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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of organic and inorganic phosphates adsorbed on short-range ordered aluminum precipitate (1996)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 31 (1996), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A nonreductive community-level study of P availability was conducted using various forms of adsorbed P. Orthophosphate (Pi), inositol hexaphosphate (IHP), and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) were adsorbed to a short-range ordered Al precipitate. These bound phosphates provided a P source sufficient to support the growth of microbial communities from acidic Brazilian soils (oxisols). Adsorbed IHP, the most abundant form of organic phosphate in most soils, had the lowest bioavailability among the three phosphates studied. Adsorbed G6P and Pi were almost equally available. The amount of adsorbed Pi (1 cmol P kg−1) required to support microbial growth was at least 30 times less than that of IHP (30 cmol P kg−1). With increased surface coverage, adsorbed IHP became more bioavailable. This availability was attributed to a change in the structure of surface complexes and presumably resulted from the decreased number of high-affinity surface sites remaining at high levels of coverage. It thus appears that the bioavailability of various forms of adsorbed phosphate was determined primarily by the stability of the phosphate-surface complexes that they formed, rather than by the total amount of phosphate adsorbed. IHP, having the potential to form stable multiple-ring complexes, had the highest surface affinity and the lowest bioavailability. Bioaggregates consisting of bacteria and Al precipitate were observed and may be necessary for effective release of adsorbed P. Bacteria in the genera Enterobacter and Pseudomonas were the predominate organisms selected during these P-limited enrichments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175073
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of liming on organic matter decomposition and phosphorus extractability in an acid humic Ranker soil from northwest Spain (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil phosphorus fractions ; Organic matter stability ; Acid soil ; Exchangeable aluminium ; Liming ; Laboratory incubation ; Ranker ; Quercus robur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A laboratory incubation experiment was carried out over 17 weeks to determine the effect of liming on soil organic matter. The amount of lime as calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] required to completely neutralise exchangeable Al was found to be five times the standard lime requirement. This large amount of lime had a limited overall effect on the short-term stability of soil organic matter, causing the release of 1300 μg g-1 of C (1.7% total soil C) above the control during the incubation. Liming may have altered the potential availability of soil organic matter and organic P, as shown by a marked reduction in the extractability of soil organic P with sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide. The latter was unlikely to be due to the formation of calclium-P artefacts, and may be attributed to the combined chemical effects of added calcium hydroxide and precipitation of exchangeable Al on the nature and solubility of soil organic constituents and organomineral complexes. The addition of lime increased the degradation of added oak leaf litter by 50%, from 3.2 to 4.7 mg g-1, as determined by CO2 evolution. The enhanced litter degradation indicated increased microbial activity in limed soil, but this improvement had only minor effects on the stability of native organic matter. This study highlights the need for further research into the relationships between the chemical nature of organic P in soil and the physical, chemical, temporal, and agronomic factors that control its turnover and availability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337213
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forms and cycling of phosphorus in prairie and boreal forest soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 8 (1989), S. 223-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: P bioavailability ; pedogenic processes ; sequential extraction ; soil P cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of soil P among inorganic and organic forms was examined in prairie and boreal forest soil profiles from Saskatchewan, Canada. A sequential extraction procedure was employed to separate P into labile and stable inorganic (Pi) and organic (Po) fractions. Profile depth, climate, vegetation, and cultivation all had a major influence on the distribution of P which is attributed to differing intensities of pedogenic processes such as weathering and leaching, and their relationship to P transformations in the soil environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002890
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of soil organic phosphorus (1987)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 4 (1987), S. 41-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: microbial P ; mineralization ; immobilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of soil organic phosphorus are described and organized in a conceptual model. Microbial uptake of P and its subsequent release and redistribution play a central role in the soil organic P cycle. Interactions with soil minerals and stabilization of organic matter and associated P in organo-mineral complexes determine the persistence and buildup of organic P through soil development, in different ecosystems and under varying management. An understanding of organic P turnover in soils will greatly aid assessment of P fertility in many agricultural and native systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187361
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light and electron microscopy of stained microaggregates: the role of organic matter and microbes in soil aggregation (1988)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 5 (1988), S. 312-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Polysaccharides ; microbial adhesion ; soil aggregate formation ; organic matter transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Micrographs from two semi-arid grassland soils — a cold temperate Mollisol (Chernozem) from western Canada and a hot Alfisol (Savannah Ochrosol) from northern Ghana — were examined by light and electron microscopy. Soil samples were stained with ruthenium red to show microbial polysaccharides. The stained soils were partially dispersed in water and subsamples of all particles and aggregates (〈 50 µm) were examined by light microscopy. Subsamples containing mineral particles 〈 5 µm as well as larger organic particles and aggregates of low density were observed by electron microscopy and analyzed with an electron microprobe (EDXRA). The ruthenium red stain adequately stained organic material for light and transmission electron microscopy and appeared to be relatively specific for polysaccharides of fungal and bacterial origin. This allowed the study of organo-mineral and microbial mineral associations in microaggregates, and pointed to the importance of organic matter and microbes in the mechanisms of aggregate formation and stabilization and structure in soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02180070
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of C, N, P and S in grassland soils: a model (1988)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 5 (1988), S. 109-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: soil organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulfur ; simulation ; grasslands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a model to simulate the dynamics of C, N, P, and S in cultivated and uncultivated grassland soils. The model uses a monthly time step and can simulate the dynamics of soil organic matter over long time periods (100 to 10,000 years). It was used to simulate the impact of cultivation (100 years) on soil organic matter dynamics, nutrient mineralization, and plant production and to simulate soil formation during a 10,000 year run. The model was validated by comparing the simulated impact of cultivation on soil organic matter C, N, P, and S dynamics with observed data from sites in the northern Great Plains. The model correctly predicted that N and P are the primary limiting nutrients for plant production and simulated the response of the system to inorganic N, P, and S fertilizer. Simulation results indicate that controlling the C:P and C:S ratios of soil organic matter fractions as functions of the labile P and S levels respectively, allows the model to correctly simulate the observed changes in C:P and C:S ratios in the soil and to simulate the impact of varying the labile P and S levels on soil P and S net mineralization rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02180320
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concepts of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen transformations in soil: evaluation by simulation modeling (1986)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 2 (1986), S. 163-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: sulfur ; carbon ; nitrogen ; mineralization ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of sulfur immobilization and mineralization in soil were simulated to test hypotheses about their regulation by the availability of carbon and nitrogen. The concept of chemical bond classes was incorporated into the model to account for variation in composition of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur compounds. Microbial biomass was differentiated into bacteria and fungi, and the element ratios of both groups were assumed to vary. Organic residues were divided between dead microbes plus microbial products, and the more labile fraction of stabilized soil organic matter. Concepts and hypotheses in the model were tested by applying it to data on microbial biomass, sulfate, nitrate, and CO2 evolution obtained in laboratory incubations of two soils amended with sulfate and cellulose. An important mechanism of regulation tested in the model was the stimulation of sulfohydrolase enzyme production depending on sulfur stress in microbial biomass. The hypothesis that excess sulfate is stored as ester sulfate was supported by model dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02180193
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfur cycling in grassland and parkland soils (1984)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 1 (1984), S. 97-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Sulfate ; 35S ; mineralization ; immobilization ; HI-reducible S
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A conceptual diagram of the S cycle in grassland soils is presented as a framework for discussing S cycling process studies. Changes in the mineralization of S and in the redistribution of35S-labeled sulfate among soil organic matter fractions were investigated during incubation of cropped and uncropped soils. Little mineralization or net immobilization of sulfur occurred in closed system incubations where the soils were left undisturbed throughout the incubations. Significantly more S was mineralized in open system incubations where the soils were leached periodically. Net mineralization was significantly greater in cropped soils compared with uncropped soils. The distribution of35S was significantly affected by the addition of various substrates (sulfate, cellulose or a combination of both) and by the presence of plants. Under conditions of high solution sulfate, the majority of35S incorporated was observed in the HI-reducible S fraction. When the solution sulfate concentrations were lower, there was a reduction in the proportion of35S incorporated into the HI-reducible S fraction. The results of these experiment will be discussed in relation to the hypotheses presented by McGill and Cole (1981) and the conceptual diagram of the S cycle in grassland soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181123
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in P forms and availability as influenced by management practices (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 100 (1987), S. 113-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 137Cs activity ; Erosion ; Inorganic P ; Organic P fractionation ; Soil texture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in soil phosphorus (P) forms and potential availability that occurred in a grassland soil when it was cultivated and cropped to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a crop-fallow rotation using three tillage systems: no-till, stubble mulch, and plow (bare fallow). The experiment was located in western Nebraska on a Duroc loam (fine silty, mixed, mesic Pachic Haplustolls). After 14 years, significant differences had developed in the form of soil P as determined by a sequential fractionation procedures between the original control (grass-sod) and the bare fallow treatments. Most of the differences were associated with increases in sand content caused by erosion, accompanied on the bare fallow plots by a mixing of sand from lower horizons throughout the surface 0–15 cm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370935
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root dynamics in plant and ratoon crops of sugar cane (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 297-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: minirhizotron ; root coring ; root turnover ; sugar cane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The root system of a sugar cane crop on an Ultisol in northeastern Brazil was examined throughout the plant and first ratoon crop cycles, using both coring and minirhizotron methods. Total root masses (living plus dead, 0.9–1.1 kg m-2) and live root lengths (14.0–17.5 km m-2) were greater during the ratoon cycle than at the end of the plant cane cycle (0.75 kg m-2 and 13.8 km m-2, respectively). Root die-back during the two weeks following ratoon harvest was estimated to be 0.15 kg m-2, about 17% of the total root mass. Root die-back after the plant cane harvest was lower because fire was not used at this harvest and soil humidity was higher under the accumulated litter. A small amount of fine roots proliferated in the litter layer, amounting to 1% of the total mass and 3% of the total length. Root turnover could not be accurately assessed from minirhizotron observations due to variation in the relationship between coring data and the minirhizotron data with both time and soil depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010975
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