ALBERT

Description: Surface sedirnents frorn the contincntal slope and rise off North-West Africa between the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands are mainly composed of silt-sized material (2-63 µm). A number of sampling profiles were run normal to the coast and the cornposition of the silt [ractior, was determined quantitatively by scanning elcctron microscope analysis. The carboriate portion of the sediment was found to be nearly exclusively of biorcnic origin. The most imponant comributors are p l.mktornc foraminifers and coccoliths with minor contributions derived from pteropods. Plankton-produced biogenic opal such as diatoms and radiolarians play a very minor role. The high production rates of opal-siliea plankton which exists in the surface waters of the NW-African upwelling system does not give rise to corresponding incrcases of opal accumulation in the bottorn sediment. Benthic producers consist mainly of foraminifers and molluscs but the entire input from benthir producers is extremelv small. An exception to this occurs in the prodelta sediments of the Senegal river. Downslopc partiel transport is indicated by the occurrence of shallow-w.uer coralline algae, ascidian sclcrites a nd cliona boring chips and can be traced as far down as the continental rise. The non-carbonate silt fraction mostly consisis of quartz which is derived as eolian dust from the Saliern desert by the Harnrattan and the Nli-Trade-wind systern. The percentage of carbonate in the surface sediments directly iudicates the relative proportioris of autochthonous biogenie components and terrigenous allochthonous quartz panicles.

Description: Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit stellt einen Teil der Neuaufnahme des Blattes 5425 Kleinsassen dar. Durch die Anwendung der modernen Buntsandsteinstratigraphie konnte eine detaillierte geologische Karte erstellt werden, die zusammen mit der Darstellung der früher nur ungenügend berücksichtigten Quartärgesteine von der alten Kartendarstellung erheblich abweicht. Im Gegensatz zu BÜCKING (1909), der den Mittleren Buntsandstein nur zweifach untergliederte, wurden in dieser Schichtenfolge bei der Neuaufnahme sieben Schichtglieder im Kartiergebiet unterschieden: (Solling-Folge,Hardegsen-Folge, Detfurth-Folge, VolpriehausenFolge, Thüringischer Chirotheriensandstein, Solling-Bausandstein, Hardegsener Wechselfolge, Hardegsener Sandstein, Detfurther Wechselfolge, Detfurther Sandstein, Volpriehausener WechselfolgeNeben den durch BÜCKING schon bekannt gewordenen Hötgesteinen (SW-lich von von Sieblos) wurden im Kartiergebiet zahlreiche weitere Rötvorkommen neu aufgefunden, nämlich am Erlenhof , SW- und NE-lich vom Teufelstein, zwischen Scharzenhauck und Heidigskuppe sowie an der Weiherkuppe. Weiterhin wurden 14 Vorkommen von Vulkaniten neu entdeckt, die größtenteils durch die Anfertigung von Dünnschliffen genauer bestimmt und petrographisch eingeordnet werden konnten.Durch die detaillierte stratigraphische Aufnahme ergaben sich grundlegende Aussagen über den tektonischen Bau des Gebietes, das durch mehr als 50 Verwerfungen in ein "buntes" Schollenmosaik zerstückelt ist. Die Einzelschollen können in acht Scholleneinheiten zusammengefaßt werden, die sich aus Staffelbrüchen, Horst- und Grabenstrukturen zusammensetzen. Im NW-lichen und mittleren Teil des Arbeitsgebietes konnte eine herzynisch streichende Grabenzone, die Mittelberger Grabenzone, erkannt werden, die sich aus drei Teilstücken, dem Erlenhof-Graben, der Pielhof-Grabenscholle und dem Schwarzenhauck-Heidigskuppe-Graben, zusammensetzt. Der letztere trifft westlich von Sieblos mit dem schon länger bekannten, rheinisch streichenden Siebloser Graben zusammen.

Description: The genus Pseudoniphargus has long been considered monospecific. Its unique species, Ps. africanus, was supposed to occur on both sides of the Mediterranean, on the Atlantic side of the Iberian peninsula, on the Azores, and on Madeira, in localities ranging from the sea shore to more than 1000 m of altitude, and covering almost the entire natural salinity range (0-36\xe2\x80\xb0).\nA taxonomie revision revealed that at least nine named species and several unnamed forms (of which insufficient material is available) hide under the name Ps. africanus, each with a narrow ecological and geographical range.\nThe evolutionary scenario of the members of the genus is discussed at some length: they are presumably of marine origin, and got adapted to conditions of continental waters during various marine regressions in the Eocene and Oligoc\xc3\xa8ne, but notably in the Miocene.

Description: A review of 99 species and subspecies of the genus Corydoras is given. The primary type-material is recorded together with additional type-specimens deposited in 22 different museum collections. Two neotypes and 22 lectotypes are designated.\nThe species are arranged in five groups: 31 species in the punctatus-group, 11 in the barbatus-group, 25 in the aeneus-group, 8 in the elegans-group, and 19 in the acutusgroup. Measurements and counts of almost all primary typespecimens are tabulated. Ill-known illustrations of type-material are included.

Description: The activity of G. zaddachi from a non-tidal environment (the brackish lake \xe2\x80\x9cDe Putten\xe2\x80\x9d, prov. North Holland, The Netherlands), has been studied in a current chamber in which tidal cycles can be simulated, in order to make a comparison with estuarine populations. The animals show a clear nocturnal activity pattern in stagnant water, which is preserved after transfer to running water, but with a reduced amplitude. Like in estuarine G. zaddachi, a very strong increase in swimming activity is provoked by a so-called complete high tide simulation, i.e. a decrease in current velocity, followed by a short period of standstill and a slow current in the opposite direction, and a rise in salinity (which resulted also in a rise in pressure of maximally 0.1 atm. due to pumping) and in temperature.\nContrary to what was concluded for estuarine populations, these non-tidal G. zaddachi show a much stronger response to changes in salinity than to changes in current. In fact, high tide simulations consisting of changes in salinity only result in an increase in activity, comparable with that at complete high tide simulations. A strong response is also noticed to a short increase in pressure of 0.3 and 0.5 atm., but the construction of the current chamber only allows tests of longer duration with an increase in pressure of 0.15 atm. This merely causes a small increase in swimming activity.\nRemarkably enough, simulations in the light have the same effect on activity as simulations in the dark.\nAn (endogenous) circatidal activity rhythm with peak swimming at the expected time of simulated high tide is entrained in non-tidal G. zaddachi by subjecting them to a series of complete high tide simulations at tidal intervals. A series of high tide simulations, consisting of changes in current and salinity (but without changes in temperature) also entrains the rhythm, but neither changes in current nor changes in salinity are able to entrain the circatidal rhythm when applied alone (the same holds true for the small increases in pressure, due to pumping). The result of a combination of factors is therefore more than simply the sum of their individual effects.\nThe endogenous tidal rhythm does not show any sign of inhibition at expected high water in the light. Earlier fieldwork on the migration of estuarine G. zaddachi suggests that the tidal migrations of this species are confined to the dark. The activity of freshly caught estuarine G. zaddachi from the river Slack (France) shows a circatidal rhythm in the laboratory with equal peaks in the light and in the dark. The absence of tidal migrations during spring tides in daytime is therefore difficult to explain on the basis of the behaviour observed under laboratory conditions. Possibly the influence of light in the laboratory is different from that in the field, and further fieldwork will be necessary to determine the effect of light on emergence, height of swimming, etc., of estuarine G. zaddachi.

Description: The type material of Colombian species of freshwater triclads (Fuhrmann, 1914) is revised and the original descriptions corrected and amplified. Planaria polyorchis is conspecific with Dugesia festai (Borelli). Planaria longistriata is a typical Girardia species of the Dugesia (Girardia) tigrina group, a group widespread in North and South America. Planaria paramensis and P. cameliae belong to a group of Dugesia species characterized particularly by their dorsal testes, and exemplified by a number of species in and around the Caribbean region.

Description: The study of the mandible of the Bathynellacea yielded the following results: The family Leptobathynellidae Noodt, which is according to Schminke (1973) synonymous with the family Parabathynellidae, is a valid taxon. This taxon is characterized by a corpus mandibulae being longer than high, a pars incisiva being localized in the antero-distal region of the corpus mandibulae, a particular arrangement of the molar claws on the corpus mandibulae, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the mandible, a direct implantation of the adductors on the corpus mandibulae, and a parallel orientation of the general developmental axis and the connective border. These features prove the strong differentiation of the mandible that characterize the present family against that of the Parabathynellidae, in which the corpus mandibulae is as long as high, the pars incisiva is individualized over the entire distal length of the corpus mandibulae, the molar claws are located on a lobe (molar plate) and are arranged parallel to the transverse axis of the mandible, the 2nd adductors are implanted on the labro-mandibular apodeme, and the general axis of development is inclined in relation to the connective border.\nA number of features connect the Leptobathynellidae and the Parabathynellidae, viz. the inclination, in antero-posterior sense, of the connection level of the mandibles on the cephalic capsule, the one-segmented mandibular palp, the reduced size and non-prehensile nature of the molar part comprising the claws, and the total absence of transverse mandibular muscles. These characters separate them clearly from the Bathynellidae, which show a postero-anterior inclination of the connecting level of the mandibles on the cephalic capsule, a 3-, 2-, or 1-segmented mandibular palp of large size and prehensile, a molar part provided with teeth, and the presence of transverse adductor muscles 5a.\nGiven the structural relations and the degree of differentiation of the mandibles characteristic of each family, we propose a division of the order Bathynellacea Chappuis into two great evolutionary assemblages, the suborder Bathynellidea (comprising the family Bathynellidae Grobben) and the suborder Parabathynellidea (uniting the families Parabathynellidae Noodt and Leptobathynellidae Noodt).

Description: An association is described between a Caribbean stony coral, Meandrina meandrites, and a chaenopsid fish, Emblemariopsis diaphana. Like in anemone/fish associations the coral tentacles provide shelter for the fish. Some observations were made, both in the field and in the laboratory, of the behaviour of both fish and coral with respect to each other.

Description: Mostly annual herbs, rarely perennials or shrubs; stems often 5-angled, prostrate or climbing by means of tendrils. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple and then often palmately-lobed and with a cordate base or palmately compound with the lateral leaflets asymmetrical. Stipules wanting. Tendrils arising beside the petiole, sometimes with a joint, branched or simple, usually coiling in the upper part. Inflorescence consisting of axillary cymes, racemes or panicles, or flowers solitary. Flowers usually unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. Receptacle bell-shaped or tubular. Sepals 5, imbricate, free or basally connate. Petals 5, inserted on the rim of the receptacle, free or united, the lobes valvate. Stamens 3, free or variously united; filaments free; anthers free, cohering or confluent into a head, two of them 2-celled, the other one 1-celled. Ovary inferior, or nearly so, (1\xe2\x80\x942)\xe2\x80\x943\xe2\x80\x94(4\xe2\x80\x946)-celled; style short; stigma 3 cleft or 3 lobed. Ovules numerous to 1, placentas parietal. Fruit a berry. Seeds many. Embryo straight; cotyledons large. Endosperm wanting. About 850 species in 100 genera of tropical and subtropical distribution; a few species in temperate regions.

Description: A list is provided of the 53 Tipulidae species known from Macaronesia (16), Northwest Africa (38) and Egypt (1). No species are known from Libya. Some synonyms and some species erroneously recorded from the region are discussed. A description is given of Tipula (Yamatotipula) lateralis barbarensis subsp. nov., T. (Yamatotipula) montium afriberia subsp. nov. and T. (Acutipula) rifensis spec. nov. A redescription is given of T. (Savtshenkia) atlas Pierre.\nThe following results about zoogeography are presented: The present tipulid fauna of North Africa is of Palaearctic origin and has no elements originating from the Afrotropical Region. The immigration route for probably all Tipulidae from Europe to Northwest Africa lies over the Strait of Gibraltar and not over the Sicilian Channel. The Macaronesian fauna on the average is of an older origin than that of Northwest Africa.

Description: The phylogeny and biogeography of the western Palaearctic species of Nephrotoma are analyzed. Phylogeny is dealt with in a cladistic sense. Briefly outlined are criteria developed for polarity decisions as well as the r\xc3\xb4le assigned to parallelisms. Representatives of fourty-one Holarctic (sub)genera were examined in order to establish the sistergroup of Nephrotoma. The internal hypopygial stuctures of these taxa are discussed and the following cluster of closely related taxa is recognized: Dolichopeza s. str., Oropeza, Nesopeza, Prionocera, Trichotipula, and Scamboneura, Nephrotoma. The two last-mentioned taxa are considered sistergroups.\nThe western Palaearctic Nephrotoma species are assigned here to four monophyletic groups: cornicina group, dorsalis group, brevipennis group, and crocata group.\nIn the section dealing with biogeography, an attempt is made to correlate the phylogeny of the cornicina and crocata groups with glacial-interglacial cycles. In a further account the distribution patterns of all Palaearctic species are discussed in relation to Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations.\nThe origin of the genus is situated in early Tertiary East Asia. The brevipennis group, restricted to Madeira, is assumed to date back from at least Pliocene times. The dorsalis group, widespread throughout the Holarctic, apparently achieved its present range before the late Pliocene. It is intimated that the Pleistocene climatic oscillations had little effect on speciation within groups adapted to northern temperate or even cooler climates. This in contrast to the southern temperate and Mediterranean species groups such as the flavescens and crocata subgroups. The relative success of these two subgroups in post-Cromerian times may well be associated with their shift to more open habitats.

Description: A study, by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion of the shared antigens in venoms from 15 genera and 29 species of Old World Elapinae, tested with 9 reference immune sera, yielded a number of results of phylogenetic and systematic significance: 1. The genus Dendroaspis differs markedly from all the other Elapinae. 2. The Australian Elapinae do not constitute an homogeneous group: many genera possess numerous shared antigens with Bungarus and to a lesser extent with Naja, whereas Oxyuranus, Parademansia and Pseudonaja have very weak cross-reactivity with other Elapinae. 3. The African Naja differ to some extent from the Asiatic ones. The latter are homogeneous and seem to belong to a single species, Naja naja.

Description: Three species of Agapetus have been collected in the Middle and in the High Atlas (Morocco): A. fuscus Vaillant, 1954, previously known from Algeria, and two new species.\nAgapetus dolichopterus n. sp. is a small species; it shows the most pronounced reduction in wing venation among the Agapetus species.\nAgapetus berbericus n. sp. is closely related to A. numidicus Vaillant, 1954, and probably also to A. incertulus Mac- Lachlan, 1884.\nLarvae of A. dolichopterus and of A. fuscus were collected in fairly cold waters; those of A. dolichopterus were only found in springs. The immature stages of A. berbericus live in warmer waters, between 18 and 25.5\xc2\xb0 C.

Description: Mechanisms controlling the distribution of amphibians in western Europe have been studied in France where related species, isolated from each other at least during the last glacial period, are now sympatric.\nOccurrences and biotope preferences of the various species were investigated in several regions, with attention to the position of each region within the ranges of the species: central or peripheral. For some species the previously known distribution boundary is partially precised.\nThe population densities of related species in their zones of overlap are discussed. Three pairs of species are considered in particular. Triturus helveticus and T. vulgaris have a large sympatric area in which they appear to be gradually replacing one another. Competition is considered to be unimportant, the distribution boundary of T. vulgaris in central France is determined primarily by climatological factors, causing typically a vague border. Rana temporaria and R. dalmatina occur largely sympatric. Very little can be found suggestive of mutual influences. The intensity of occurrence of R. temporaria and the preference of habitats seem to be dependent upon local climatological circumstances. The closely related Triturus cristatus and T. marmoratus both appear to be common in a relatively narrow zone. Within this zone the species occupy rather distinct biotopes, presumably due to ecological displacement. In this case the distribution boundaries are sharp.\nPhenomena connected to relationship are considered for pairs of species of Europe.

Description: Qualitative sampling of Octocorallia in 226 underwater stations at 23 localities between Marseille and Sardinia yielded information about their tolerances with respect to depth, slope, sediment and relative irradiance. The results are confronted with those previously obtained for the Banyuls area, and some conclusions are drawn regarding the existence of typical habitat-induced Octocorallian communities.

Description: Dugesia gonocephala s.l. is often considered to be a \xe2\x80\x9csuperspecies\xe2\x80\x9d comprising numerous component \xe2\x80\x9cmicrospecies\xe2\x80\x9d which are morphologically, karyologically, and reproductively delimited. We have studied populations of D. gonocephala from France, Belgium and The Netherlands and found them to be fairly uniform in respect of most features studied. Nevertheless, discrepancies between them and the \xe2\x80\x9cclassical\xe2\x80\x9d concept of this species as embodied in the literature have raised doubts as to the status and identity of D. gonocephala s. str. A proper understanding of the relationships of the D. gonocephala group can not be obtained without resolution of this problem.

Description: A new species of Amphipoda, Psammogammarus caesicolus, is described from interstitial, anchihaline waters in Blauwbaai cave, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Netherlands Antilles. By the morphology of the third uropod, the new species links the somewhat aberrant Ps. longiramus from the Red Sea with the type-species of the genus, Ps. coecus, from the Mediterranean.\nThe classification of the Eriopisa complex, to which Psammogammarus belongs, is reviewed, resulting in a stricter delimitation of, presumably monophyletic, genera, and the creation of three new genera: Madapisella (type-species Eriopisa madagascarensis Ledoyer, 1968), Nippopisella (type-species Eriopisella nagatai Gurjanova, 1965), and Tunisopisa (type-species Eriopisa seurati Gauthier, 1936). The distribution of the known species over the various genera is revised as well.

Description: Perennial, glabrous, herbaceous vines with slender or stout and fleshy stems, often with a rhizome or tuberous roots. Leaves alternate, entire, often fleshy, sessile or petiolate. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence consisting of spikes, panicles or clusters, the flowers sessile or short-pedicellate. Bracts small; bracteoles 2 or 4, forming a calyx-like receptacle, sometimes accrescent; the upper pair often tepaloid. Flowers actinomorphic, hermaphrodite or perhaps sometimes unisexual. Tepals 5, connate at the base in a shorter or longer tube, imbricate. Stamens 5, epitepalous; anthers 4-celled, dorsifixed, with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary superior, unilocular; styles 3, free or united; stigmas 3 or 1. Ovule 1, basal, campylotropous. Fruit dry or baccate, surrounded and sometimes winged by the expanded, persistent perianth. Seeds globular. Embryo spirally twisted or semi-circular to horseshoe-shaped. Endosperm copious; perisperm sparse. About 20 species in 4 genera, almost confined to the tropics of the New World; some species of Basella in Africa and Madagascar.

Description: Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually glabrous. Leaves alternate, entire, petiolate or sessile. Stipules minute, aculeolate or wanting. Inflorescence consisting of simple or compound, terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth membranaceous or coriaceous, consisting of 4\xe2\x80\x945 tepals; the latter subequal or unequal. Stamens 3 to numerous, inserted on a hypogynous disc, irregular or biseriate, the outer cycle alternating with the tepals, the inner one epitepalous; filaments free or basically connate, filiform or subulate; anthers innate or versatile, bi-celled. Ovary superior, consisting of 1 to numerous, free or connate carpels; styles as many as the carpels, free or sometimes united; the ovules solitary in each carpel, campylotropous. Fruits 1- to many carpellary, samaroid, crustaceous or baccate; seeds erect, subglobose or subreniform; endosperm amylaceous. About 110 species in 22 genera, in tropical and subtropical regions, mostly in America.

Description: Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, distichous, simple, entire to serrate, often inequilateral at the base. Stipules small, deciduous, free or united. Inflorescence consisting of small cymes or racemes or the female flowers solitary in the leaf-axils. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, unisexual or polygamous, often zygomorphic. Tepals 3\xe2\x80\x948, free or more or less connate, imbricate or valvate. Stamens as many as the tepals, epitepalous; filaments distinct, not incurved in the bud; anthers 2-celled with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary superior, usually 1-locular; styles 1 or 2, linear, stigmatic along the inner surface of the upper part. Ovule solitary, pendulous from the top of the cell, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a samara, nut or drupe. Embryo straight or curved. Endosperm scanty or wanting. Cotyledons usually flat. About 150 species in 15 genera in tropical and temperate regions, especially in the northern hemisphere.

Description: Mostly monoecious trees or shrubs, often of \xe2\x80\x9cweeping\xe2\x80\x9d habit, with numerous slender, jointed, angular, and striate branches. Leaves reduced to minute scales or toothed sheaths. Flowers small, unisexual, with or without perianth. Male flowers in spike-like inflorescences, born in whorls within successive sheaths towards the branch-tips; each flower with one stamen, 2 perianth leaves and 2 bracteoles (often interpreted as 4 bracteoles). Female flowers in lateral, dense, spherical heads; each flower in the axil of a bract, without a perianth, but protected by 2 bracteoles; ovary superior, uni-locular; style short, with 2 long stigmas which hang out beyond the bracts; ovules 2, collateral on a single, parietal placenta. After fertilization the female inflorescence becomes cone-like, the woody bracts subtending winged achenes. Seeds without endosperm. One genus indigenous in the southern hemisphere. 40\xe2\x80\x9450 species, mostly in Australia.

Description: Cantharus (Pollia) vermeuleni n. sp. (Buccinidae) is described from material collected off St. Louis, Senegal, West Africa. Additional specimens from off the Cape Verde Islands and Ghana are recorded. The problems of classification of the genus are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that the species has a non pelagic development. Notes on associated organisms are given: four species of bryozoans Antropora tincta, A. minus, Rhyncozoon bispinosa and Hippopetraliella africana) and one species of cirriped were found on the gastropod shells, which also may be attacked by a boring bivalve (Lithophaga aristata).

Description: Morphometric variation in 9 characters of 347 Common Mynas from 10 localities in India was analysed statistically. Both sexes have differentiated similarly among localities in all characters. Character variability within localities is not significantly correlated with that among localities. The patterns of geographic variation are not clinally ordered; contiguous localities often are not most similar morphometrically.\nSize variation, as represented multivariately by principal factor I, is not related linearly to corresponding environmental variation among localities. However, relative appendage proportions, as defined by principal factor II, regresses significantly on an altitude factor for both males and females. The comparatively small proportion of the total morphometric variation among localities accounted for by environmental variation suggests that other factors are operative in determining body size. It is speculated that geographic variation in interspecific competition and food particle size may also act as selective pressures in the evolution of optimal body size at each locality.

Description: In sixteen species of the cyclophorid genus Leptopoma female genital ducts were examined; in four species male genital ducts were examined as well. In the females, bursa copulatrix and receptaculum seminis were found to open into the mantle cavity, close to the longitudinal genital aperture. Bursa copulatrix and receptaculum seminis \xe2\x80\x94 when present \xe2\x80\x94 in cyclophorid snails, were hitherto described having openings into the pallial oviduct (Weber, Tielecke, Berry, Kasinathan).\nA number of anatomical details of the female genital duct in Leptopoma are regarded useful diagnostic characters for the taxonomy of this group.

Description: The freshwater ostracods living exclusively in interstitial and/or interstitial and cavernous habitats belong to the Candoninae, Pseudolimnocytherinae, Timiriaseviinae, Kliellinae and Darwinulidae. An assessment of the antiquity of several interstitial ostracod groups has been attempted using direct evidence from the phylogenetical affinities between living hypogean and fossil ostracod species, and indirect evidence from the morphological characters of the subterranean ostracods and from the bio- and paleobiogeographical distribution of the different ostracod groups.

Description: Description of a new species, Stactobia pacatoria sp. n., from Lebanon, clearly belonging to the nielseni-group, as defined by Schmid (1959). Notes are given on the 5th instar larva and the pupa, as well as on the remarkable larval and pupal cases, which are built using minute calcite fragments abundantly present in the biotope of the species (a madicolous habitat with very hard water).

Description: Annual or perennial herbs, erect or prostrate, sometimes undershrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate or pseudo-verticillate, simple, fleshy or reduced to scales. Stipules present or wanting. Inflorescence consisting of axillary or terminal cymes or flowers solitary. Flowers actinomorphic, hermaphrodite. Tepals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free or connate, in the West Indian species free from the ovary. Stamens 4\xe2\x80\x945 and then alternating with the tepals or fewer or more, the outermost often sterile and petaloid; filaments free or basically united into a single mass or into separate fascicles; anthers opening with longitudinal dehiscence, 2-celled. Ovary superior (or inferior), 1- to many-locular; style one or wanting; stigmas as many as the locules, usually radiating. Ovules few to numerous, anatropous or campylotropous, on axile, parietal or basal placentas. Fruit a loculicidal or circumscissile capsule, sometimes leathery or tardily dehiscent or berry-like. Seeds usually with an aril. Embryo curved. Endosperm copious or scanty. About 1100 species in 23 genera, mainly in South Africa; inhabitants of dry tropical and subtropical regions especially.

Description: Herbs, shrubs or trees with abnormal secondary growth. Leaves often opposite or subopposite to alternate, simple. Stipules absent. Flowers cymosely arranged in panicles or corymbs, rarely in umbels or subcapitate, hermaphrodite or unisexual, commonly 5-merous, subtended by a variable number of bractlets which may be small, mostly, or large and conspicuous as in the well-known cultivated genus Bougainvillea, sometimes forming a gamophyllous involucre as in Mirabilis. Perianth single, gamophyllous, often corolla-like, the lower part enclosing the ovary and accrescent with the fruit. Stamens essentially in 1 or 2 whorls, but often irregular in number due to reduction or multiplication; filaments often filiform, more or less united at the base; anthers 2-locular, the thecae reniform or semi-circular. Ovary superior, often stipitate, uni-locular, 1-carpellate; style usually elongate; stigma entire or penicillate. Ovule 1, basal, campylotropous or anatropous. Pericarp very thin, more or less adhering to the testa, the fruit tightly enclosed by the expanded lower part of the perianth which together with the fruit constitutes the anthocarp; anthocarp dry achenium-like or drupe-like, sometimes provided with sticky glands or glandular hairs. Embryo straight or curved; cotyledons frequently unequal. Perisperm present, but often more or less absorbed by the embryo. About 250 species in c. 25 genera, in tropics and subtropics, especially in America.

Description: Annual or perennial, fibrous herbs or subshrubs, sometimes provided with stinging hairs. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, those of a pair often unequal. Stipules present or rarely wanting. Inflorescence consisting of bracteated cymes, pseudo-spikes or pseudo-heads, sometimes flowers solitary; cymes borne on a short or elongate axis arising from the upper leaf-axils. Flowers unisexual or rarely hermaphrodite, small, actinomorphic. Tepals (2\xe2\x80\x94)4\xe2\x80\x945, free or connate. Male flowers: stamens as many as the tepals, epitepalous; filaments free, curved inwards in bud and springing back elastically at anthesis; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence; ovary rudimentary or wanting. Female flowers: scale-like staminodes often present at the base of the ovary; ovary superior or inferior, unilocular; style 1; stigma 1; ovule one, basal. Fruit a drupe or achene, often enclosed by the persistent perianth. Embryo straight. Endosperm present or wanting. Cotyledons thick and flat. Nearly 700 species in about 42 genera, mostly tropical and subtropical, especially in the New World.

Description: Herbs, rarely shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite, sessile or petiolate, simple, mostly entire. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence consisting of various clusters, terminal spikes or axillary heads. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, actinomorphic, bracteate and bibracteolate. Tepals 5(\xe2\x80\x941), free or partly united, equal or the inner ones smaller, scarious, persistent. Stamens as many as the tepals and epitepalous; filaments free or united into a lobed tube; anthers 2- or 4-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence; staminodes present or wanting. Ovary superior, free or adnate to the base of the perianth, uni-locular, ovoid, ellipsoid or globose; styles 1\xe2\x80\x942 or wanting; stigma capitate, penicillate or the stigmatic branches 2\xe2\x80\x943, short or elongate. Ovules solitary or numerous, campylotropous, erect or suspended from the apex of an elongate basal funicle. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle, indehiscent, bursting irregularly or circumscissile or a 1- to several-seeded capsule. Seeds lenticular, oblong or reniform, orbicular, with or without an aril; testa crustaceous, smooth, punctulate or granulate. Endosperm copious, farinaceous. Embryo annular or horseshoe-shaped. About 800 species in 64 genera, widely distributed, most abundant in the tropical regions, especially in tropical America and Africa.

Description: Three cut sphenes, originating from the Tissamaharama area in Sri Lanka, are described. Their properties are compared with those of gem quality sphenes from Capelinha, Brazil. There is hardly any difference between the chemical data of the major elements and physical properties of the specimens of these two sources. Even the inclusions are very similar. It is the first time that fine gem quality sphene has been reported from Sri Lanka.

Description: A critical study is given of 23 species of Dischidia.\nThe ecology, morphology, and floral biology are discussed, and there is a key to the species. Full attention is paid to synonomy, resulting in many reductions.\nDischidia subulata subsp. angustata subsp. nov. is described; D. klossii Ridl. is reduced to D. acutifolia subsp. klossii (Ridl.) Rintz comb. nov.

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Olacaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in \xe2\x80\x98Flora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x99, in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. As the Olacaceae of Malesia are connected with those of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and those of Australia and the Pacific on the other side, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too. A part of the Malesian genera is represented also in Africa inch Madagascar, and even in Central and South America; the appertaining species have been studied but are not mentioned in this paper.\nA critical elaboration of the family for Africa and America is urgently needed, but will, as far as can be seen, be of no influence of the delimitation and scientific names of the Asiatic-Malesian Olacaceae.

Description: In Malesia there are 3 taxa of Elaeagnus L. (Elaeagnaceae): E. conferta Roxb., E. triflora Roxb. var. triflora, and E. triflora var. brevilimbatus from New Guinea and Queensland, here described.

Description: This seventh article on the Compositae of New Guinea contains (1) additions to previous articles, and (2) a taxonomic account of tribe 8. Senecioneae, with 7 genera in the area. Of these genera only Crassocephalum, Emilia, and Erechtites are presently fully treated. An index to all genera of Compositae in New Guinea treated by the author is given at the end.

Description: Daltonia fenestrellata Griffin was collected by A. M. Cleef in the Andes of Colombia in 1973. It is characterized by the cuspidate, incurved or recurved leaf tips, the elongated juxtacostal cells and the apically scabrous seta. It seems most closely allied to D. gomezii Crosby of Costa Rica.

Description: The rice weeds project. In 1976, a joint project was set up under the aegis of the Netherlands University Foundation For International Cooperation (NUFFIC, Box 90734, The Hague), by the universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam and the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) on the Dutch side, and BIOTROP (Box 17, Bogor) on the Indonesian side. Coordinators are Professor R. van der Veen and Mr. P.J. van Rijn. Its objective is the study of weeds and their ecology in the rice fields of Indonesia.\nA sharp distinction between dry and wet rice fields cannot be made for this kind of work: the dikes in the wet rice areas often carry dry rice weeds, and where locally fields are irrigated but part of the time, the weed flora assumes a mixed or successional character. More workable is the distinction between permanent rice fields on the one hand, and those under shifting cultivation regimes on the other; the latter have been excluded from the study.

Description: Loss of species is the key issue of conservation. Contrary to misuse of land which is visible to anybody with eyes to see, the issue of extinction is sly, treacherous, and open to clear perception only for experts. It touches on quality, and reaches far out in time: hard things to grasp for non-biologists. Thus an extra responsibility devolves on those who are in a position to know and to speak.\nThe value of the genetic resource base has been set forth in e.g. the book by O.H. Frankel & E. Bennett, Genetic resources in plants (1970), and in the BIOTROP symposium edited by J.T. Williams e.a., South East Asian plant genetic resources (1975); Myers adds many striking facts: half the prescriptions in the U.S.A. contain a drug of natural origin. The cardiac drug reserpine, from Rauvolfia, costs $ 1.25 per gram to synthesize, $ 0.75 from natural sources. The anti-polio vaccin was developed in experiments in chimpanzees. The Amerindians in Amazonia know 750 medicinal plant species. Now the possibility of massive destruction of tropical forests \xe2\x80\x94 where most species are located \xe2\x80\x94 casts some frightening shadows on the future. The question how to cope with the threat appears to be connected with human ethics and the international order. Consequently, most publications on the subject suffer from a partial lack of maturity: don\xe2\x80\x99t look to Myers for ethics, nor to the Routleys for biology. It seems therefore advisable that on the part of all disciplines a common fund of knowledge and insight be built up. In my efforts, great stimulation was received from correspondence with Dr. Willem Meijer (Botany, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40506, U.S.A.), who in his disinterested manner never fails to come up with things true and shocking.

Description: Fructificatio erecta, cylindracea, apice simplici vel plus minusve ramoso, usque ad 15 x 1-2 mm, brunnea. Systema hypharum monomiticum. Hyphae luteae vel brunneae, leviter tenui-tunicatae, 2.5\xe2\x80\x944.5 \xc2\xb5m in diam., efibulatae. Cystidia desunt. Basidia (phragmobasidia) hyalina, 30-36 x 4-5 \xc2\xb5m, tetraspora. Sporae hyalinae, plus minusve allantoideae, tenui-tunicatae, leaves, 12-14 x 4-4.5 \xc2\xb5m, inamyloideae.\nTypus: \xe2\x80\x98W. J\xc3\xbclich 78/2541, Borneo, Sarawak, Gunong Mulu National Park, 19 III 1978 (L).

Description: Van der Aa & van Kesteren (1979) redescribed a Phoma species commonly occurring on species of Chenopodium in Europe, as Phoma variospora v. d. Aa & v. Kest. After the appearance of this publication, in November 1979, descriptions of some new species of Phoma came to their attention amongst which was also Phoma variospora Shreemali (1978, issued in July 1979) based on a different fungus. According to the rules of priority Phoma variospora v. d. Aa & v. Kest. has to be renamed. The following name change is proposed: Phoma heteromorphospora v. d. Aa & v. Kest., nom. nov. Phyllosticta chenopodii Westend. in Bull. Acad. r. Belg. Cl. Sci. 11. 2: 567. 1857. Phoma variospora v. d. Aa & v. Kest. in Persoonia 10: 268. 1979. \xe2\x80\x94 non Phoma variospora Shreemali in Indian J. Mycol. PI. Path. 8: 221. \xe2\x80\x981978\xe2\x80\x99 (in 1979).\nFor further synonyms and discussion see van der Aa & van Kesteren (1979).

Description: These two volumes in which Hebeloma s.l. and the viscid species of Cortinarius s.l. are treated, are part of a work on higher fungi (with emphasis on Agaricales s.l.) of the northern hemisphere, planned in 24 volumes.\nVolume three contains an introductory text of about 50 pages on technics, terminology, classification schemes, etc., followed by about 80 pages with tabulated keys to the species of the many genera into which the classical genera Hebeloma and Cortinarius are subdivided and very brief descriptions of the illustrated species of \xe2\x80\x98Hebeloma\xe2\x80\x99. The descriptions of the Cortinarius\xe2\x80\x99 species will follow in volume five. Microscopic characters are hardly used in the keys and only very briefly mentioned in the descriptions. A few pages are added with Latin diagnoses of \xe2\x80\x98Hebeloma\xe2\x80\x99 and Cortinarius\xe2\x80\x99 species in Fries\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x98Hymenomycetes europaei\xe2\x80\x99.

Description: Entoloma subgenus Nolanea (emend. Romagnesi 1978) is revised on account of personal observations and studies on collections from various herbaria. The types of European taxa, as far as they could be recovered, have been examined. Observations on extralimital taxa are included. The infrageneric classification of Romagnesi (1978) is followed in broad outline with some slight alterations: sect. Papillata is emended by including sections Minuta Romagn. and Cosmeoxonema Fernandae, Largent & Thiers. One new section, viz. sect. and four new subsections, viz. subsect. Tristia, Icterina, Infularia, and Cheilocystidiata are introduced. 54 Taxa are recognized, five of which are new: Entoloma sericeum var. cinereo-opacum, E. fernandae f. eccilioides, E. chlorophyllum, E. globulifer, and E. sphaerocystis. Several new combinations are proposed, viz. Entoloma ambrosium, E. clandestinum, E. conferendum, E. conferendum var. pusillum, E. cuspidifer, E. hirtipes var. sericoides, E. inutile, E. infula, E. sacchariolens, E. sericeoides, E. sericeonitens, E. sericeum f. nolaniforme. E. solstitiale, E. verecundum, and Entoloma sect. Staurospora, sect. Turfosa, subsect. Cosmeoxonema, subsect. Fibulata, and subsect. Minuta. For nomenclatural reasons two new names are introduced, viz. Entoloma leptopus to replace Nolanea tenuipes P. D. Orton and E. foetulentum to replace Nolanea foetida Killermann. Keys, descriptions and illustrations are given to all species accepted. In an appendix doubtful and excluded species are briefly discussed.

Description: Zygospores resulting from intraspecific matings of Mucor amphibiorum, M. inaequisporus, M. indicus, M. recurvus, M. variosporus, Backusella circina, and B. lamprospora are compared with azygospores (zygospores) formed in matings of Mucor amphibiorum strain CBS 764.74 and strains of the other species by means of scanning electron microscopy. In general zygospores in interspecific matings cease to develop at an earlier stage than those of intraspecific matings. No proof could be obtained for our hypothesis that M. amphibiorum strain CBS 764.74 merely initiated a process of azygospore formation.

Description: Among the minute clavarioid fungi, my attention was drawn to Ceratellopsis and the tiny Pterula gracilis of which the last one has been collected several times in the Netherlands. Pterula gracilis is a species not always easily recognized as a Pterula and more often identified as a Typhula, although the hyphae are too thick-walled for that genus.\nTyphula, inclusive of Cnazonaria, Pistillaria and several other closely related genera, is characterized by a monomitic hyphal system, and so is the genus Ceratellopsis, which differs from Typhula mainly in the distinct sterile, apex of the basidiocarp and the absence of sclerotia.

Description: The genus Mycena is subdivided into 23 sections, three of which are further subdivided into subsections. A number of these sections are described as new or proposed as new combinations, as follows. Mycena sect. Luculentae (with the subsections Elegantes, Rosellae, and Pterigenae), M. sect. Polyadelphia, M. sect. Monticola, M. sect. Cinerellae, M. sect. Intermediae, M. sect. Pudicae, M. sect. Rubromarginatae, subsections Purae and Violacellae (of sect. Calodontes), subsections Hiemales and Omphaliariae (of sect. Hiemales).

Description: INTRODUCTION\nBottom samples obtained by means of a Van Veen grab during the 1972 Saba Bank Expedition (CICAR cruises 34 and 35) appeared to comprise many samples with Foraminifera. This material was kindly put at my disposal by Dr. D. van Harten of the Geological Institute of the University of Amsterdam, where the material had been deposited. Complementary to this, a large amount of samples from many stations of the Saba Bank area were obtained from the residues in containers with larger material stored in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, but many of these residues contained only few Foraminifera. Dr. W. Vervoort of the Leiden Museum asked me to identify all the Foraminifera from both collections. As a result 1360 cardboard slides could be added to the collection of Caribbean Foraminifera in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. Dr. D. van Harten, Dr. W. Vervoort, and Messrs. J. C. den Hartog and M. Slierings are kindly thanked for their help and advise.\nAs the author already described numerous species from the Caribbean region (Hofker, 1956, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1976), he will only describe here some of the species found in so far as they are new or were imperfectly known.\n\nTHE SABA BANK\nThe Saba Bank (fig. 1) seems to be a submerged island to the south-east of the island of Saba; the sea-floor between Saba and the Bank is rather deep, and the submerged island seems not to have had any connection with Saba. Like the other islands around the Bank, both are of volcanic origin.\nThe platform of the bank itself, found between 17\xc2\xb012\'N to 17\xc2\xb045\'N and

Description: In this revision of the genus Sinularia 93 valid species are recorded. The type specimens of 13 species could not be examined, since the depository of the specimens is unknown; nevertheless it is possible to make notes on seven of them in this paper; three were discussed in former papers (S. gyrosa, S. marenzelleri and S. rigida), while the remaining three (S. mayi, S. microspiculata and S. verrucosa) could not be described in this paper. The holotypes of 24 species were described earlier by the present author and the reader is referred to the literature given. The results of the examination of two other species (S. densa and S. larsonae) will appear elsewhere (Records Aust. Mus.\nSydney). Altogether 64 species are more or less fully described now; among them are three new species: S. grandilobata, S. manaarensis, and S. portieri. A list of invalid synonyms and species is added.

Description: INTRODUCTION\nDuring a preliminary investigation in 1977 and the beginning of 1978 on the benthic infauna of the seagrass communities formed by Zostera marina L. and Zostera noltii Hornem, in The Netherlands, the polychaete Malacoceros fuliginosus (Clapar\xc3\xa8de, 1869) was found. In Europe this spionid has been recorded earlier from Sweden (Hannerz, 1956), Denmark (Rasmussen, 1956, 1973), Germany (Westheide, 1966; Giere, 1968), England (Day, 1934), France (Bellan, 1964; Gu\xc3\xa9rin, 1975) and The Netherlands (Wolff, 1973). In The Netherlands only two specimens had been found, viz. one in the mouth of the Oosterschelde and another one in the North Sea.\nDuring our investigation many animals were collected, mainly in Lake Grevelingen, a stagnant salt-water lake in the SW of The Netherlands, which was separated from the influences of the river Rhine in 1964 and from the North Sea in 1971. In the seagrass communities in the Oosterschelde no specimens and in the Dutch Wadden Sea two specimens have been found near the salt marsh "De Ans", south of the island Terschelling.\nThis paper deals with the morphological characters of M. fuliginosus in Lake Grevelingen and provides some data on the ecology.\n\nMETHODS\nThe benthic infauna was collected with a sediment core (\xc3\x98 9 cm). The samples were taken randomly in a Zostera bed. The cores were driven to a depth of 10 cm below the sediment surface. Each sample was sieved through 0.5 mm mesh size and preserved in 70% alcohol.\nThe four sampling sites were: 1. Lake Grevelingen (close to Herkingen). From May 1977 till April

Description: Attention is drawn to the unusual distribution of flowers and inflorescences in a number of species, and to certain peculiarities of branching and phyllotaxy. The latter are explained by a heterophylly which so far has escaped notice, involving the formation and early disappearance of a pair of minute intercalary cataphylls. A similar branching pattern and flower distribution is evident in Helicanthes.

Description: The article contains a discussion regarding the different identity of the specimens J. F. Duthie 3858 in the Kew (K), and the Calcutta (CAL) and Poona (BSI) herbaria. The specimens at CAL and BSI represent a new species of Arenaria, which is described here.

Description: A key and short description are given of eleven species of Oscillatoriaceae distinguished during an investigation of saltmarsh algal communities in Northwest Europe. The deviations from and agreements with the two main classification systems for Oscillatoriaceae, one by Geitler (1932), the other by Drouet (1968), are indicated.

Description: Among collections recently (1979) made in the surroundings of Kutacane, Aceh, N. Sumatra, by Mr. and Mrs. De Wilde, a grass has turned up which proved to be a species of Chikusichloa Koidz., a genus sofar known only from South China, Japan, and the Ryukyu Islands. As this is a very interesting find and since the genus is new for the Flora Malesiana area, a few notes seem appropriate.\nChikusichloa was originally described in the Paniceae by Koidzumi (1925), based on C. aquatica Koidz. from Kyushu. The author pointed out a resemblance to Zizania L., which is now considered to belong to the Oryzeae. Honda (1930) recognized its special position and created a subtribe Paniceae-Chikusichloeae. Keng (1931) correctly placed it in the Oryzeae, pointing out possible affinities with Zizaniopsis Doell & Aschers. and Hydrochloa Beauv. Ohwi (1942-a) recognized the subtribe, also, now in the Oryzeae, and added Hydrochloa to it; he corrected the spelling to Chikusichloinae. The two genera seem indeed distinct from the other Oryzeae by the very much reduced to absent glumes and sterile lemmas, the longstipitate fertile lemma, which is dorsoventrally flattened at anthesis, and not laterally so, and which becomes more or less terete in fruit. Otherwise the two do not resemble each other very much.

Description: Fourteen taxa of crustose Corallinaceae are described from a collection of marine algae picked up in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters along a Ross Sea \xe2\x80\x94 Balleny Islands \xe2\x80\x94 Macquarie Island traject aboard the USS Glacier in 1965. Three of these taxa are newly described, i.e. Lithothamnium macquariensis, L. zaneveldii and Phymatolithon lenormandii f. macquariensis. Two of the taxa recognized (Lithothamnium foecundum and L. laeve) appear to have a bipolar distribution. The remainder of the taxa collected are restricted to the southern hemisphere. The observed depth distribution of these crustose corallines shows that only one of the fourteen taxa is steno-eulittoral and four taxa are steno-elittoral. The remainder of the taxa cover a wide vertical range, i.e. from the eulittoral or sublittoral down into elittoral depths.

Description: R. BEIDERBECK & J. KOEVOET, Pflanzengallen am Wegesrand, Erlebte Biologie, Kosmos/ Franckh, Stuttgart, 1979, 129 pag. met 110 kleurenfoto\xe2\x80\x99s en 18 tekeningen, DM 14,80. Na enkele inleidende hoofdstukken volgen beschrijvingen en afbeeldingen van de meest voorkomende gallen.\nK. BOELE, Floristische inventarisatie Amerdiep, vegetatiekartering De Holten-Ruimsloot, 1979, 49 pag., stencil \xc2\xb9). Resultaat van floristisch en vegetatiekundig onderzoek in het stroomdallandschap van de Drentsche Aa.

Description: Bromus erectus, a rare grass in the Netherlands and hitherto almost confined to the Chalk and Fluviatile districts, was recorded on the verge of the Almelo-Nordhorn canal (Prov. of Overijssel). It occurs in an Arrhenatheretum vegetation on a south-exposed dike slope. Its substratum is acid sand poor in lime, which is rather unusual for this species. In the Netherlands and adjacent parts of Germany (Westfalen) B. erectus appears to be a neophytic species. On the one hand, it requires a somewhat open type of habitat; on the other hand, it tends to spread in grassland neglected by agriculture. The grassland at the locality can be considered neglected and also to some extent \xe2\x80\x98open\xe2\x80\x99, because of the steepness of the dike slope. In addition, some remarks are made on the flora along the Almelo-Nordhorn canal, which resembles that of the Fluviatile district to some extent The greater part of this flora the canal has in common with the small river Dinkel which crosses the canal, but some of the plants in question are unknown along the Dinkel. Probably their occurrence on the border of the Almelo-Nordhorn canal is related to that in Westfalen; this applies at least for B. erectus and Euphorbia cyparissias, which have been spreading in Westfalen for more than a century.

Description: ANON., Inventarisatierapport natuur en landschap om Schalkwijk (gem. Houten), Prov. Waterstaat Utrecht, afd. Ecologie, 1979, 24 pag. + bijlagen, stencil \xc2\xb9). Een eerste resultaat van de \xe2\x80\x9eMilieukartering Utrecht\xe2\x80\x9d op grond van een voornamelijk botanisch onderzoek, aangevuld met ornithologische gegevens.\nH.M. BEIJE, Vegetatiekartering van het Beerzedal in Kampina, Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten in Nederland, 1978, 46 pag. + bijlage, stencil \xc2\xb9). Een vegetatiekartering van het dal van dit Brabantse riviertje tussen de Balvoortse brug en \xe2\x80\x9ede stuw\xe2\x80\x9d.

Description: Two new species, viz. R. planus Beek and R. laetus Beek, are described. Comments on the differences between each species and some related ones are given.

Description: Circaea intermedia, collected twice in southern Limburg (1897, 1939) and once near Winterswijk in the east of Gelderland (1940), was refound at the latter locality in 1979. The vegetation in which it occurs is shown by means of a relev\xc3\xa9. The population of C. intermedia appears to form a clone, which is in accordance with its supposed hybridogenous origin.

Description: Nine species of Vulpia (Poaceae), 4 indigenous and 5 (+ 1 subspecies) adventitious, are recorded from the Netherlands. Variability in some species is discussed. Remarks are made on the recent expansion of the area of V. ciliata Dum subsp. ambigua (Le Gall) Stace & Auquier and V. fasciculata (Forsk) Samp, in western Europe. A key to the taxa is given.

Description: For the first time in 30 years is Dr. S. J. van Ooststroom no longer one of the composers of \xe2\x80\x98the list\xe2\x80\x99. We have made a comparison between his first list (in 1948) and his last (1978). The list of new localities of rare species and interesting records of the more common species found in the Netherlands mainly during 1979, has been subdivided into three categories: A. Netherlands species; B. Adventitious species; C. Species escaped from cultivation. As the first part of the Atlas of the Netherlands Flora has appeared, additions and new records of taxa inserted in this atlas will be published separately. Category A includes the species \xe2\x80\x93 also naturalised ones \xe2\x80\x93 belonging to the Netherlands Flora, as established by the Floristic Council in 1975 and inserted in the Standard List of the Netherlands Flora 1975. In list A comments have been added, where necessary; adventitious records of Netherlands species are indicated with adv., escapes from cultivation with verw. In list B and C the names of the taxa new for the Netherlands, are in bold type.

Description: Three new species are described from the Cameroun-Gabon-area : Ficus abscondita C. C. Berg, F. oresbia C. C. Berg and F. subsagittifolia Mildbraed ex C. C. Berg. A key to these and related species is given. F. gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) A. Rich. is reduced to a subspecies of F. sycomorus L.

Description: The presence of Callitriche cophocarpa Sendtn. in the Netherlands has, until recently, always been doubtful. Anatomical investigation of the pericarp has yielded, in the meantime, valuable new characters for distinguishing C. cophocarpa from C. platycarpa K\xc3\xbctz. In ascertaining these characters, some herbarium specimens of Dubbeldam (1848) and Meppel (1930) have now with certainty been identified as C. cophocarpa. It is not known whether or not this diploid taxon (2n=lo) is still present in the Netherlands; the related tetraploid C. platycarpa is, however, very common there. The possibility of the presence in the Netherlands of the hybrid of these two species, known from Denmark, Switzerland and eastern France, is discussed. C. cophocarpa differs from C. platycarpa mainly by morphological and anatomical characters of the fruit, and by its chromosome numbers. Some of these characters are discussed.

Description: Nieuws over de zeelathyrus, Lathyrus japonicus Willd. subsp. maritimus (L.) P. W. Ball. De voorspelling van J. K. Schendelaar in Natura 73 (4), 1976, p. 98, dat Texel een goede kans maakt om de eerste bloeiende zeelathyrus te begroeten, is inderdaad uitgekomen. Mej. W. Eelman (Den Burg) bericht ons, dat de plant in 1978 op Texel heeft gebloeid.\nJ. A. de Kramer (Haarlem) heeft L. japonicus subsp. maritimus op een nieuwe vindplaats aangetroffen: op het \xe2\x80\x9eGroene strand\xe2\x80\x9d bij de Zuidpier te IJmuiden, op 26 augustus en 2 september 1979. Een gedeelte van het niet-bloeiende exemplaar werd ter verificatie naar het Rijksherbarium gezonden.

Description: Demodex marsupiali sp. nov. is described from the pilocerumen-gland complex within the external auditory meatus of Didelphis marsupialis Linn\xc3\xa9, 1758. Pathogenesis is limited to epithelial cell destruction, minor orifice occlusion, and some keratinization.\nMites occasionally penetrate into the dermis, without host cellular response.\nOva and immature mites are markedly modified (apomorphic) to match the unusual habitat, whereas adults, especially males, retain many plesiomorphic characters. Supracoxal spines, hitherto thought sensory, of immatures are modified as holdfast structures.\nA brief discussion is provided, comparing and contrasting features of this species with other demodecids from marsupial and eutherian mammals.

Description: CONTENTS\n1. Introduction.................. 3\n2. Systematic part................. 6\nGulella adamsiana................. 7\nGulella darglensis................. 14\nGulella elliptica................. 19\nGulella farquhari................. 27\nGulella infrendens................ 33\nGulella planti...................................... 39\nGulella vicina....... ....... 44 \nGulella zuluensis................. 49\n3. Concluding remarks................ 54\n4. Summary................... 58\n5. References.................. 58\n6. Index to trivial names in Gulella............. 62\n1.\nINTRODUCTION\nThe concept of subspecies has been applied to terrestrial molluscs at a comparatively early stage. Mayr (1942) quotes the works of Rossm\xc3\xa4ssler (1826), Kobelt (1881), the Sarasin brothers (1899), Gulick (1905), and particularly Rensch (since 1929) as examples of proponents or precursors of this concept. Since the 1930s the polytypic species has been generally accepted among students of land snails. However, so far it has played a relatively minor role in comprehensive works on African (Afrotropical) land molluscs, such as Pilsbry (1919), Connolly (1939) and Bequaert (1950) 1).\nUndoubtedly a fragmented topography (e.g., island areas such as Indonesia)

Description: A review is given of the new Caledonian species of Symplocos, especially because the typification of the species is rather problematic, and in the \xe2\x80\x98Flore de la Nouvelle Caledonie\xe2\x80\x99 the way of citation of the synonyms does not make clear the typification of several names. For use of the not French reading public a key is given. No new names or combinations are published.

Description: A taxonomic revision of Geniostoma subg. Geniostoma is presented. The relationship between Labordia and Geniostoma is discussed; Labordia being regarded as a subgenus of Geniostoma. General chapters on morphology, anatomy, seed dispersal, chromosome numbers, inter- and intraspecific relationships, geography, and evolution precede the systematic treatment. Two sections are recognised in the subgenus Geniostoma. Section Macrostipulare is described as new. Two sections (sect. Labordia and sect. Darbolia) are recognised in the subgenus Labordia. Section Rabdolia is reduced to the synonymy of section Labordia. Twenty-three species of Geniostoma subgenus Geniostoma are recognised, of which five are described for the first time. The new species are G. grandifolium, G. leenhoutsii, G. mooreanum, G. trichostylum, and G. umbellatum. Fourteen varieties of G. rupestre are recognised, of which var. rouffaeranum and var. solomonense are described as new.\nA general key to the species plus two regional keys, one for Papuasia and one for New Caledonia, and keys to the varieties are provided. All recognised taxa are provided with full descriptions, distribution, ecological and other relevant notes. Most species and varieties are illustrated. A full enumeration of collections examined is provided.

Description: Among the more than a dozen species of Podocarpus sensu stricto known to occur on the island of New Guinea inch New Britain, five are not known elsewhere. Unlike most of the non-endemic species, these five are widely distributed on the island in their appropriate ecological zones. Only one of the five, P. brassii Pilger, can be said to be free of confusion in the literature.\nSix species and one variety of Podocarpus have been described specifically from New Guinea. Of these, P. schlechteri Pilger is a synonym of P. pilgeri Foxworthy and P. thevetiifolius Blume is a synonym of P. polystachyus R. Brown, both extending far beyond New Guinea. Besides P. brassii, the remainder are P. ledermannii Pilger, P. idenburgensis Gray, P. archboldii Gray, and P. archboldii var. crassiramosis Gray. Another endemic species has never been named. Confusion centers around P. archboldii and its relationships to the other endemic species.

Description: The present paper deals with the West Indian marine Haplosclerida incorporated in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. A total of 36 species is described and fully illustrated. Part of the material consists of the Duchassaing & Michelotti collection housed in Amsterdam; of all the Haplosclerid types of this collection an extensive redescription and a photographic illustration is given. Most of the type specimens are designated (para-)lectotypes. Eight new species are erected, viz. Reniera cura\xc3\xa7aoensis, R. carmabi, Sigmadocia piscaderaensis, Niphates alba, Xestospongia wiedenmayeri, X. portoricensis, Petrosia weinbergi, and Strongylophora hartmani. The follwing new combinations are used: Niphates amorpha (for N. digitalis forma amorpha Wiedenmayer, 1977), Cribrochalina spiculosa (for Siphonochalina spiculosa Dendy, 1887), Pellina nodosa (for Phloeodictyon nodosum George & Wilson, 1919), and Pachypellina podatypa (for Haliclona podatypa De Laubenfels, 1934). Several new combinations are suggested for species not represented in the present collection, but studied for comparative reasons.\nA new classification of marine Haplosclerid families is proposed, based on the study of the present collection, and on the study of many type species of Haplosclerid genera. The new classification comprises five families, viz. Haliclonidae, Niphatidae (n.), Callyspongiidae, Petrosiidae (n.) and Oceanapiidae (n.). The proposed classification is discussed and some phylogenetic ideas are presented. The zoogeography of the West Indian sponges is studied and some ecological data are given.

Description: This compilation of stratigraphic and structural data accompanying the (re)issue of the 1:50000 sheets completes the project initiated by Prof. L.U. de Sitter in 1950. The total area mapped comprises about 400 km\xc2\xb2 in a strip more than 150 km from east to west.\nThis part of the Hercynian tectogene is characterized by a very consistent sequence of Palaeozoic shelf sediments only interrupted by syn- to late-orogenetic flysch-molasse development. Neither of these sequences lend themselves to a simple geosynclinal model.\nOnly the suprastructures of the orogene are exposed here; essentially decollement thrusting and folding. Fold and thrust vergences vary through 180\xc2\xb0 giving the centripetal pattern of the well-known Knee of Asturias.\nVery minor amounts of igneous rock have been mapped although activity in some form has been registered throughout most of the systems represented. The degree of metamorphism is so slight to have been negligible for the mapping.

Description: Lithobius subtilis Latzel is recorded from a number of localities in the Netherlands and Switzerland and is fully described; Lithobius silvaenigrae Verhoeff, 1935, is proposed as a junior synonym.

Description: New material of the genus Echinogammarus belonging to the berilloni-group was collected in the western Pyrenees and north-western Spain. In material from spring regions and caves a new species was found, which in general appearance seems to be intermediate between E. berilloni s.s. and E. aquilifer. A comparative description of the new species is given along with some notes on the ecology of Echinogammarus berilloni.

Description: Aspidoras virgulatus, a new species of Neotropical callichthyid catfish, is described and illustrated. It originates from tributaries of Rio Doce, State of Esp\xc3\xadrito Santo, Brazil.