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  • Articles  (486)
  • Springer  (486)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1980-1984  (486)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (486)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (486)
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  • Articles  (486)
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  • 1980-1984  (486)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les mouvements de panneaux de maçonnerie de briques, déterminés d'après les variations dimensionnelles measurées aux joints, ont été étudiés dans trois directions: horizontale et verticale dans le plan du mur et perpendiculairement à celui-ci. Des relevés ont été faits avec de simples jauges mécaniques qui enregistraient la position du bord du panneau par rapport au plateau; ces positions étaient notées à des intervalles de 2 semaines, ce qui correspondait aux largeurs maximales et minimales de joints. L'étude des mouvements et des températures simultanément relevées et statistiquement mises en corrélation a révélé des mouvements de panneux différents de ceux constatés dans des études antérieures (mais il s'agissait alors d'autres matériaux). Il était devenu nécessaire d'étudier les variations tant de mouvement que de température comme une fonction du temps. L'étude statistique des mouvements horizontaux montre que pour une température minimale il n'y a aucune corrélation dans cinq des huit cas et des variations moindres que celles attendues dans les trois autres cas. Les tracés des courbes de température et des variations dimensionnelles de panneaux en fonction du temps montrent que ces courbes parfois, se croisent au lieu de demeurer parallèles, ce qui n'aurait pas lieu de se produire si seuls la température et des bloquages mécaniques intervenaient dans les variations dimensionnelles. Les études corroborent l'hypothèse que les variations de dimensions thermiques sont affectées par les variations de teneurs en eau dans les panneaux poreux. Les mouvements dus à l'humidité atténuent et dans quelques cas, accentuent les mouvements thermiques. Les mouvements verticaux des panneux par rapport aux poteaux n'ont pas laissé voir de corrélation avec la température lorsque les premiers résultats ont été considérés dans leur ensemble; mais le tracé des variations dimensionnelles en fonction du temps révèle que les panneaux se déplacent vers le bas en hiver et oscillent le long de autres saisons. Quant au mouvement perpendiculaire au mur, il ne s'est manifesté que par un déplacement vers l'extérieur du bord supérieur du panneau par rapport au poteau. Le déplacement annuel était de plusieurs fois supérieur à celui que pouvait, déterminer l'expansion des panneaux de briques et devait donc être atribué à un recourbement des bords supérieurs.
    Notes: Abstract Movements of masonry brick panels, determined from dimensional changes measured at the joints, have been measured in three directions: horizontal and vertical in the plane of the wall and perpendicular to it. They were analysed as a function of temperature change and as a function of time. The analyses supported the hypothesis that thermal movement in the horizontal direction is altered by moisture content variations in the porous panels. Movements caused by moisture attenuated, and in some cases overrode, thermal movements. In the vertical direction the panels made one large movement in winter corresponding to the yearly temperature change and oscillated in other seasons. Movements perpendicular to the panel indicated curling of the edges.
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  • 2
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans cet article on décrit les six conditions à remplir par les équations constitutives pour le fluage du béton soumis à des contraintes dans les conditions de service. Il en résulte une théorie qui n'est pas complète, mais on obtient une représentation unique du fluage irréversible. On montre que l'utilisation des produits des fonctions de l'âge au moment du chargement et dans l'intervalle qui suit, ne convient pas à la représentation du fluage total, mais que celle-ci est utile dans le cas du fluage réversible. Il existe plusieurs représentations adéquates du fluage réversible, dont quelques-unes sont présentées. L'utilisation des méthodes de la théorie visco-élastique dans l'analyse de la contrainte des structures en béton est brièvement résumée; ainsi que quelques aspects des effects non linéaires. On examine la question suivante: le fluage d'un spécimen macroscopique à une température et une humidité constantes est-il un processus stochastique? Cette étude s'appuie sur un ensemble de résultats expérimentaux, et tient compte du fait que le fluage macroscopique est la somme, sur un plan spatial ainsi que temporel, d'un très grand nombre d'évènements moléculaires. On en conclut que les courbes de fluage sont à des échelles différentes, mais ne sont pas stochastiques, dans le sens qu'elles présentent une dispersion négligeable autour de la moyenne de la courbe particulière que l'on mesure. Néanmoins, les variations de température et d'humidité peuvent causer une variation stochastique. Enfin, on propose d'appliquer le théorème de Bayes au problème technique que pose le manque de certitude à propos du degré de fluage.
    Notes: Abstract Six simple requirements are presented for constitutive equations for creep of concrete stressed within the working range. The resulting theory is not complete, but a unique representation of irreversible creep is obtained. The use of products of age and duration functions is shown to be unsuitable for representation of total creep, but is useful for reversible creep. There are several adequate representations of reversible creep and some of these are reviewed. The use of the methods of viscoelastic theory in stress analysis and some aspects of non-linear behaviour are briefly discussed. The question of whether creep of a macroscopic specimen at constant temperature and humidity is a stochastic process is examined on the basis of a set of experimental results and by taking into account the fact that macroscopic creep is the sum (both spatially and temporarily) of a very large number of molecular events. It is concluded that creep curves are different in scale but are not stochastic, in the sense that they exhibit negligible scatter about the mean of the particular curve being measured. However, gauge, temperature and humidity variation can cause stochastic variation. Lastly, a Bayesian approach to the engineering problem of dealing with uncertainty regarding the magnitude of creep is suggested.
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  • 3
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 75-78 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 4
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 41-45 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'article traite de la méthode et des résultats de mesure des variations de volume de la pâte de ciment, du mortier et du béton au jeune âge. La méthode utilisée, basée sur la méthode de mesure élaborée par M. Baron et employée au Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées à Paris, permet de procéder à la mesure dès la première phase de durcissement du mélange étudié. L'éprouvette est placée dans le moule adapté. Les dimensions et le type du moule dépendent du mélange étudié. Les deux plaques frontales sont percées de trous par lesquels passent les plots destinés à transmettre les variations de volume du mélange étudié aux capteurs à variation d'inductance. Les plots, en duralumin, sont terminés à une extrémité par deux cônes tronqués alignés. Leurs dimensions dépendent de la nature du mélange étudié, surtout de la grosseur des grains. L'importance des variations de volume des mélanges est mesurée par des captuers à variation d'inductance. La température de l'éprouvette mesurée et de l'ambiance est contrôlée par des thermomètres à résistance en platine Pt 100. Les données mesurées sont élaborées dans la centrale de mesure. L'enregistrement est fait par un télescripteur. Nous avons étudié les mélanges (pâtes de ciment, mortiers, bétons) à base de ciment SC 70 utilisé en revêtements routiers. Pour les pâtes de ciment, le rapport eau/ciment était de 0,35. Après 48 heures de durcissement nous avons enregistré un retrait de 1,56.10−4, Pour les mortiers le dosage était de 1∶3 et le rapport eau/ciment de 0,53. Après 24 heures de durcissement nous avons enregistré un retrait de 0,98.10−4. Pour les bétons la quantité de ciment était de 450 kg par 1 m3 et le rapport eau/ciment de 0,415. Après 24 heures, nous avons enregistré un retrait de 0,72.10−4. Les mesures ont été réalisées dans une salle dont la température était de 20±1°C et l'humidité relative de 50±3%. Les variations des mélanges étudiés ont été suivies à intervalles prévus dans la centrale de mesure. Les recherches réalisées ont prouvé que la méthode choisie est propre à suivre les variations de volume de la pâte de ciment, du mortier et du béton au jeune âge de leur durcissement. Le système de mesure est suffisamment sensible et la reproductibilité des mesures est grande. Les résultats des mesures ont montré le comportement partiellement différent des pâtes de ciment, des mortiers et des bétons pendant la période observée de durcissement.
    Notes: Abstract In the contribution the authors present measurements of volume changes for cement pastes, mortars, and concretes in an early stage of their hardening. The proposed method makes it possible to measure volume changes from the first setting phase of the measured sample. A contact measurement is made with the aid of inductance transducers. The values of volume changes of the mixture are transmitted by the aid of built-in probes. The temperature of the mixture and of the ambient air was measured by resistance thermometers. All measured values were investigated in set up time intervals by the aid of a measuring station. The investigated mixtures were made of type SC 70 cements for concrete pavements. The composition of the various mixtures is given in the paper. Measurements were carried out at a temperature of 20±1°C and a relative humidity of 50±3%. Most investigations lasted 24 to 48 hours. The measurement results are given in the enclosed illustrations.
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  • 5
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse d'élévation du coffrage est le principal paramètre de la qualité de la mise en place dans le bétonnage à coffrage glissant. En général, le procédé du coffrage glissant est caractérisé par la rapidité du travail de telle sorte que le béton coulé ne reste dans le coffrage que quelques heures et qu'il se trouve donc exposé dans l'un des premiers stades du développement de sa résistance. Comme les forces de frottement et d'adhérence dépendent du temps passé dans le coffrage, la vitesse d'élévation a un effet notable sur les interactions coffrage-béton qui, en contrepartie, déterminent le régime de travail et la qualité résultante du béton mis en place. Une élévation trop lente peut provoquer un arrêt ou des arrêts de la mise en place, une détérioration due à l'usure du revêtement du panneau et le flambement des barres de vérin. Une élévation trop rapide, par contre, peut causer l'épaississement et l'affaissement de la partie inférieure du béton coulé. Afin de déterminer la vitesse d'élévation optimale, on a entrepris plusieurs séries d'essais sur des éprouvettes de petites dimensions et des expériences sur le coffrage glissant. Les résultats expérimentaux présentés ici montrent que la vitesse optimale est la vitesse maximale en rapport avec la capacité du béton frais exposé à résister à une pression d'environ 0,025 N/mm2 de la couche subjacente du béton à l'intérieur du coffrage. Il apparaît que la vitesse ascensionnelle optimale au cours du déplacement d'un coffrage glissant peut être déterminée en ménageant une résistance à la compression d'environ 0,2 N/mm2 au béton durcissant au niveau du démoulage.
    Notes: Abstract The rise rate of the form is the principal parameter of casting quality in slip form concreting. Experimental data are presented, which show that the optimal rate is the maximum one, subject to the capacity of the exposed fresh concrete to resist a pressure of about 0.025 N/mm2 from the overlying layer of concrete inside the form. It was found that optimal climb rate in slip form movement may be determined by ensuring compressive strength of about 0.2 N/mm2 to the hardening concrete on the stripping level.
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  • 6
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 371-382 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Trois séries d'essais ont été effectuées sur des poutres en acier doux à section rectangulaire de dimensions 19.1×6.3 mm et 20×6 mm. On a soumis ces poutres à des cycles quasi statiques de flexion pure. On est parvenu à obtenir des courbures lorsque les fibres extrêmes sont dans le champ de durcissement. Les caractéristiques expérimentales des courbes cycliques comportent des particularités distinctes qui peuvent être élaborées par des modèles mathématiques. Ceci rend possible l'analyse numérique du comportement des structures suivant toute évolution de charge prescrite. Ces essais montrent que: 1. les caractéristiques prévisibles de la courbe moment-courbure sont la courbe vierge de charge initiale, la dimension et la forme des boucles hystérétiques, et l'influence des charges cycliques sur la longueur du palier de moment plastique; 2. sous une variation de moment-fléchissant essentiellement unilatérale, les boucles hystérétiques sont étroites, quoiqu'un phénomène de fluage cyclique puisse se produire; 3. l'influence de l'effet Baüschinger en ce qui concerne les grandes variations de moment alterné est significative, toutes les caractéristiques élastoplastiques du comportement sous charge monotonique étant absentes de la courbe cyclique; 4. le phénomène de durcissement sous charge cyclique suit étroitement un modèle d'écrouissage essentiellement cinématique contenant un certain degré de durcissement isotropique. La boucle hystérétique est définie aux figures 8 et 9. Si la variation de courbure est suffisamment grande, on constate que la courbe peut se diviser en trois parties: une partie élastique (BB′et CC′), une partie inélastique, type Baüschinger (B′B″ et C′C″), et une partie d'écrouissage cinématique (B″C et C″D). En l'absence de fluage cyclique et d'écrouissage isotropique, D et B coïncident.
    Notes: Abstract An experimental study of the moment-curvature behaviour of mild steel under essentially quasistatic cyclic loading is presented. A simple and efficient test rig which allows the testing to be extended into the strain hardening range was developed and is briefly described. In all, seventeen tests were conducted on rectangular mild steel sections to enable various features of the cyclic behaviour to be observed and highlighted. In particular, it was found that the main characteristics of the cyclic moment-curvature curves are predictable, and amenable to mathematical modelling.
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  • 7
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 431-446 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 8
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 413-429 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Knowledge of seepage through a permeable dike is necessary for the study of its stability. The case of a dike of homogeneous soil built on a permeable layer of finite depth remains a difficult problem for the designer to deal with since there are no corresponding analytical solutions. This paper gives the engineer the means of obtaining preparatory figures for an earth structure raised on permeable soil of the same type which garantee safety taking into account hydraulic conditions. This first article defines a model to obtain complete analytical resolution. Once the problem stated as equations, the resolution is given in charts of lined-up points with which it is possible to define: - the length in plane of the water line and the rate of seepage flow Cq=Q/kp H; - angles α and β characteristic of the upstream lining and the shape of the dike downstream drain; - the relative position of the waterline inflexion. A second article will give precise details of a simple method to put into practical use on real cases the results obtained from the model.
    Notes: Résumé La connaissance de l'écoulement à travers une digue perméable est nécessaire pour l'étude de sa stabilité. Or, le cas d'une digue en terre homogène, posée sur une couche perméable de profondeur finie, reste un cas difficile à traiter pour le projeteur car il n'existe pas de solutions analytiques correspondantes. L'étude qui suit apporte au constructeur le moyen d'obtenir un prédimensionnement d'un ouvrage en terre situé sur un terrain perméable de même nature, qui garantisse la sécurité, compte tenu des conditions hydrauliques. Dans un premier article, il est défini un modèle qui permet une résolution analytique complète. La mise en équations du problème est suivie d'une résolution présentée sous forme d'abaques à points alignés, au moyen desquels il est possible de connaître: - la longueur en plan de la ligne d'eau et le coefficient de débit C q=Q/kp H de l'écoulement; - les angles α et β caractéristiques du parement amont et de la forme du drain aval de la digue; - la position relative du point d'inflexion de la ligne d'eau. p Un deuxième article précisera une méthode simple d'exploitation des résultats du modèle applicable à l'étude de cas réels.
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  • 9
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 447-454 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 461-465 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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  • 11
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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  • 12
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 175-253 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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  • 13
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On examine les performances techniques de panneaux sandwichs composés d'une âme de mousse de polystyrène et de parois soit d'acier soit d'aluminium. De tels panneaux entrent ordinairement dans la structure avec aussi une fonction d'isolation. Les études de ces panneaux en flexion/compression et sous sollicitations thermiques ont donné des résultats en général conformes aux valuers de calcul déterminées par les règlements de construction courants. Dans les essais de flexion des poutres sandwichs mesurant 3,35×0,31 m sont soumises à des charges uniformément distribuées sur une longueur de 3,05 m et les fléchissements au milieu sont mesurés jusqu'à l'effondrement des poutres. La ruine est toujours caractérisée par un plissement au centre de la paroi supérieure sauf dans le cas de poutres présentant des discontinuités de l'âme, la ruine se produisant alors par cisaillement de l'âme, puis délamination interfaciale. Les expériences de cintrage thermique ont été faites sur des poutres sandwichs rectangulaires de 1,22×0,61 m soutenues par deux cylindres de chaque côté, sous une batterie de lampes infrarouges. Le fléchissement central est aussi mesuré comme une fonction des différences de température entre les parois supérieures et inférieures. Dans ces deux séries d'essais, on a pris pour facteur de contrôle du calcul un fléchissement central de L/240, L étant la longueur. La condition limite de fléchissement fournit une certaine valeur de calcul en contrainte et une température différentielle de 32°C à laquelle doivent satisfaire les panneaux sandwichs. Les essais de compression sur les bords ont été réalisés sur des panneaux sandwichs de 2,44/0,31 m avec différentes conditions d'essai. Les conditions les plus réalistes sont obtenues avec en bout un revêtement d'extrémité en aluminium et des barres de contention aux extrémités. Cette méthode évite le fendillement et l'écrasement des extrémités des poteaux. La ruine par flambement du poteau ne s'est jamais produite au cours de ces essais et le mode ordinaire de ruine est celui qui se produit par plissement localisé des parois.
    Notes: Abstract The engineering performance of sandwich panels with expanded polystyrene foam core and steel or aluminium faces is evaluated in this paper. Such panels are usually used in semi-structural building applications with an insulating function. Bending, compression and thermal bowing experiments are conducted on these panels in the laboratory and their results are shown to conform in general to design values determined by current building codes and commercial practices. In edge-wise compression tests failure by column buckling has never occurred and localised face wrinkling is the usual failure mode. The adhesion between the polystyrene core and the metal skin as well as the location of the polystyrene joint in the panel are shown to have significant effects on the integral performance of the sandwich panels.
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  • 14
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 274-278 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Conclusion The results from numerous experiments indicate that the fatigue phenomenon cannot be connected to static strength. A specimen or a construction has a fatigue life limit. If the construction has endured some fatigue loading. The ability to take repeated loads is reduced regardless whether the static strength is increased or decreased. Our ability to predict the fatigue life of a structure is better than previously. Further improvement will probably be achieved by a more profound study of the progress of the changes during the fatigue loading so that the effect of variable repeated loads can be put together more accurately than at present.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 361-369 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans cette contribution nous essayons de mettre au point une méthode de calcul des tensions dans deux types de béton de différent âge et qualité, sous une charge axiale (p.e. précontrainte). Nous nous basons sur les recommandations Belges quant aux règles de retrait et de fluage, ainsi que sur les résultats obtenus des essais y relatifs effectués au Laboratoire de l'Université de Louvain.
    Notes: Abstract In this contribution we try to calculate the distribution of stresses in two types of concrete of different quality and age. The method is based on the new Belgian regulation about shrinkage and creep as well as on the results obtained from tests, executed at the Laboratory of the University of Leuven.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 12-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Both the relative cost and accuracy of alternative forecasting techniques should be considered by local decision makers. The contention of this paper is that estimates of the benefits of increased accuracy from more expensive economic-demographic forecasting models are necessary prior to making a rational choice over how much to spend on model construction. A case study using western North Dakota coal development and its economic-demographic impacts is used to illustrate a method for evaluating these benefits in the public sector.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper develops a model to measure regional industrial diversification in a Markowitz portfolio context, using the notion of a regional efficiency frontier. It argues that a region can be considered to be optimally diversified when it is on this efficiency frontier. The extent to which a region's portfolio deviates from the efficiency frontier suggests a useful measure of diversification with normative aspects that are conspicuously absent from the more commonly used indices. In this context, regional diversification is then compared to various other measures using Canadian provincial employment data.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The central hypothesis examined in this paper is that the information obtained from the application of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to pooled time series and cross section data about the response of local governments to Federal grants is reliable. In general, the reliability of the information obtained from OLS is an increasing function of the similarity of the behavior of the observations in the sample. In this paper, a model of local government fiscal behavior is estimated using a procedure (MINQUE) which allows for certain types of variation in the response of local governments to grants. The model is also estimated by OLS. If the results are similar, then it is concluded that OLS analysis does provide reliable information in this particular case. Overall, the evidence indicates that the reliability of OLS results depends upon the type of information required. If the information required is of a broad and qualitative nature, then OLS does well, and vice versa.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 57-71 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Multiregional input-output has long been recognized as a tool that provides an appropriate framework for considering regional growth and development questions, but implementation problems have impeded utilization of this methodology. This paper discusses how several of these problems have been partially overcome with a multiregional economic-demographic model of the Southwest. The model is used to regionalize projections from a national dynamic input-output model.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 43-56 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The most frequently used form of macroeconomic model at the state and also sub-state levels has been input-output analysis. A principal problem of input-output studies has been the high cost of constructing transaction tables describing economic flows in the model. As an alternative, this paper develops an econometric inter-industry model to quantify the linkages between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors of state and sub-state economies. The model is estimated for the 48 contiguous states, and value added multipliers are calculated for agriculture and basic industries. In contrast to conventional views, the results from this study indicate that, at the margin, a majority of the states are over-industrialized and underdeveloped in agriculture. Increased agricultural output without significant increases in costs would be relatively more important than additional production in basic industries. This situation is no doubt new, resulting from the current structure of the U.S. economy.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 72-90 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the significance of selected economic determinants of rural-urban migration within the rural and urban labor markets of the postwar Korean economy. The analysis makes explicit provision for possible simultaneity among variables by specification and estimation of a simultaneous equations system which describes the rural and urban labor market and migration behavior. Results obtained support the economic opportunity hypothesis of migration. Reduced forms derived from this system provide useful means for estimating the potential migration response associated with alternative economic policies.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 169-172 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 1-11 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper emphasizes the relevance of alternative opportunities in migration research and suggests a method for representing such opportunities in empirical studies. The suggested approach aggregates the different alternatives using weights which are distance-dependent such that the weights decline with larger distances. This method is applied to Korean migration data from which a migration-allocation model is estimated. The results support both the alternative opportunities hypothesis and the particular way for incorporating their influence as suggested in this paper.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 23-38 
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    Notes: Abstract Regional variations in car ownership have recently been subjected to a number of studies. This short paper extends this work by using much more recent data sources to see if previously observed trends in Great Brtain have continued into the 1970s. In addition, a number of simple econometric models of cross sectional variations in ownership are explored which test a wide variety of hypotheses concerning causal linkages between car ownership and several explanatory variables. The range of variables used is larger than that employed in most of the recent work in the field.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 12-22 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent statutory developments in U.S. local government law have placed more comprehensive administrative procedures and constraints upon those individuals wishing to alter their form of local government. What effect, if any, have these “reforms” had upon the performance of local government; has government become more efficient in providing goods as one body of literature seems to suggest, or has local government become more monopolistic as a result of reduced competition as other strands of thought suggest? By examining the budgetary behavior of local governments under alternative institutional structures, this paper examines these alternative perspectives. The empirical evidence suggests that entry barriers significantly alter the performance of local governments and allow existing units of government to cartelize the market.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 1-11 
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    Notes: Abstract Theories of public facility locations have followed a rather haphazard pattern. The prevailing “emptiness” reflects the varying kinds of public facilities requiring location. It also reflects the personal-social behavioral basis which underscores selection of public facility locations. The present paper sets forth a new approach along the lines of welfare economics towards the end of determining the factors (such as demand, cost, welfare (or utility), etc.) which underscore public facility location patterns. In the process of developing our model, the approach is shown to dovetail with that applicable to locations of private enterprises. What in many respects is a general theory of facility location is thereby established herein.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 41-56 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents new estimates of the inflation rate of the value of owner-occupied housing and the gross rents of renteroccupied housing in 39 large metropolitan areas. The inflation rates are computed via the method of hedonic indexes usingAnnual Housing Survey data for the period April 1974 to March 1976. The estimates are compared to the official rent index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and it is argued that the official index understates the rate of inflation for renter-occupied housing. Also, the hedonic estimates are used to determine the pattern of regional differences in inflation as well as differences between the rate of inflation of rents versus values.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 57-72 
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    Notes: Abstract The location of an industrial project is one of the major decisions an entrepreneur has to take. The classical approach in locational analysis is based on cost minimization (especially the aggregate transport cost). Later investigations have dealt with profit maximization. This paper presents the method of developing a comprehensive model for determining the optimum plant location for an industry—considering both the objective (quantitative) factors and the subjective (non-quantitative) factors. The approach followed here identifies all the objective factors and the subjective factors at the micro level and optimizes the overall benefit to the entrepreneur. A method has been devised to evaluate the intangible factors and to combine them with the tangible factors to obtain the overall locational measure. This is done by converting the factors into consistent and dimensionless indices for comprehensive evaluation. Thus the model presented here can be used as a tool to determine the optimum plant location for a new industrial project and also to establish priorities among the feasible plant locations.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 73-78 
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    Notes: Abstract Many resource activities carried out on public lands under the guise of multiple use do not exploit regional comparative advantages. The level of these activities appear justified only because the scope for multiple use comparisons is local and not regional. By incorporating the concept of comparative advantage into multiple use analyses, it is shown that more of all commodities can be produced by shifting production to regions most suited to produce that output. In the example offered, more wilderness and minerals are produced from BLM land, thereby reducing development versus preservation pressures. The incorporation of the principles of comparative advantage into multiple use management simply requires simultaneous evaluation of the regions' land use plans.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 79-94 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem addressed by this paper is to determine the effect of regional development programs on the growth in nonfarm income for U.S. counties. Using economic base theory, a reduced form regression model is presented which includes measures of the amount, type and timing of assistance as explanatory variables. A simulation experiment and calculated beta coefficients are used to measure the relative magnitude of development program impacts. The results indicate that the amount and type of assistance are statistically significant factors in explaining variations in changes in non-farm growth rates. The size of these effects, however, appear small relative to other growth influencing factors.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 95-105 
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    Notes: Abstract Intra-metropolitan comparisons were made in retailing labor productivity for a national sample of forty-nine SMSAs. Productivity levels were calculated for the CBD, the city excluding the CBD, and the suburban ring for 1958 and 1972. It was hypothesized that productivity would be lower in the CBD than in other areas of the city and metropolitan region due to inefficiencies in the CBD physical plant and the long term market decline for downtown retailing. The findings of this study did support this hypothesis, thereby suggesting the need for CBD firms to consider methods of increasing labor productivity in order to make the businesses more economically viable and more competitive with stores in suburban areas. While strategies on both the revenue and cost side can be used in attempts to increase CBD productivity, those on the cost side would appear to offer the greatest likelihood of an immediate response.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 169-173 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 93-95 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 91-93 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 169-172 
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 39-50 
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    Notes: Abstract Most empirical studies of the U.S. wage-price relationship in the pre-fuel crisis period found wages systematically lagging prices, even in the long run. This finding was considered to be problematical or disturbing since it contradicts standard expectations generated by the competition model. It is here hypothesized that the empirical findings are affected by compositional-aggregation bias. This hypothesis is tested (and supported) by applying a standard (Phillips-Curve) wage equation to a regionally disaggregated body of data using individual SMSA observations.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 77-89 
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    Notes: Abstract It is possible to identify some important inconsistencies in the definition of the components of input-output multipliers derived in the conventional manner. This paper identifies these inconsistencies which occur in output, income and employment multipliers, with the result that valid comparison of direct and indirect effects between multipliers is not possible. A suggested re-definition of input-output multipliers, considered to be free of these inconsistencies, is provided and illustrated.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 51-64 
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    Notes: Abstract The literature is replete with studies of urban population density gradients which utilize a distance variable as their only explanatory variable. This model emphasizes only the trade-off between saving on travel costs and residential space and completely ignores other neighborhood amenities which might be important to consumers' decisions regarding their residential location. While in certain cases this omission might not result in any major distortion, it will distort the estimates in other cases. This study investigates the role played by neighborhood amenities in the determination of population, residential and build area densities in the city of Tel Aviv-Yaffo in Israel. The findings clearly indicate that distance alone fails to explain much of the spatial variation of the above densities and that neighborhood amenities, indeed, play an important role in the determination of densities.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 65-76 
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    Notes: Abstract This study focuses on the competitive processes and locational patterns of a convenience retail activity within two urban areas exhibiting distinct differences in operational characteristics. Impacts of various economic, demographic, and political environmental factors on the distribution of gasoline service stations in urbanized Hong Kong and metropolitan Denver are examined. Measurement of distributional patterns (utilizing nearest-neighbor and spatial association statistics) and socioeconomic/demographic influences (employing regression analysis) reveal remarkable similarities between the two areas. Investigation of several site-related characteristics (zoning and intersection orientation) suggests that they may be significant agglomerative influences accounting both for the consistent location patterns as well as the weak explanatory power of demand variables.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 1-5 
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    Notes: Abstract The current energy crisis and the resulting national goal of energy independence call for rapid development of national energy resources. Regional energy resource and energy user location lead to a need for analysis and solution of these problems in a regional context. This creates unique challenges and opportunities for regional scientists during the decade of the eighties.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 6-14 
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    Notes: Abstract Dutch regional input-output analysis is reviewed. It started with compiling single region tables with limited information which were used for descriptive purposes only. Gradually it developed into constructing full information (inter)regional tables which were also used for impact, programming and prognoses purposes. Some innovations are signalled. A combination of limited information regional input-output tables and interregional transport tables is recommended instead of full information interregional tables. Moreover, more policy oriented applications are advocated.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 30-40 
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    Notes: Abstract Savings are invested in the region offering the best return, thus increasing its stock of capital. Simultaneously labour grows, moving to the region which pays the highest wages. On which path does this system of regions develop? Theoretical analysis shows that the time path depends on Leontief technology, propensity to save and on the growth of labour. In the case of isolated regions a dynamic equilibrium only exists by chance; in the case of integrated regions, however, a stable equilibrium is likely to exist. There is no need for regional policy in this setting, since the market allocates efficiently and distributes equitably.
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    The annals of regional science 14 (1980), S. 15-29 
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    Notes: Abstract There exist a variety of models pertaining to the explanation of the regional growth process. Some empirical evidence exists in support of some of these models. It is not possible, however, to evaluate the relative merits of the models on the basis of the evidence, for the data base used for each differ from that used for the others. Yet, in view of the large number of models available, and the tendency to develop new ones, it is crucial that such an empirical evaluation be made. In this paper we consider the three most widely accepted demand models of regional growth, and examine the ability of each to explain the variation of growth experience among the different regions of the U.S. We also examine the degree to which the empirical evidence support or contradict the implicit assumptions and implications of each. Because a common data base is used for the estimation of all three models (cross-section samples on the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia, 1947, 1958 and 1963), we are able to assess the relative merits of the models and their dynamic behavior.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 137-145 
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 115-124 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During placing, fresh concrete should retain flowability whilst remaining homogeneous. To ensure this, casting is usually carried out under vibration. In order to determine the parameters which improve the efficiency of a poker vibrator, the authors have undertaken investigations on the rheological behaviour of cement pastes and following their development not only as affected by the distance from the vibrating source but also the type of vibration. Guided by practical requirements, they sought essentially to define the areas where the behaviour is made exclusively viscous by vibrating (yield value suppressed) and those where vibration is ineffective since the material remains viscoplastic (with a yield value). After describing the test apparatus and method used, the paper shows that there is never really a sudden change in the rheological behaviour of cement pastes, so the existence of any shear threshold linked to measuring equipment sensitivity becomes an arbitrary concept. The efficiency of a vibrator is therefore defined conventionally starting from the moment when the yield stress can be considered no longer negligible in the range of normal practical applications. Vibration efficiency in fresh cement paste is known to be above all related to the amplitude the source exerts on the grains. It must be sufficient especially to lower the forces of bonding between the grains significantly, in this way ensuring improved flowability. On the other hand, frequency seems to be the essential parameter governing the propagation of vibration; the higher the frequency, the lower the damping. For a vibrator of given output, increase in amplitude implies lowering of frequency. Any improvement in efficiency is therefore achieved to the detriment of the radius of action. This paper helps to define areas of efficiency but the development of material rheological properties within within these areas is not dealt with. This will be the subject of a forthcoming article.
    Notes: Résumé L'efficacité d'une vibration dans une pâte de ciment fraîche est avant tout liée à l'amplitude communiquée aux grains par la source. Il faut en effet qu'elle soit suffisamment grande pour que les forces de liaisons existant entre les grains puissent être diminuées notablement, entraînant ainsi une meilleure fluidité. Par contre, la fréquence semble être le paramètre essentiel régissant la propagation de la vibration; plus elle est élevée, plus l'amortissement est faible. Pour un vibrateur de puissance donnée, l'augmentation de l'amplitude entraîne la diminution de la fréquence; l'amélioration de l'efficacité se fait donc au détriment du rayon d'action.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 91-98 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author restates a numerical algorithm defined by Bazant to solve Volterra equations of linear visco-elasticity with ageing. This algorithm is applied to step by step calculation of the development of mean, deformation and curvature in a heterogeneous structure of the multi-strip type (stratified or fibrous which can be likened to heterogeneous beams loaded in a symmetrical plane retaining plane crossections). Stresses and deformations are calculated step by step in each strip at the interfaces. The deflexions in a cross section for different spans are expressed in terms of a typical span divided into two cases of practical importance: parabolic curvature (uniform transverse load) and constant curvature (constant moment, eccentric axial load without second order effects; dimensional variations in materials used). The prestressing is taken into account in the general formalism through the attribution to the steel of a predeformation equal to the opposite of the quotient of the initial prestress to its instantaneous modulus of elasticity. The article concludes, with practical indications on the MULTIVIBIBAZ program and example of results.
    Notes: Abstract Rappel d'un algorithme numérique dû à Bazant, et permettant la résolution pas à pas des équations de Volterra de la visco-élasticité linéaire avec vieillissement. Application de cet algorithme au calcul pas à pas de l'évolution de la déformation moyenne et de la courbure dans une structure hétérogène du type multilame (stratifié ou fibré assimilable à des poutres hétérogènes chargées dans un plan de symétrie avec conservation des sections planes). Calcul pas à pas des déformations et contraintes dans chaque lame au niveau des interfaces. Calcul des flèches, en une section pour différentes portées ramené à celui d'une portée type et décomposé en deux cas d'importance pratique: courbure parabolique (charge transversale uniforme) et courbure constante (moment constant, charge axiale excentrée sans effets, du2 c ordre; variations dimensionnelles des matériaux constitutifs). Prise en compte de la précontrainte qui entre dans le formalisme génèral moyennant l'attribution à l'acier d'une prédéformation égale à l'opposé du quotient de la précontrainte initiale par le module d'élasticité instantané de l'acier. Indications pratiques sur le programme MULTIVIBAZ et exemple de résultats.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 397-399 
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 383-389 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des panneaux de plâtre de types divers sont utilisés largement dans de nombreaux pays. Le type le plus répandu est le produit de plâtre et carton connu sous le nom de «gypsum wallboard». Celuici sert de matériau de recouvrement, d'isolation et d'«enduisage à sec», surtout pour des cloisons non porteuses. La propriété qui est exigée de ces produits est en premier lieu la résistance à la flexion. La présente étude a été entreprise en vue de la production de panneaux minces sans carton, tout en assurant la résistance et la flexibilité par des éléments de renforcement. Un pareil produit peut être fabriqué dans le pays dans de petites entreprises, si les matières premières sont disponibles ou si elles sont fabriquées sur place. Le stade préliminaire de cette étude envisageait l'incorporation d'un agrégat (sable, sciure de bois, vermiculite) ou d'un produit de renforcement (jute, laine de verre, laine de pierre, fibres de sisal, fils de coton, déchets de feuilles de plame, réseau en plastique, feuilles de nylon). Les panneaux fabriqués avec du sable atteignaient la même résistance à la flexion que ceux fabriqués avec du plátre sans produits d'addition, ce qui prouvait qu'il était possible de faire des économies de plâtre et par conséquent de réduire le coût du produit. Quant aux panneaux renforcés produits à ce stade de l'étude, aucun ne satisfaisait aux exigences de la norme ASTM C-36, mais la plupart atteignaient un pourcentage considérable de ces exigences (65–90%) et ils peuvent être utilisés avec succès dans la construction en série d'habitations à bon marché. L'étude proprement dite s'était proposé les objectifs suivants: 1. L'amélioration éventuelle de l'ouvrabilité du plâtre par l'incorporation de polymères. 2. L'amélioration de la résistance à la flexion par un renforcement à haute résistance (fibres de verre). 3. L'examen des effets de l'utilisation de fibres coupées, en vue d'assurer une résistance égale dans les deux sens. L'analyse des résultats montre une amélioration de la résistance à la flexion par l'addition d'un polymère (137%) et de fibres de verre (175%). Quand on a utilisé ces deux adjuvants, la résistance résultante montrait un effet synergétique: elle était de 29% supérieure à la somme arithmétique des effets pris séparément.
    Notes: Abstract The present study was undertaken with a view to production of thin gypsum panels minus the outer cardboard as in gypsum wallboard, with strength and flexibility provided through reinforcement. Such a product can be handled by small plants, while the necessary materials are available or produced locally. A preliminary stage deal with incorporation of aggregates and reinforcement. The study proper had as its objectives: (1) Possible improvement in workability of the gypsum matrix through incorporation of polymers. (2) Improved bending strength, through high-strength reinforcement (glass fibre). (3) Examination of the effect of cut fibres, with a view to uniform two-way strength. The analysis of the results indicates that bending strength improved on admixture of a polymer (137%) and of glass fibres (175%). When both were used, the resulting strength showed synergistic effect: 29% over the arithmerical sum of the separate contributions.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 23-27 
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    Description / Table of Contents: résumé Il est communément admis que la fatigue joue souvent un rôle important dans la fissuration des revêtements de chaussée. Le traitement de ce problème n'a cessé de préoccuper des responsables des projets et des études de routes. L'établissement d'une méthodologie appropriée s'est révélée décevante étant donné le très grand nombre de variables déterminées par la composition du revêtement que l'on peut rencontrer dans la pratique. La méthode simplifiée proposée ici permet le calcul des facteurs de fatigue par un mélange donné par comparaison avec des essais de fatigue effectués antérieurement sur des compositions différentes. Les facteurs de fatigue pour chaque variable sont alors combinés en utilisant la déformation uniaxiale en traction ultime du mélange considéré pour déterminer en années la longévité en fatigue théorique. Un exemple simplifié illustre l'application de la méthode.
    Notes: Abstract It is commonly understood that fatigue is often a major contributory cause of pavement cracking. How the subject of pavement fatigue should be treated in highway design and analysis has been of continuing concern to highway planners. A suitable methodology for considering pavement fatigue has been elusive due to the very large number of variables in regard to pavement composition which can be encountered in practice. The simplified approach proposed here enables the computation of fatigue factors for a given mixture by comparison with previous fatigue tests on dissimilar compositions. The fatigue factors for each variable are then combined, using the uniaxial ultimate tensile strain of the given mixture, to determine the theoretical fatigue tests on dissimilar compositions. The fatigue factors for each variable are then combined, using the uniaxial ultimate tensile strain of the given mixture, to determine the theoretical fatigue life in years. A simplified illustrative example is given to show how the procedures might be utilized. The given procedures are now of limited applicability for obtaining quantitative results because of insufficient pavement fatigue data available in the literature. The procedures and data given will however enable qualitative results to be calculated.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article sets out the results of research on changes in the properties of hardened cement paste brought about by its impregnation by methyl methacrylate. An appraisal has been made of the influence of the water-cement ratio on the physico-mechanical characteristics of the impregnated hardened cement paste and an analysis made of the results of this research. These have enabled us to formulate conclusions concerning the choice of the most advantageous cement paste from the point of view of impregnation.
    Notes: Résumé On a présenté dans cet article les résultats de recherches sur les modifications des propriétés des pâtes de ciment, provoquées par l'imprégnation par le méthacrylate de méthyle. On a évalué l'influence du rapport eau-ciment sur les caractéristiques physico-mécaniques dés pâtes imprégnées et on a soumis à l'analyse les résultats de ces recherches. Ceux-ci ont permis de formuler des conclusions concernant le choix de la pâte la plus avantageuse du point de vue de la technique d'imprégnation.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 11-22 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une série de prototypes et de modèles d'assemblages de bois cloué ont été essayés afin de déterminer leurs caractéristiques de déformation sous charge. Les courbes de chargement/glissement concordaient à trois formules mathématiques empiriques renfermant des constantes arbitraires. Les résultats étaient en corrélation avec le «module graduel» qui est un module d'élasticité en flexion apparent. Les résultats montrent que le comportement en chargement/glissement des joints cloués peut être caractérisé par des courbes empiriques relativement simples basées sur une fonction exponentielle, la concordance étant bonne pour les charges jusqu'à la moitié du maximum. Une seule constante arbitraire de l'expression exponentielle montre une bonne corrélation avec le «module graduel»; le ou les autre(s) définirai(en)t la forme de la courbe mais non son maximum. Une bonne similitude modèle/prototype peut être obtenue soit pour la charge maximale, soit pour le comportement chargement/glissement mais non pour les deux.
    Notes: Abstract A series of prototype and model nailed timber joints were tested to determine their load-deformation characteristics. The load-slip curves were fitted to three different empirically derived mathematical expressions containing arbitrary constants. The results were correlated with the grading modulus (which is the stiffness, of the boards on the flat measured under centre point loading over a0.915 m span). The results showed that the load-slip behaviour of the nailed joints could be characterised by relatively simple empirical curves based on an exponential function with good agreement being obtained for loads up to half the maximum. Only one arbirary constant in the exponential expression showed reasonable correlation with the grading modulus, the other(s) appear(s) to define the shape of the curve but not its maximum. Good model-prototype similitude can be obtained for either maximum load or for load-slip behaviour, but not both.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 55-66 
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    Notes: Résumé Une plaque chaude gardée de grand format a été mise au point afin de déterminer la résistance thermique de matériaux hétérogènes utilisés couramment en Génie Civil. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus montrént que cette installation permet, avec une bonne précision, de tester des échantillons à fortes hétérogénéités en procédant tant en régime permanent qu'en régime transitoire.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 83-90 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur présente une méthode de transmission de charge qu'il a mise au point pour la mesure de la résistance en compression des matériaux fragiles, et qui consiste à utiliser des plateaux stratifiés au lieu des plateaux solides de la pratique courante. L'analyse par les éléments finis et les éléments empiriques sur éprouvettes de béton en compression uniaxiale appliquée par des plateux stratifiés mettent en évidence des déformations uniformes et aucune réduction n'apparait aux bords de l'éprouvette, ce qui indique bien qu'on a approché étroitement l'état de contrainte spécifié (contraintes purement normales appliquées aux bords). Des détails sont donnés sur l'agencement et le fonctionnement, y compris la description des plateaux stratifiés qui sont composés d'un certain nombre d'éléments feuilletés de haute résistance disposés entre les plateaux de la machine de l'éprouvette. Les stratifiés comportent des surfaces lisses soigneusement polies qui les rendent aptes à glisser l'une sur l'autre latéralement. Ils interviennent en quelque sorte comme, un filtre, par lequel le flux des contraintes agit dans le sens de la compression sans qu'il y ait de déperdition substantielle de contrainte dans une direction perpendiculaire à la direction, dans laquelle la compression est appliquée. Les études antérieures des matériaux fragiles non métalliques démontrent que les plateaux solides en contact avec le corps d'épreuve déterminent de notables réductions latérales et des perturbations sérieuses, dans le, champ des contraintes spécifiées avec pour résultat des mesures erronées de la résistance apparente. Les plateux stratifiés possèdent la haute capacité de transmission de charge des plateaux solides. On peut les utiliser efficacement pour la mesure de la résistance en compression des matériaux fragiles par des assais pluriaxiaux.
    Notes: Abstract Finite element analysis and empirical results showing deformation characteristics of specimens tested in compression with, a new load-transmitting medium developed by the writer are presented in this paper. Lamina platens [1] are used in place of solid platens to transmit the load in compression tests of brittle materials [2]. The uniform deformations of the specimen demonstrate that no appreciable restraint is exerted at the boundaries and that the specified stress state (purely normal stresses applied to the specimen boundaries) has been closely approached. The lamina platens are a significant improvement in material testing, particularly in biaxial, triaxial and multiaxial compression as they permit an efficient confinement of the specimen free from any significant deviation from the specified stress state and have high load-transmitting capacity required for these tests.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 67-73 
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 99-107 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'article traite des relations entre les modules d'élasticité statiques et dynamiques (résonance) pour une gamme de matériaux stabilisés au ciment. Ces relations sont discutées en rapport avec les informations publiées. La conclusion principale est que les modules statiques et dynamiques d'une gamme de matériaux stabilisés au ciment sont en assez bonne corrélation pour qu'une estimation satisfaisante de la valeur statique en vue d'une utilisation pratique soit obtenue en déduisant 5 GN/m2 de la valeur dynamique pour des modules plus grands que 15 GN/m2. On propose des équations entre les modules statiques et dynamiques qui prennent en considération la densité des éprouvettes, ainsi que d'autres équations où sont considérées la résistance et la densité ensemble. Ces relations empiriques sont valables seulement pour les matériaux: gamme de résistances et valeurs des modules, étudiés dans cette recherche.
    Notes: Abstract Relationships between the static and the dynamic moduli of elasticity are presented for a range of cement stabilised materials and discussed in relation to published data for materials of this type and for concrete. The relationships are basically empirical but an attempt is made to allow for density and for strengths in tension and in compression.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 255-264 
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 279-279 
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 353-360 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By assimilating mortar to a two-phase material, it is possible to set up a design model to assess shrinkage of the mix from paste shrinkage. Therefore we are brought to distinguish between the active phase consisting of the hydrated binder matrix and the “inertia” phase formed by the aggregate as a whole. Knowing the intrinsic shrinkage value of the paste as well as the figure for the deformability characteristics of the two phases enables us to calculate the shrinkage of a mortar of given mix design. We develop this model in the case of thin layers of mortars for which we report test results, thereby comparing the measured shrinkage values with those predicted by the model.
    Notes: Résumé Il est possible, en assimilant le mortier à un matériau à deux phases, d'établir un modèle de calcul permettant d'évaluer le retrait du mélange à partir de celui de la pâte. On est pour cela amené à distinguer la phase active constituée par la matrice de liant hydraté et la phase «inerte» formée par l'ensemble des granulats. La connaissance de la valeur du retrait intrinsèque de la pâte, ainsi que celle des caractéristiques de déformabilité des deux phases, permet d'accéder au retrait d'un mortier de composition donnée. Nous développons ce modèle dans le cas des couches minces de mortier pour lesquelles nous rapportons des résultats d'essais permettant de comparer les valeurs mesurées des retraits à celles prévues par le modèle.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 125-136 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors suggest a new strength test, based on the tightening of the test piece in the loop of a metallic wire. The brittle fracture which occurs, with a clear cut plane surface, is due to tensile stress. The stresses developed in the cylindrical test piece held tight in the loop of a wire are analysed theoretically as well as experimentally. In the experimental investigation, the authors partly resume analysis of the Brazilian test which is taken as reference. A formula gives the tensile strength obtained by this test as a function of the tensile force exerted by the wire when the test piece breacks, the test piece diameter and the width of the flat wire used. An experimental investigation was made to apply this test to any shape of test piece. In this case, wire with a circular cross-section is used.
    Notes: Résumé Les auteurs proposent un nouvel essai de résistance basé sur le serrage de l'échantillon à tester dans la boucle d'un fil. La rupture qui en résulte, plane et à bords nets, a lieu par traction. Les contraintes développées dans un cylindre serré dans la boucle d'un fil sont étudiées du point de vue théorique et expérimental. Dans ce dernier cas on s'est référé aux résultats fournis par l'essai brésilien dont l'étude est en partie reprise. Une formule est proposée donnant la résistance à la traction, obtenue par cet essai, en fonction de la force de traction exercée sur le fil à la rupture de l'échantillon, du diamètre de l'échantillon et de la largeur du fil plat utilisé. Une étude expérimentale a été faite visant à l'application de l'essai à des échantillons de forme quelconque. On tutilise alors un fil rond.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 169-173 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary CEB Recommendations preconize that in case of verification of the web strength of the prestressed concrete beams against the shear force, the effective web thickness (by deduction of the half sum of the ducts diameters) might be taken into account in the considered region bwef=bw−(1/2). Σ Ø). With the purpose of verifying this recommendation, fourteen reinforced concrete beams were tested until the crushing of the concrete web, in the direction of the diagonal cracks. The beams had the same geometrical characteristics and the same transversal and longitudinal reinforcement. The variable parameters were the diameters of the ducts and their injection, or not, with mortar. We have concluded that in case the injection is reliable, a reduction of the value of the web thickness would not be necessary, and that in cases in which the full efficiency of the injection cannot be trusted, the reduction bwef=bw−0,38. Σ Ø is recommended.
    Notes: Résumé Les recommandations du CEB-1978 préconisent, dans le cas de la vérification de la résistance des âmes des poutres en béton précontraint à l'effort tranchant, la prise en compte de l'épaisseur effective de l'âme, déduite de la moitié de la somme des diamètres des gaines. Dans le but de vérifier cette recommandation, on a essayé jusqu'à la rupture par écrasement des bielles, 14 poutres en béton armé dont les seuls paramètres variables étaient les diamètres et l'injection ou non des gaines.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 265-274 
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 279-279 
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 343-352 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le dosage en eau est sans doute le plus important des facteurs simples qui déterminent la qualité globale d'un béton (ou d'un mortier); il est donc d'autant plus surprenant qu'on n'ait pas encore systématisé l'information éparse relative au calcul, ou à la prévision, de l'eau nécessaire au béton. Cet article se propose de le faire. On entend par «eau nécessaire» le dosage en eau qu'il faut pour obtenir une consistance spécifiée, et qu'on peut évaluer par diverses méthodes. On s'attache ici plus particulièrement à l'une de ces méthodes, soit aux formules où l'eau nécessaire apparaît comme une fonction de la composition et de la consistance du mélange frais. De nombreux facteurs interviennent: la classe de ciment; la dimension maximale de granulat; le type et la quantité d'adjuvant; et quelques autres. On examine ici leurs effets dans la mesure où ils sont connus. Depuis Feret et Abrams, des douzaines, de formules pour l'eau nécessaire ont été publiées. On verra ici plusieurs autres formules pour la première fois; quelques unes ne renferment qu'une variable et leur validité est étroitement limitée; d'autres renferment plusieurs variables et ont une validité plus étendue. Aucune des formules dont on dispose actuellement ne renferme toutes les variables nécessaires. Une étude de la structure de base de ces formules conclut cet article et fournira des directions pour de nouvelles recherches.
    Notes: Abstract The term “water requirement” is defined as the amount of mixing water that is needed for a specified consistency of a mortar or concrete. This paper concentrates on formulas that provide the water requirement as a function of the composition and consistency of the fresh concrete. Dozens of water requirement formulas have been published starting with Feret and Abrams. There are also several formulas that are published here for the first time. An analysis of the basic structure of water requirement formulas winds up the paper providing pointers for future research.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 391-396 
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    Notes: Abstract Our knowledge of the properties of concrete till the end of exponential strenght-development is not satisfactory. Within the RILEM COMMITTEE 42-CEA-concrete at early ages a collection of different test methods was made as a basis of former testing. After a short description an analysis shows the advantages of the different methods. Whereas there are no problems with compressive strength for tensile strength there exists a lot of different test methods. With the ring test stresses are calculated with the assumption of elasticity. Beams and columns are discussed. Ultrasonic pulse velocity seems to be better for characterisation of young concrete than the modulus of elasticity whose definition is not uniform. For strain-measurement inductive gauges allow great accuracy in short time, wire-strain-gauges are better to eliminate influences of time and temperature.
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 455-460 
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    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 403-411 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les latérites et les pierres latéritiques abondent dans les zones tropicales et semi-tropicales. Leur utilisation comme matériau de construction a été contrariée dans le passé par un manque de définition valable. Dans ce rapport qui utilise une définition internationale récemment admise d'après la composition chimique du béton, on examine et on évalue, par rapport à celles d'un granulat igné, les propriétés, qui les rendent aptes à la construction, de sept échantillons de pierres latériques. On étudie l'influence des propriétés chimiques des latérites sur leur performance en tant que granulats du béton et produits de concassage routiers. Les résultats concordants sont soumis à des tests statistiques pour éviter des conclusions erronées. En outre, on a coulé des éprouvettes de béton pour étudier le développement de la variation des propriétés de bétons confectionnés avec des pierres latéritiques. On s'est efforcé d'étudier la variation de la résistance à la compression, à la flexion, à la traction, etc.; les indices obtenus à partir de rapports tels que résistance à l'écrasement de cubes/résistance à la traction par fendage, résistance de 7/28 jours, résistance à la flexion/résistance à la traction par fendage; les équations correspondant à ces rapports; la comparaison entre les relations les équations, etc, et les résultats obtenus pour des granulats de roche ignés. On a également fait des essais sur la reproductibilité du béton de pierres latéritiques et l'aptitude de ces pierres à produire des bétons de moyenne et haute résistance en utilisant deux méthodes de calcul du dosage. Les résultats montrent que, d'une manière générale, quelques unes des propriétés des pierres latéritiques dépendent de leur contenu en sesquioxyde, et que le béton et les matériaux routiers résultants sont de bonne qualité mais ne conviennent pas pour des constructions de grande qualité, des environnements abrasifs, etc. où il convient de considérer leur dureté, leur densité et leur contenu en sesquioxyde pour éviter des revêtements très médiocres. Les résultats montrent essentiellement que, dans le béton produit, le développement de la variation de la résistance, comme les rapports résistance/autres propriétés à des âges variables est semblable à celui rencontré dans des bétons obtenus à partir des granulats courants.
    Notes: Abstract Laterites and Lateritic Stones abound in the tropical and semi-tropical areas of the world, more than the igneous and other standard rocks which are used as concrete aggregates and road chippings. The paper studies the properties relevant to the use of lateritic aggregate as road chippings and concrete aggregates, and compares the results to those obtained by the use of an igneous control aggregate. The strength growth pattern of concrete made with lateritic stones, the variation of the tensile strength of the concrete (both flexural and split); the reproducibility of the strength pattern, despite the known variability in the properties of the lateritic aggregates; the influence of the iron and aluminium oxide contents of the aggregates on concrete made with them etc., are some of the parameters investigated in detail to assess the suitability of lateritic stones and crusts as concrete aggregates and road chippings. The results show that lateritic aggregates are good materials for road chippings and concrete aggregates although they give results slightly inferior to those obtained from igneous aggregates. There does not appear to be any simple relation between the iron and aluminium oxide contents or the sesquioxide contents of lateritic aggregates and the properties of the resulting concrete, although the sesquioxide contents of the lateritic stones give very broad indications of their quality.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 83-84 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 85-93 
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    Notes: Abstract Performance testing of multiple extended coverage sidewall sprinklers indicates that these sprinklers, installed on spacings that are multiples of specified room areas with ceiling heights up to 9 ft, perform comparably to single sprinkler per room installations under fire conditions.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 94-103 
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    Notes: Abstract Flashover is the ultimate event in a room fire signaling the final untenability for room occupants and greatly increased hazard to other building spaces. Despite this importance, hazard evaluations of furnishings and other common fuel loads have normally not been based on estimates of flashover potential. This paper considers a simple combustion model and examines available experimental data.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 104-112 
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    Notes: Abstract An exploratory study has been made of the adsorption of incipient combustion gases on metal surfaces and organic metal chelate coated metal surfaces. Data obtained in this study suggest that a smoke or fire detection system could be based on the adsorption-photoelectric effects observed.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 113-117 
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    Notes: Abstract Four samples of thermoplastics and nine samples of wood were evaluated for smoke evolution in the Aminco-NBS smoke chamber under piloted (flaming) conditions, using two different types of pilot burners, and in the Arapahoe chamber.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 118-132 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a method for calculating radiative heat transfer to an adjacent tank from fire involving insulation on tank exteriors. An approximate method for calculating the radiative flux from an ignition source is also provided. The results are generalized to allow convenient estimates of safe separations for a range of tank sizes, fire intensities, and critical ignition fluxes. Wind effects are not considered in the present study.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 133-141 
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    Notes: Abstract The authors discuss the detailed application of surface flammability assessment theory to the major test methods available in North America.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 142-149 
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    Notes: Abstract At the request of the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the National Bureau of Standards developed a proposed standard for the flammability of upholstered furniture. This paper briefly describes the proposed standard and its history, and examines the performance of pile fabrics tested at the University of Washington Textile Laboratories in accordance with the provisions of the proposed standard.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 150-152 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 153-154 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 155-156 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 157-158 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 163-163 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 212-226 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Coal pulverizing system explosions during the last few years have pointed to the need of developing inerting systems for preventing such incidents. The greater use of western subbituminous coals (with their higher tendency for spontaneous ignition) is a contributing factor to the increased frequency of coal pulverizer explosions.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 181-191 
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    Notes: Abstract An electronic circuit has been designed and tested which can automatically determine ignition temperatures of shredded combustible materials.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 165-180 
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    Notes: Abstract The Kern Plateau in Sequoia National Forest was selected as a pilot study area for the development and application of a new fire management planning process.
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  • 87
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 163-163 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 181-191 
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    Notes: Abstract An electronic circuit has been designed and tested which can automatically determine ignition temperatures of shredded combustible materials.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 165-180 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The Kern Plateau in Sequoia National Forest was selected as a pilot study area for the development and application of a new fire management planning process.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 192-203 
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    Notes: Abstract The author discusses a toxicity screening test for evaluating materials for off-gas toxicity using a rising temperature program.
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  • 91
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 204-211 
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    Notes: Abstract The pulsation characteristic of fires was examined using acoustic parameters at very low sonic and subsonic frequencies up to 2 Hz. The existences of a characteristic frequency related to the diameter of the seat of the fire was demonstrated. The signal was found to decay rapidly with distance, suggesting displacement of the medium rather than vibrations in the medium. The use of this tpe of effect in fire detection is also discussed.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 227-231 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 232-234 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 212-226 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Coal pulverizing system explosions during the last few years have pointed to the need of developing inerting systems for preventing such incidents. The greater use of western subbituminous coals (with their higher tendency for spontaneous ignition) is a contributing factor to the increased frequency of coal pulverizer explosions.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 235-236 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 243-243 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 237-238 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 287-302 
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    Notes: Abstract Diversity of fuels, differences in their arrangement, and environmental changes such as in temperature, air pressure, wind velocity, and humidity are among the factors contributing to the variation in fire development. This paper presents a framework for modeling this variability so that product design and firesafety standards can reflect the total information provided by these actual fire tests.
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 314-316 
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    Fire technology 16 (1980), S. 317-320 
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