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  • Articles  (9,018)
  • Springer  (9,018)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1980-1984  (9,018)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (9,018)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (9,018)
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  • Articles  (9,018)
Years
  • 1980-1984  (9,018)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using the mathematical approach it was shown that it is possible to find the time lag between nucleation acts of two adjacent spherulites from the curved border lines seen in the thin section of a bulk sample. The method of the determining time distribution of the primary nucleation is proposed to be done in the similar way as it was done in the two dimensional case (PAKUŁA et al. 1979). Based on the above the measurements of the nuclei succesion were reconstructed in two different injection moulded poly methylene oxide samples. This shows a marked number of thermal nuclei.
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  • 2
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The theory of ADAM and GIBBS (1965) has been extended to include a description of the composition dependences of relaxation times and of the glass transition temperature of a random copolymer using the known thermodynamic and viscoelastic parameters of homopolymers. Comparison with a number of copolymer systems shows that theoretical equations adequately correspond to experimental data if the sequence distribution effect is not operative.
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  • 3
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The methylene carbon resonance patterns of partially epimerized isotactic polystyrenes were measured and interpreted in terms of tetrad and hexad stereosequence distributions that were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation of the epimerization process. Empirical rules were developed for assigning hexad resonances. Calculated spectra based on these assignments and on the Monte Carlo results were in reasonably good agreement with experimental spectra. The resonances of mmtype methine carbons were noted to occur about 0.2 ppm downfield from other methine carbon resonances.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes “No-Catalyst Copolymerizations” between ethylene phenylphosphonite (EPO) as MN and four β-hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates as ME. In all combinations polyphosphinate type copolymers were obtained above 130 °C without added catalyst. The first step of reaction was a proton-transfer step to yield a transient phosphonium-alkoxide zwitterion 5 and generated a phosphorane intermediate like 6. The subsequent reactions of 6 were rather complicated. It was possible to conceive several zwitterions to lead to polymer units. The liberation of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide was observed as a side reaction during polymerization.
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  • 5
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 289-291 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of phenylacetylene was investigated using Cp2TiCl2/C2H5AlCl2 (Cp=π-cyclopentadienyl) as the homogeneous catalyst. The mechanism of addition of phenylacetylene is by successive 2+2 cycloadditions, as evidenced by the isolation of a ladder compound composed of fused cyclobutane rings. The ladder compound, which is an intermediate of the reaction, is converted catalytically to the final polyconjugated polymer.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Conductance stopped-flow analysis on the initial phase of cationic polymerizations of p-methoxystyrene and styrene revealed rapid changes in conductance (within 20–50 ms) that were related to the initiation process. Initiation rate constants were obtained for CF3SO3H, CH3COClO4, and BF3O (C2H5)2 initiators in 1,2-dichloroethane at 30°C. They agreed closely with those determined by stopped-flow spectroscopy, and decreased with increasing monomer concentration.
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  • 7
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 337-342 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The enzymatic hydrolysis of well-defined dextran fractions is studied. The results show that the rate constants of degradation are proportional to the molecular weight for molecular weights higher than 5000; for lower molecular weights the rate constants decrease gradually. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dextran is not a statistical reaction, since the individual rate constants of bond cleavage increase from the midpoint of the chain towards both ends. The results are discussed in comparison with acid hydrolysis of dextran, and the characteristic differences between both reactions are pointed out.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Donor or acceptor groups and particularly capto-dative substituants determine the ease of selective hydrogen abstraction but steric factors and the nature of the dehydrogenating agent influence the relative “radical scale”. This study underlines the preparative value of dehydrodimerisations. This method allows in addition the preparation of oligomers and polymers. A continuation of this work will be published in the near future. The industrial synthesis of indigo by dehydrodimerisation of oxindol is a classical example of radical coupling(10) as a reaction type on which this publication focusses:
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  • 9
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 397-402 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Piezoelectric constants of poly(vinylidene fluoride) form I crystal have been calculated to give a good agreement with observed values; d33 = −2.5 × 10−11 C/N (observed: −2 × 10−11 C/N) and d33 = −2.5 × 10−13 C/N (observed: ca. 10−13 C/N). The macroscopic piezoelectric constants have also been calculated using such a model that the piezoelectric crystal form I is embedded in the non-piezoelectric amorphous matrix to be d 31 M $$ \doteqdot $$ 0.6 × 10−11 C/N (at room temperature) and 4.6 × 10−13 C/N (below glass transition temperature), and d 33 M $$ \doteqdot $$ −1.4 × 10−11 C/N and −0.5 × 10−11 C/N, respectively, reproducing well the observed temperature dependence of these constants.
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  • 10
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 427-434 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of six novel electrono-donor monomers containing 3,6-dihalogencarbazole [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dichlorocarbazolyl methacrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dichlorocarbazolyl acrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dibromocarbazolyl methacrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dibromocarbazolyl acrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-diiodocarbazolyl methacrylate and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-diiodocarbazolyl acrylate], of the corresponding polymers and of the monomeric models is described. The ionization potentials values of the monomeric models were determined.
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  • 11
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 441-447 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary By modifying the copolymerization temperature for the system N-(2-hydroxyethyl) carbazolyl mathacrylate and picryl methacrylate in dioxane, the reactivity ratio values were shown to be determined mainly through the entropic factor. The obtained intramolecular charge transfer complexes copolymers presented a different intramolecular complexation degree.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) takes place in the presence of cholesteryl 2-(ethoxy ethoxy) ethyl carbonate (CHEEC) in liquid crystalline phase at 12.5°C and in isotropic phase at 30.0°C. Percentage of conversion increases, whereas molecular weight decreases, with increase in the concentration of CHEEC. Tacticities of the polymers (as analysed by NMR) are independent of the concentration of CHEEC. The interaction between CHEEC and MMA in various solvents are investigated by viscometry and U.V. spectrophotometry. Similar experiments with a mixture of vinyl acetate (VAc) gave no evidence of spontaneous polymerization. A plausible mechanism of the spontaneous polymerization of MMA, involving formation of a complex between MMA and CHEEC, is discussed.
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  • 13
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 505-511 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Radical copolymerization of 2,4-dinitrophenyl methacrylate (DNPM, M2) with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-dichlorocarbazolyl methacrylate (HECl2CM, m1) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-dichloro-carbazolyl acrylate (HEC12CA, M1) takes place by the simple terminal mechanism having the parameters: r1=0.13 r2=1.65 (M1=HECl2CM) r1=0.13 r2=1.20 (M1=HECl2CA) Intramolecular complexation differences for the two obtained systems are explained by configurational differences.
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  • 14
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 275-280 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reaction of poly (ethyl vinyl ketone) with active chlorides in petroleum ether was followed by the electric conductivity measurement. Phosphoryl chloride was found to be an effective reagent to produce a highly conjugated system with an apparent specific conductivity of the order of 10−2 Ω−1cm−1 in petroleum ether. The reaction temperature seems to be important for the electric conductivity of the product, the higher the reaction temperature, the lower the electric conductivity of the reacted film.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Catalysis of cationic polyelectrolytes for the decarboxylation of 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate anion was studied in a buffer solution (pH=9.0). Cross-linked poly (4-vinylpyridinium) salts prepared from 4-vinylpyridine and α, ω -dibromides were used as cationic catalysts. The cross-linked catalysts were found to accelerate markedly the decarboxylation in comparison with the linear water-soluble analogues. Effect of the polymer structure such as the length of (CH2)x linkages between positive charges on the catalytic activity was examined. It was suggested that the acceleration by the cross-linked polymer catalysts would be due to the hydrophobic microenvironment around the catalytic sites.
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  • 16
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 293-300 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Hot drawing at 150°C has been applied to high molecular weight polyethylene fibers produced by flow induced crystallization in a Couette apparatus, referred to as the ‘surface growth’ technique. A distinct improvement of the tensile properties of the fibers was noticed upon drawing. A tensile strength at break of 4.7 GPa was reached. Drawability is discussed in relation to fiber morphology. The shish-kebab like structure of the ‘surface growth’ fiber was transformed into a morphology consisting of smooth fibrils upon drawing.
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  • 17
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 315-320 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Silica surfaces have been modified by reaction with ClSi(CH3)2CH2-CH2-C6H4CH2Cl (I) and the solids were used in conjunction with Et2AlCl to initiate the surface-graft polymerization of isobutylene. Experimental conditions have been defined to obtain respectable grafting rates, grafting ratios and grafting efficiencies.
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  • 18
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present paper describes the grafting of vinyl monomers onto cellulose nitrate in non-aqueous medium using benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst. The complete separation of the homopolymers and graft copolymer was carried out by selective solvent extraction. The graft copolymer was characterized by IR spectra. The GPC was used as a technique to differentiate between homopolymer, polymer mixture, polyblend, and graft copolymer.
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  • 19
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 343-349 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The diffusive permeability of cellulose diacetate membranes was measured using NaCl as solute and distribution coefficients were calculated. Water and salt permeability coefficients derived from dialysis-osmosis experiments were also given. The results obtained were discussed with the aid of scanning electron micrographs and chlorine distribution maps.
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  • 20
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 383-388 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper a relationship between the preferential adsorption coefficient and polymer molecular dimensions is proposed $$\lambda \frac{{〈 s^2 〉 ^{3/2} }}{2} = \lambda _\infty \frac{{〈 s^2 〉 ^{3/2} }}{2} + A(\frac{{〈 s_0^2 〉 }}{2})^{3/2} $$ This relationship is found to be valid for all polymers in good theta solvents and for any molecular weight.
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  • 21
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 403-409 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Ultrasonic velocity measurements have been made in solutions of polyesterimide. It has been observed that by the application of Rao relationship and Nomoto equation, the ultrasonic velocity and density measurement can give useful information about the structural parameters of the copolymers.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A chemical evidence for the fixation of triphenylmethyl cation in the initiation step is given in the case of cyclopentadiene polymerization initiated by stable trityl salts. With SbCl6 as counter ion, negligible transfer reaction takes place at 0°C. The situation is more complex with SbCl5OH−. Mono and bifunctional trityl salts have also been used for the synthesis of AB and ABA block copolymers.
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  • 23
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 137-145 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of the copolymer styrene m, p-hydroxystyrene has been carried out by chemical modification of polystyrene. The initial polystyrene has been lithiated by the complex of sec-butyllithium with N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine in cyclohexane and hexane. The lithiated sites have been quenched with oxygen. From the physicochemical characterization we have observed that the initial polystyrene is not degraded and that the oxidation reaction is quantitative. This reaction yields a styrene m,p-hydroxystyrene copolymer. The hydroxy groups are located in the meta(2/3) and para-positions of the aromatic ring.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary DSC studies of the bulk polymerization of ethyl acrylate have revealed the occurrence of irregular kinetic behaviour during the initial stage of the reaction at less than 5 per cent monomer conversion. Simultaneously, a maximum in the 90° Rayleigh scattering was observed. The transient inhomogeneity and the shoulders on the rate-time curves are attributed to a localized gel effect which precedes the general gel effect.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyacrylic and polymethacrylic derivatives containing different contents of pendant uracil and thymine units were prepared by the polymeranalogous reaction using cyclic derivatives of uracil and thymine. The ability of the interaction between thymine bases in the copolymer chain was found to be parallel to the thymine content.
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  • 26
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 637-642 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper presents the kinetic study of polymerisation of styrene with Ziegler-Nutta type catalyst system. The components of the catalyst are CuCl2 and Methyl aluminium bromide (DEAB). Out standing observations of the study are as follows. i) The minimum aging period of the catalyst system is 4 hours. ii) The optimum ratio of [Al]/[Cu] is observed to be 2.5. iii) Polymerisation rate is found directly proportional to monomer concentration but inversely proportional to catalyst concentration. iv) Energy of activation obtained is 5.47 K.cal/mole, within the range usually observed in anionic coordinated type mechanism. v) Mol. wt. is of the order of 104 and the polystyrene obtained is partly soluble in acetone.
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  • 27
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fast spectroscopy experiments have been performed upon the photoinitiation process of a vinyl polymerization with the benzophenone-amine derivative system. The rate constants of the processes in the excited states have been determined. The results make it possible to discuss the rate constant of the polymerization and to deduce the efficiency of the initiating radicals.
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  • 28
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary New small angle X-ray diffraction data of a series of mostly low density PE samples isothermally crystallized from the melt are reported to discern between the existing ambiguities concerning the alternative of one or two lamellar periodicities. The ratio of X-ray spacings turns out to be dependent on the supercooling of the samples. This result together with the analysis of the 1st and 2nd diffraction peaks during and after heat treatments reveals that the two scattering maxima in the samples investigated most probably originate from the coexistence of two different lamellar periodicities.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The degree of conversion, intrinsic viscosity, composition and particle average size distribution of styrene (S)- acrylonitrile (AN) copolymer, formed mainly under heterogeneous conditions and in the presence of EPM, were investigated as function of the reaction time. An induction period, characterized by unstable preferential solvatation phenomena, is followed by a regular copolymerization period which can be described by apparent S and AN reactivity ratios. The regular copolymerization at high conversion is ascribed to the formation of EPM-g-SAN which acts as an emulsifier in the reaction system.
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  • 30
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 521-528 
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    Notes: Summary 13C-NMR spin-lattice relaxation (T1) measurements on syndiotactic and isotactic polymethallylalcohols and poly-(S)-N-1-phenylethylurethanes demonstrate a lack of dependence of T1 on tacticity. On the other hand, the T1-values show a hindered motion of the -CH2OH side chain, which is explained by hydrogen bonding. In an Arrhenius type plot the enthalpy of motion is found to to be very similar for the different groups of polymethallylalcohols, pointing to a common set of motions. The circular dichroism of the polymethallylurethanes is similar to the model compound (S)-N-1-phenylethyl-neopentylurethane, indicating a lack of conformational restrictions of the outer part of the side chains by a polymer effect.
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  • 31
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 437-440 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Preliminary results on plasma-induced bulk homopolymerization of styrene, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and on plasma-induced solution homopolymerization of N-vinyl carbazole, styrene and acrylamide are presented. Experimental data suggest that a radical mechanism of polymerization has to be considered to explain this new approach to polymer synthesis.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Conventional time-temperature (t-T) superposition appears to be inappropriate to the viscoelastic behaviour of amorphous, peroxide cured EPDM networks. A phenomenological approach is presented that reduces these permanent elastomers to thermorheologically simple materials. Although the origin of the anomalous behaviour observed is not yet completely understood, it is attributed to an unusual variation of the equilibrium modulus with temperature.
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  • 33
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 497-503 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The mechanical, dielectric and rheo-optical behaviour of model networks prepared from OH-terminated poly(oxypropylene)triols and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate with various molar ratios of hydroxyl to isocyanate groups, rH=0.95 to 1.7, was investigated. The observed independence of the stress-optical coefficient of rH indicates the homogeneity of networks. Networks prepared with rH≈1 exhibit a narrow transition zone indicating a narrow chain distribution. With increasing rh, the transition becomes distinctly broader; dielectric measurements are well correlated with the mechanical ones. The equilibrium modulus markedly decreases with increasing rH.
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  • 34
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The present paper deals with the single step syntheses of a few aliphatic polyurethanes using some simple glycols like ethylene, propylene, 1,3- and 1,4-butylene glycols and two different bis(chloromethyl) compounds viz., 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)-2,5-dimethyl benzene (I), and 1,5-bis(chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethyl benzene (II). The glass transition temperatures, Tg, of these polymers were determined using dilatometric techniques and they ranged from −12 to −48°C. The polyurethanes derived from 1,4-butylene and ethylene glycols were amorphous gums with Tg well below −30°C.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The copolymerization of 2-phenoxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes (4) with α-keto acids (2) took place at room temperature without added catalyst to produce copolymers (5). The copolymer 5 is composed of phosphoric acid triester unit (5 α) and of α -hydroxy-carboxylic acid ester unit (5 β). Unit 5 α is an alternating unit of monomers 4 and 2 whereas unit 5β is formed by deoxygenating 2 by 4. 5 can be taken as copolymers of units 5 α and 5 β, the formation of the latter involving a deoxygenation process (“Deoxy-Copolymerization”). The ratio of 5 β /5α (m-value in 5) increased in the order of unsubstituted (4a)-, 5,5-dimethyl (4b)-, and 5-t-butyl (4c)-phosphorinane systems. The reaction mechanism is also discussed.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 559-564 
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    Notes: Summary The dependence of viscosity of cellulose tricarbanilate in tetrahydrofuran on the velocity gradient D 〈2500 s−1 for molecular weights up to 1.2×106 was determined, and an empirical equation for the determination of the limiting viscosity number for zero velocity gradient was derived. Errors involved in the viscosity determination from a single concentration using an approximate formula were also ascertained.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 565-570 
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    Notes: Summary The changes in molecular orientation occurring during craze initiation and growth are discussed. Craze initiation is considered as a stress-induced, rotational, collective reorganisation of stiff chain sections in volume elements having a particularly large compliance. An energy balance is established for the transformation of a partially oriented matrix into craze fibrils which relates the fibril diameter to fibrillation stress and surface energy parameters. The predicted dependence of fibril diameter on temperature and preorientation is confirmed by experiments on polycarbonate.
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  • 38
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    Notes: Summary Networks were prepared from Poly-(Dimethyl-Siloxane), PDMS, and Poly-(Methyl-Phenyl-Siloxane), PMPS, precursor chains by telechelic condensation. The precursor was of a very low polydispersity. The functionality of the crosslinks was four. Thermomechanic, calorimetric, and swelling experiments were carried out to characterize the resulting rubbers. Generally the results show a good agreement with theory in the case of PDMS.
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  • 39
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 627-631 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of acrylamide in presence of some coloured monomers was investigated in order to study a spectroscopic method of titration of very diluted solution of polyacrylamide in water. Best results have been obtained with the N, 2, 4 dinitro-acryline-aerylamide monomer incorporated in low content (1/3000 mole). The presence of such low quantity of dyes does not affect the polymerization and the hydrolysis of the obtained copolymers leaves intact the dye groups. By using different dyes with different spectroscopic behaviour, this method can be very usefull to solve problems of mixture and molecular weight or hydrolysis polydispersity of polyacrylamides.
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  • 40
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    Notes: Summary The kinetics and mechanism of crosslinking and chain scission has been studied on several PVC samples during thermal thermooxidative, dynamic, and HCl catalyzed degradation. During pure thermal degradation crosslinking at a constant rate without scission occurs, while in the presence of oxygen and/or shear scission is not negligible. In the dynamic test, under shear both processes are fast, compared to static tests. The mechanism of benzene formation without main chain scission is discussed.
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  • 41
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 135-142 
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    Notes: Summary A homologous series of cycloalkanes from (CH2)14 up to (CH2)96 as model systems for tight folding in CH2-chain molecules was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. In comparison with the corresponding spectra of the nalkanes we found two additional new absorption bands at 700 cm−1 and 1442 cm−1 which can be assigned to a characteristic fold vibration. The already known fold band in the wagging region at about 1344 cm−1 could also be found in all cycloalkane spectra. A numerical decomposition of the bands enables the calibration of the fold concentration. The Davydov splitting of the (CH2)-rocking and (CH2)-bending vibration in the melt crystallized form of the molecules (CH2)72 and (CH2)96 show the occurence of a orthorhombic subcell of the larger rings whereas the smaller rings and the larger ones in the solution crystallized form only crystallize in a monoclinic form.
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  • 42
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    Notes: Summary The glow discharge electrolysis was carried out to an aqueous solution containing poly(acrylamide). The analytical results of the degradation products showed that the degradation takes place stepwise caused by the cleavages of the main and also the side chains of the polymer.
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    Notes: Abstract A new class of benzoxazine polymers were synthesised from bis(4-amino-3-hydroxymethylphenyl)methane with substituted phthalic acids by solution poly-condensation in polyphosphoric acid. The model compound bis(4H-3,1-benzoxazine)2,2′-p-phenylene was also synthesised. The polymere were characterised by UV and IR spectra, viscosity measurements and thermal analysis.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 211-217 
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  • 45
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    Notes: Summary (s)-(+)-Ethyl-2-phenylbutanoate was synthesized and polymerizations of propylene and racemic 3-methyl-1-pentene were conducted over TiCl3-AlEt3 combined with the compound. The addition of the compound caused a significant increase in the isotacticity of polypropylene as well as a substantial decrease in the activity. However, stereoelective polymerization of racemic 3-methyl-1-pentene didn't take place at all. Propylene polymerization was also carried out over TiCl3-AlEt3 by using poly(ethylene terephthalate) in place of the compound. The results obtained have led to the conclusion that these additives act mainly as reagents to reduce the concentration of AlEt3 by the formation of the complexes between AlEt3 and these additives.
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  • 46
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of 2-Chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane on the AIBN initiated polymerisation of acrylo — nitrile , methyl methacrylate and styrene was investigated kinetically in benzene at 60 – 80°C. With acrylonitrile normal kinetic orders with respect to monomer and AIBN could be observed with the phospholane behaving as a chain transfer agent. With methyl methacrylate and styrene it was observed that the phospholane causes enhancement of the rates due to concurrent radical and ionic polymerisation besides functioning as a chain transfer agent.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 273-278 
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    Notes: Summary Phase separation temperatures have been determined in the system PMMA/chlorobutane + amyl acetate. This liquid mixture is a co-nonsolvent (co-precipitant) of the polymer. The molecular origin of such co-nonsolvency is discussed in terms of the interactions pressumably present in the system.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 279-284 
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    Notes: Summary A new experimental technique was developed for the production of crosslinked polystyrene (PS) particles in a suspension crosslinking reaction. The suspending medium being used was silicone oil saturated by 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE),without any suspension stabilizer. Antimony pentachloride, 1,4-dimethyl-2,5-dichloromethyl benzene and DCE were used as a catalyst, crosslinking agent, and polystyrene solvent, respectively. The products were colorless transparent spherical particles of a very high purity and they could be produced in short reaction times.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 297-299 
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    Notes: Summary The polymeric complexes of cobalt (II) with 5-chloro 2-hydroxyacetophenone oxime and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone oxime were synthesised and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic measurements and spectral studies.
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 319-323 
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    Notes: Summary The possibility of undesirable intramolecular cycloalkylation exists in the polymerization of iso-butylene induced by the p-dicumyl chloride/BCl3 inifer system. A scheme has been proposed which shows the sequence of reactions leading to indane skeletons. The structure of the indane derivatives has been characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Systematic experiments have been carried out using low isobutylene and high p-dicumyl chloride concentrations leading to polyisobutylene oligomers needed for accurate endgroup analysis. The effect of temperature, solvent composition (polar/nonpolar) , isobutylene and BCl3 concentration on the extent of indane skeleton formation has been investigated. Indane skeleton formation can be completely suppressed by the use of relatively non-polar media, e.g., 1∶1 mixture of CH2Cl2 :n-C6H14, at or below −40°C, and conditions under which symmetrical telechelic polyisobutylenes can be obtained have been defined.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 168-173 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The electrolytic coagulation behaviour of kraft lignin (Indulin AT) sols in the presence of simple (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, BaCl2) and complex ions (LaCl3, Al(NO3)3, Al2(SO4)3, Th(NO3)4 has been investigated under various pH conditions (pH 2-pH 9). The kraft lignin sols were prepared by dialysis and ion exchange procedures previously reported. The critical coagulation concentration (C.C.C.) was found to increase with increasing pH for all salts investigated. The critical coagulation concentration was independent of sol concentration 20–500 ppm) for simple ions but dependent on sol concentration for the trivalent counterions and the complex ions. It was not possible to recharge and restabilize the sols with Al(NO3)3 and Al2(SO4)3, whereas charge reversal and restabilization of the sols was obtained with Th(NO3)4. The lyophobic behaviour of the kraft lignin sols suggested that the long range van der Waal's forces play an important role in the stability behaviour provided the pH is sufficiently low (pH 〈 9) so that steric interactions can be neglected.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 186-190 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The interfacial tensions of the following systems were measured using the vertical plate method ofWilhelmy atT=20°C:n-decan,n-dodecan,n-tetradecan/water, ethylenglycol, 1,4 butanediol, thiodiglycol. 2. The interfacial tensions of the systems hydrocarbon/water and hydrocarbon/polyvalent alcohol increase with the number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon component. 3. The dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding forces of the polyvalent alcohols were semiquantitatively calculated according to theFowkes formula and compared one by another. The comparison shows that for the polyvalent alcohols ethylenglycol, 1,4 butanediol, thiodiethylenglycol the hydrogen bonding is mainly determining the interfacial tensions and are about in the same range as for water.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Grenzflächenspannungen folgender Kombinationen wurden mit der Vertikalplattenmethode nachWilhelmy beiT = 20 °C gemessen:n-Dekan,n-Dodekan,n-Tetradekan/Wasser, Ethylenglykol, 1,4-Butandiol, Thiodiglykol. 2. Die Grenzflächenspannung der Kombination Kohlenwasserstoffe/Wasser und Kohlenwasserstoffe/mehrwertige Alkohole nehmen systematisch mit derC-Zahl der Kohlenwasserstoffkomponente zu. 3. Die Dispersionskräfte und H-Brückenanteile der Grenzflächenspannung der mehrwertigen Alkohole wurden nach einer semiempirischen Beziehung von Fowkes abgeschätzt und untereinander verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt, daß bei den mehrwertigen Alkoholen Ethylenglykol, 1,4-Butandiol und Thiodiethylenglykol dieH-Brückenkräfte den Hauptanteil an der Oberflächenspannung ausmachen und in der Größenordnung des Wassers liegen.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 300-313 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The dielectric relaxation behaviour of Polyglycine, Polyalanine, Nylon 3 and Nylon 4 has been measured in the frequency range from 10−3 Hz to 107 Hz within temperatures between −100 °C and 220 °C. Theγ 1-process ist observed in Nylon 3 and Nylon 4 but not in Polyglycine and Polyalanine. Therefore, at least two CH2-groups in the backbone chain are necessary for this process which is ascribed to the kink motion of C2H4-groups. Theγ 2 process appears in all substances and is explained by the kink motion of peptide groups with only one hydrogen bond to neighbouring chains. The influence of water content is discussed. Kink motion involving rotation of the peptide bond is responsible for theγ 3 process. This motion is not possible in Polyalanine because of the steric hindrance by the CH3 side group. In the temperature region between 170° and 220 °C the glass transition of the amorphous phase is observed. The cristallinity can be calculated from the relaxation strength.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das dielektrische Relaxationsverhalten von Polyglycin, Polyalanin, Nylon 3 und Nylon 4 wurde im Frequenzbereich von 10−3 bis 107 Hz und im Temperaturbereich von −100 °C bis + 220 °C untersucht. Derγ 1-Prozeß, der in der Literatur der Bewegung innerhalb der CH2-Sequenzen zugeordnet wird, wird in Nylon 3 und Nylon 4 beobachtet, nicht aber in Polyglycin und Polyalanin. Dies bedeutet, daß für diesen Prozeß mindestens zwei CH2-Gruppen in der Hauptkette notwendig sind, deren Bewegung dann als Kinkumlagerung von C2H4-Gruppen interpretiert wird. Derγ 2-Prozeß, der in allen untersuchten Substanzen auftritt, wird der Kinkbewegung von Peptidgruppen zugeordnet, die nur über eine Wasserstoffbrücke mit Nachbarketten verbunden sind. Der Einfluß des Wassergehalts der Proben wird diskutiert. Imγ 3-Prozeß kommen vermutlich Kinkumlagerungen mit Drehungen um die Peptidbindung vor. Bei Polyalanin ist diese Bewegung wegen der sterischen Behinderung durch die CH3-Gruppe nicht möglich. Bei Temperaturen zwischen 170 °C und 220 °C beobachtet man den Glasübergang der amorphen Phase. Die Kristallinität der Proben läßt sich aus der RelaxationsstärkeΔɛ bestimmen.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Orientation and theological fibre strength during spinning of monofilaments from the melted mass are investigated in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient. The analysis is based in free convection on six series of measurements published in the literature on PET and PA6, and forced convection in one range of measurements, kindly made available by the courtesy of Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main. In the fibre strength and spinning orientation, the molecular weight of the polymere reduces during fibre formation. In order to find the dynamic viscosity in the polymere jet the equation $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ was introduced, which is based on the measured values of the dynamic viscosity depending on the molecular weight and the temperature of the polymere melted mass. Equations are given for calculation of the exponentsa andb.The equation for ∌ p, is extended to an average temperature $$\bar t_p $$ in the polymere jet. There thus results in respect of this an average viscosity of $$\bar \eta _p $$ . This is identical with the fibre tension a during fibre formation processes. The spinning orientation results directly proportionally as $$\bar \eta _p $$ or a respectively. Fibre diameter $$\bar d$$ , heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , spinning pathx s , until the glass transformation temperature tG is reached in fibre and volume V of the polymere jet are calculated with equations published at an earlier date. A variable νω, which corresponds for each number the expression of specific weight · volume/throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the monofilament and which is equated with the quotient from the average speed in the jet and fibre removal speed, characterizes the flow reaction during fibre formation and is used in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation. PET resulted in $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ and PA6 in $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ .f corresponds with the theological fibre strength at the polymere jet,k 2 the valueq Me · In 10/g andk 3 the valueq Me · loge/g.q Me is the mechanical heat equivalent of a gram calory andg the gravitation constant. The fibre strength, which results from the measurement of the spinning orientation and calculation of the heat transmission coefficient, is given for all numbers in the measuring series 1 to 7 in the tables 5 to 11. Spinning orientation depending on the spinning normalityS corresponds with the relationk 4 ·f · S z . Numerical valuesk 4, and exponent z of each measuring series are summarized in table 12. Fibre strength and spinning orientation in dependency on the heat transmission coefficient are investigated in section 14. With PET there results the fibre strength $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ and spinning orientation $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y.} $$ The exponent y is a function of the spinning normality. For the measuring series 1 to 4, which apply to free convection and PET, the data for calculation ofy is summarized as table 13. For forced convection with PET, in which the fibre is blown transverse to the running direction,y has the value 3. Thereafter applicable to forced convection $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ with an average fluctuationɛs = ± 8.9% for the numbers 36 to 41. With PA6, measuring series 6 there resulted for the exponenty, in addition to the spinning normality, an influence exerted by the fibre removal speed. Equations are given for calculation of y for the measuring series 6 and 7. A reduction ofy signifies an increase in fibre strength with increasing fibre removal speed. With PA6 the equations $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y and\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ are applicable. The average fluctuation of they value for all measuring values in every series of measurements in the calculation of fibre strength and spinning orientation with the equations given lies with PET between ± 5.3% and 14.7%, and with PA6 between ± 5.0% and 18.2% and the numerical value 3 +y between 5 and 6. The exponent y shows the tendency to drop with increasing molecular weight. A high spinning orientation during fibre formation results from lower molecular weight $$\bar M_n $$ , low value of the quotient νω arising from average speed $$\bar w_p $$ in the polymere jet and fibre removal speedω, high polymere temperaturet p at ejection from the nozzle, greater heat transmission coefficient $$\bar \alpha $$ , lower diameter of the capillary boreD and smaller spinning normalityS, which exists with lower throughput volume $$\dot m$$ of the elementary fibre and higher fibre removal speed ω.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Orientierung und rheologische Fadenkraft beim Erspinneu monofiter Fäden aus der Schmelze werden abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl untersucht. Die Analyse beruht bei der freien Konvektion auf sechs Meßreihen, die in der Literatur für PET und PA6 veröffentlicht sind, und bei der erzwungenen Konvektion auf einer Meßreihe,, welche die Zimmer AG in Frankfurt/Main dankenswerterweise zur Verfügung gestellt hat. In die Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung geht bei der Fadenbildung das Molekulargewicht des Polymers ein. Um die dynamische Viskosität im Polymerstrahl zu finden, wird die Gleichung $$\eta _p = \bar M_n^a \cdot t_p^{ - b} $$ eingeführt, die auf Meßwerten der dynamischen Viskosität abhängig vom Molekulargewicht und von der Temperatur der Polymerschmelze beruht. Zur Rechnung der Exponenten a und b sind Gleichungen angegeben. Die Gleichung für∌ p wird auf eine mittlere Temperatur $$\bar t_p $$ im Polymerstrahl erweitert. Daraus folgt für ihn eine mittlere dynamische Viskosität $$\bar \eta _p $$ . Diese ist mit der Fadenspannung abeim Fadenbildungsvorgang identisch. Die Spinnorientierung ergibt sich zu $$\bar \eta _p $$ bzw.σ direkt proportional. Fadendurchmesser $$\bar d$$ , Wärmeübergangszahl $$\bar \alpha $$ , Spinnwegx s bis zum Erreichen der Glasumwandlungstemperaturt G im Faden und Volumen V des Polymerstrahles sind mit früher veröffentlichten Gleichungen gerechnet. Eine veränderliche Größe νω, die für jede Nummer dem Ausdruck spezifisches Gewicht · Volumen/Durchsatzmenge $$\dot m$$ des monofilen Fadens entspricht und dem Quotienten aus mittlerer Geschwindigkeit im Strahl und Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit gleichgesetzt ist, charakterisiert den Fließvorgang bei der Fadenbildung und findet bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung Anwendung. Für PET hat sich $$\Delta n = k_2 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ und für PA6 $$\Delta n = k_3 \cdot f \cdot \bar \alpha ^3 $$ ergeben.f entspricht der theologischen Fadenkraft am Polymerstrahl,k 2 dem Wertq Me , · In 10/g undk 3 dem Wertq Me , · loge/g.q Me , ist das mechanische Wärmeäquivalent einer Grammkalorie und g die Gravitationskonstante. Die Fadenkraft, die sich aus der Messung der Spinnorientierung und der Rechnung der Wärmeübergangszahl ergeben hat, ist für alle Nummern der Meßreihen 1 bis 7 in den Tabellen 5 bis 11 angegeben. Die Spinnorientierung abhängig vom Spinntiter S entspricht der Beziehungk 4, ·f · νω/g -S z. Zahlenwertk 4 und Exponent z jeder Meßreihe sind in der Tabelle 12 zusammengestellt. Im Abschnitt 14 wird die Fadenkraft abhängig von der Wärmeübergangszahl, ebenso die Spinnorientierung unter sucht. Bei PET ergibt sich die Fadenkraft $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und die Spinnorientierung $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ . Der Exponenty ist eine Funktion des Spinntiters. Für die Meßreihen 1 bis 4, die für freie Konvektion und PET gelten, sind die Angaben zur Rechnung vony als Tabelle 13 zusammengestellt. Die mittlere Schwankung für alle Meßwerte jeder Meßreihe bei der Rechnung von Fadenkraft und Spinnorientierung mit den vorstehenden Gleichungen liegt zwischen ± 6,8 und ± 14,7%, und der Zahlenwert 3 +y zwischen 5 und 6. Für die erzwungene Konvektion mit PET, bei der die Fäden quer zur Ablaufrichtung angeblasen sind, haty den Wert 3. Danach gilt für die erzwungene Konvektion $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^3 und\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^6 $$ mittleren Schwankungɛ = ± 8,9% für die Nummern 36 bis 41. Bei PA6, Meßreihe 6 zeigt sich für den Exponenteny neben der Abhängigkeit vom Spinntiter ein Einfluß durch die Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Zur Rechnung vony sind für die Meßreihen 6 und 7 Gleichungen angegeben. Eine Abnahme vony bedeutet eine Zunahme der Fadenkraft bei steigender Fadenabzugsgeschwindigkeit. Bei PA6 haben die Gleichungen $$f = \frac{{q^2 Me}}{g} \cdot \log e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^y $$ und $$\Delta n = \frac{{q^3 Me}}{{g^2 }} \cdot \log ^2 e \cdot \frac{1}{{U_w }} \cdot \bar a^{3 + y} $$ Gültigkeit. Für die Meßreihe 6 hat sich als mittlere Schwankung der Wert ɛ = ± 5,0% und die Meßreihe 7 ɛ = ± 18,2% ergeben.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 116-116 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1192-1193 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1208-1208 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1209-1209 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1210-1210 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1104-1110 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this experiment the longitudinal proton relaxation timesT 1 of hexamethyldisiloxane and decamethylcyclopen-tasiloxane were measured in the temperature range from about 20 K up to 300 K. Three motional mechanisms, the methyl group rotation about the C3-axis, the segmental rotation about the Si-O-bond and a motional process, not yet identified, which leads to a discontinuity ofT 1 have been found to be responsible for the spin-lattice relaxation of hexamethyldisiloxane in this temperature range. With the exception of segmental rotation these motional processes also determine the spin-lattice relaxation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane. A comparison of experimental data of the two systems actually investigated and a polymeric dimethylsiloxane is presented, showing the methyl group rotation being most strongly hindered in the case of hexamethyldisiloxane.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die longitudinalen Protonen-RelaxationszeitenT 1 der beiden Systeme Hexamethyldisiloxan und Dekamethylcyclopentasiloxan im Temperaturbereich von 20 bis 300 K untersucht. Das Relaxationsverhalten des Hexamethyldisiloxans wird in diesem Temperaturbereich durch drei Bewegungsmechanismen bestimmt: die Methylgruppenrotation um die C3-Achse, die Segmentrotation um die Si-O-Bindung und einen noch nicht näher identifizierten Bewegungsprozeß, der zu einer sprunghaften Änderung der Spin-Gitter-Relaxationszeit führt. Diese Bewegungsmechanismen werden mit Ausnahme der Segmentrotation auch beim Dekamethylcyclopentasiloxan gefunden. Es wird eine Gegenüberstellung der experimentellen Daten der beiden hier untersuchten Systeme und eines polymeren Dimethylsiloxans gegeben. Dabei ist als interessantes Ergebnis hervorzuheben, daß die Methylgruppenrotation im Hexamethyldisiloxan die stärkste Behinderung erfährt.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 545-555 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir beginnen mit dem Umriß einer allgemeinen Theorie der Dichteschwankungen im glasigen Bereich. Sie beruht auf der Annahme despartiellen Einfrierens eines Struktur-Parameters, wie aus vorherigen Untersuchungen der Zustandsgleichung gefolgert wird. Sodann werden Versuche mit ataktischem Polystyrol beschrieben. Die zeitliche Korrelationsfunktion der Photonenstreuung zeigt zwei Relaxationsmechanismen an. OberhalbT g herrscht ein langsamer Prozeß vor, der durch eine breite, assymetrische Verteilungsfunktion von Relaxationszeiten charakterisiert ist. Dieser Prozeß hängt offensichtlich mit dem Glasübergang zusammen. Ein zusätzlicher, viel rascherer Prozeß mit einer geringen Amplitude und einem schmalen Relaxationsspektrum ist auch beobachtbar. UnterhalbT g wird dieser Prozeß vom Streuwinkel abhängig, stellt einen Diffusionsvorgang dar, und sollte mit dem ß-Prozeß zusammenhängen. Weiter untersuchen wir die relativen totalen Intensitäten der isotropen und der depolarisierten Streuungskomponente für eine Reihe von verdichteten Gläsern. Diese wurden durch Druckanwendung in der Schmelze, nachherige isobarische Abkühlung zu 25 °C, und schließliche Druckentlastung erzeugt. Die depolarisierte Streuungskomponente im Glase, welches bei atmosphärischem Druck hergestellt wurde, ist mit einem System ohne sichtliche Ordnungszustände vereinbar. Ein schwacher Anstieg dieser Streuung wird jedoch im verdichteten System bemerkbar, welcher möglicherweise einen geringeren Ordnungsprozeß der Kettensegmente anzeigt. Die isotropische Streuung wächst systematisch mit der glasigen Verdichtung an. Offensichtlich ist dies die Folge einer inhomogenen Dichteänderung während der Druckentlastung.
    Notes: Summary We begin with an outline of a theory of density fluctuations in the glassy state based on a partial freeze-in of an ordering parameter, as derived from previous equation of state investigations. Then laser light scattering studies of glasses formed by atactic polystyrene are described. Photon correlation analysis indicates two relaxation mechanisms. A slow process dominates aboveT g , has a wide asymmetric distribution of relaxation times and is evidently related to the glass transition phenomenon. A small-amplitude fast decay with a narrow relaxation spectrum is also observed. BelowT g , this mode is shown to be dependent on scattering angle and is evidently a diffusion mechanism, which may be related to theβ-relaxation process. Relative integrated intensities are presented for isotropic and depolarized scattering from glasses densified by pressurization in the melt, followed by isobaric cooling to 25°C and depressurization. The depolarized scattering for the glass formed at atmospheric pressure has a value consistent with a completely disordered glass. However, a small increase in depolarized scattering appears to occur on densification. This result may reflect a small increase in intersegmental ordering in glassy polystyrene upon densification. The isotropic scattering shows a large systematic increase in the densified glass. This is apparently the result of an inhomogeneous density change during the depressurization step.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 191-193 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben zur Berechnung der Oberflächenspannung von Lösungen, die binäre Mischungen von Tensiden enthalten, welche ein nichtideales Oberflächenmischungsverhalten aufweisen. Die Methode, die ein Modell für reguläre Lösungen von oberflächlichen und mizellaren Mischungen benutzt, wurde verwendet zur Vorhersage der Oberflächenspannungs-Konzentrations-Kurven für eine Mischung, bestehend aus ionischen und nichtionischen Tensiden.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for calculating the surface tensions of solutions containing binary mixtures of surfactants which exhibit non-ideal surface mixing behaviour. The method, which utilizes a regular solution model for suface and micellar mixing, has been used to predict the surface tension concentration curves for a mixture of ionic and nonionic surfactants.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 199-199 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 200-201 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 204-204 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 204-204 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 205-205 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 205-205 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 136-141 
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    Notes: Summary Intrinsic viscosities of Na poly(α-L-glutamate) having different degrees of polymerization and neutralization in aqueous NaCl solution are reported. The results are discussed in terms of Stockmayer and Fixman relation. It is deduced that this polymer suffers from residual charge interaction at Φ condition and from negative excluded volume effect if the electrostatic long range interaction is eliminated.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 131-135 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Zeitabhängigkeit der Oberflächenspannung der wäßrigen Lösungen von syndiotaktischem, isotaktischem und ataktischem Poly(vinylalkohol) (PVA) wurde für verschiedene Konzentrationen untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeit der zeitlichen Zunahme der Oberflächenspannung für das syndiotaktische PVA war die höchste und diejenige für ataktischen PVA die niedrigste. Die Ergebnisse wurden als Folge der Kristallisation und der Diffusionsprozesse gedeutet. Die Geschwindigkeit wird auf Grund einer zwischenmolekularen Wasserstoffbriickensbildung der syndiotaktischen Sequenzen bei syndiotaktischem PVA an die Oberfläche und mit der leichteren Einordnung der Segmente der isotaktischen und ataktischen PVA-Moleküle erklärt. Dies-beeinflußt die Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit der PVA-Moleküle entsprechend. Man kann einen Faden dadurch spinnen, daß man die an die Oberfläche erzeugte Multischicht herauszupft. Das Filament hat die hohe Orientierung der PVA-Moleküle und ähnliche Eigenschaften wie die im Handel befindlichen PVAFasern.
    Notes: Summary The time dependency of the surface tension of the aqueous solutions of syndiotactic, isotactic and atactic poly(vinyl alcohols) (PVAs) for various concentrations were studied. The rate of the decrease in the surface tension was highest for syndiotactic PVA and lowest for atactic PVA at the same concentration. The results were analysed as crystallization and diffusion processes. The rate is controlled by an intermolecular hydrogen bond formation of syndiotactic sequences at the surface for syndiotactic PVA and the easy arrangement of segments at the surface for isotactic and syndiotactic PVAs to influence the rate of diffusion of PVA molecules. A filament could be made by picking up the multilayer formed at the surface of the syndiotactic PVA solution. The filament had the high orientation of PVA molecules and the similar properties as that from commercial PVA.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 142-147 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für den Polyäthylenkristall wird eine lokale, nichtlineare, statische Elastizitätstheorie entwickelt, welche die volle Mikrostruktur des Materials berücksichtigt. Mit differentialgeometrischen Methoden werden Versetzungen und Disklinationen eingeführt und die nichtlinearen Gleichgewichtsbedingungen werden abgeleitet. Die Theorie kann zur Berechnung der Deformationen und Spannungen von Defekten im Polyäthylenkristall herangezogen werden.
    Notes: Summary For the polyethylene crystal, a local, non-linear, static theory of elasticity is established. This theory takes into account the complete microstructure of the material. Within the framework of differential geometry, dislocations and disclinations are introduced. Non-linear, local constitutive equations are established and the equations of elastic equilibrium are derived. The theory may be applied to calculate the deformations and the stress of defects in the polyethylene crystal.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 206-207 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 207-207 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 207-207 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 208-208 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 208-208 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 148-151 
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    Notes: Summary In order to obtain a possible relationship between the “apparent” surface temperature B, the coefficient of the first grade terms of virial expansion, and the bidimensional compatibility of polymers, three bidimensional systems were studied: PMMA-PEMA which are compatible with an inflection of the free energy in the mixtures; PMMA-PVA “ideally” compatible, and PVS-PVA incompatible. The “apparent” temperature θ shows negative deviations from the additive behaviour in the same manner as the coefficient of first grade terms of the expansion into a series in powers of the bidimensional state equations in the case of PMMA-PEMA; a continuous behavior of the same type as collapse pressures in the case of PMMA-PVA whilst the coefficients are additive; lastly in the case of PVS-PVA, it was not possible to determine the temperature θ and the coefficients show an inflection.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 792-792 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 989-989 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 990-990 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 990-990 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 991-991 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 991-991 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 992-993 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 993-993 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 992-992 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 917-922 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Struktur und Vorzugsorientierung einer Reihe von Kohlefasern mit verschiedenen Graphitierungsgraden wurden röntgenographisch untersucht. Die Beziehung zwischen Vorzugsorientierung und Elastizitätsmodul ist verschieden von der für nichtgraphitische Kohlefasern beobachteten. Der Unterschied wird durch eine Zunahme der Schernachgiebigkeit der Strukturbausteine mit zunehmender Graphitierung erklärt, die bei konstanter Vorzugsorientierung eine Verminderung des Elastizitätsmoduls der Fasern mit steigender Graphitierung zur Folge hat.
    Notes: Summary Structure and preferred orientation of a series of carbon fibers with various degrees of graphitization have been studied by X-ray diffraction. The relationship between preferred orientation and Young's modulus differs from that reported for non-graphitic carbon fibers. The difference is explained by an increase of the shear compliance of the structural unit with increasing graphitization which results, for constant preferred orientation, in a decrease of the Young's modulus of the fiber with increasing graphitization.
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 1094-1095 
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    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 640-640 
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