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  • Articles  (614)
  • Springer  (614)
  • Annual Reviews
  • PANGAEA
  • 1980-1984  (614)
  • 1980  (614)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (486)
  • Philosophy  (128)
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  • Articles  (614)
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  • 1980-1984  (614)
Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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  • 2
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 85-93 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Performance testing of multiple extended coverage sidewall sprinklers indicates that these sprinklers, installed on spacings that are multiples of specified room areas with ceiling heights up to 9 ft, perform comparably to single sprinkler per room installations under fire conditions.
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  • 3
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 94-103 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Flashover is the ultimate event in a room fire signaling the final untenability for room occupants and greatly increased hazard to other building spaces. Despite this importance, hazard evaluations of furnishings and other common fuel loads have normally not been based on estimates of flashover potential. This paper considers a simple combustion model and examines available experimental data.
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  • 4
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 104-112 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An exploratory study has been made of the adsorption of incipient combustion gases on metal surfaces and organic metal chelate coated metal surfaces. Data obtained in this study suggest that a smoke or fire detection system could be based on the adsorption-photoelectric effects observed.
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  • 5
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 113-117 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Four samples of thermoplastics and nine samples of wood were evaluated for smoke evolution in the Aminco-NBS smoke chamber under piloted (flaming) conditions, using two different types of pilot burners, and in the Arapahoe chamber.
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  • 6
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 118-132 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a method for calculating radiative heat transfer to an adjacent tank from fire involving insulation on tank exteriors. An approximate method for calculating the radiative flux from an ignition source is also provided. The results are generalized to allow convenient estimates of safe separations for a range of tank sizes, fire intensities, and critical ignition fluxes. Wind effects are not considered in the present study.
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  • 7
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 133-141 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The authors discuss the detailed application of surface flammability assessment theory to the major test methods available in North America.
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  • 8
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 142-149 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract At the request of the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the National Bureau of Standards developed a proposed standard for the flammability of upholstered furniture. This paper briefly describes the proposed standard and its history, and examines the performance of pile fabrics tested at the University of Washington Textile Laboratories in accordance with the provisions of the proposed standard.
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  • 9
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 150-152 
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  • 10
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 153-154 
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  • 11
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 155-156 
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  • 12
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 157-158 
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  • 13
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 163-163 
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  • 14
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 212-226 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Coal pulverizing system explosions during the last few years have pointed to the need of developing inerting systems for preventing such incidents. The greater use of western subbituminous coals (with their higher tendency for spontaneous ignition) is a contributing factor to the increased frequency of coal pulverizer explosions.
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  • 15
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 181-191 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An electronic circuit has been designed and tested which can automatically determine ignition temperatures of shredded combustible materials.
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  • 16
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 165-180 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The Kern Plateau in Sequoia National Forest was selected as a pilot study area for the development and application of a new fire management planning process.
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  • 17
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 192-203 
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    Notes: Abstract The author discusses a toxicity screening test for evaluating materials for off-gas toxicity using a rising temperature program.
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  • 18
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 227-231 
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  • 19
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 204-211 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The pulsation characteristic of fires was examined using acoustic parameters at very low sonic and subsonic frequencies up to 2 Hz. The existences of a characteristic frequency related to the diameter of the seat of the fire was demonstrated. The signal was found to decay rapidly with distance, suggesting displacement of the medium rather than vibrations in the medium. The use of this type of effect in fire detection is also discussed.
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  • 20
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 232-234 
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  • 21
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 235-236 
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  • 22
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 237-238 
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  • 23
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 163-163 
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  • 24
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 181-191 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An electronic circuit has been designed and tested which can automatically determine ignition temperatures of shredded combustible materials.
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  • 25
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 165-180 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The Kern Plateau in Sequoia National Forest was selected as a pilot study area for the development and application of a new fire management planning process.
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  • 26
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 192-203 
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    Notes: Abstract The author discusses a toxicity screening test for evaluating materials for off-gas toxicity using a rising temperature program.
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  • 27
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 204-211 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The pulsation characteristic of fires was examined using acoustic parameters at very low sonic and subsonic frequencies up to 2 Hz. The existences of a characteristic frequency related to the diameter of the seat of the fire was demonstrated. The signal was found to decay rapidly with distance, suggesting displacement of the medium rather than vibrations in the medium. The use of this tpe of effect in fire detection is also discussed.
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  • 28
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 227-231 
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  • 29
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 232-234 
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  • 30
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 212-226 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Coal pulverizing system explosions during the last few years have pointed to the need of developing inerting systems for preventing such incidents. The greater use of western subbituminous coals (with their higher tendency for spontaneous ignition) is a contributing factor to the increased frequency of coal pulverizer explosions.
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  • 31
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 235-236 
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  • 32
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 243-243 
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  • 33
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 237-238 
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  • 34
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 252-258 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Electrical arcing under fire conditions is examined in this paper. It explains why arcs are started under fire conditions, while they are difficult to start under normal conditions.
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  • 35
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 245-251 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Changes in ultimate tensile strength and mass (weight) of burning redwood were measured, and a correlation between the ultimate tensile strength and mass loss was developed. A simple model was employed for calculating the mass loss. The accuracy of this model was assessed by comparing calculated mass loss values to the data.
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  • 36
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 259-272 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Pressurization with inert gas, typically nitrogen, has been proposed for fire suppression in pressurizable enclosures. Implementation requires assurance of sufficiently uniform presurant distribution. A convenient procedure for scale modeling pressurant distribution is described and applied to a 1/6-scale model of an uncluttered 5-m3 enclosure. Two inexpensive methods for determining local pressurant fraction history are indicated, temperature and continuous gas analysis.
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  • 37
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 273-286 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The smoke-producing characteristics of various materials are discussed with particular attention to thermal insulation. The different methods of measuring smoke density are described, and selected data are presented.
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  • 38
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 303-313 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract To improve the quality and reliability of fire detection and alarm, the author calls for internationally agreed upon test specifications that will not hinder future development.
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  • 39
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 287-302 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Diversity of fuels, differences in their arrangement, and environmental changes such as in temperature, air pressure, wind velocity, and humidity are among the factors contributing to the variation in fire development. This paper presents a framework for modeling this variability so that product design and firesafety standards can reflect the total information provided by these actual fire tests.
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  • 40
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 314-316 
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  • 41
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 3-4 
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  • 42
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 5-11 
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    Notes: Abstract Rockwood tested all its foam concentrates on gasohol, a mixture of gasoline and alcohol. This paper discusses the results of those tests, offers an explanation of the results, and makes some suggestions about handling gasohol emergencies.
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  • 43
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 12-21 
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    Notes: Abstract A small-scale laboratory fire test has been developed to replace costly and air-polluting large-scale field fire tests that are used to evaluate reliability of fire fighting foam formulations.
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  • 44
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 22-28 
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    Notes: Abstract Scant field information and the difficulty of conducting long-term research experiments on the low-level heating of cellulosics until ignition occurs have led to the advancement of an incipient smoldering ignition predictive model.
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  • 45
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 29-36 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the concept of flammability, merit ranking, and the theoretical objections to it that are currently crystallizing. The usefulness of an alternative approach to measuring rates of heat release is briefly considered.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 37-62 
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    Notes: Abstract Plastic DWV pipe will not propagate flame through a fire separation even under adverse pressure differentials if appropriate barrier devices and construction methods are used. This paper reports the results of a small-scale test program that studied the penetration of fire separations by plastic drain, waste, and vent pipe.
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  • 47
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 70-72 
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  • 48
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 63-69 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of locating emergency service facilities in a developing area is modelled in its generic form as a dynamic set covering problem.
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  • 49
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 77-78 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 83-84 
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  • 51
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 317-320 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 321-323 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 324-325 
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  • 54
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 19-43 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The class Matr(C) of all matrices for a prepositional logic (ℒ, C) is investigated. The paper contains general results with no special reference to particular logics. The main theorem (Th. (5.1)) which gives the algebraic characterization of the class Matr(C) states the following. Assume C to be the consequence operation on a prepositional language induced by a class K of matrices. Let m be a regular cardinal not less than the cardinality of C. Then Matr (C) is the least class of matrices containing K and closed under m-reduced products, submatrices, matrix homomorphisms, and matrix homomorphic counter-images.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 99-99 
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 125-141 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In the modal literature various notions of “completeness” have been studied for normal modal logics. Four of these are defined here, viz. (plain) completeness, first-order completeness, canonicity and possession of the finite model property — and their connections are studied. Up to one important exception, all possible inclusion relations are either proved or disproved. Hopefully, this helps to establish some order in the jungle of concepts concerning modal logics. In the course of the exposition, the interesting properties of first-order definability and preservation under ultrafilter extensions are introduced and studied as well.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 237-243 
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    Notes: Abstract G is the result of adjoining the schema □ (□qA→A)→□qA to K; the axioms of G* are the theorems of G and the instances of the schema □qA→A and the sole rule of G* is modus ponens. A sentence is ω-provable if it is provable in P(eano) A(rithmetic) by one application of the ω-rule; equivalently, if its negation is ω-inconsistent in PA. Let ω-Bew(x) be the natural formalization of the notion of ω-provability. For any modal sentence A and function ϕ mapping sentence letters to sentences of PA, inductively define A ωϕ by: p ωϕ = ϕ(p) (p a sentence letter); ⊥ωϕ= ⊥; (A→B)suωϕ}= (A ωϕ→Bωϕ); and (□qA)ωϕ= ω-Bew(⌜A ωϕ⌝)(⌜S⌝) is the numeral for the Gödel number of the sentence S). Then, applying techniques of Solovay (Israel Journal of Mathematics 25, pp. 287–304), we prove that for every modal sentence A,⊢ G A iff for all ϕ, ⊢ PA A ωϕ; and for every modal sentence A, ⊢ G* A iff for all ϕ, A ωϕ is true.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 297-310 
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    Notes: Abstract Model-theoretic methods are used to extend Craig's Interpolation Theorem to the loop-free portion of Pratt's dynamic logic of programs with simple assignments.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 375-379 
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    Notes: Abstract Using ideas from Murskii [3], Tokarz [4] and Wroński [7] we construct some strongly finite consequence operation having 2%0 standard strengthenings. In this way we give the affirmative answer to the following question, stated in Tokarz [4]: are there strongly finite logics with the degree of maximality greater than ℵ0?
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 415-423 
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    Notes: Abstract LetN. be the set of all natural numbers (except zero), and letD n * = {k ∈N ∶k|n} ∪ {0} wherek¦n if and only ifn=k.x f or somex∈N. Then, an ordered setD n * = 〈D n * , ⩽ n , wherex⩽ ny iffx¦y for anyx, y∈D n * , can easily be seen to be a pseudo-boolean algebra. In [5], V.A. Jankov has proved that the class of algebras {D n * ∶n∈B}, whereB =,{k ∈N∶ ⌉ $$\mathop \exists \limits_{n \in N} $$ (n 〉 1 ≧n 2 k)is finitely axiomatizable. The present paper aims at showing that the class of all algebras {D n * ∶n∈B} is also finitely axiomatizable. First, we prove that an intermediate logic defined as follows: $$LD = Cn(INT \cup \{ p_3 \vee [p_3 \to (p_1 \to p_2 ) \vee (p_2 \to p_1 )]\} )$$ finitely approximatizable. Then, defining, after Kripke, a model as a non-empty ordered setH = 〈K, ⩽〉, and making use of the set of formulas true in this model, we show that any finite strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebra ℬ is identical with. the set of formulas true in the Kripke modelH B = 〈P(ℬ), ⊂〉 (whereP(ℬ) stands for the family of all prime filters in the algebra ℬ). Furthermore, the concept of a structure of divisors is defined, and the structure is shown to beH D n * = 〈P (D n * ), ⊂〉for anyn∈N. Finally, it is proved that for any strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebraU satisfying the axiomp 3∨ [p 3→(p1→p2)∨(p2→p1)] there is a structure of divisorsD * n such that it is possible to define a strong homomorphism froomiH D n * ontoH D U . Exploiting, among others, this property, it turns out to be relatively easy to show that $$LD = \mathop \cap \limits_{n \in N} E(\mathfrak{D}_n^* )$$ .
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 159-202 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is part of a general programme of developing and investigating particular first-order modal theories. In the paper, a modal theory of propositions is constructed under the assumption that there are genuinely singular propositions, ie. ones that contain individuals as constituents. Various results on decidability, axiomatizability and definability are established.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 245-256 
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    Notes: Abstract Global properties of canonical derivability predicates (the standard example is Pr() in Peano Arithmetic) are studied here by means of a suitable propositional modal logic GL. A whole book [1] has appeared on GL and we refer to it for more information and a bibliography on GL. Here we propose a sequent calculus for GL and, by exhibiting a good proof procedure, prove that such calculus admits the elimination of cuts. Most of standard results on GL are then easy consequences: completeness, decidability, finite model property, interpolation and the fixed point theorem.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 325-333 
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    Notes: Abstract LetL be any modal or tense logic with the finite model property. For eachm, definer L (m) to be the smallest numberr such that for any formulaA withm modal operators,A is provable inL if and only ifA is valid in everyL-model with at mostr worlds. Thus, the functionr L determines the size of refutation Kripke models forL. In this paper, we will give an estimation ofr L (m) for some linear modal and tense logicsL.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 361-369 
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    Notes: Abstract This note deals with the prepositional uniformity principlep-UP: ∧p ∈ Κ ∨x ∈N A (p, x) → ∨x ∈N ∧p ∈ Κ A (p, x) (Ω species of all propositions) in intuitionistic mathematics.p-UP is implied by WC and KS. But there are interestingp-UP-cases which require weak KS resp. WC only. UP for number species follows fromp-UP by extended bar-induction (ranging over propositions) and suitable weak continuity. As corollaries we have the disjunction property and the existential definability w.r.t. concrete objects. Other consequences are: there is no non-trivial countable partition ofΩ;id is the only injective function fromΩ toΩ; there are no many-place injective prepositional functions; card (Ω) is incomparable with the cardinality of all metric spaces containing at least three elements.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 371-374 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that there is no constructive extensional truth-value mapping from the speciesP of all propositions into known constructive structures ≠ P.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 311-324 
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    Notes: Abstract Montague [7] translates English into a tensed intensional logic, an extension of the typed λ-calculus. We prove that each translation reduces to a formula without λ-applications, unique to within change of bound variable. The proof has two main steps. We first prove that translations of English phrases have the special property that arguments to functions are modally closed. We then show that formulas in which arguments are modally closed have a unique fully reduced λ-normal form. As a corollary, translations of English phrases are contained in a simply defined proper subclass of the formulas of the intensional logic.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 355-359 
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    Notes: Abstract The undecidability of the first-order theory of diagonalizable algebras is shown here.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 1-2 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 33-43 
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    Notes: Abstract In Germany, the need for coordination and integration of transport services has been seen as a pre-condition to improving public transportation. A major step in this direction,which attracted world-wide attention, has been the institution of the Transport Federation (Verkehrs verbund). The paper discusses the operation of the Hamburg Transit Federation and considers a number of factors which have created a favorable climate for the development of public transportation in Germany.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 17-32 
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    Notes: Abstract So far in the decade of the 1970's, commitments have been made to construct a “second generation” of new rail systems in four urban areas — Atlanta, Baltimore, Miami and Buffalo. In this paper the authors speculate on the prospects and perils that lie ahead for these systems in the context of national and local expectations for rail transit and the experience of the first generation rail transit systems of San Francisco (BART) and Washington.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 292-292 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 309-310 
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    Notes: Abstract The New York State Department of Transportation was required to certify as to the “economy and efficiency” of transit operators participating in the State's public transportation operating assistance program. This paper describes the efforts undertaken to meet this mandate. Discussed are past efforts to link performance measures to funding programs; reasons for modifying measures which had been used in previous efforts; and some of the problems and issues raised by the use of such criteria. The paper identifies 15 performance measures being used by New York State in its evaluations, the actual ranges encountered in the transit operations being funded through the state program, and tentative “acceptable and desirable” levels of those measures which the Transportation Department is using in its evaluation. The role these measures play in the state's operating assistance policy decision process is also described.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 93-98 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 103-104 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 125-143 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the use of recently developed time series techniques for short term traffic volume forecasts. A data set containing monthly volumes on a freeway segment for the years 1968 through 1976 is used to fit a time series model. The resulting model is used to forecast volumes for the year 1977. The forecast volumes are then compared to actual volumes in 1977. The results of this study indicate that time series techniques can be used to develop highly accurate and inexpensive short term forecasts. A discussion of the ways in which such models can be used to evaluate the effects of policy changes or other outside impacts is included.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 173-189 
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    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to provide priority facilities for high occupancy vehicles, many cities have investigated or installed active bus priority signals at selected intersections. This paper describes one such installation at the intersection of Bell Street and Oriel Road in Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. In particular, it describes the impact of the signals on bus performance levels and on non-priority traffic performance levels. An evaluation is performed taking account of the costs of the installation, the changes in the amount of fuel consumed and the changes in the perceived, budgeted delay of people passing through the intersection. Perceived, budgeted delay is defined so as to take account of the variability of delay and the perception of small delay changes. The evaluation at this site showed that, for various reasons, it was difficult to justify the priority signals at this isolated intersection. The evaluation is then extended to the concept of a route of bus priority signal intersections. A simple model is built to simulate the performance of such a priority route and the evaluation repeated. As a result of using perceived delay as a measure of performance, it is then shown that although the priority intersections along the route may not be individually justifiable, the priority route as a whole may show considerable net benefits. These benefits will occur given that there are greater than a critical number of priority intersections on the route. This critical number will depend on the assumptions made in the priority route model. It is concluded that re-evaluation of bus priority signal intersections along the lines suggested in the paper may yield a number of viable bus priority intersections and bus priority routes which were previously considered to be non-viable.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 229-248 
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    Notes: Abstract This study examines the journey to work as a multiple-purpose trip (home-to-home circuit). Using disaggregate travel diary data collected over 35 consecutive days, the study shows the importance of the multi-purpose work trip in the overall travel pattern of the urban household. A large proportion of many households' total travel is undertaken in conjunction with the journey to and from work. The paper also examines the nature of these work-induced travel linkages and finds that many types of urban establishments depend heavily upon stops made in connection with the work trip. In fact, there is a group of urban functions that have stronger travel links with the workplace than with the home or with any other type of urban establishment. The study examines the implications of the multi-purpose journey to work for policies regarding mode use and the viability of centrally-located urban functions.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 287-291 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 293-298 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 333-353 
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    Notes: Abstract Full reliance on conventional forms of bus transit for peak hour needs reduces industry productivity and creates major new subsidy requirements. Restructuring of transit is needed to enable paratransit integration and other innovations than can improve efficiency. This paper discusses the industry's long-term neglect of efficiency and describes subsidy policies that would promote necessary changes.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 311-331 
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    Notes: Abstract Because of a general trend of increasing costs of public transport operations and higher subsidies (in some cases accompanied by falling patronage) the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) initiated a study of subsidisation and sought the help of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory. The study, in which eighteen countries took part, was concerned with the aims of subsidy, the sources and conditions attached to subsidy, trends in subsidies and the effect of subsidies on patronage, fares, service levels, costs and productivity. The qualitative information concerning the aims of subsidy was analysed in relation to the likelihood of achieving such aims, taking into account current experience of attempts to switch car drivers to public transport. The quantitative information on trends referred to public transport stage services covering where possible the entire country and relating to the period 1965–77; these data were supplemented by data from 59 cities in different parts of the world collected in the course of a TRRL-sponsored study of travel demand factors. The relationship between patronage and service levels, and between subsidies and various operating factors, including costs and productivity, were studied using regression analysis and the general conclusion reached was that although the major part of the subsidy paid was reflected by reduced fares and improved service levels there may well have been some leakage into higher unit costs and manning levels.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 45-55 
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    Notes: Abstract A number of forces currently at work in the United States are fostering the rebirth of urban rail transportation. In order to maximize the beneficial economic and developmental impact of future rail investment, certain procedures and techniques must be employed in the planning, design, and implementation of rail systems. The paper offers a set of guidelines and principles for transportation and land use policy makers.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 83-92 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 75-82 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes current light rail transit planning and operation in Canada's major cities and smaller communities. There are ten urban areas in Canada with 250,000 or more people. Two of these have light rail systems in operation, three have lines under construction and nine others are planning LRT systems.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 105-124 
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    Notes: Abstract Three of the most highly regarded disaggregate mode split models incorporate very different estimates of the responsiveness, or elasticity, of mode choice to changes in auto travel times and costs. These differences appear to be due in part to the varying specifications used by the model, and particularly whether certain variables (such as a dummy variable for CBD destinations or automobile ownership) are included in addition to the more traditional variables (such as travel time, cost, and household income). More research is needed on the implications of the theory of traveler choices for model specification and the effect of alternative, but theoretically justifiable, specifications on elasticity estimates. Until this research reduces our uncertainty about the elasticity of demand, analysts evaluating transportation policies should assess the sensitivity of their results to the range of plausible elasticities or models.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 191-197 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 207-208 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 209-227 
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    Notes: Abstract Electric cars provide the convenience and mobility of internal combustion engine vehicles without their dependence on fossil fuels or their associated environmental problems. While range constraints continue to limit their ultimate market acceptance, recent changes in the automotive marketplace have made American consumers more energy conscious. This paper examines a recently conducted U.S. survey of household travel behavior. The objective of the analysis is to determine the implications of observed vehicle ownership and use patterns on the feasibility of limited performance vehicles. Several factors are identified which serve to enhance the potential market penetration of electric cars. Included here are the recent growth in multiple vehicle ownership, and significant functional specialization in household allocation of vehicle use. On the other hand, it is pointed out that the substitutability of electric cars with the majority of currently owned vehicles is not clear by virtue of either their seating capacity, luggage space, or other specialized characteristics. Moreover, it is shown that the majority of secondary household cars are purchased used, which raises questions on the cost competitiveness of electric cars. The analysis of household daily driving range confirms the finding from previous studies that currently available electric vehicle technology can serve over 95 percent of vehicle travel requirements. However, serious flaws are pointed out in the use of cross sectional travel diaries for such analyses, raising questions as to the validity of the results. Overall, it is concluded that the ultimate potential size of the electric vehicle market with current technology is about one third of U.S. household vehicles, representing approximately one fifth of total non-commercial VKT. However, more research is needed to assess whether functionally feasible electric vehicles can actually be competitive under market conditions.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 369-388 
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    Notes: Abstract The Israeli transport sector, like those of many other countries is subject to complete government control with regard to fares, entry into the market, terms of operation and subsidies. It is unique, however, in that the fares charged are remarkably low and that the major transit mode, buses, is operated by privately owned companies. This paper explores what makes this low level of fares possible and in doing so examines the principal characteristics of the sector. It shows that this phenomenon cannot be explained by the amount of subsidy given to the operators but must be attributed to other factors, mainly the efficiency in the production of the services which is motivated by the profit maximization objective of the operators. The paper further argues that government policies regarding subsidy and regulation are generally inefficient as they cause misallocation of resources.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 389-409 
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    Notes: Abstract The basic justification for transit subsidy is that such a subsidy is necessary, given substantial economies of scale, in order to permit fares to be set at a level which will result in reasonably efficient use of the service. Efficiency is not, however, merely a matter of the level of the fares but even more of the fare structure and pattern. Major changes in fare patterns are needed to permit reasonable efficiency of utilization to be attained, and full advantage derived from subsidy. Differentiation according to time and direction, as well as the distance of travel, is required. Ideally, competing modes such as the private automobile should be priced at marginal cost, differentially by time and place, and the subsidy should be derived from taxes on land values in the areas where such values are enhanced by the presence of transit service at low fares. In the absence of such conditions, fares should differ from marginal cost in ways that take into account the impacts of transit fare variations on auto traffic and congestion, and on the subsidy requirements and the adverse impacts of the taxes imposed to finance the subsidy. In addition to these economic efficiency considerations there may be added considerations of distributional impact and political acceptability, which may modify the optimal solution somewhat but should not greatly change the main outlines of the patterns to be recommended.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 3-16 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of available evidence we cannot clearly establish a causal relationship between rail transit and changes in land use and development patterns. At best, such changes would seem to occur only in the presence of other favorable factors, such as supportive local land use policies and development incentives, availability of developable land and a good investment climate. In any event, however, determining the precise extent of rail investment's effect on urban structure is less important than assessing the role it could play in an overall strategy for reaching larger urban goals.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 269-285 
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    Notes: Abstract Under the United States federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, states must implement transportation system management (TSM) tactics in urban areas that have not attained national ambient air quality standards for carbon monoxide and photochemical oxidants. This paper provides a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness and feasibility of using TSM tactics to improve air quality. Based on this assessment, the authors conclude that TSM measures should be effective in eliminating localized carbon monoxide problems, but that such measures are not likely to contribute significantly toward reducing regional oxidant levels. In addition, because most individual TSM tactics can have only marginal impacts on regional motor vehicle emissions, coordinating the planning and implementation of a portfolio of TSM measures will be an essential element of an effective TSM program for improving air quality.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 249-267 
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    Notes: Abstract Transport planning is based on traffic forecasts which are subject to great uncertainties. These uncertainties have generally been ignored or, at least, not explicitly included in the planning process. This paper describes the principles behind the estimation of the uncertainty (or range of error) of the forecasts of a traffic model and discusses the means by which this information can be absorbed into the decision-making in transport planning projects. These principles have been applied to the appraisal of a British highway project and throughout the paper reference is made to this project in order to illustrate the results of the practical application of an explicit treatment of uncertainty. It is believed that this approach can and should be developed for application in most areas of transport planning, leading inevitably to an improvement in the quality of the decisions taken.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 299-308 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 411-416 
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 57-65 
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    Notes: Abstract Almost two years ago the U.S. Department of Transportation issued a formal statement of policy on rail transit. The aim of the policy was to articulate more clearly some of the basic principles and philosophy which would guide Federal participation in urban rail transit investment. The paper examines the principal tenets of the policy and assesses its influence on local rail transit development.
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    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 67-74 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In recent years interest in light rail transit has grown substantially in the United States. The concept of LRT is increasingly viewed as a possible answer to the search for a less costly rail transit technology that could reduce America's dependency on the private automobile and put the country on the road to a more secure, self-sufficient energy future. The paper reviews recent LRT developments in four American cities, two of which have undertaken to rehabilitate and upgrade their existing surface street railway systems, and the other two have embarked upon construction of entirely new light rail systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transportation 9 (1980), S. 145-172 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The concept of accessibility and its related indicators have been in use for a long time, with still diverging interpretations of their significance and formulation. In this paper, a review is made of various existing theoretical bases, with special emphasis on recent behavioural approaches. It is suggested that this theoretical framework now allows a better appraisal of accessibility indicators and precise recommendations are proposed for their practical formulation and use. Various examples are given, especially for disaggregate analysis where a calculation “for a given person” is proposed instead of the conventional calculation .“by a given mode”. Finally, the relations between accessibility and trip rate are examined; from a study made in French cities, it is suggested that accessibility is a powerful determinant of trip rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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