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  • Articles  (13,420)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1980-11-01
    Description: The distribution of lipid S (sulpholipids) in 27 soils was examined in relation to factors which influence its abundance in different soil environments. Lipid S was found in all soils examined, but at levels varying from 1.6 to 291 ppm S. Lipid S content was higher in organic horizons than in mineral horizons, and poorly drained soils had higher lipid S than freely drained soils. Highest levels were observed in poorly drained organic soils. Lipid S accounted for a small proportion of total S (0.5–3.5%) and of total lipid (0.03–1.7%). Lipid S levels were on average three times higher than lipid P. Lipid S was significantly correlated with total S, HI-reducible S and organic C. In a regression analysis, 89% of the variation in soil content of lipid S was accounted for by total lipid and total S contents. The distribution of total lipids confirmed previous reports that higher levels were associated with soils having restricted biological activity.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1983-05-01
    Description: Content of mercury in organic soil horizons was monitored to ascertain seasonal changes in background levels. L, F, and H horizons were relatively enriched in mercury in early spring. Levels then diminished and reached seasonal low values in August. Content of mercury then increased twofold during September after which levels declined to summer values. F horizons had the highest content of mercury and H horizons had the lowest. Key words: Mercury cycling, mercury dynamics, heavy metal
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1983-05-01
    Description: The sulfur status of rapeseed (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris) plants grown in field studies was assessed using a variety of plant indices; percent sulfur, percent hydriodic acid reducible sulfur (HI-S in plant dry matter), HI-S:total S ratio, and total N:total S ratios. Of these, HI-S:total S determined at the rosette growth stage was the most accurate and consistent index of seed yield. A growth chamber study indicated that the HI-S:total S ratio would not be affected by nitrogen fertilizer application at normal field rates. Key words: Sulfur, deficiency, rapeseed (Brassica spp.), plant analysis
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1983-05-01
    Description: The effects of surface mining for coal on soil respiration (CO2), microbial biomass C, ATP levels, bacterial and actinomycete numbers, bacterial taxa, hyphal lengths, fungal taxa, N2 fixation and decomposition potential were determined for a short-grass prairie site in southern Alberta, Canada. Soil respiration, microbial biomass C, ATP, actinomycete numbers, hyphal lengths and N2-fixing potential were significantly lower in the mined soil particularly when compared to the undisturbed topsoil. Bacterial numbers were, however, greater in the mined soil than in the unmined soil. The bacteria isolated from the undisturbed soil were dominated by Bacillus spp., coryneforms and non-pigmented Gram-negative rods, while those from the disturbed soil belonged mainly to the coryneform group. Mining also caused the fungal community to shift from one dominated by Chrysosporium-Pseudogymnoascus and sterile dark organisms to one dominated by Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., sterile dark forms and yeasts. Decomposition of filter paper, 24 mo after their placement in the field, was significantly faster on the disturbed site than on the undisturbed site. Key words: Surface mining, microbiology, prairie soil
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1980-03-01
    Description: The morphological expression of podzolization in four Humo-Ferric Podzols increased in a northerly direction over a distance of approximately 74 km from the north shore of Lake Huron. The transect coincided with changes in both geology and vegetation. All the soils were developed in coarse-textured acid tills whose composition was not significantly different to explain the observed variations in soil morphology. Using quartz as an internal standard, the order of mobility from surface horizons was found to be Mg 〉 Fe = Ca 〉 Na = Al 〉 K 〉 Ti. Pyroxenes, amphiboles, chlorite and albite were the most easily weathered minerals. Protocatechuic, p-coumaric, gentisic and gallic acids were found to be the major phenolic acids in water extracts of soil surface horizons. The content of both phenolic acids and carbohydrates in surface horizons increased as the morphological expression of podzolization increased.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1983-08-01
    Description: A field study was conducted to measure the effect of soil salinity on barley grown under irrigated conditions in Alberta. Salinity was measured by the saturated paste extract, 1:2 soil-to-water extract, vertical probe and horizontal surface array methods. Correlation coefficients were determined between salinity measurements and the yield of barley to establish the suitability of these methods for predicting the growth of barley. Nineteen fields over 2 yr were monitored and soil salinity and the yield of barley were determined at a number of sites in each field. All methods of measuring salinity were significantly correlated (P = 0.01) with the yield of barley. At an EC of 7.8, yields of barley were reduced by 50%. Sodium concentration and sodium adsorption ratio were closely correlated with yield of barley and with saturated-paste-extract salinity. Soil moisture and pH were not as effective as salinity and sodium measurements in predicting the yield of barley. The saturated-paste-extract salinity was more closely correlated with the 1:2 soil-to-water extract than with the vertical probe or the horizontal surface array. The latter three methods were effective for rapid determination of the yield reductions which would occur on saline soils. No difference in tolerance to salinity was found between Klages (two-row) and Galt (six-row) cultivars of barley. Key words: Salinity tolerance of barley, methods of measuring salinity, vertical probe EC, horizontal array EC, saturated paste EC, 1:2 soil-to-water extract EC
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1980-11-01
    Description: Soils cultivated for 60 yr were compared with uncultivated forested soils at 10 sites in Appalachian Quebec. All soils belonged to the Humo-Ferric Podzol Great Group, five sets of comparisons being located on the Ascot soil series and five on the Greensboro. Comparisons were made between corresponding soil horizons, analytical data being derived from the bulking and analysis of six sample cores per horizon. Cultivation increased weight of soil in the solum and in the whole profile of both the Greensboro and the two soil series combined; bulk density was slightly affected. Field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water of the surface and sub-surface layers, in the solum and in the whole profile, were significantly increased by cultivation. The increase of available water was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in gravitational water. The content fine clay was significantly decreased in the surface layer and in the solum, while it was increased significantly in the C horizon by cultivation which also decreased the acidity of the surface and sub-surface in both series. There was a marked increase in organic matter content, but the level of fulvic acid was relatively unaffected by cultivation, indicating that the increased H/F ratio was primarily due to an increase in humic acid. Generally, Al content was not significantly changed, while significant increases in Fe and Mn were observed in the surface and solum of cultivated profiles. A deduction is made that cultivation has regraded podzol profiles into Dystric Brunisol ones which have started to evolve already toward kinds of Luvisolic profiles.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1980-03-01
    Description: The variability of forest floor properties over short distances and the number of samples required to achieve desired levels of precision for estimation of property means have received little attention. The importance of the forest floor for forest management is well known and increasingly forest floor characteristics are being used to classify forest sites. Highly variable forest floor properties require more intensive sampling and often have less predictive value for characterization and classification purposes. A study site at Port Hardy was used to characterize forest floors for selected physical and chemical properties. The three sites chosen represented xeric, mesic and hygric positions along a hygrotopic gradient. A stratified random sampling procedure was used to obtain 15 samples at each site. Fifteen samples were adequate to characterize the means at 10% allowable error with a 95% confidence level for total nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and cation exchange capacity. Greater than 15 samples were required for exchangeable bases and forest floor thickness for the same level of accuracy and confidence. Even at 25% allowable error and 90% confidence, 40 samples and 16 samples, respectively, were required for exchangeable Ca and Mg.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1983-08-01
    Description: The distribution of NO3-N in the soil, and N uptake by the crop during the first 12 yr of a long-term rotation study at Swift Current, Saskatchewan were studied. A considerable amount of NO3-N appeared to be leached beyond the rooting zone of the cereal crop in years of above average precipitation and also in some relatively dry years with heavy spring rains. Thus, leaching of NO3-N seemed to occur even under continuous wheat rotations. At all times there was considerable NO3-N situated at the 60- to 120-cm depth. In wet years N uptake by the plants reduced the amount of NO3-N located in the subsoil, but in dry years the amount of NO3-N in the subsoil remained higher throughout the growing season. The latter could result in groundwater pollution, especially if such a soil was fallowed the next year. Fall rye (Secale cereale L.) made more efficient use of mineral N than spring-sown crops. In dry years more NO3-N persisted in the root zone of N-fertilized wheat than in the root zone of unfertilized wheat, but in wet and average years there was little difference due to N application. The average rate of net NO3-N production in fallow land from spring thaw to freeze-up (166 days) was 107 kg∙ha−1. Values ranged from about 60 to 175 kg∙ha−1 with the lowest values being obtained during very dry or very wet years. The quantity of N mineralized (kg∙ha−1) between spring thaw and freeze-up was related to precipitation (mm) by the equation Nmin = 29.0 + 0.20 precipitation for the 0- to 60-cm depth (R2 = 0.65*). Key words: Nitrate leaching, N uptake, crop rotations, N mineralization rate
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1980-05-01
    Description: Organic matter with high C:N ratios accumulated on mineral soil retards cycling of nutrients in semi-mature jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) ecosystems. To test whether N as ammonium sulfate or as urea stimulates organic matter decomposition, 200 kg N∙ha−1 were applied to mixed L and F horizon material in Warburg respirometer flasks. Soils were incubated at 13 °C and constant 0.3 bar (340%) moisture; O2 consumption was measured as an index of microbial activity. In urea-treated soil, O2 uptake was much higher than with unamended soil over a 7-wk incubation period, and this indicated a marked effect of urea on microbial activity. The fact that ammonium sulfate depressed respiration rates was evidence that stimulation of microbial respiration by urea was not initially related to added N, but rather to an increase in soil-soluble C resulting from soil pH changes during hydrolysis. In the presence of a C source (ethanol), a 5-fold increase in respiration was noted, whereas C and urea together produced a 15-fold increase in activity. These results suggest that readily available energy for microbial growth, rather than N, limits the initial decomposition of L and F materials in this pine stand. Once microbial demand for C is satisfied, a further increase in microbial activity is produced by N addition.
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