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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (1,272)
  • 1990-1994  (623)
  • 1980-1984  (649)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1990  (623)
  • 1982  (302)
  • 1981  (347)
Collection
Keywords
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  • 1990-1994  (623)
  • 1980-1984  (649)
  • 1935-1939
Year
  • 1
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    Evolution of tropical circulation anomalies associated with 30-60 day oscillation of globally averaged angular momentum during northern summer (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Lag correlation statistics was used to study intraseasonal variations of upper and lower-level zonal winds, outgoing longwave radiation, and globally averaged angular momentum (GAM) for northern summers of 1977-1984. The temporal and spatial distribution of surface wind stress in the tropics and its relationship with zonal wind anomalies were studied to assess the impact of surface frictional drag on the atmospheric angular momentum. The 30-60 day GAM fluctuation is shown to be accompanied by zonal propagation of convection and 850 mb zonal wind anomalies in the tropical belt. The climatological zonal wind in the tropics affects the magnitude of wind stress anomalies. It is suggested that momentum exchange between the lower and upper troposphere may occur in regions of active convection via vertical momentum transport. The tropical central Pacific is considered to play a key role in linking the atmosphere and the earth through angular momentum exchange on intraseasonal time scales.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan, Journal (ISSN 0026-1165); 68; 237-249
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  • 2
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    Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project. III - Japan-U.S. collaborative rain observation experiment using an airborne rain radar (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A collaborative rain-observation experiment using an airborne rain radar was conducted between Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)/NASA. CRL provided an airborne rain-radar/radiometer system and GSFC/NASA provided a NASA P3-A aircraft. Airborne or spaceborne rain-radar echoes have large sea or land-surface echoes. These surface echoes yield rain-estimation algorithms using rain attenuation. The experiment demonstrated the potential of the rain-estimation techniques using rain attenuation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Communications Research Laboratory, Review (ISSN 0914-9279); 36; 11, J; 35-44
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  • 3
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    On the effect of temporal sampling on the observation of mean rainfall (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Rainfall characteristics using data from dense recording raingage networks is reviewed. Data from such networks have quantified temporal and spatial rainfall distributions, and have supplied specialized information about local and orographic effects. The natural variability, temporally and spatially, for annual, seasonal, monthly, and individual events is treated. Especially important are the spatial variations of precipitation as a function of synoptic type, precipitation type, amount, and duration. Results from dense raingage networks in Illinois, and some data from other climatic regions is also treated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 8 p
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  • 4
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    Prospects for measuring phytoplankton bloom extent and patchiness using remotely sensed color images: An example (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A 10 channel scanning radiometer, built as a prototype for the coastal zone color scanner on the Nimbus 7 satellite, was flown on a high altitude aircraft during a Gymnodium breve bloom along the west coast of Florida. The remotely measured ocean color imagery shows what is probably the patchy structure of a G. breve bloom extending over a 60 km by 100 km area. This conclusion is based on visual inspection of bathymetry to infer bottom reflection trends and on a single growth truth measurement of B G. breve obtained the previous day. The image shows coherent blooms which extend scales up to 60 km in length.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 680-685
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  • 5
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    Arctic Sea ice decay simulated for a CO2-induced temperature rise (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A large scale numerical time-dependent model of sea ice that takes into account the heat fluxes in and out of the ice, the seasonal occurrence of snow, and ice motions was used in an experiment to determine the response of the Arctic Ocean ice pack to a warming of the atmosphere. The degree of warming specified is that expected for a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide with its associated greenhouse effect, a condition that could occur before the middle of the next century. The results of three 5-year simulations with a warmer atmosphere and varied boundary conditions were: (1) that in the face of a 5 K surface atmospheric temperature increase the ice pack disappeared completely in August and September but reformed in the central Arctic Ocean in mid fall; (2) that the simulations were moderately dependence on assumptions concerning cloud cover; and (3) that even when atmospheric temperature increases of 6-9 K were combined with an order-of-magnitude increase in the upward heat flux from the ocean, the ice still appeared in winter. It should be noted that a year-round ice-free Arctic Ocean has apparently not existed for a million years or more.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 687-700
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  • 6
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    The 1977 tundra fire at Kokolik River, Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: During the summer of 1977, fire totaled 44 sq km of tundra vegetation according to measurements using LANDSAT imagery. Based on the experience gained from analysis of this fire using ground observations, satellite imagery, and topographic maps, it appears that natural drainages form effective fire breaks on the subdued relief of the Arctic coastal plain and northern foothills. It is confirmed that the intensity of the fire is related to vegetation type and to the moisture content of the organic rich soils.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 660-670
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  • 7
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    Development of the operational program for satellite meteorology (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The geostationary and polar satellites comprising the current operational system are discussed. The data acquisition capabilities of both satellite types and their complementary functions are reviewed. The advanced very high resolution radiometer on the TIROS N satellites is particularly addressed along with the imaging and atmospheric sounding instrumentation aboard the GOES satellites. The dissemination of the satellite data to the prospective users is also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 34-40
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  • 8
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    The 1977 tundra fire in the Kokolik River area of Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Presumably caused by lightning, a large fire occurred due east of Point Lay several kilometers southwest of the Kokolik River, the farthest north a fire was ever fought by Bureau of Land Management personnel in Alaska. The progress and area extent of the fire were determined by analysis of LANDSAT MSS band 5 and 7 imagery. Low altitude observations from helicopter showed the fire burned a range of vegetation and relief types which included low polygonized and upland tussock tundras. The burned area appeared wetter on the surface than the unburned area, due to a lack of moisture absorbing organic matter and the possible release of moisture from the deeper thawed zone. Suggestions for future investigations of the effects of fire on tundra and permafrost terrains are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 671-675
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  • 9
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    Early program development and implementation (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Programs for the development and operation of meteorological satellites from the TIROS 1 satellite and the establishment of NASA through the 1960's are described. The technical problems confronted in the development of the early satellite systems are discussed in addition to issues in international involvement and program support. The TIROS and Nimbus series satellites are primarily addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 5-33
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  • 10
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    The climatic effect of explosive volcanic activity: Analysis of the historical data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: By using the most complete available records of direct beam radiation and volcanic eruptions, an historical analysis of the role of the latter in modulating the former was made. A very simple fallout and dispersion model was applied to the historical chronology of explosive eruptions. The resulting time series explains about 77 percent of the radiation variance, as well as suggests that tropical and subpolar eruptions are more important than mid-latitude eruptions in their impact on the stratospheric aerosol optical depth. The simpler climatic models indicate that past hemispheric temperature can be stimulated very well with volcanic and CO2 inputs and suggest that climate forecasting will also require volcano forecasting. There is some evidence that this is possible some years in advance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 191-202
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  • 11
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    Distribution of Mount St. Helens dust inferred from satellites and meteorological data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Visible and infrared pictures from two Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Systems satellites, in circular orbits at about 19,000 nautical miles, are available continuously at approximately 30 minute intervals. Still pictures and film loops from this system vividly depict the events associated with the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The initial explosion, shock wave, and visible horizontal dust distribution during the following week are readily apparent. Meteorological wind and height fields permit the inference of the vertical distribution of volcanic dust as well as explain the atmospheric behavior which caused the visible and nonvisible dust distribution.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 131-140
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  • 12
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    Comments on satellite meteorology from geostationary satellites (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Examples of the use of geostationary satellites in meteorology are given. Studies of the rate of change of cumulus clouds and cloud systems and wind parameter determination from cloud motions are reviewed. Computer processed imagery products are also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 72-83
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  • 13
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    Military applications evolution and future (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program is described with particular emphasis on the military applications of METSAT data. Satellite operational support, data processing and image quality requirements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 41-47
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  • 14
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    Early satellite program developments (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A historical overview of the pioneer projects for the development of meteorological satellites is given. In addition, the parallel development of the responsible space agencies and panels is addressed. The Vanguard 2 satellite, the first Earth radiation experiment, and the vidicon equipped TIROS-1 satellite are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 1-4
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  • 15
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    Problems in the climatology of the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A brief review of the effects of climate and weather on the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions and the subsequent dispersion of ash and gases and the reciprocal influences of the eruptions on climate and climatology is presented. The effects of mesoscale destruction of snow fields and vegetation, a revised mountain profile, and ash deposits are addressed along with impacts on hemispheric climate and disruption of normal climatological observations, in the areas directly affected by the explosions and ashfall. Environmental and economic consequences are also considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 203-209
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  • 16
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    A study of the geographic coverage properties of a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Geographic coverage frequency and geographic shot density for a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system are measured. The equations of motion of the light path on the ground were derived and a computer program devised to compute shot density and coverage frequency by latitude-longitude sections. The equations for the coverage boundaries were derived and a computer program developed to plot these boundaries, thus making it possible, after an application of a map coloring algorithm, to actually see the areas of multiple coverage. A theoretical cross-swath shot density function that gives close approximations in certain cases was also derived. This information should aid in the design of an efficient data-processing system for the Doppler lidar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 26 p
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  • 17
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    The Joint Airport Weather Studies Project (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A block diagram of the joint airport weather studies program is presented. Background leading to the development of the program is reviewed. Basic studies, aircraft performance, and detection and warning techniques used to develop fine scale structure of thunderstorm dynamics and kinematics in the vicinity of a major airport; effect of thunderstorm low level wind shear on aircraft performance; and development of real time testing of flow level wind shear detection and warning techniques and displays are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 91-95
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  • 18
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    Prototype Regional Observation and Forecast System (PROFS) (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The prototype regional observation and forecast system (PROFS) outputs are demonstrated, functional design specifications to be used to procure and implement operational systems are outlined. Advanced candidate technologies are evaluated as an integral part of the process that leads to these outputs. Evaluation insures that future weather service systems will contain the optimum mix of technologies to be most cost effective in reducing the annual losses and deaths that are directly attributed to severe weather.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 81-85
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  • 19
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    Progress on low altitude cloud icing research (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The icing environment at altitudes below 10,000 feet were studied. The following questions are asked, are: (1) existing aircraft certification criteria applicable; (2) too stringent on icing for helos; (3) based on accurate data; (4) appropriate for low (10,000 ft) altitudes? The research plan is outlined: review historical icing data, obtain new measurements, collect modern icing data from other groups, and recommend LWC, OAT, and MVD criteria for helicopters. Estimated accuracies and known sources of error are included. It is concluded that the net effect of possible sources of error of both signs is uncertain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 59-63
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  • 20
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    Thunderstorm electric field modelling (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Calculation of eletric field vectors within and near an isolated thundercloud (which has a given volume charge distribution) is envisaged. The maximum field strength within the thundercloud is calculated. The effects of screening layers, both above and below the thundercloud may be investigated, as well time-dependent potential problem. The study can lead to a better understanding of the charge distributions in a thundercloud, which in turn may shed some light on the actual mechanism of charging of a thundercloud.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 10 p
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  • 21
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    Some experiments on the effect of remote sounding temperatures upon weather forecasting (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A time-continuous statistical method is presented for the four dimensional assimilation of remote sounding temperatures based on radiance measurements from polar orbiting satellites. This method is applied to DST 6 data from the NOAA 4 and Nimbus 6 satellites. The state of the atmosphere throughout the test period was determined using a varying amount of satellite data from the NOAA 4 satellite only, from Nimbus 6 only, and from both satellites together. The methods tested included different variations of the statistical method, as well as more traditional methods. It is concluded that satellite derived temperature data can have a modest, but statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the two to three day range, and that this impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available and to the assimilation method used.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints, 1978 - 1979, Vol. 1; p 175-199
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  • 22
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    Remarks on future developments (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Future developments in satellite meteorology are proposed and examined in the light of policy and funding changes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 97-101
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  • 23
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    Prospects for the future (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Atmospheric and surface fields produced from the TIROS N high resolution infrared sounder/microwave sounding unit data are discussed. The data were analyzed by direct physical inversion of the multispectral radiative transfer equation. Sea ice mapping and sea surface temperature determination are addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 84-96
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  • 24
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    Key scientific questions and the role of satellites (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Some of the research opportunities that are available from geostationary satellite data, especially from MONEX during the Global Weather Experiment are described. In addition, the International Cloud Climatology Program is described and the use of satellite imagery in studying mesoscale convection complexes is discussed. Finally, information derived from satellite data on ocean winds is examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 48-71
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  • 25
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    Volcanoes and climate (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The evidence that volcanic eruptions affect climate is reviewed. Single explosive volcanic eruptions cool the surface by about 0.3 C and warm the stratosphere by several degrees. Although these changes are of small magnitude, there have been several years in which these hemispheric average temperature changes were accompanied by severely abnormal weather. An example is 1816, the "year without summer" which followed the 1815 eruption of Tambora. In addition to statistical correlations between volcanoes and climate, a good theoretical understanding exists. The magnitude of the climatic changes anticipated following volcanic explosions agrees well with the observations. Volcanoes affect climate because volcanic particles in the atmosphere upset the balance between solar energy absorbed by the Earth and infrared energy emitted by the Earth. These interactions can be observed. The most important ejecta from volcanoes is not volcanic ash but sulfur dioxide which converts into sulfuric acid droplets in the stratosphere. For an eruption with its explosive magnitude, Mount St. Helens injected surprisingly little sulfur into the stratosphere. The amount of sulfuric acid formed is much smaller than that observed following significant eruptions and is too small to create major climatic shifts. However, the Mount St. Helens eruption has provided an opportunity to measure many properties of volcanic debris not previously measured and has therefore been of significant value in improving our knowledge of the relations between volcanic activity and climate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 15-36
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  • 26
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    Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project. V - Scientific background and goals of TRMM (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The scientific goals of TRMM are described. TRMM provides quantitative measurements of tropical rain which can improve the understanding of the global climate. TRMM can also help to improve techniques for measuring rainfall from space.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Communications Research Laboratory, Review (ISSN 0914-9279); 36; 11, J; 57-70
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  • 27
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    Remote sensing of surface turbulence heat flux (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The determination of latent heat-flux variability using spaceborne sensors is discussed. Particular attention is given to the microwave sensors which have all weather capability. The retrieval of surface layer humidity, of wind speed and interfacial humidity, and of sensible heat flux are discussed. Both the indirect retrieval and direct retrieval of latent heat flux are considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 28
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    Evolution of tropical plumes in VAS water vapor imagery (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Synoptic scale tropical plumes are analyzed using satellite data and outgoing longwave radiation data. The evolution of plumes is described and their precursor signals are examined. The horizontal moisture patterns of the plumes are compared with nonplume climatology, and the predictability of plumes based solely on satellite imagery is assessed. The results show that a plume evolves as a stationary, tropical, dry or moist dipole, separated by an exceptionally strong cloud or moisture gradient. Tropical plume evolution is accompanied by a systematic drying of the tropical eastern Pacific atmosphere before development, and moistening and increased cloudiness with development.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 118; 1758-176
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  • 29
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    Satellite observations of instability in the middle atmosphere (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data from the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) have been used to define zonally averaged basic-state temperature and zonal wind fields in the middle atmosphere for several periods during the winter of 1978-79. This basic state has been used to calculate the phase speeds, growth rates, and spatial structures of unstable modes using a linear, quasigeostrophic model. These results have been compared with temperature and ozone variance amplitudes from a spectral analysis of the same LIMS data. The comparison indicates that there is a close match between phase speeds for the most rapidly growing modes predicted by the model and phase speeds for statistically significant temperature and ozone variances. Both calculated and observed modes tend to be limited in latitudinal extent to a few tens of degrees and in vertical extent to about 10 km. These modes also tend to be nondispersive. Examples are given for the Southern Hemisphere near 0.25 mb (60 km) and for low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere near 15 mb (30 km).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 47; 1065-107
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  • 30
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    Sun and dust versus greenhouse gases - An assessment of their relative roles in global climate change (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Many mechanisms, including variations in solar radiation and atmospheric aerosol concentrations, compete with anthropogenic greenhouse gases as causes of global climate change. Comparisons of available data show that solar variability will not counteract greenhouse warming and that future observations will need to be made to quantify the role of tropospheric aerosols, for example.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 346; 713-719
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  • 31
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    Transitions from Hadley to Rossby flows in internally forced rotating spherical systems (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The possibility of global-scale transitions between the Hadley and Rossby atmospheric regimes is investiated using a simple three-dimensional rotating spherical model without a boundary layer structure, bottom topography, or cumulus friction, and the expected occurrence of the Hadley to Rossby transition is demonstrated. It is shown that a transition from Hadley flow to wavenumber-5 Rossby flow is preferred, in agreement with standard baroclinic instability results. This result gives a reasonable Rossby wave bifurcation from the Hadley solution. For the cases examined, it was found that the upper symmetric Hadley regime does not exist and that the Hadley to Rossby transition depends on the values of the eddy viscosities.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 47; 1041-105
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    A numerical study of the onset of baroclinic instabilities in spherical geometry (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The onset of instabilities in a fluid contained in a rotating hemispherical shell, driven by thermal gradients imposed upon the hemispherical boundaries and by a spherically symmetric radial body force, is numerically studied. Computations are presented for a range of Taylor and thermal Rossby numbers. The analysis indicates the presence of an instability dependent upon the spherically radial gravity alone when the warmest temperatures are at the pole and an additional centrifugal buoyant instability for weak imposed gravity and fast rotation when the temperature decreases poleward.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics (ISSN 0309-1929); 52; 25-43
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  • 33
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    A simple two-system-parameter model for surface-effected warming of the planetary boundary layer (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The transabsorptivity concept which specifies the heat input into the PBL resulting from surface-atmosphere interactions is discussed. This concept is examined in terms of governing equations, and transabsorptivity is defined as the product of the surface absorptivity and the transfer efficiency. It is proposed that the climatic effects of surface changes be formulated in terms of changes in the transabsorptivity. A diagram of the surface-atmosphere interactions is provided.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology (ISSN 0006-8314); 51; 3, Ma; 213-227
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  • 34
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    Suggestions for the measurement and derivation of fluxes and flux divergences from a satellite (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Consideration is given to the determination of the optimal bands for measuring and deriving the total outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), surface downward flux (SDF), and cooling rates (CRs) using linear regression. The optimal bands are determined from scatter plots of total fluxes and cooling rates associated with the various bands. It is found that the best band for OLR is between 800 and 1200/cm, while the best band for SDF is between 500 and 660/cm or between 660 and 800/cm. For CRs, it is shown that the best band is also between 660 and 800/cm. It is noted that the AVHRR OLR is damped compared with the Nimbus-7 earth radiation budget (ERB) OLR derived from the broadband, narrow FOV ERB instrument.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 5257-527
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  • 35
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    A comparison of Solar Mesosphere Explorer and Stratosphere Aerosol and Gas Experiment II ozone densities near the stratopause (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ozone measurements made by the SME UV Spectrometer and the Stratosphere Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) spectometer are compared at 1.0 mbar for the time period from October 1984 to December 1986, using a model of the diurnal variation of ozone to correct for the difference in local times of the two measurements. The absolute values of the ozone mixing ratio measured by the two spectrometers were found to agree to better than 5 percent, with no significant divergence between the instruments. It is concluded that, since the SAGE II data are not dependent on the absolute calibration of the instrument, these data can be used as time-dependent 'ground truth' measurements for comparisons with other instruments.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 3533-353
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  • 36
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    Deep optically thin cirrus clouds in the polar regions. I - Infrared extinction characteristics (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The spectral data obtained by the infrared interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) flown on Nimbus 4 satellite in 1970 indicated the existence of optically thin ice clouds in the upper troposphere that probably extended into lower stratosphere, in the polar regions, during winter and early spring. The spectral features of these clouds differ somewhat from that of the optically thin cirrus clouds in the tropics. From theoretical simulation of the infrared spectra in the 8-25 micron region, it is inferred that these polar clouds have a vertical stratification in particle size, with larger particles (about 12 microns) in the bottom of the cloud and smaller ones (less than 1 micron) aloft. Radiative transfer calculations also suggest that the equivalent ice-water content of these polar clouds is of the order of 1 mg/sq cm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 29; 1313-132
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  • 37
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    Cirrus structure and radiative parameters from airborne lidar and spectral radiometer observations - The 28 October 1986 FIRE study (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A description is presented of cirrus based on results from a FIRE observation flight in central Wisconsin on October 28, 1986. Cirrus structure and radiative parameters as determined by the ER-2 lidar and imaging spectral radiometers are presented. From the lidar observations a complex structure was shown with differing cloud layers extending over six kilometers of altitude range. Both thin and dense cirrus layers were present and mixed phase clouds were found at lower altitudes. As indicated by the cloud structure, precipitation of crystals from high, but vertically thin, layers produces a significant fraction of the lower cirrus. Multiple layers should be considered as normal for cirrus formations. It is noted that the cloud height is an important factor for satellite cloud retrievals and cloud climatology.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 118; 2329-234
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  • 38
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    An increase of early rains in southern Israel following land-use change? (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Rains at the onset of the October-April rainy season in southern Israel have steeply increased in the last 25 years relative to the previous 20 years, and are accompanied by an appreciable general increase of rainy-season rainfall. This increase in precipitation is specifically attributable to an intensification of the convection and advection processes due to afforestation and increased cultivation-induced enhancement of the daytime sensible heat flux from the generally dry surface; the enhancement proceeds from both the reduced surface albedo and the reduced soil heat flux in October, when insolation is strong. Greater daytime convection can lead to penetration of inversions capping the planetary boundary layer, while strengthened advection can furnish moist air from the Mediterranean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology (ISSN 0006-8314); 53; 333-351
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  • 39
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    Estimation of synoptic fields of middle atmosphere parameters from Nimbus-7 LIMS profile data (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The most widely used version of the Nimbus-7 middle atmosphere dataset is the set of high quality, daily, and zonal Fourier coefficients that resolve information out to six wavenumbers at 12 UTC. A Kalman filter algorithm was applied to the original profile data in order to generate those fields for the data archive or LAMAT product. The characteristics and implementation of the algorithm are described in some detail, along with examples of the output for each of the LIMS parameters.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 7; 689-705
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  • 40
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    Vertical structure and characteristics of 23-60 day (zonal) oscillations over the tropical latitudes during the winter months of 1986 - Results of equatorial wave campaign-II (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results are presented of the equatorial wave campaign-II, a meteorological rocket study which was part of the Indian Middle Atmosphere Program. The equatorial wave campaign-II was conducted from Shar, India (13.7 deg N, 80.2 deg E) from January 15-February 28, 1986. By means of high altitude balloon and the RH-200 meteorological rocket, winds were measured from ground level up to 60 km altitude once each day during the 45-day period. The oscillation frequencies of the deviations in the east-west component of the winds from their mean at each 1-km height interval are obtained by the maximum entropy method. The phases and amplitudes of these frequencies are determined by use of the least squares method on the wind variation time series. Enhanced wave activity is shown to take place in the troposphere and lower mesosphere. The tropospheric waves observed suggest themselves to be Rossby waves of extratropical origin penetrating to tropical latitudes. The observed stratospheric/mesospheric waves appear to emanate from a source around the stratopause.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: (ISSN 0253-4126); 99; 413-423
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  • 41
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    Parameterization of eddy sensible heat transports in a zonally averaged dynamic model of the atmosphere (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A Charney-Branscome based parameterization has been tested as a way of representing the eddy sensible heat transports missing in a zonally averaged dynamic model (ZADM) of the atmosphere. The ZADM used is a zonally averaged version of a general circulation model (GCM). The parameterized transports in the ZADM are gaged against the corresponding fluxes explicitly simulated in the GCM, using the same zonally averaged boundary conditions in both models. The Charney-Branscome approach neglects stationary eddies and transient barotropic disturbances and relies on a set of simplifying assumptions, including the linear appoximation, to describe growing transient baroclinic eddies. Nevertheless, fairly satisfactory results are obtained when the parameterization is performed interactively with the model. Compared with noninteractive tests, a very efficient restoring feedback effect between the modeled zonal-mean climate and the parameterized meridional eddy transport is identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 47; 2475-248
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  • 42
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    Behavior of deep convective clouds in the tropical Pacific deduced from ISCCP radiances (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The characteristic features, the diurnal cycle, and the spatial distribution of deep convection over the equatorial Pacific and the relationship of deep convection to SST and surface-wind convergence were examined using a combined visible-IR (VS-IR) threshold method and an IR-only threshold method for diagnosing deep convection clouds (DCCs). Results suggest that deep convection is latitudinally confined to a much smaller spatial scale than that suggested by maps of outgoing long-wave radiation. The results suggested that there are two types of relationships between deep convection, SST, and surface-wind convergence: the west Pacific type and the east Pacific type. The latter relationship is observed in the east Pacific only when SST is not abnormally warm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 3; 1129-115
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  • 43
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    Global atmospheric temperature monitoring with satellite microwave measurements - Method and results 1979-84 (1990)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper describes a method for determining global atmospheric-temperature anomalies by means of satellite microwave radiometry. It is shown that microwave measurements of molecular oxygen thermal emission by the Microwave Sounding Units (MSUs) flying aboard the NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 can be used to monitor tropospheric temperature anomalies on global basis to a high level of precision. Comparisons between monthly MSU-derived hemispheric temperature anomalies with those computed from surface thermometer data show a very good agreement over the United States, although not for the hemispheres, especially the Southern Hemisphere. In this latter case, the poor agreement is ascribed to weaker thermal coupling between the ocean and the deep troposphere than that over the U.S. Annual anomalies for the hemispheres exhibit better correlations than do monthly anomalies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 3; 1111-112
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  • 44
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    Determination of cloud liquid water content using the SSM/I (1990)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: As part of a calibration/validation effort for the special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I), coincident observations of SSM/I brightness temperatures and surface-based observations of cloud liquid water were obtained. These observations were used to validate initial algorithms and to derive an improved algorithm. The initial algorithms were divided into latitudinal-, seasonal-, and surface-type zones. It was found that these initial algorithms, which were of the D-matrix type, did not yield sufficiently accurate results. The surface-based measurements of channels were investigated; however, the 85V channel was excluded because of excessive noise. It was found that there is no significant correlation between the SSM/I brightness temperatures and the surface-based cloud liquid water determination when the background surface is land or snow. A high correlation was found between brightness temperatures and ground-based measurements over the ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 28; 817-822
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  • 45
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    Seasonal variation of cloud radiative forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The impact of clouds on the earth's radiation balance is assessed in terms of longwave, shortwave, and net cloud forcing by using monthly averaged clear-sky and cloudy-sky flux data derived from the NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). Emphasis is placed on regional measurements, regional cloud forcing, zonal cloud forcing, and snow and ice contributions. It is shown that the global mean cooling varied from 14 to 21 W/sq m between April 1985 and January 1986; hemispherically, the longwave and shortwave cloud forcing nearly cancel each other in the winter hemisphere, while in the summer the negative shortwave cloud forcing is significantly lower than the longwave cloud forcing, producing a strong cooling. The ERBE data reveal that globally, hemispherically, and zonally, clouds have a significant effect on the radiative heating gradients.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 18687-18
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  • 46
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    Airborne flux measurements and budget estimates of trace species over the Amazon Basin during the GTE/ABLE 2B expedition (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In situ airborne measurements of turbulent heat, moisture, momentum, ozone, and carbon monoxide fluxes in a convective boundary layer were obtained over a tropical rain forest between 1100 and 1630 LT on May 4, 1987. The aircraft flight path was chosen so as to fly over the tower site at the Ducke Forest Reserve near Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Both turbulence statistics and mean quantities were used to study the budgets of heat, water vapor, ozone, and carbon monoxide. The ozone budget study shows an accumulation rate in the boundary layer of 0.3 + or - 0.2 ppbv/h. The surface resistance to ozone during this flight was determined to be 0.06 + or - 0.03 s/cm, while the aerodynamic resistance was 0.14-0.17 s/cm. Results from the CO budget analysis show a midday accumulation rate of 0.6 + or - 0.3 ppbv/h in the Amazonian boundary layer. The evidence suggests production of CO in the PBL. A source of CO may exist below the lowest flight level (about 150 m), although it was not possible to determine what part of the flux at flight level was due to chemical production and what part may be due to surface emission.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 16875-16
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  • 47
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    Determination of atmospheric optical properties during the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment (1990)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 27; 373-379
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  • 48
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    Origin of low frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations in the tropical atmosphere. III - Monsoon dynamics (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The issue of the interaction of the monsoon large-scale circulation and intraseasonal oscillations is addressed, showing that, as a result of the interaction of the large scale monsoon flow with the near-equatorial intraseasonal oscillation, unstable baroclinic disturbances are generated over the monsoon region. From a linear stability analysis of quasi-geostrophic motion in a two-level model, it is shown that the westward propagating disturbances generated over the monsoon region are the manifestation of heat-induced unstable Rossby waves. The instability is favored in the region with large vertical wind shear and reduced effective static stability. The monsoon large scale circulation over India and southeast Asia and the plentiful supply of moisture in the region appear to be favorable for the development of these unstable waves.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 47; 1443-146
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  • 49
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    Meteorological conditions during the summer 1986 CITE 2 flight series (1990)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An overview of meteorological conditions during the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment/Chemical Instrumentation Testing and Evaluation (GTE/CITE 2) summer 1986 flight series is presented. Computer-generated isentropic trajectories are used to trace the history of air masses encountered along each aircraft flight path. The synoptic-scale wind fields are depicted based on Montgomery stream function analyses. Time series of aircraft-measured temperature, dew point, ozone, and altitude are shown to depict air mass variability. Observed differences between maritime tropical and maritime polar air masses are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 10055-10
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  • 50
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    Potential evapotranspiration and the likelihood of future drought (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The possibility that the greenhouse warming predicted by the GISS general-circulation model and other GCMs could lead to severe droughts is investigated by means of numerical simulations, with a focus on the role of potential evapotranspiration E(P). The relationships between precipitation (P), E(P), soil moisture, and vegetation changes in GCMs are discussed; the empirically derived Palmer drought-intensity index and a new supply-demand index (SDDI) based on changes in P - E(P) are described; and simulation results for the period 1960-2060 are presented in extensive tables, graphs, and computer-generated color maps. Simulations with both drought indices predict increasing drought frequency for the U.S., with effects already apparent in the 1990s and a 50-percent frequency of severe droughts by the 2050s. Analyses of arid periods during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are shown to support the use of the SDDI in GCM drought prediction.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 9983-100
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    Aircraft microwave observations and simulations of deep convection from 18 to 183 GHz. II - Model results (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In this June 29, 1986 case study, a radiative transfer model is used to simulate the aircraft multichannel microwave brightness temperatures presented in the Adler et al. (1990) paper and to study the convective storm structure. Ground-based radar data are used to derive hydrometeor profiles of the storm, based on which the microwave upwelling brightness temperatures are calculated. Various vertical hydrometeor phase profiles and the Marshall and Palmer (M-P, 1948) and Sekhon and Srivastava (S-S, 1970) ice particle size distributions are experimented in the model. The results are compared with the aircraft radiometric data. The comparison reveals that the M-P distribution well represents the ice particle size distribution, especially in the upper tropospheric portion of the cloud; the S-S distribution appears to better simulate the ice particle size at the lower portion of the cloud, which has a greater effect on the low-frequency microwave upwelling brightness temperatures; and that, in deep convective regions, significant supercooled liquid water (about 0.5 g/cu m) may be present up to the -30 C layer, while in less convective areas, frozen hydrometeors are predominant above -10 C level.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 7; 392-410
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    On the sensitivity of a residual circulation model to differences in input temperature data (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The residual mean circulation (RMC) formulation of zonally averaged transport in the middle atmosphere produces a circulation which depends on the distributions of net diabatic heating and temperature. Such circulations are from two temperature data sets, using the same radiative transfer code (Rosenfield et al. 1987). These circulations are then used to transport N2O in a photochemical model. The circulations and the resulting N2O distributions are notably different during the Northern Hemisphere winter, with that based on the NMC temperatures producing too much upward transport in the tropical stratosphere, as judged by comparison with the stratospheric and mesoscale sounder data. The experiment demonstrates that model calculations, in general, and perturbation assessments, in particular, are likely to be quite sensitive to the choice of input temperature data (where this is not computed self-consistently). It also reveals what appears to be a seasonally dependent bias in NMC zonally averaged temperatures with respect to those obtained from the LIMS instrument during 1978/1979.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 873-882
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  • 53
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    An analysis of the threshold method for measuring area-average rainfall (1990)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental evidence shows that the area-average rain rate and the fractional area covered by rain rate exceeding a fixed threshold are highly correlated; that is, are highly linearly related. A precise theoretical explanation of this fact is given. The explanation is based on the observation that rain rate has a mixed distribution, one that is a mixture of a discrete distribution and a continuous distribution. Under a homogeneity assumption, the slope of the linear relationship depends only on the continuous part of the distribution and as such is found to be markedly immune to parameter changes. This is illustrated by certain slope surfaces obtained from three specific distributions. The threshold level can be chosen in an optimal way by minimizing a certain distance function defined over the threshold range. In general, the threshold level should be not too far from the mean rain rate conditional on rain. The so-called threshold method advocates measuring rainfall from fractional area exploiting the observed linear relationship of the later with the area average rain rate. The method is potentially useful for the estimation of rainfall from space via satellites.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 29; 3-20
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  • 54
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    Multiple vortex ring model of the DFW microburst (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 27; 163-168
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  • 55
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    Analysis of extreme wind shear (1990)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 27; 21-24
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  • 56
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    Climate change and the middle atmosphere. I - The doubled CO2 climate (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of doubling the atmospheric content of CO2 on the middle-atmosphere climate is investigated using the GISS global climate model. In the standard experiment, the CO2 concentration is doubled both in the stratosphere and troposphere, and the SSTs are increased to match those of the doubled CO2 run of the GISS model. Results show that the doubling of CO2 leads to higher temperatures in the troposphere, and lower temperatures in the stratosphere, with a net result being a decrease of static stability for the atmosphere as a whole. The middle atmosphere dynamical differences found were on the order of 10-20 percent of the model values for the current climate. These differences, along with the calculated temperature differences of up to about 10 C, may have a significant impact on the chemistry of the future atmosphere, including that of stratospheric ozone, the polar ozone 'hole', and basic atmospheric composition.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 47; 475-494
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  • 57
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    Climatologically tuned reflectivity-rain rate relations and links to area-time integrals (1990)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An effort is made to determine relationships between reflectivity (Z) and rain rate (R) which are tuned to the local climatology. The development of such relations was motivated by the need to understand the role of precipitation in controlling general circulation and in affecting such phenomena as ENSO. Attention is given to methods of deriving such relations and how they are linked to area integral rainfall measurements. In essence, the relation is tuned so that the probability distribution of reflectivity, P(Z), replicates that of R over some predetermined space-time climatic domain. Thus, the accurate measurement of the average R over any smaller domain depends on how closely the sampled P(Z) approximates the climatic P(Z). The probability matching method used is a modification of the approach of Calheiros and Zawadzki (1987) and Rosenfeld (1980). The technique is applied to data from Germany and the eastern tropical Atlantic (GATE).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 29; 1120-113
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  • 58
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    Clear air turbulence as a response to meso- and synoptic-scale dynamic processes (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The paper presents both the Roach equation for the rate of energy dissipation due to clear air turbulence and Richardson number tendencies in isentropic coordinates and examines the implications of these formulations to determine whether there is a dynamic interdependence between Ri and the nonturbulent deformation processes. The equation representing the ln(Ri) tendency is applied diagnostically to grids from an isentropic analysis of archived soundings. The evolution of the Richardson number fields over 12-hour time periods is examined using a mechanistic model. It is suggested that the application of the Roach equation for the turbulent dissipation rate should have a more restricted use. Analyses of the meso-alpha scale Richardson number and of the Richardson number tendency fields reveal a phase relationship consistent with the theoretical predictions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 118; 2228-224
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    Precipitable water estimation from high-resolution split window radiance measurements (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A technique that uses the spatial variance of image brightness temperature to derive total column precipitable water is applied to high-resolution multispectral aircraft scanner data for the June 19, 1986 COHMEX day. The technique has several advantages over other approaches in that it requires only relative calibration accuracy, is less susceptible to instrument error, and does not directly use a priori information. Results indicate significant horizontal variability of precipitable water at the mesoscale. Precipitable water gradients of 6 mm per 10 km are not uncommon. The results verify well against special rawinsonde measurements and the ensuing cloud field development. While only applied to this specialized aircraft data, the applicability of the technique to operational AVHRR and VAS data is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 29; 863-877
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    In defense of Ertel's potential vorticity and its general applicability as a meteorological tracer (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A potential vorticity theorem and its two summary statements published by Haynes and McIntyre are challenged conceptually by equations, discussions and examples. The apparent simplification proposed by the authors to convert from a mass to volume integral, i.e., by cancelling density against the specific volume in the potential vorticity, changes the physical significance of the integrand. It no longer is the potential vorticity. The resulting mean for either a bulk Eulerian or Lagrangian system is then not analogous to a mixing ratio and therefore not independent of the broad spectrum of internal waves, the independence that makes Ertel's potential vorticity so valuable either as a stratospheric tracer or as a predictive or diagnostic, large scale, meteorological variable.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 47; 2013-202
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    Cloud draft structure and trace gas transport (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: During the second Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE 2B), meteorological observations, chemical measurements, and model simulations are utilized in order to interpret convective cloud draft structure and to analyze its role in transport and vertical distribution of trace gases. One-dimensional photochemical model results suggest that the observed poststorm changes in ozone concentration can be attributed to convective transports rather than photochemical production and the results of a two-dimensional time-dependent cloud model simulation are presented for the May 6, 1987 squall system. The mesoscale convective system exhibited evidence of significant midlevel detrainment in addition to transports to anvil heights. Chemical measurements of O3 and CO obtained in the convective environment are used to predict photochemical production within the troposphere and to corroborate the cloud model results.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 17015-17
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    Aerosol chemistry during the wet season in central Amazonia - The influence of long-range transport (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The temporal variation in the concentration and chemistry of the atmospheric aerosol over central Amazonia, Brazil, during the 1987 wet season is discussed based on ground and aircraft collected data obtained during the NASA GTE ABLE 2B expedition conducted in April/May 1987. It is found that wet-season aerosol concentrations and composition are variable in contrast to the more uniform biogenic aerosol observed during the 1985 dry season; four distinct intervals of enhanced aerosol concentration coincided with short periods (3 to 5 d) of extensive rainfall. It is hypothesized that aerosol chemistry in Amazonia during the wet season is strongly influenced by long-range transport of soil dust, marine aerosol, and possibly biomass combustion products advected into the central Basin by large-scale tropospheric circulation, producing periodic pulses of material input to local boundary layer air. The resultant wet-season aerosol regime is dynamic, in contrast to the uniformity of natural biogenic aerosols during the dry season.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 16955-16
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    An algorithm for retrieving water vapor profiles in clear and cloudy atmospheres from 183 GHz radiometric measurements - Simulation studies (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The latent heat represented by atmospheric water vapor is extremely important to the energetics of the earth system. Future satellites (NOAA and DMSP) will carry microwave radiometers designed to measure the profile of water vapor globally. The problem of retrieving water vapor from the measurements is highly nonlinear even in clear atmospheres and the addition of clouds only makes it more so. In this paper, an algorithm with several novel features, which will retrieve water vapor profiles from microwave radiometric measurements even in the presence of clouds, is developed. Simulations with this algorithm show a vertical resolution on the order of 3 km and that clouds are well handled in many, but not all, circumstances. The most surprising result is that clouds can actually improve the vertical resolution of the retrieval.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 29; 508-515
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    Convective dynamics - Panel report (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Aspects of highly organized forms of deep convection at midlatitudes are reviewed. Past emphasis in field work and cloud modeling has been directed toward severe weather as evidenced by research on tornadoes, hail, and strong surface winds. A number of specific issues concerning future thrusts, tactics, and techniques in convective dynamics are presented. These subjects include; convective modes and parameterization, global structure and scale interaction, convective energetics, transport studies, anvils and scale interaction, and scale selection. Also discussed are analysis workshops, four-dimensional data assimilation, matching models with observations, network Doppler analyses, mesoscale variability, and high-resolution/high-performance Doppler. It is also noted, that, classical surface measurements and soundings, flight-level research aircraft data, passive satellite data, and traditional photogrammetric studies are examples of datasets that require assimilation and integration.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Atmospheric water vapour over oceans from SSM/I measurements (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A statistical retrieval technique is developed to derive the atmospheric water vapor column content from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) measurements. The radiometer signals are simulated by means of radiative-transfer calculations for a large set of atmospheric/oceanic situations. These simulated responses are subsequently summarized by multivariate analyses, giving water-vapor coefficients and error estimates. Radiative-transfer calculations show that the SSM/I microwave imager can detect atmospheric water vapor structures with an accuracy from 0.145 to 0.17 g/sq cm. The accuracy of the method is confirmed by globally distributed match-ups with radiosonde measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 11; 753-766
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    Aspects of the Kelvin wave response to episodic wind forcing (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Episodes of westerly wind are an important aspect of surface stress variability in the western Pacific. During ENSO periods, the presence of such wind episodes comprises much of the LF relaxation of the trades over the central and western Pacific. This paper describes the oceanic Kelvin pulse response to a single idealized episode of westerly wind stress, using results from linear theory as well as from a 27-level general circulation model. When stratification typical of the western and eastern Pacific is used, the conservation of energy flux predicts a reduction of surface currents associated with the first baroclinic mode and an enhancement of surface currents associated with the second baroclinic mode. The idealized wind anomaly is also used to drive an ocean general circulation model. When the wind anomaly is weak, the model Kelvin response agrees with predictions of linear theory. For more realistic strong forcing there are three important deviations from linear theory: the amplitude of low baroclinic modes increases; the amplitude of higher baroclinic modes decreases; and the phase speed increases.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 7289-731
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    Precise monitoring of global temperature trends from satellites (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Passive microwave radiometry from satellites provides more precise atmospheric temperature information than that obtained from the relatively sparse distribution of thermometers over the earth's surface. Accurate global atmospheric temperature estimates are needed for detection of possible greenhouse warming, evaluation of computer models of climate change, and for understanding important factors in the climate system. Analysis of the first 10 years (1979 to 1988) of satellite measurements of lower atmospheric temperature changes reveals a monthly precision of 0.01 C, large temperature variability on time scales from weeks to several years, but no obvious trend for the 10-year period. The warmest years, in descending order, were 1987, 1988, 1983, and 1980. The years 1984, 1985, and 1986 were the coolest.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 247; 1558-156
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    The variability of atmospheric equivalent temperature for radar altimeter range correction (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two sets of data were used to test the validity of the presently used approximation for radar altimeter range correction due to atmospheric water vapor. The approximation includes an assumption of constant atmospheric equivalent temperature. The first data set includes monthly, three-dimensional, gridded temperature and humidity fields over global oceans for a 10-year period, and the second is comprised of daily or semidaily rawinsonde data at 17 island stations for a 7-year period. It is found that the standard method underestimates the variability of the equivalent temperature, and the approximation could introduce errors of 2 cm for monthly means. The equivalent temperature is found to have a strong meridional gradient, and the highest temporal variabilities are found over western boundary currents. The study affirms that the atmospheric water vapor is a good predictor for both the equivalent temperature and the range correction. A relation is proposed to reduce the error.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 2933-293
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    Deconvolution of wide-field-of-view measurements of reflected solar radiation (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Wide-field-of-view (WFOV) radiometers have been flown as part of the Earth Radiation Budget instrument on the Nimbus 6 and 7 spacecraft and as part of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) instruments aboard the ERBE spacecraft and also the NOAA 9 and 10 operational spacecraft. The measurement is the integral of the reflected solar flux distribution at the top of the earth-atmosphere system over the field-of-view of the radiometer. This paper develops the solution to this two-dimensional integral equation for the albedo distribution in terms of the measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 29; 109-122
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    Parameterizations for the absorption of solar radiation by O2 and CO2 with application to climate studies (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Simple and accurate parameterizations have been developed for computing the absorption of solar radiation due to O2 and CO2. The parameterizations are based on the findings that temperature has a minimal effect on the absorption and that the one-parameter scaling can be applied to take into account the effect of pressure variation along a path. Overlapping of the absorption due to CO2 and water vapor is treated accurately in the parameterizations. Simulations with a zonally averaged multilayer energy balance model show that the absorption of solar radiation due to O2 and CO2 has a small, albeit nonnegligible, effect on climate. The global surface solar radiation is reduced by 2.2 W/sq m, and the warming of the surface temperature due to a doubled CO2 concentration is reduced by 10 percent in the Northern Hemisphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 3; 209-217
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    Estimation of mean rain rate - Application to satellite observations (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method for the estimation of the mean area average rain rate from dependent data is developed and applied to the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment data. The method consists of fitting a mixed distribution, containing an atom at zero, by minimum chi-square in combination with certain time-space sampling designs. In modeling the continuous component of the mixed distribution, it is shown that the lognormal distribution provides a very close fit for the nonzero area average rainrates. A comparison with the gamma distribution shows that the lognormal distribution is a better choice as expressed by the minimum chi-square criterion. Some of the time-space sampling designs correspond to satellite sampling. The results indicate that a satellite visiting an area of about 350 x 350 sq km in the tropics approximately every 10 hours over a period can provide a rather close estimate for the mean area average rain rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 1965-197
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    Geostrophic adjustment in a baroclinic atmosphere (1990)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The classical geostrophic adjustment problem is reexamined in a baroclinically unstable atmosphere. After the geostrophic balance is disturbed by either adding mass or momentum to the atmosphere, the resulting evolution of the mass and momentum fields is found by using Laplace and Fourier transforms. In general, the results from classical geostrophic theory hold in the baroclinically unstable atmosphere. Although the most unstable modes eventually dominate, in certain situations the perturbations may actually decay before they begin to grow. This may be a key mechanism which explains a portion of the spinup problem commonly encountered in numerical models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 47; 457-473
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    Sampling errors for satellite-derived tropical rainfall - Monte Carlo study using a space-time stochastic model (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Estimates of monthly average rainfall based on satellite observations from a low earth orbit will differ from the true monthly average because the satellite observes a given area only intermittently. This sampling error inherent in satellite monitoring of rainfall would occur even if the satellite instruments could measure rainfall perfectly. The size of this error is estimated for a satellite system being studied at NASA, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). First, the statistical description of rainfall on scales from 1 to 1000 km is examined in detail, based on rainfall data from the Global Atmospheric Research Project Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). A TRMM-like satellite is flown over a two-dimensional time-evolving simulation of rainfall using a stochastic model with statistics tuned to agree with GATE statistics. The distribution of sampling errors found from many months of simulated observations is found to be nearly normal, even though the distribution of area-averaged rainfall is far from normal. For a range of orbits likely to be employed in TRMM, sampling error is found to be less than 10 percent of the mean for rainfall averaged over a 500 x 500 sq km area.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 2195-220
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    Monthly mean global climatology of temperature, wind, geopotential height and pressure for 0-120 km (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents a monthly mean climatology of zonal mean temperature, zonal wind, and geopotential height with nearly pole-to-pole coverage (80 deg S-80 deg N) for 0-120 km which can be used as a function of altitude and pressure. This climatology reproduces most of the characteristic features of the atmosphere such as the lowering and cooling of the mesopause and the lowering and warming of the stratopause during the summer months at high latitudes. A series of zonal wind profiles is also presented comparing this climatological wind with monthly mean climatological direct wind measurements in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The two data sets compare well below 80 km, with some general seasonal trend agreement observed above 80 km. The zonal wind at the equator presented here simulates the observed features of the semiannual oscillation in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 10; 6, 19
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    Observed effects of landscape variability on convective clouds (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A case is presented in which clouds are observed to form first over a mesoscale-size area (100 x 300 km) of harvested wheat in Oklahoma, where the ground temperature is warmer than adjoining areas dominated by growing vegetation. In addition, clouds are suppressed over relatively long bands downwind of small man-made lakes and areas characterized by heavy tree cover. The observed variability of cloud relative to landscape type is compared with that simulated with a one-dimensional boundary-layer model. Clouds form earliest over regions characterized by high, sensible heat flux, and are suppressed over regions characterized by high, latent heat flux during relatively dry atmospheric conditions. This observation has significance in gaining understanding of the feedback mechanisms of land modification on climate, as well as understanding relatively short-range weather forecasting.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 71; 272-280
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    The beam filling error in the Nimbus 5 electronically scanning microwave radiometer observations of Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment rainfall (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comparison of rain rates retrieved from the Nimbus 5 electronically scanning microwave radiometer brightness temperatures and observed from shipboard radars during the Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) phase I shows that the beam filling error is the major source of discrepancy between the two. When averaged over a large scene (the GATE radar array, 400 km in diameter), the beam filling error is quite stable, being 50 percent of the observed rain rate. This suggests the simple procedure of multiplying retrieved rain rates by 2 (correction factor). A statistical model of the beam filling error is developed by envisioning an idealized instrument field-of-view that encompasses an entire gamma distribution of rain rates. A modeled correction factor near 2 is found for rain rate and temperature characteristics consistent with GATE conditions. The statistical model also suggests that the correction factor varies from 1.5 to 2.5 for suppressed to enhanced tropical convective regimes, and decreases to 1.5 as the freezing level and average depth of the rain column decreases to 2.5 km.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 2187-219
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    The estimation of convective rainfall by area integrals. I - The theoretical and empirical basis. II - The height-area rainfall threshold (HART) method (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A theory is developed which establishes the basis for the use of rainfall areas within present thresholds as a measure of either the instantaneous areawide rain rate of convective storms or the total volume of rain from an individual storm over its lifetime. The method is based upon the existence of a well-behaved pdf of rain rate either from the many storms at one instant or from a single storm during its life. The generality of the instantaneous areawide method was examined by applying it to quantitative radar data sets from the GARP Tropical Atlantic Experiment for South Africa, Texas, and Darwin (Australia). It is shown that the pdf's developed for each of these areas are consistent with the theory.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 2153-217
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    Influence of the vegetation structure on the thermal forcing of the atmosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: World Climate Programme: Sci. Papers Presented at WMO(ICSU Conf. on Phys.; p 327-340
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    Ability and limitations of general circulation models to simulate climate and climate variability (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: World Climate Programme: Sci. Papers Presented at WMO(ICSU Conf. on Phys.; p 97-128
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    Initialization and assimilation of cloud and rainwater in a regional model (1990)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The initialization and assimilation of cloud and rainwater quantities in a mesoscale regional model was examined. Forecasts of explicit cloud and rainwater are made using conservation equations. The physical processes include condensation, evaporation, autoconversion, accretion, and the removal of rainwater by fallout. These physical processes, some of which are parameterized, represent source and sink in terms in the conservation equations. The question of how to initialize the explicit liquid water calculations in numerical models and how to retain information about precipitation processes during the 4-D assimilation cycle are important issues that are addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Microwave (SSM(I) Estimates of the Precipitation Rate to Improve Numerical Atmospheric Model Forecasts 13 p (SEE N94-18602 04-47); Microwave (SS
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    Comparison of a barotropic blocking theory with observation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Hart (1979) showed that the truncated spectral equations obtained by Charney and Devore (1979) could be derived merely by assuming that the cross-stream scale of the topography was large compared to the downstream scale. Since actual topography does not have the large y scales postulated by Hart, his model was modified in the current investigation to obtain equations with arbitrary zonal variations of topography by projecting all variable functions onto the first topographic cross-stream mode. The topographic heights and streamfunctions are expanded as Fourier series in the cross-stream coordinate and the series are truncated after the first term. This accomplishes Hart's results but permits more realistic y variations in the topography. The present investigation is the first in a two-part series. The second part will deal with a two-layer baroclinic channel flow, again with arbitrary zonal variations of topography.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Apr. 198
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    Combined eye-atmosphere visibility model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Existing models of the optical characteristics of the eye are combined with a recent model of optical characteristics of the atmosphere given by its modulation transfer function. This combination results in the combined eye-atmosphere performance given by the product of their modulation transfer functions. An application for the calculation of visibility thresholds in the case of a two-halves field is given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; May 1
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    Computations of transmittance and radiance in infrared water vapor sounding channels (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The wing-scaling approximation/k-distribution method, previously developed for computing solar heating rates (Chou and Arking, 1981) was applied to the computation of the transmittance and outgoing radiance in infrared water vapor sounding channels. Functions necessary for the transmittance and radiance computations were computed from molecular line parameters using line-by-line methods. The method was applied to the three HIRS/2 water vapor sounding channels on the TIROS-N satellite, and its accuracy was tested using 11 widely separated atmospheres which ranged from hot-wet tropical atmospheres to cold-dry subarctic atmospheres. Compared to line-by-line calculations, maximum errors were shown to be less than 0.017 in transmittance and 0.4 K in brightness temperature for all cases. The rms errors are less than 0.009 in transmittance and 0.2 K in brightness temperature, the brightness temperature rms error being much smaller than the instrument noise.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Mar. 198
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    An objective method for forecasting tropical cyclone intensity using Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An empirical analysis program, based on finding an optimal representation of the data, is applied to 120 observations of 29 1973 and 1974 North Pacific tropical cyclones. It is found that the algorithms developed from the Nimbus-5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR-5) base alone outperformed the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) operational forecast for the 48 and 72 hour maximum wind speed. It is also found that the ESMR-5 data base, when combined with the non-satellite base, produced algorithms that improved the 24 and 48 hour maximum wind-speed forecast by as much as 10% and the 72 hour maximum wind forecast by approximately 16% as compared to the forecast obtained from the algorithms developed from the non-satellite data base alone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Feb. 198
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    The outlook for precipitation measurements from space (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The outlook for providing precipitation measurements of useful accuracy and or precision from space is discussed. Visible and infrared techniques, microwave radiometers, spaceborne radar, and altimeters are discussed. Key obstacles are identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
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    Adaptively pointing spaceborne radar for precipitation measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An auxiliary concept of adaptive pointing applicable to meteorological radar is discussed. This control technique would resolve the conflicts among speed of scan or scan width, resolution, and dwell time per resolution element. At T1(orbital position) a passive infrared radiometer imager scans a swath ahead of the spacecraft; an appropriate algorithm indicates which clouds are probably producing precipitation. These locations are then used by the on-board antenna controller to program the antenna scan so that the radar samples clouds A and B at times T2 and T3 respectively.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
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  • 87
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    Bistatic radar meteorological satellite (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A technique is discussed that employs a radar transmitter with a moderate size antenna placed in a geosynchronous orbit with either a 0 degree or a low inclination orbit. The reflected signals from the precipitation are then received either on a single beam from a satellite having a beamwidth of about 6 degrees or preferably with a beam that scans the U.S. in a raster pattern with about 0.9 degrees beamwidth. While it would seem that a bistatic system with the transmitter at synchronous altitude and the receivers near the surface would not be a very efficient way of designing a radar system, it is somewhat surprising that the required power and antenna sizes are not that great. Two factors make the meteorological application somewhat more attractive than the bistatic detection of point targets. First, the bistatic reflections of radar signals from precipitation are to a large extent omnidirectional, and while raindrops are spheriods rather than spheres, the relationship of the reflectivity of the rain to rainfall rate can be easily derived. The second reason is that the rain echo signal level is independent of range from a receive only radar, and if the bistatic system works at all, it will work at long ranges.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 15 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 88
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    Use of the optimal polarization concept in electromagnetic imaging of hydrometeor distributions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief survey is given of some fundamental physical concepts of optimal polarization characteristics of a transmission path or scatterer ensemble of hydrometeors. It is argued that, based on this optimization concepts, definite advances in remote atmospheric sensing are to be expected. Basic properties of Kennaugh's optimal polarization theory are identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 15 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 89
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    Use of combined radar and radiometer systems in space for precipitation measurement: Some ideas (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief survey is given of some fundamental physical concepts of optimal polarization characteristics of a transmission path or scatter ensemble of hydrometers. It is argued that, based on this optimization concept, definite advances in remote atmospheric sensing are to be expected. Basic properties of Kennaugh's optimal polarization theory are identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 25 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 90
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    Rain rate measurement capabilities using a Seasat type radar altimeter (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The combined use of a space-based radar and a radiometer for measurement of precipitation is discussed. Phenomena to exploit or overcome is surveyed. Basic measurement problems are discussed. Several active systems are proposed, including three ocean systems and two land-sea systems. Recommendations for future research are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 13 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 91
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    Satellite borne dual millimetric wave length radar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The failure of attempts to accurately measure precipitation by using a single quality that is used to deduce the desired precipitation parameter through a derived relationship is discussed. A number of dual measurement techniques for the accurate determination of instantaneous rainfall rates from space are proposed. It is concluded that dual measurement techniques show high promise for measuring precipitation parameters with greater accuracy than that which was possible in the past.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 7 p
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  • 92
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    Potential of dual-measurement techniques for accurate determination of instantaneous rainfall rate from space (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The incorporation in the 13.5 GHz SEASAT type radar altimeter of a mode to measure rain rate is investigated. Specifically, an algorithm is developed relating the echo power at the various range bins to the rain rate, taking into consideration Mie scattering and path attenuation. The dependence of the algorithm on rain drop size distribution, and non-uniform rain structure are examined and associated uncertainties defined. A technique for obtaining drop size distribution through the measurements of power at the top of the raincell and power difference through the cell is also investigated together with an associated error analysis. A description of the minor hardware modifications to the basic SEASAT design is given for implementing the rain measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 5 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 93
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    Spaceborne precipitation radar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The performances and characteristics of a satelliteborne radar operating in the millimeter wavelength region of the spectrum with emphasis placed on the 35 and 94 GH3 frequency bands are discussed. It is concluded that millimetric wavelengths provide an acceptable solution for the design of satelliteborne active microwave equipment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 16 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 94
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    Remote sensing of stored precipitation, i.e., soil moisture and snow (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The characteristics and performance of spaceborne precipitation radar systems are discussed. The development of a model is discussed. Examples of simulation results are given. It was found that the accuracy of rain rate estimates is improved by using higher resolution radar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 95
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    The DMSP imager (SSMI): Unfinished plans (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The basic theory relating microwave emissivity to soil and snow moisture is presented along with data from field and aircraft measurements to support the theory. Data from the ESMR on Nimbus-5 and the S-194 L Band radiometer on Skylab were compared with Antecedent Precipitation indices (APT) to show the sensitivity of spaceborne observations to soil moisture. Similarly, data from the ESMR and SMMR on the Nimbus spacecraft were compared with surface measurements of snow depth with good results.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 7 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 96
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    The utilization of satellite passive microwave sensors to monitor synoptic scale rainfall (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A microwave imaging sensor, built for flight on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program spacecraft, is discussed. Major elements of the sensor development program are summarized as background for planning a data archival program useful for climate research.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 13 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 97
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    Detection of rainfall rates utilizing spaceborne microwave radiometers (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: To demonstrate the success of utilizing passive microwave sensors in monitoring synoptic scale rainfall, two studies are described in which electrically scanning microwave radiometers (ESMR-5 and 6) on board Nimbus 5 and 6 were employed using a Langrangian frame of reference. The first study suggests a method of utilizing ESMR-5 measurements to quantize rainfall over water within tropical and extratropical storms and to use these measurements to monitor and possibly predict storm intensity. The second study suggests a method of monitoring the coverage and movement of synoptic rain over land by employing ESMR-6.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 7 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 98
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    Using underwater ambient noise levels to measure rainfall rate: A review (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of satellite passive microwave radiometry in the determination of precipitation frequencies and areas is discussed. Precipitation detection over the ocean and land and the accuracy of results are addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 33 p
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  • 99
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    On the measurement of precipitation frequencies by passive microwave radiometery (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Over most of the microwave spectrum, raindrops both absorb and scatter radiation producing large changes in brightness temperatures relative to clear or cloudy conditions. Since the structure of rain varies substantially for different rain rates and climatological backgrounds, the raindrop size distribution, the rain layer thickness and the ice clouds above the rain layer are all important inputs to the model computations. The subsequent modeling involves applying the Mie theory to derive the absorption and scattering effects and the radiative transfer calculation is based upon a variational iterative approach which takes account of the multiple scattering effect of the rain layer. Results over both ocean and land backgrounds are demonstrated. It is also demonstrated that by using discrimination tests of the radiometric data, the rain/no rain decision can be made and the rainfall rate can be retrieved from a statistical inversion technique.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 3 p
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  • 100
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    Combining visible and infrared techniques with LAMMR for daily rainfall estimates (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief description of other methods of rainfall measurement at the sea surface is given. The general underwater ambient noise background of the ocean is described. The physics of noise generation by bubbles and splashes is reviewed. Monitoring underwater ambient noise levels to measure rainfall rate requires that the spectral shapes of the noise from wind and rain be different or at least distinguishable. This would allow the rain noise to be separated from the wind noise and then hopefully it can be correlated with rainfall rate. Different spectral shapes are observed experimentally.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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