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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials and structures 13 (1980), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans cet article on décrit les six conditions à remplir par les équations constitutives pour le fluage du béton soumis à des contraintes dans les conditions de service. Il en résulte une théorie qui n'est pas complète, mais on obtient une représentation unique du fluage irréversible. On montre que l'utilisation des produits des fonctions de l'âge au moment du chargement et dans l'intervalle qui suit, ne convient pas à la représentation du fluage total, mais que celle-ci est utile dans le cas du fluage réversible. Il existe plusieurs représentations adéquates du fluage réversible, dont quelques-unes sont présentées. L'utilisation des méthodes de la théorie visco-élastique dans l'analyse de la contrainte des structures en béton est brièvement résumée; ainsi que quelques aspects des effects non linéaires. On examine la question suivante: le fluage d'un spécimen macroscopique à une température et une humidité constantes est-il un processus stochastique? Cette étude s'appuie sur un ensemble de résultats expérimentaux, et tient compte du fait que le fluage macroscopique est la somme, sur un plan spatial ainsi que temporel, d'un très grand nombre d'évènements moléculaires. On en conclut que les courbes de fluage sont à des échelles différentes, mais ne sont pas stochastiques, dans le sens qu'elles présentent une dispersion négligeable autour de la moyenne de la courbe particulière que l'on mesure. Néanmoins, les variations de température et d'humidité peuvent causer une variation stochastique. Enfin, on propose d'appliquer le théorème de Bayes au problème technique que pose le manque de certitude à propos du degré de fluage.
    Notes: Abstract Six simple requirements are presented for constitutive equations for creep of concrete stressed within the working range. The resulting theory is not complete, but a unique representation of irreversible creep is obtained. The use of products of age and duration functions is shown to be unsuitable for representation of total creep, but is useful for reversible creep. There are several adequate representations of reversible creep and some of these are reviewed. The use of the methods of viscoelastic theory in stress analysis and some aspects of non-linear behaviour are briefly discussed. The question of whether creep of a macroscopic specimen at constant temperature and humidity is a stochastic process is examined on the basis of a set of experimental results and by taking into account the fact that macroscopic creep is the sum (both spatially and temporarily) of a very large number of molecular events. It is concluded that creep curves are different in scale but are not stochastic, in the sense that they exhibit negligible scatter about the mean of the particular curve being measured. However, gauge, temperature and humidity variation can cause stochastic variation. Lastly, a Bayesian approach to the engineering problem of dealing with uncertainty regarding the magnitude of creep is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials and structures 7 (1974), S. 329-333 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Lorsque les ouvrages en béton sont soumis à des gradients thermiques, il peut en résulter de grandes déformations et une importante redistribution des contraintes. La principale raison en est l'effet de la température sur la vitesse de fluage, quoiqu'on ait aussi constaté une variation du module élastique avec la température. Cet article analyse deux formes de l'adaptation du fluage pour les déformations du béton; la première repose sur l'application de fonctions de variation de température, tandis que la seconde est essentiellement une formulation de la vitesse de fluage. Il faut souligner que l'utilisation des fonctions de variation de température (pour des matériaux thermo-rhéologiquement simples) en analyse structurelle est quelque peu restreinte, car on doit tenir compte de l'effet de l'âge du chargement tant sur ses fonctions que sur la courbe de fluage de référence. D'autre part, on montre que la méthode de la vitesse de fluage, qui est d'application beaucoup plus simple, peut être étendue jusqu'à inclure le fluage réversible. Le fluage irréversible est pris en compte exactement et l'analyse du fluage réversible se fait avec une certaine approximation; étant donné que le fluage réversible n'atteint pas 30% du fluage total, les approximations introduites sont peu importantes. On montre que les solutions disponibles en régime permanent de contrainte sont indépendantes du fluage réversible. La solution proposée peut s'exprimer sous une forme visco-élastique et peut par conséquent servir à obtenir des solutions directes; en outre, la tâche est simplifiée lorsqu'on a à effectuer des calculs itératifs.
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of concrete structures in the presence of sustained temperature fields is discussed, and, in particular, the variation of strain compliance with position in the structure as a result of the temperature variation. A form of the constitutive relationship for linear creep is proposed. By means of the use of a fictitious time, it is invariable in form; that is, the equations depend on duration since loading and not on the age at loading. Thus, it is possible to perform analyses using viscoelastic methods; in iterative schemes, considerable saving of computation effort is achieved. Direct solutions are also possible in some cases. The method reduces to the familiar rate of creep method if the reversible creep is ignored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials and structures 10 (1977), S. 55-55 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 883-895 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The analysis of stresses and deformations in concrete structures subjected to temperature gradients is described. As a result of the spatial variation of temperature, the creep compliance is a function of position. Previous work has shown that the constitutive equations for concrete creep can be expressed in a form which is invariable although ageing is included in the analysis. Thus viscoelastic methods can be used and correspondence principles can be developed; emphasis is placed in the present work on those which are based on the Laplace transform. A particular form is described, in which replacement of the elastic modulus by a function of the transformed creep compliance gives transformed values of stress; these values are easily obtained numerically by the finite element method using elastic analyses. The transformed values of stress are then expressed as approximate functions of the transformed creep compliance; inversion of the ensuing functions gives the stress as an approximate function of time. Two applications are given; the first considers a simple axially loaded column with reinforcement and the second deals with a thick cylinder subjected to a temperature gradient.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1999-01-01
    Description: During a full-scale iceberg-impact study conducted in July 1995 on the Labrador coast, Canada, a sample of ice was retrieved from the impacted surface of an iceberg. The sample was thin-sectioned and the observations of the contact-zone microstructure are presented in this paper.Thin sections were prepared from two slabs cut parallel to the impacted surface. In each of the thin sections taken from the impacted-surface slab, fine-grained material was found to surround parent-size grains (as observed in the second slab). A boundary between the parent grains and the grains of modified microstructure was found running approximately parallel to the impacted surface in each of the thin sections taken from the impacted-surface slab. This boundary was pronounced towards the edges of the contact zone. Lateral movement of grains outward along this boundary was observed in thin sections near the edges but not near the centre of the contact zone.The thin sections were compared to the results of medium-scale indentation tests in 1989 and 1990 from the Arctic Ocean. The same type of fine-grained material and layer formation of modified microstructure was found in the contact zones.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1999-01-01
    Description: During a full-scale iceberg-impact study conducted in July 1995 on the Labrador coast, Canada, a sample of ice was retrieved from the impacted surface of an iceberg. The sample was thin-sectioned and the observations of the contact-zone microstructure are presented in this paper.Thin sections were prepared from two slabs cut parallel to the impacted surface. In each of the thin sections taken from the impacted-surface slab, fine-grained material was found to surround parent-size grains (as observed in the second slab). A boundary between the parent grains and the grains of modified microstructure was found running approximately parallel to the impacted surface in each of the thin sections taken from the impacted-surface slab. This boundary was pronounced towards the edges of the contact zone. Lateral movement of grains outward along this boundary was observed in thin sections near the edges but not near the centre of the contact zone.The thin sections were compared to the results of medium-scale indentation tests in 1989 and 1990 from the Arctic Ocean. The same type of fine-grained material and layer formation of modified microstructure was found in the contact zones.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1974-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0098-8847
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-9845
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Published by Wiley
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