the magnitude of grafting and CeIV consumption during grafting and oxidation of the untreated and crosslinked cottons, the different reactions occurring during grafting of vinyl monomers on these modified cottons were elucidated.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Low-density polyethylene filled with chalk and liquid modifier (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4047-4058 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on the concept of introducing a liquid layer between the polymer and filler, a composition containing low-density polyethylene, chalk, and oligomer of ethylene oxide was proposed. Compositions containing up to 50% chalk modified with ethylene oxide exhibit typical thermoplastic behavior, i.e., neck formation and plastic deformation. They also show high-impact strength and other good properties. On the basis of mechanical data, the main action of the ethylene oxide oligomer in the system is to inhibit crack generation and propagation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261207
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    Three-stage interaction of dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and poly(vinyl acetate) with poly(methyl methacrylate) (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4059-4067 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), n-dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was studied. Changes in the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and percentage elongation at break of the PMMA-additive films produced were followed using the Instron testing machine. The three additives produced (1) an initial plasticization, with a decrease in tensile strength and modulus and a possible increase in elongation; (2) an antiplasticization, with accompanying increase in tensile strength and modulus and an anomalous increase in elongation; and (3) a final plasticization, with a marked decrease in tensile strength and modulus and a definite increase in elongation of PMMA. The three effects were influenced by the molecular weight of the PMMA. A spacer effect by the interposition of the molecules of the additives between those of PMMA is proposed for the initial plasticization, while for the final plasticization, a lubrication action of the plasticizers on PMMA is suggested. Antiplasticization is explained by the formation of secondary bonds between the antiplasticizer and the PMMA molecules.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Study of the thermal degradation of acrylic copolymers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4103-4116 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The thermal degradation of the following copolymers prepared by radical polymerization: acrylonitrile-butyl acrylate-vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile-butyl acrylate-vinylidene chloride-styrene, and acrylonitrile-methacrylic acid-vinylidene chloride-styrene was investigated. The techniques of thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis were used. The IR spectra of degradated copolymers are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261213
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    Copolyester studies. VII. The dyeing behavior of undrawn fibers derived from tetramethylene terephthalate: Poly(tetramethylene oxide) random block copolymers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4125-4133 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A series of copolymers based on poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) containing poly(tetramethylene oxide) blocks whose molecular weights ranged from 1000 to 5000 in concentrations from 10 to 30% by weight was prepared. The polymers were melt spun into fibers and the undrawn fibers dyed with a disperse dye at three temperatures. The equibrium adsorption and diffusion coefficient of the dye increased with both the molecular weight and concentration of the polyether. The equilibrium adsorption varied linearly with both the molecular weight and concentration. It has been assumed that the equilibrium dye partition coefficient KM gives a parameter of the accessibility, V, of the fiber for dye. If the diffusion coefficient DM is given by DM = VDo/τ, where Do is the diffusion coefficient of the dye in the amorphous regions and τ is a tortuosity factor, a good correlation can be obtained between KM and DM, suggesting that changes in Do/τ vary in a systematic fashion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Synthesis of phosphorus-containing wofatit cation exchangers and their affinity toward selected cations (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4161-4173 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A number of solid Cationits have been prepared derived from WofatitTrademark, VEB Chemiekombinat Bitterfield. gel and canal structures: styrene/DVB, chloromethylated ST/DVB, and acrylic acid/DVB copolymers. To functionalize the copolymers, PCl3/AlCl3 and dialkyl phosphites or trialkyl phosphites were used. The influence of the polymer matrix structure and the chemical structure of the functional groups of obtained Ionits on their affinity toward 23 metallic cations in acidic media has been investigated using the conductivity method. To obtain comparison data, commercial “Wofatit”-sulfonic and-carboxylic Cationits, have been tested under identical conditions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Cresylic soluble polyimides (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3837-3843 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyimides are prepared by reaction of dianhydrides with aromatic diamines under dehydrating conditions to insure conversion of the polyamic acids to polyimides. Cresylic acid solubility is observed only for cyclopentane dianhydride and benzophenone dianhydride. Most of the batches are made from BPDA, since it is the preferred dianhydride for thermal stability. Of 19 aromatic diamines only 2,4- and 2,6-diaminotoluene, 2,4-diaminoanisole, 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylene diamine and 1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone contribute a great deal toward making soluble polyimides of BPDA. 2,4-Diamino-acetanilide when used as the only diamine also gives a soluble polyimide with BPDA. The solubility of polyimides can be correlated with their solubility parameters, their symmetry, and their tendency to hydrogen bond.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    Mechanical properties of borate crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) gelsPresented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Chicago, Illincis, November 1980. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3895-3908 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Boric acid does not introduce crosslinks in poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions, but gelation does occur in the presence of cations. In this experimental study, the dynamic mechanical properties of these gels were determined using test-tube torsion pendulums and an air-bearing torsion pendulum. The modulus at a fixed concentration of polymer and boric acid increases with increasing sodium ion concentration up to the point where the atom ratio of sodium to boron reaches 1. Higher sodium concentrations do not increase the modulus. The log decrement, on the other hand, decreases with increasing sodium concentration continuously without reaching a plateau at the equal atom ratio. Log decrements as low as 0.02 can be measured. The storage modulus depends on the logarithm of borate concentration and on the 4.7 power of poly(vinyl alcohol) concentration. Only a very small portion of the borates in solution take part in effective crosslinks. The activation energy for breaking individual bonds in a function of temperature and the cation to boron ratios. At a fixed cation concentration, this activation energy is more negative with increasing amount of boron ions due to a transformation of monomeric crosslinks into polymeric crosslinks, so that the storage modulus which measures crosslink density decreases as a temperature rises.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261134
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    Dependence of initial rate on initial initiator concentration in photoinitiated polymerizations (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3945-3946 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261140
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    Sulfonation studies of copolymers, graft copolymers, and polymeric gels using phase transfer catalystsPresented at 26th IUPAC Symposium on Macromolecules, September 17-21, 1979, Mainz, Germany. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3927-3932 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new sulfonation method using phase transfer catalysts was applied to sulfonate a number of polymer matrices in an aqueous two-phase system. The polymer matrices included in this study are (1) styrene (Sty) and acrylonitrile (AN) copolymers with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), (2) graft copolymers of cellulose with GMA, and (3) polystyrene and polyacrylate gels containing GMA as comonomer. The presence of polar groups such as AN in the polymer matrix makes the sulfonation easier. For cellulose graft copolymers, the extent of sulfonation was not much affected by the phase transfer catalysts, presumably due to the high polarity and high water uptake capacity of the cellulose base. For other polymer gels, the following factors influence the extent of sulfonation: (1) the method of gel synthesis, i.e., gels synthesized by delayed addition of GMA give a higher degree of sulfonation; (2) the nature of the crosslinking agent, i.e., gels with ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) gives a higher degree of sulfonation than gels with divinylbenzene (DVB); (3) the pore size of the gels, i.e., gels with larger pore sizes gave higher degree of sulfonation; (4) increasing polarity of the backbone structure of gels favors increased sulfonation, e.g., MMA-GMA-EGDA gels give 54% sulfonation, whereas Sty-GME-EGDA gives only 38%.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    Structure-property relations of carboxylated nitrile rubber (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4011-4020 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The technical properties and the network structure of carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) having a mixed crosslink system of sulfur and metal carboxylate have been studied. XNBR of different carboxyl contents (Krynac 221, Krynac 110C), yielding different concentrations of ionic crosslinks, have been used for this purpose. The amount of ionic crosslinks was also varied by varying the amount of crosslinking agent (zinc peroxide). It has been observed that ionic crosslinks impart high tensile strength, permanent set, and hardness, while sulfur crosslinks introduce high flex crack resistance, elongation at break, and tear strength in the vulcanizate. Heat buildup and resilience could be explained with the help of stress relaxation experiments. Stress decay is more when the amount of ionic crosslinks is higher. Higher stress relaxation gives higher hysteresis. The kinetics of the crosslinking of a mixed crosslink system has also been studied. At overcure times the amount of ionic crosslinks is greater than that of sulfur crosslinks which desulfurizes in this region. The technical properties could be explained on this basis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Transport from an aqueous phase through cellulosic gels and membranes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4135-4148 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Diffusion of some homologous series of solutes [polyhydric alcohols, oligosaccharides, poly(ethylene oxide) polymers] has been studied in cellulose gels (〈20% w/w) and membranes (〈60% w/w) and the same materials when acetylated. It was found that (1) The molecular weight dependence of D approximates that for the solutes in water alone; the activation energies are also identical to the value for diffusion in pure solvent. (2) The presence of the cellulose chains reduces the rate of diffusion to a degree which is approximately given by the Mackie - Meares equation. (3) Exclusion is pronounced, particularly with the acetylated membranes, and gives a high degree of molecular size discrimination by a sieving mechanism. The membranes have a very narrow range of “pore” sizes, whereas the gels have a contrastingly broad distribution.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Void formation in a filled SBR rubber determined by small-angle X-ray scattering (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4175-4192 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two commercial styrene-butadiene (SBR) latexes were used to prepare a model filled material consisting of glassy SBR filler particles about 1000 Å in diameter embedded in a rubbery SBR matrix crosslinked by γ-radiation. When transparent specimens of this material were extended, voiding occurred, as evidenced by stress whitening and greatly enhanced X-ray scattering intensity. More voids were formed at higher rates of extension, but voids disappeared when specimens were relaxed. The effects of filler content and cure time of the matrix on the size and number of voids formed were determined by low-angle X-ray scattering for a constant extension rate and a constant extension ratio λ = 1.6. The number of voids measured by X-ray scattering intensity decreased rapidly with time over the 3-h period of measurement. The number of voids remaining 1 h after extension increased about 40 times as filler content was increased from 15% to 50%. Increasing the cure time from 24 to 96 h increased the number of voids about four times. In contrast, the radius of gyration of the voids formed (250-350 Å) did not depend strongly on time, nor did it depend strongly on the filler content or the cure time of the matrix. Stress relaxation measurements made under the same conditions as X-ray scattering measurements showed effects typical of filled materials. However, the relaxation of stress (which followed a power law decay) was much slower than the decay of the number of voids as measured by X-ray scattering intensity.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    The accessibility of sulphonic acid groups in basic dyeable polyester fibers. I. The prevention of fiber hydrolysis during dyeing (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4087-4094 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rate of acid hydrolysis of a basic dyeable polyester in water, before and after heat-setting, has been investigated. Intrinsic viscosity measurements and chemical analysis have been used to establish experimental conditions under which the hydrolysis is inhibited. It is suggested that the critical stage of the hydrolysis mechanism is the exchange of sodium ions from the sulphonate groups in the fiber for hydrogen ions.
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    Effects of polydispersity on critical concentration of polymer solutions (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4299-4305 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A semiempirical equation is developed to compute the unperturbed parameter from the critical concentration of polymer solutions derived from the viscometric and kinetic data. This equation gives satisfactory results for various vinyl polymers including poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) among others that follow the Schulz molecular weight distribution function. It is found that the segments of a Gaussian polymer chain are associated with an equal number of foreign segments near its center of mass, when the polymer solution has attained a uniform segment density at the critical concentration. The effect of molecular weight distribution on the present studies is significantly large that it merits an empirical treatment. Defects of the model is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261227
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    Continuous measurement of dynamic tensile mechanical properties in polymer solids over a wide range of frequencies. I. An instrument with driving force of 15 kgwt and frequency range 10-3-102Hz (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 4307-4315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two compact apparatuses were designed and fabricated for the study of dynamic mechanical viscoelastic behavior in polymer solids over a wide range of frequencies: (1) 10-3-102 Hz with a tensile driving force of 15 kgwt, and (2) 10-104 Hz with a maximum tensile driving force of 15 kgwt. The present paper reports the details of the instrument of (1). The instrument contains a nonresonant and forced vibration system, where the rectilinear vibration is taken from the rotating shaft of the driving motor through the double eccentric crank and conrod-slider machineries. Measurements can be conducted at any desirable frequency (10-3-102 Hz) and displacement (0-2 mm). Subjected to longitudinal vibration, the stress and strain in the specimen are detected by a compression-type load cell and noncontacting displacement meter, respectively. The specimen clamp was especially devised for the compression-type load cell, which enables direct conversion from the tensile force on the specimen to the compressive force against the load cell without any medium. Another feature of the instrument is a vertical combination of vibrational driving system, specimen clamp, and load cell. These are important for the effective transmission of the driving force to the specimen and avoidance of unnecessay mechanical vibration noises. From the Lissajous' figure formed with two signals of the stress and strain, the values of dynamic tensile modulus and loss factor for polymeric materials are easily obtained.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261228
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    Polymer purification through solvent addition: Physical implications and modeling of separation units (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1497-1510 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Addition of solvents may ease removal of small amounts of volatile residues from polymeric materials. Enhanced separation thus obtained is due to the influence of the solvent on the vaporpolymer-liquid equilibria and to its influence on the increase of the diffusion rate of the impurities. The problem has been examined through a mathematical model describing the behavior of the units employed in the purification. Examples of applications are illustrated in which prediction of the behavior of purification units are performed from small-scale apparatus experiments.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260507
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    Resolution in column chromatography of polymer latexes. I. The light scattering behavior of polystyrene and its effect on signal resolution in HDC (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1555-1565 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for improving signal resolution in latex particle-size analysis by HDC is presented and discussed. Data for the extinction cross section and specific extinction coefficient for polystyrene latex standards indicate that improvements in signal resolution can be obtained for the small particle end of broad size distributions by using turbidity detection at wavelengths less than 254 nm. Data are also discussed for the imaginary refractive index of the polystyrene standards obtained from comparisons of the extinction cross section results with Mie theory calculations. HDC runs made with bimodal and continuous distributions at 254 and 220 nm wavelength detection are also discussed to illustrate the improvements in size distribution resolution which can result.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260511
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    Rapid measurements of elastic modulus and density in polypropylene sheet during aging (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1579-1584 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: New methods for rapidly obtaining elastic modulus and density measurements during isothermal polymer aging are given. The elastic measurements are performed using a Rockwell hardness tester. In this case, the elastic recovery is measured. Rapid density measurements are performed using a “double drop” density gradient columan method. Here, a fully aged and a freshly quenched specimen are dropped simultaneously into the column. Simultaneous column height differences directly measure the density difference of the two specimens. The results of these two experiments extend previously reported aging measurements to relatively low times of aging. A log (time) law for both properties is found to the smallest times measured.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260513
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    Water-soluble copolymers. I. Synthesis of model dextran-g-polyacrylamides by Fe(II)/H2O2 initiation and characterization by aqueous size exclusion chromatography (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1705-1717 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Model graft copolymers were synthesized by grafting acrylamide onto dextran (M̄w = 500,000) utilizing the Fe(II)/H2O2 initiation system. Aqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to determine the effects of changing reaction parameters on hydrodynamic dimensions of the resulting graft copolymers. It was also possible to optimize reaction conditions yielding the highest viscosity graft copolymer with the least amount of homopolyacrylamide and unreacted substrate. The molecular structures of the graft copolymers were determined by elemental analysis, SEC, and solution viscometry. Selective hydrolysis of the dextran backbone allowed determination of average molecular weight of acrylamide grafts, number of grafting sites, and average molecular weight of the graft copolymers. Rheological studies indicated viscosity and pseudoplastic behavior were largely related to the graft length of the polyacrylamide side chains.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260525
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    Adhesive properties of systems of partially neutralized carboxyl-terminated liquid rubber-anhydride-bisepoxide (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1931-1940 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Systems of partially neutralized carboxyl-terminated liquid rubber (PNCTLR)-anhydride-bisepoxide were evaluated for adhesive properties. The PNCTLRs were prepared by the partial neutralization with MgO and CaO from a polymer of butadiene (BD) (Hycar CTB 2000X162) and copolymers of BD-acrylonitrile (Hycar CTBN 1300X8 and CTBNX 1300X9). As the bisepoxide, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether was used, and hexahydrophthalic anhydride was the anhydride used. The adhesive properties of the metal-containing systems were superior to those of the reference systems not containing metal, owing to the polarity effect of the metal carboxylate groups. Further, the CTBN- and CTBNX-series systems showed higher tensile shear and peel strengths than the CTB-series systems, owing to the enhanced polarity effect of the nitrile groups.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260617
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    Assessment of the adhesive bond properties of allyl 2-cyanoacrylate (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1941-1949 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adhesive bond of allyl 2-cyanoacrylate between steel substrates has been analyzed and compared to that of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate. Mechanical strength as well as thermomechanical, calorimetric, thermogravimetric, and dynamic mechanical response was observed. It was demonstrated that the allyl 2-cyanoacrylate bonds exhibit improved temperature resistance owing to the formation of heat-induced crosslinks in the adhesive layer, resulting in much improved lap-shear strengths. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces showed that plastic deformation occurred in the allyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive after thermal aging, while interfacial and brittle failure dominated all other cases.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260618
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    Preparation of amphoteric latex by modification of styrene-acrylamide copolymer latex (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2015-2022 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Styrene-acrylamide copolymer latex prepared from the polymerization in an emulsifier-free aqueous medium was treated with hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide. The resulting latex indicated amphoteric property due to amino and carboxyl groups formed by the Hofmann reaction and competitive hydrolysis of amide groups, respectively. Amphoteric latices with the same particle size but different charge density (1.0-3.0 ionic groups/100 Å2) and different isoelectric points (6.4-9.2) have been prepared by changing the reaction conditions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260624
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    Surface characterization of polyester fibers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2023-2051 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fibers made from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) are characterized by a hydrophobic surface with low reactivity. Modifications of the PET surface to render a higher degree of hydrophilicity and reactivity are therefore common. The modification often involves a surface layer of only a few nanometers thickness. The relatively low fraction of the modified surface layer and the fact that it is generally an organic modification on a thin curved organic substrate presents difficulties in surface analyses. Surface characterization is, however, of high importance in the evaluation of the degree and durability of a given surface modification. The paper will discuss the possibilities and the limits of using wettability studies according to the Wilhelmy method to evaluate the degree of surface modification and its permanence. Comparison between internal and external reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy will be made. The use of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry, laser microprobe mass analysis, and microprobe molecular optics laser examiner will be illustrated. Data will be presented from studies of model yarns and films coated with D-417 dip.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260625
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    Effect of 1.33 MeV γ radiation and 0.5 MeV electrons on the mechanical properties of graphite fiber compositesSupported in part by NASA Grant No. NSG 1562-S2. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2061-2066 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy/graphite fiber, polyimide/graphite fiber, and polysulfone/graphite fiber composites were exposed to 1.33 MeV γ irradiation and 0.5 MeV electron bombardment for varying periods of time. The effects of the irradiation treatments on the breaking stress and Young's modulus were studied by a three point bending test. Effects were small; indeed, both electron radiation up to 5000 Mrad and γ radiation up to 350 Mrad resulted in slight increases in both stress and modulus.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260627
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    A study on hydroxyl groups in polyethylene (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2053-2060 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The possibility of the presence of hydroxyl groups in polyethylene molecular chains has been investigated in observations of infrared spectra of O—H and C—O stretching vibrations in olefinic molecular chains. n-Paraffins and fresh medium-pressure process polyethylenes containing the primary alcohols were used as a model of polyethylene containing hydroxyl groups in the molecular chains. The characteristic wavenumber of the hydroxyl groups slightly contained in the polyethylene in the region 3600-3200 cm-1 becomes constant over about 10 of carbon-atom number of the alcohols, approximately 3336 cm-1. The wavenumber does not agree with ∼3370 cm-1, which has been hitherto assigned to hydroxyl groups in polyethylene molecular chains. Although the absorption due to the hydroxyl groups must appear in the region of C—O stretching band in the vicinity of 1050 cm-1 if the absorption around 3370 cm-1 is due to the hydroxyl groups, the absorption has not been observed. Changes in infrared spectra of polyethylene absorbing water as much as 10 ppm corresponding to the water absorbing capacity are not observed in comparison with those of extremely dried polyethylene. It is concluded that the absorption at 3370 cm-1 in polyethylene is not due to the hydroxyl groups and that the groups are not contained at least in fresh polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260626
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    Onset of phase separation in segmented urethane polymerization (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2067-2076 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of heterogeneous structure during the polymerization of a polyurethane system using a polyether diol of M̄n = 2000 as the soft segment and 4,4′-diphenylmethane disocyanate extended with 1,4-butanediol as the hard segment was monitored following the amount of light transmitted by the sample and the increase in viscosity of the reacting mixture. The amount of light transmitted by the reacting sample was observed to decrease sharply at a given point in the reaction. The cloud point was taken as the onset of phase separation in the system and the number average sequence at this point was found to be fairly constant at about 1.3 independent of reaction temperature and system composition. In many cases, the cloud point occurred at quite low conversion, meaning that a significant amount of subsequent polymerization occurs in a heterogeneous medium. It was also found that the viscosity of the material reached very large values at partial conversions of the monomers and presented throughout the reaction values larger than those expected from an increase in molecular weight alone. Viscosity is apparently sensitive to a different aspect of the phase separation process than the light transmission.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260628
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    Compatibility of some fluorosubstituted styrene polymers and copolymers in blends with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and with polystyrene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 219-224 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Blends of poly(p-fluorostyrene) (PpFS), poly(o-fluorostyrene) (PoFS), poly(styrene-co-p-fluorostyrene) (SP46), poly(styrene-co-o-fluorostyrene) (SO49), with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) and with polystyrene (PS), have been prepared by compression molding of coprecipitated polymers. Compatibility of these systems has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Detection of one or two glass transition regions was used to classify the blends as compatible or incompatible. Homopolymers of pFS and oFS were found to be incompatible with PPO and PS. The SP46 copolymer and SO49 copolymer were compatible with PPO in all proportions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280119
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    The low pressure pyrolysis of newsprint (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 367-382 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The isothermal pyrolysis of 100 mg samples of shredded newsprint, both untreated and 1% HCI washed, at pressures below 1 torr has been examined between 260°C and 340°C. Pyrolysis occurs via a rapid initial reaction followed by a slower degradation that can be modeled as first order in remaining newsprint. The effect of a 1% HCI wash pretreatment is to increase the fractional tar yield by 40%, to decrease the gas yield by an equivalent amount, and to increase the extent of initial reaction. Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for rate constants describing both the initial and the slower degradation reactions for both untreated and acid washed newsprint.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280132
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    Mechanochemical process in cotton cellulose fiberCorrected proofs received October 22, 1982 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical processing of cotton cellulose by means of a fiber cutter resulted in the disaggregation and defiberation of fiber bundles, shortening of fiber length, and loss of degree of polymerization. It is evident that the mechanical energy supplied by shear forces is sufficient to cause homolytic scission of cellulose main chains. Mechanoradicals formed in the interim were verified by ESR studies. The crystallinity of cellulose was not influenced by mechanical treatments, but accessibility of the polymer was substantially increased due to the creation of new surfaces. The mechanically treated fiber inclined to proceeded oxidative chain reaction during aging. Regardless of their treatment conditions, cellulose fiber reached its limiting lower molecular weight after 100 days of aging.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280101
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    Studies on polymer ignition and development of a relative hazard ranking method (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 45-56 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The argument is presented that a primary determinant for polymer ignition is the rate of heat input during thermal decomposition. An experimental protocol is described in which a conventional thermogravimetric analyzer is used to monitor the behavior of polymeric solids brought to ignition by exposure to preheated air. The data obtained are used to establish the minimum heating rate required for ignition and the initial decomposition temperature at that critical rate. These two properties are then combined to give a numerical ranking value which seems to be a reasonable indicator of a material's ignitability hazard potential. Data for a variety of polymers and mixed systems are presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280105
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    Longitudinal growth of polymer crystals from flowing solutions. X. Conditions for continuous growth on the rotor surface (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 57-75 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ultrahigh strength polyethylene fibers can be generated by stress-induced crystallization from a supercooled solution subjected to Couette flow, usually referred to as the “surface-growth” process. Under appropriate conditions, continuous fiber production can be realized for a period as long as 19 days, whereas under other circumstances a rapid interruption of the growth process is met. The present investigation deals with the origin of fiber fracture during “surface growth.” The limiting values of process variables required to maintain continuous growth have been established. Interruption of the continuous growth can occur in three different ways: (1) formation of a closed fiberloop around the rotor; (2) limited crystal growth rate; (3) rapid crystallization, leading to depletion of the gel on the rotor surface. The gel layer is being formed by adsorption of long molecules on to the rotor surface and subsequent “reptation,” resulting in a dense entanglement network of these molecules. These factors determine the boundaries of the triangularly shaped domain for continuous growth in a graph of the two main variables, namely the takeup speed and the rotor speed. Furthermore, it was noticed that the introduction of a wedge-shaped groove in the surface of the Couette rotor leads to a substantial reduction of failure. Continuous growth could be established in the temperature range from 103-125°C when p-xylene was used as a solvent. For p-xylene solutions at a crystallization temperature of 110°C and using a teflon rotor of 115 mm diameter, a maximum takeup speed and rotor speed were 16 and 180 mm/s, respectively. Basically the restrictions of the process appeared to be due to the limited rate of crystallization and rate of adsorption of polyethylene molecules on the surface of the rotor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280106
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    Quantitative studies by differential scanning calorimetry of the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and lignocellulose (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 647-658 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Heat of reaction and kinetic parameters were determined by differential scanning calorimetry for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, reaction of hydrogen peroxide with lignocellulosic materials, glucose and pinitol, and for the reaction of the same materials with produced or introduced oxygen. The heat of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide obtained in N2 (720 cal/g H2O2) was in fair agreement with literature data, considering the different temperature and pressure conditions. The heats of reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lignocelluloses were higher when determined in N2 (1670-2500 cal/g H2O2) than in O2 (1450-2020 cal/g H2O2) atmosphere. The activation energy for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide amounted to 20.3 kcal/mol in N2 and 15.9 kcal/mol in O2 with frequency factors of 5.7 × 109 and 3.7 × 107 min-1, respectively. The activation energies for the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lignocellulosic materials tested were similar and not influenced by the atmospheric composition, ranging overall between 19.7 and 22.4 kcal/mol. The corresponding frequency factors ranged between 2.77 × 109 and 2.23 × 1011.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280220
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    Polymerization of butadiene with Co(acac)3-(i-Bu)3Al-H2O catalyst (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 145-159 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The polymerization of butadiene in toluene using Co(acac)3-(i-Bu)3Al-H2O catalyst system was studied. Presented are the effects of the addition order, aging time, and composition of catalysts on rates, polymer microstructure, and molecular weights. The polymerization was found to be initiated by the Co(acac)3-hydrolized aluminum alkyl complex. The chain propagation proceeds according to a first-order reaction with respect to monomer and active species and is a strong function of Al/H2O with an optimum ratio of 1.0, but independent of Al/Co. The nature of polymerization seems to change as Al/H2O increases from less than 1 to greater than 1. Transfer reaction is significant. From the kinetic data it was found that the termination reaction is most likely to be by combination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280113
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    Addition polyimides. I (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 191-199 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crosslinking of 4,4′(bismaleimido)diphenyl ether (BM) was investigated in presence of bis(m-aminophenyl)methylphosphine oxide (BAP), tris(m-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide (TAP), diaminodiphenyl ether (E) and 3,3-bis(p-aminophenyl)phthalide (AP). These crosslinked resins were examined for thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis. A slight decrease in initial decomposition temperature, the temperature of maximum rate of weight loss, was observed, though the char yield in nitrogen atmosphere at 800°C did not change appreciably. Glass-cloth-reinforced laminates were fabricated from BM and amine mixtures. An improvement in mechanical properties was observed in the presence of phosphorus-containing di- and triamines.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280116
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  • 82
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    Surface protection of poly(vinyl chloride) by photografting of epoxy-acrylate coatings (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: UV-curable epoxy-acrylate coatings were used to protect poly(vinyl chloride) against superficial degradation. With α-hydroxy-acetophenone photoinitiators, the crosslinking polymerization develops in the ms time scale; 50% degree conversion is reached after irradiation times of 2.5 ms in a nitrogen atmosphere and 17 ms in air. The adhesion of the coating on to the PVC substrate can be greatly improved by inducing a photochemical grafting process. The best results are obtained by incorporating the photoinitiator into the top layer of the PVC sheet. Highly crosslinked epoxy-acrylate coatings are very stable toward UV radiations and chemical agents like organic solvents and strong acids. By their light-screening effect they provide an excellent protection against photodegradation for light-sensitive polymeric materials.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280109
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  • 83
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    Aging and performance of structural film adhesives. II. Comparison of two nitrile-epoxy systems (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The room-temperature aging of two nitrile rubber-epoxy adhesives has been examined. Both are 121°C curing systems, based on DGEBA-type epoxy resins, one of which has been available for about 15 years while the other is a more recent development. It has been found that hydrolysis of the epoxide and polymerization both occur slowly, reducing the epoxide content and solubility. A major reduction in honeycomb peel strength of joints made with aged material was evident in the older system and to a lesser extent in the newer adhesive. This is a result of diminished adhesive flow. Tensile strength was less affected by aging.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280124
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  • 84
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    Immobilization of mortierella vinacea cells by radiation polymerization (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Immobilization of Mortierella vinacea cells, which contain active α-galactosidase, by radiation polymerization at low temperatures was studied. The durability of the enzymatic activity of the immobilized cells was examined by repeating the batch enzyme reaction. The enzymatic activities of the immobilized cells obtained with hydrophilic monomers was affected by the concentrations of the cells and monomer in which optimum conditions were observed. The enzymatic activity of the immobilized cells obtained with hydrophilic monomer was compared to that of hydrophobic monomers. Michaelis constants of the immobilized cells varied with monomer concentration. The effect of addition of porous solid substances on the immobilization of the cells was studied.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280125
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  • 85
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    Fungal degradation of polycaprolactones (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three high molecular weight polycaprolactones (M̄w = 35,000, 18,600, and 7,130) were utilized as the sole carbon source by five of six fungi tested by the American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM) agar plate method. The fungi were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Chaetomium globosum, Pencillium funiculosum, and a Fusarium sp. Quantitative analysis of degradation was performed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). GPC analysis demonstrated differences between the activities of organisms which appeared similar by the ASTM method, and showed that, while all molecular weight species within each polymer were hydrolyzed, in several cases low molecular weight end products were not assimilated. Depending on the organism, the dominant factor determining degradability was either polymer molecular weight or degree of crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280128
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  • 86
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    Polyphenylquinoxalines containing pendant phenylethynyl groups: Preliminary mechanical properties (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyphenylquinoxalines (PPQ's) containing various amounts of crosslinkable pendant phenylethynyl groups were prepared from the reaction of 3,3′,4,4′-tetraaminodiphenyl ether, 4,4′-oxydibenzil, and 4,4′-oxybis(4″-phenylethynylbenzil). The distribution of the pendant phenylethynyl groups along the polymer chain was varied in an attempt to alter the properties of the polymers. Preliminary film, adhesive, and laminate properties of PPQ void of pendant crosslinkable groups and containing pendant phenylethynyl groups were determined. The thermally induced reaction of the phenylethynyl group crosslinked the polymer which resulted in better dimensional stability at elevated temperatures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280131
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  • 87
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    Polycaprolactone degradation by mixed and pure cultures of bacteria and a yeast (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 335-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degradability of three high molecular weight polycaprolactones (M̄w = 35,000, 18,600, and 7,130) and one low molecular weight polycaprolactone diol(M̄w = 2060) by mixed and pure cultures of microorganisms was assayed. A yeast, Cryptococcus laurentii, a gram-negative rod, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. lwoffi, and a gram-positive coryneform rod were used in the pure culture assays. The analysis of degradation by gel permation chromatography (GPC) allowed for quantitation independent of the growth of the organisms or the addition of supplementary growth factors. GPC analysis showed that the degradation effected by pure cultures was often enhanced when alternate carbon sources were present. This was not the case for mixed cultures. Mixed cultures. Mixed cultures completely metabolized polymer breakdown products while in some cases pure cultures did not.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280129
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  • 88
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    Effect of metal cyanourates on some properties of PVCCorrected proofs received November 10, 1982 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 443-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of barium, lead and calcium cyanourate on the properties of poly(vinyl chloride) and its compositions were investigated. In concentrations up to 2 vol. % they decreased the Tg and Tm of the polymer. Physical and mechanical properties (tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness) are improved. The thermostability (dynamic and static) increases with increasing concentration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280201
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  • 89
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    Comments on “effect of crystallinity of condensation polymers on platelet adhesion” (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 437-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280137
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  • 90
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    Some properties and chemical structure of phenolic resins and their derivativesCorrected proof received December 6, 1982 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 531-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some physical and chemical properties of novolac and resole resins are described, IR spectra are given, and average structures of the examined resins are proposed. It was supposed that the gelation kinetics depend on the ratio of the reagents and on the structure of the resin.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280209
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  • 91
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    Precipitative polymerization for polycarbonate: A simultaneous reaction-precipitation technique (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 587-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel phenomenon, termed precipitative polymerization, is described. In it, the BPA - phosgene reaction is conducted with simultaneous precipitation of polycarbonate granules. Very low organic-to-aqueous phase ratio and high pH medium are primarily required to cause this in-situ precipitation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280214
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  • 92
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    Curing reactions in elastomers. II. Carboxy-terminated polybutadiene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 595-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Attempts have been made to understand the curing reactions in carboxy-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB), which happens to be the most practical binder in advanced solid composite propellants. The curing of CTPB has been studied for different ratios of curing agents (MAPO and Epoxide) by gel content, molecular weight, crosslink density, and penetration temperature measurements, and the optimum composition of curators for effective curing of CTPB has been determined. Activation energy calculations on the curing of CTPB with 9.5% epoxide and 0.5% MAPO in the temperature range 75-100°C gave 14.1 kcal/mol for which a diffusion-controlled or acid-catalyzed epoxide ring opening mechanism has been suggested for the curing process in CTPB.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280215
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  • 93
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    Effect of clay on vulcanization, network structure, and technical properties of natural rubber in the presence of silane coupling agents (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 659-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The presence of silane coupling agents do not cause a change in network structure in clay-filled natural rubber vulcanizates, both in sulfur vulcanization and peroxide vulcanization systems. However, the improvement in technical properties in the presence of silane coupling agents is more in the peroxide vulcanization system and is accompanied by enhanced polymer - filler interactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies have been made in order to understand the failure behavior.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280221
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  • 94
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    Studies of synthesis and permeabilities of special polymer membranes. LI. Active transport of halogen ions through chitosan membranes (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1361-1370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Anion exchange membranes containing amino groups, insoluble in acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions, were prepared from chitosan, poly(vinyl alcohol), and glutaraldehyde. Using the membrane in a diaphragm cell, one side being adjusted to be acidic and the other alkaline, it was possible to transport actively halogen ions through the membrane from the acidic side to the alkaline side against the concentration gradient between both sides of the membrane. The active transport of halogen ions through the membrane was significantly influenced by the pH difference and electric potential difference between both sides of the membrane.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280410
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  • 95
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    Extending the continuum of molecular weight distributions based on the generalized exponential (Gex) distributions (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 795-805 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Literature data on the average molecular weights Mn, MW, Mz, and/or Mv for several polymers indicated that they fell outside the continuum originally proposed to model molecular weight distribution (MWD), where the log-normal (LN) distribution, or positively valued Gex parameters m and k, define the continuum. Following the papers of Kubin, it is possible to embrace these polymers in an extended continuum by including these parameters, both negatively valued, in it. To the extent that m ≥ -1 and k 〈 -5, the extended continuum models average molecular weights through Mz+2. The correspondence of Gex models of MWD of a polymer obtained from data on its Mn, Mw, and Mz with that obtained from data on its Mn, Mv, and Mw is indicated, using published data. The numerical value of the m parameter in a Gex model is of use in polymerization kinetics; when m values are obtained for each analysis from multiple analyses upon a given polymer, their consistency indicates the concordance of the three average molecular weights from each test run. The Gex parameters based upon Mn, Mw, and Mv or Mz can be used to estimate values for higher average molecular weights of linear, unimodal homopolymers. This is of use in interpreting rheological data on such polymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280231
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  • 96
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    Radiation-induced crystallinity changes in linear polyethylene: Influence of aging (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 861-872 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A previous paper described an unusual crystallinity effect observed in ultrahigh molecular weight linear polyethylene (UHMW PE) and conventional high density polyethylene (HDPE). It was discovered that upon exposure to high energy radiation, these polymers experience a significant increase in the degree of crystallinity. The present paper describes another equally unexpected and surprising phenomenon observed in irradiated UHMW PE and HDPE. It was accidentally found that the irradiated polyethylenes exhibit an aging effect; their heat of fusion and hence their degree of crystallinity increases monotonically with the aging time (since initial irradiation) at ambient conditions. Surprisingly, the aging process in irradiated polyethylenes was observed to persist even after 31 months. The magnitude of the aging effect is a strong function of the initial molecular weight of the unirradiated polymers and the irradiation dose. The aging phenomenon could not be accelerated by thermal annealing. The exact mechanisms causing the aging phenomenon remain rather elusive at the present time, but possible reasons are explored.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280236
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  • 97
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    On the frequency shift of the C=O band in the infrared spectrum of gamma-irradiated cellulose I and cellulose II (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 879-881 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280238
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  • 98
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    Ethylene-styrene diblock copolymers: Synthesis by Ziegler-Natta catalysis and identification (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 961-968 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new way of directly synthesizing ethylene-styrene diblock copolymer by Ziegler-Natta catalysis was studied. It consists of using a soluble complex prepared by the reaction of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm polystyrene}\frac{{}}{{\overline {{\rm DP}_n } = x}}{\rm (butadiene)}\frac{{}}{{\overline {{\rm DP}_n } = 3}}{\rm Li} $$\end{document} with TiCl4 in the ratio r = [Li]/[Ti] = 2 to initiate the formation of the polyethylene block. The well-defined linear diblock structure was established both by GPC of the polyethylene block and by 13C NMR and DSC analyses of the copolymer. Moreover, by using such a catalytic system, the efficiency was found to be 0.88 with respect to carbon-titanium bond. This value is relatively high compared to those of conventional Ziegler-Natta catalytic systems.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280305
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  • 99
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    The microwave dielectric constants of water-paper mixtures: The role of sheet structure and composition (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 969-981 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A precise technique for determining dielectric constants at microwave frequencies from slotted line measurements is adapted to paper samples. The effects of refining, wet pressing, calendering, and TiO2 addition on the dielectric constants vs. moisture curves are reported and discussed. The observed in-plane dielectric anisotropy is discussed. The importance of considering geometry at the fiber level in explaining the dielectric behavior of paper is stressed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280306
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  • 100
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    The mechanism of cure of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane with diaminodiphenyl sulfone (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1011-1024 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The curing reaction of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) with diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, and ESR spin trapping techniques. A mechanism has been proposed, and the cure kinetics has been obtained at 177°C. The major conclusion is that cure proceeds mainly through chain extension, while crosslinking occurs through the reaction of hydroxyl groups with epoxides, resulting in formation of ether linkages.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280309
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