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  • Other Sources  (902)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (529)
  • ASTRONOMY  (270)
  • AEROSPACE MEDICINE
  • 1975-1979  (902)
  • 1979  (902)
  • 1
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The effects of audible sound and noise, infrasound, and ultrasound on man are discussed. Those factors which have potential relevance to the space flight situation are emphasized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 109-147
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Studies that can be carried out with the Space Telescope of absorption line systems which may be expected to occur in the spectra of distant objects are discussed. The phenomenology of quasar absorption line systems is described and the principal suggested explanations are summarized. It is proposed that the numerous Ly-alpha systems are caused by 'extremely large hydrogenic halos around galaxies or clusters of galaxies. Two tests are also described for the origins of known absorption systems, the results of which will favor either the cosmological or intrinsic hypothesis. Absorption lines that are likely to be strongest are listed and a sample observing program is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 215-240
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Observations of the stellar content of galaxies are discussed. Specific emphasis is placed on the following two types of observation: (1) those objects near enough to observe individual stars; and (2) those so distant that only their integrated light can be observed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 165-180
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A disc and halo population model is constructed to fit star counts and color data down to V approximately 23 at absolute value of b = 90 deg. This model is used to predict star counts and colors down to V approximately 30. Deviations from these extrapolated relationships provide constraints on the number of faint quasars and black dwarf stars. It is shown that extra-galactic globular clusters start contributing significantly to star counts at V approximately 25 and are more numerous than stars for V 31. Morphological studies of galaxies with approximately 0.5, were made with the space telescope. Significant constraints on theoretical models that describe the evolution of clusters of galaxies are provided.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 151-164
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A guide to the expected characteristics of the space telescope (ST) observatory is presented. The general objectives of the ST observatory are summarized. The plans for the development of the observatory are described with a brief history of the scientific activities; an account of the scope of the present program; a summary of the major responsibilities of the contractors; and a list of the project milestones are included. The performance characteristics of the observatory are provided including the imaging and stray light characteristics, pointing capability, and operational access. The expected performance characteristics of all six of the first generation science instruments are summarized. The mode of operations is described which includes a discussion of program options, guide star selection, methods of acquisition, and quick look data capabilities.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 5-46
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The general physiological effects of weightlessness are discussed with emphasis on the physiological effects that could limit mission durations in the absence of effective countermeasures.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 169-185
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Sources, biophysical characteristics, and potential biological effects of rf radiation are described. Standards are given for exposure of spacecraft personnel to rf radiation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 149-167
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological effects of forces resulting in radial acceleration, sustained linear acceleration, impact, or vibration are identified. Tolerance limits are presented for these forces.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 71-107
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Spacecraft contaminants, their sources, and their toxicological effects are summarized. The problems of identifying toxic hazards, establishing standards for their concentrations, and designing removal systems are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 17-56
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological basis of the limits established for atmospheric pressure as well as the partial pressures of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and diluent gas are reviewed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 1-15
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of the Space Telescope and the study of objects in the radio and X-ray wavebands, particularly extragalactic objects, are discussed. The scientific objectives of a number of projects which involve observations with the Space Telescope are described.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 241-262
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  • 12
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Experimental methods in planetary astronomy are discussed using a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages in the astronomical methods of ground based, Earth-orbit, and deep space missions. Problem areas in planetary astronomy which demonstrate the utility and power of the space telescope (ST) over other methods are delineated. These include utilizing the ST for studying the atmospheric dynamics, stratospheric and upper atmospheric processes, and circumplanetary nebulae of the planets. The capability of the ST for solar system observations is summarized with a discussion of the increases in resolution and sensitivity of the ST over other Earth-orbiting telescopes highlighted.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 47-75
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological effects, discomfort, and performance degradation associated with an imbalanced thermal environment are discussed. Temperature tolerance limits are set using thermoregulation models and experimental results. The effects of interacting environmental factors, individual variations, and exposure duration on tolerance limits are considered.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 57-69
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Of the available earth-based techniques for determining asteroid diameters, observation of stellar occultations involving asteroids is clearly the most direct. The high degree of accuracy achievable by this method has already been demonstrated in the case of Pallas, whose mean diameter has been measured with a standard error of plus or minus 2%. In this paper the problems, results and prospects of the stellar occultation technique are reviewed. It is shown that, with the use of a network of small, portable telescopes, the method is currently applicable to a large number of asteroids. The best results can be expected for asteroids of large angular diameter and regular shape. The potential of lunar occultation observations for asteroid diameter measurements is also briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 15
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The proper elements tabulated are calculated according to the secular perturbation theory of Williams (1969); the free oscillations are referred to a zero value for the proper argument of perihelion. The secular theory for the planets is taken from Brouwer and van Woerkom (1950). Families with numbers smaller than 100 are reasonably close matches to families found by previous investigators. Families with numbers greater than 100 are new to this work. Guidelines for use of the table are given.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 16
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the present paper, 1500 UBV observations are analyzed by a new rather general multiple scattering theory which provided clear insight into previously poorly-recognized optical nature of asteroid surfaces. Thus, phase curves are shown to consist of a surface-texture controlled component, due to singly scattered light, and a component due to multiple scattering. Phase curve shapes can be characterized by a single parameter, the multiple scattering factor, Q. As Q increases, the relative importance of the opposition effect diminishes. Asteroid surfaces are particulate and strikingly similar to texture, being moderately porous and moderately rough on a scale greater than the wavelength of light. In concequence, Q (and also the phase coefficient) correlate well with geometric albedo, and there exists a purely photometric means of determining albedos and diameters.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 17
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Physical studies of individual family members show that at least the Themis, Eos, Koronis, Nysa/Hertha, and Budrosa families of minor planets are the result of the breakup of discrete parent bodies. Only a few families have been studied in detail, and even in those few cases, the full force of observational techniques has not been applied. Crucial for the understanding of families and their parent bodies are detailed physical studies of family members; precise mineralogical interpretation of observational data to identify the geochemistry of the parent bodies; and studies of the collisional evolution of family members.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 18
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Important factors in locating, identifying, describing, and photographing ocean features from space are presented. On the basis of crew comments and other findings, the following recommendations can be made for Earth observations on Space Shuttle missions: (1) flyover exercises must include observations and photography of both temperate and tropical/subtropical waters; (2) sunglint must be included during some observations of ocean features; (3) imaging remote sensors should be used together with conventional photographic systems to document visual observations; (4) greater consideration must be given to scheduling earth observation targets likely to be obscured by clouds; and (5) an annotated photographic compilation of ocean features can be used as a training aid before the mission and as a reference book during space flight.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, Vol. 2; p 385-407
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The relationship between airborne and ground-based measurements of soil and crop canopy temperatures is investigated for a partial crop canopy. Daily ground-based measurements using a wide-field-of-view radiometer oriented towards the nadir at a height of 1.5 m and airborne thermal imagery at two-week intervals were obtained throughout the entire growing season of a stand of wheat. When corrected for atmospheric effects, the airborne measurements were found to be virtually identical to ground-based measurements, with a regression line slope of 0.985, a standard deviation of 1.8 C and a correlation coefficient of 0.97.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 20
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper emphasizes fluid and electrolyte parameters that affect the hyperthermia of physical exercise (metabolic heat production). The major hypothesis discussed is that fluid and electrolyte changes influence thermal regulation within the fine control boundaries. A second working hypothesis is that the elevation of core temperature during exercise is a regulated phenomenon that is beneficial to the organism in terms of efficiency and potential for survival and is not merely a failure of the thermoregulatory control system. The central thermoregulatory mechanism seems more responsive to the hypothermic effect of calcium than to the hyperthermic effect of sodium. The mechanisms controlling plasma fluid-electrolyte shifts, particularly during exercise and recovery from exercise, may play an important part in exercise thermoregulation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 84; July 197
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The objectives of the study were twofold: (1) to determine the effect of body position (hydrostatic pressure) on total blood flow in active and passive limbs at rest and after severe exercise; and (2) to further evaluate the impedance technique for measurement of blood flow. To this end, the effect of body position on the redistribution of total blood flow in active (leg) and passive (forearm) limbs during exercise was determined by measuring total limb impedance (blood flow) in five male and one female subjects in sitting and supine positions with a modified Beckman BR-100 rheograph. The results show that, at rest and after exercise, the supine position induces significantly greater flows in the leg but not in the forearm. With severe exercise, blood flows are increased in both passive and active limbs, so that there is probably no net transfer of blood volume from passive to active muscles. The advantages of the impedance technique over other methods are stressed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A ground-based, hand-held radiometer, configured to measure red and photographic infrared spectral radiances, was successfully used to collect in situ temporal spectral measurements of corn and soybean crops. Significant relationships were found between the radiance data and the biomass, plant height, percentage crop cover, percentage crop chlorosis, and percentage leaf loss. The results of this experiment show conclusively that hand-held radiometers can be used to collect spectral data that are highly correlated to several agronomic variables. These findings suggest approaches for agronomic research, and confirm the value of remote sensing of agricultural targets.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; May 1979
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  • 24
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews the optical technology that has been developed over the last decade for the Space Telescope. The optical design of the telescope, the optical performance control system, and the anticipated optical performance are all presented. Consideration is also given to the initial complement of focal plane instruments.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 18; May-June
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of Fe XIV 5303-A and Fe X 6374-A forbidden emission from several supernova remnants are reported, and their relation to X-ray observations is discussed. The brightest Fe XIV forbidden-emission region in Puppis A is interpreted as being the result of the supernova shock wave's interacting with a dense cloud in the interstellar medium.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 26
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A general description of the evolution of the Large Space Telescope project is given, including mirror construction, interface requirements, and the review cycle for the scientific instruments. The anticipated participation of ESA scientists through the means of the Science Institute is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: ESA Astron. Uses of the Space Telescope; p 27-31
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A fast wide angle telescope that will be capable of imaging to the darker sky limit and in the ultraviolet wavelength region available above the atmosphere is described. The telescope (SWAT) has a resolution comparable to that of the large ground-based Schmidt telescope and a field of at least five degrees. A number of astrophysically important investigations can only be accomplished with such a telescope, e.g., detection of hidden, hot objects like hot white dwarfs and subwarfs in stellar binary systems, and energetic regions in globular clusters and galaxy nuclei. It permits unique studies of the UV-morphology of extended objects and allows discovery of very faint extensions, halos, jets, and filaments in galaxies. It can contribute to the investigation of dust in the Milky Way and in other galaxies and, with an objective prism, spectra of very faint objects can be obtained. The SWAT will localize objects for further study with the narrow-field Space Telescope.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: ESA Astron. Uses of the Space Telescope; p 375-392
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The purpose was (1) to test the hypothesis that in man there is a range of plasma osmolality within which the red cell volume (RCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) remain essentially constant and (2) to determine the upper limit of this range. During a variety of stresses - submaximal and maximal exercise, heat and altitude exposure, +Gz acceleration, and tilting - changes in plasma osmolality between -1 and +13 mosmol/kg resulted in essentially no change in the regression of percent change in plasma volume (PV) calculated from a change in hematocrit (Hct) on that calculated from a change in Hct + hemoglobin (Hb), i.e., the RCV and MCV were constant. Factors that do not influence RCV are the level of metabolism, heat exposure at rest, and short-term orthostasis (heat-to-foot acceleration). Factors that may influence RCV are exposure to high altitude and long-term orthostasis (head-up tilting). Factors that definitely influence RCV are prior dehydration and extended periods of stress. Thus, either the Hct or the Hct + Hb equations can be used to calculate percent changes in PV under short-term periods of stress when the change in plasma osmolality is less than 13 mosmol/kg.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 47
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  • 29
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper reviews remote sensing of snow and ice, techniques for improved monitoring, and incorporation of the new data into forecasting and management systems. The snowcover interpretation of visible and infrared data from satellites, automated digital methods, radiative transfer modeling to calculate the solar reflectance of snow, and models using snowcover input data and elevation zones for calculating snowmelt are discussed. The use of visible and near infrared techniques for inferring snow properties, microwave monitoring of snowpack characteristics, use of Landsat images for collecting glacier data, monitoring of river ice with visible imagery from NOAA satellites, use of sequential imagery for tracking ice flow movement, and microwave studies of sea ice are described. Applications of snow and ice research to commercial use are examined, and it is concluded that a major problem to be solved is characterization of snow and ice in nature, since assigning of the correct properties to a real system to be modeled has been difficult.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of surface roughness on the brightness temperature of a moist terrain has been studied through the modification of Fresnel reflection coefficient and using the radiative transfer equation. The modification involves introduction of a single parameter to characterize the roughness. It is shown that this parameter depends on both the surface height variance and the horizontal scale of the roughness. Model calculations are in good quantitative agreement with the observed dependence of the brightness temperature on the moisture content in the surface layer. Data from truck mounted and airborne radiometers are presented for comparison. The results indicate that the roughness effects are great for wet soils where the difference between smooth and rough surfaces can be as great as 50 K.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Sept. 20
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photometric mapping of G75.84+0.4 at 12.6 microns is compared with previously published radio maps of the region to deduce the relative dust/gas mass ratio for the dust responsible for the 12.6-micron emission. Spectrophotometry from 2-4 microns and 8-13 microns of the highest-emission-measure region reveals the presence of the fine structure lines of forbidden Ar III at 8.99 microns, forbidden Ne II at 12.78 microns, and forbidden S IV at 10.53 microns. Estimates of the abundance of these ions are made, and the nature of the exciting source is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 74; 3, Ma; May 1979
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  • 32
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The stability of inner planetary systems with arbitrary mass ratios is studied on the basis of the model of the plane restricted three-body problem. A quantitative stability criterion is obtained in terms of the difference between the critical value of the Jacobi constants (at which bifurcation can occur) and the critical value corresponding to a planetary orbit. An orbit is stable if it cannot leave a region that contains only the larger central body (Hill). For small values of the mass parameter, the maximum dimensionless radius of a Hill-stable orbit is 1 minus 2.4 times the cube root of the mass parameter.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer angewandte Mathematik und Physik; 30; Mar. 25
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method of post-development intensification of photographic images using a newly developed autoradiographic procedure is described. Radioactive Thiourea-S35 is combined with silver in the developed emulsion, which is then contact printed with a receiver emulsion. The beta decay from S35 produces an enhanced autoradiographic image. The laboratory technique is described and results of astronomical applications are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An efficient algorithm is presented for the solution of Kepler's equation f(E)=E-M-e sin E=0, where e is the eccentricity, M the mean anomaly and E the eccentric anomaly. This algorithm is based on simple initial approximations that are cubics in M, and an iterative scheme that is a slight generalization of the Newton-Raphson method. Extensive testing of this algorithm has been performed on the UNIVAC 1108 computer. Solutions for 20,000 pairs of values of e and M show that for single precision, 42.0% of the cases require one iteration, 57.8% two and 0.2% three. For double precision one additional iteration is required.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics; 20; Oct. 197
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Airborne infrared spectrophotometry (1.2-5.5 microns, 1.5% resolution) is presented for 13 stars which have been extensively used as infrared calibration objects: alpha Lyr, alpha CMA, alpha UMi, beta Dra, and mu Her; the K giants beta Gem, alpha UMa, alpha Boo, gamma-1 And, and alpha Tau; and the M giants beta And, beta Peg, and alpha Cet. These spectra, obtained using NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory and Lear Jet Observatory, are virtually free of the interfering effects of terrestrial absorptions. Absolute calibration of the spectrophotometry was based on the theoretical model of alpha Lyr by Schild, Peterson, and Oke (1971), which fits photometric measurements at shorter wavelengths. The resulting flux densities are compared with previous ground-based photometry.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 41; Nov. 197
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper discusses effective temperatures, angular diameters, distances, and linear diameters that have been determined for 160 O and B stars on the basis of published UV spectrophotometry, visible and near-IR intermediate-band photometry, and model-atmosphere fluxes. The results are compared with previous measurements and calculations for main-sequence and giant O and B stars. It is found that: (1) the flux effective temperatures of O and B supergiants are systematically lower than those of main-sequence and giant stars of the same subtype; (2) the effective temperatures and radii of Beta Cep stars are the same as those of nonvariable stars of the same spectral type; (3) Be stars that do not have two Balmer jumps have effective temperatures very similar to those of normal B stars of the same subtype; (4) O and B stars increase in size from the main sequence to supergiants; and (5) late B supergiants are approximately twice as large as O9 supergiants.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 189
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  • 38
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Urinary excretion of amino acids by the 9 Skylab crewmen was studied as an indicator of the metabolic effects caused by exposure to the space flight environment. Intake was consistent in quality and quantity throughout the 28, 59 and 84-day flights for each of the crewmen and complete collections were accomplished. The results indicated an increased excretion in most amino acids during the first month of flight which remained elevated in the second and third months but to a lesser extent. Additional indications of change in muscle and skeletal metabolism were observed. These results point to the desirability of obtaining additional indices of alterations in protein synthetic processes in conjunction with future space flights.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A mathematical model of erythropoiesis control was used to simulate the effects of bedrest and zero-g on the circulating red cell mass. The model incorporates the best current understanding of the dynamics of red cell production and destruction and the associated feedback regulation. Specifically studied were the hemodynamic responses of a 28-day bedrest study devised to simulate Skylab experience. The results support the hypothesis that red cell loss during supine bedrest is a normal physiological feedback process in response to hemoconcentration enhanced tissue oxygenation and suppression of red cell production. Model simulation suggested the possibilities that this period was marked by some combination of increased oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, small reduction in mean red cell life span, ineffective erythropoiesis, or abnormal reticulocytosis.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two bed rest analog studies of space flight were performed; one 14 d and the other 28 d in duration. Exercise response was studied in detail during the 28 d study and following both the 14 d and 28 d studies. This paper relates the results of these studies to physiologic changes noted during and following space flight. The most consistent change noted after both bed rest and space flight is an elevated heart rate during exercise. A second consistent finding is a postflight or postbed rest reduction in cardiac stroke volume. Cardiac output changes were variable. The inability to simulate inflight activity levels and personal exercise makes a direct comparison between bed rest and the results from specific space flights difficult.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A metabolic balance study was conducted on the three crewmembers of the 84-day Skylab IV earth orbital mission. Dietary intake was controlled, monitored, and kept very nearly constant for a period commencing 21 days prior to flight, throughout flight, and for a period of 18 days postflight. Within the first 30 days of flight urine calcium rose to a level approx. 100% above preflight levels and remained elevated for the remainder of the flight. Fecal calcium excretion increased more slowly but continued to accelerate throughout the flight and did not return to baseline levels during the postflight period. Urinary nitrogen increased to 25-30% above preflight levels within one month following launch and thereafter gradually subsided toward control values. The overall losses of calcium averaged approx. 200 mg per day throughout the mission while nitrogen losses averaged 590 mg. Various other indices of musculoskeletal deterioration are discussed and correlated. The parallelism between the effects of weightlessness and bed rest is reviewed. It is noted, that no evidence is yet available as to the identity of the initial biological response to the absence of gravity.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 42
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Research on the etiology, prediction, treatment and prevention of space motion sickness, designed to minimize the impact of this syndrome which was experienced frequently and with severity by individuals on the Skylab missions, on Space Shuttle crews is reviewed. Theories of the cause of space motion sickness currently under investigation by NASA include sensory conflict, which argues that motion sickness symptoms result from a mismatch between the total pattern of information from the spatial senses and that stored from previous experiences, and fluid shift, based upon the redistribution of bodily fluids that occurs upon continued exposure to weightlessness. Attempts are underway to correlate space motion sickness susceptibility to different provocative environments, vestibular and nonvestibular responses, and the rate of acquisition and length of retention of sensory adaptation. Space motion sickness countermeasures under investigation include various drug combinations, of which the equal combination of promethazine and ephedrine has been found to be as effective as the scopolomine and dexedrine combination, and vestibular adaptation and biofeedback training and autogenic therapy.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 43
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observational data for 20 southern stars having emission-line spectra that suggest a significant degree of mass ejection are given in order to present an atlas of their spectra and to give a quantitative description of their appearance during the 1961-62 epoch. Most of the stars are P Cygni stars; others include nova-like, peculiar Be, and symbiotic stars, as well as stellar planetary nebulae and emission-line binaries, all of whose spectra were obtained with the Newtonian two-prism Zeiss Spectrograph and the 74-inch reflector at Mount Stromlo Observatory. It is noted that among the P Cygni stars, there is a strong correlation between the a-e expansion velocity and the strength of Balmer emission, while in both the P Cygni and the Bep stars, there is positive dependence of Fe II and negative dependence of (Fe II) emission strengths on Balmer emission strength.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Vistas in Astronomy; 23; pt. 3
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  • 44
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the present paper, osculating orbital elements are listed for 2118 numbered asteroids, of which 17 are considered lost. The columns give asteroid number; name; semimajor axis, in AU; eccentricity; longitude of the ascending mode; argument of perihelion; mean anomaly; and Julian date of epoch minus 2,400,000.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The collisional evolution of various initial populations of asteroids is simulated numerically and compared with the present asteroid size-frequency distribution to find those populations which collisionally relax to the present belt. Both orbital and size distributions are treated, as well as the simultaneous evolution of two collisionally interacting populations with different physical properties. If the initial belt distribution was a power law, the initial belt population at the time when the present high-collision speed was established was probably only modestly larger than the present population. However, other distributions allow a more massive early belt. The rotational evolution due to collisions of asteroids with power-law distributions is also examined and compared with observations, leading to conclusions generally in agreement with those of size evolution. The high-collision speed in the present belt is likely due to Jupiter. Gravitational stirring by massive Jupiter-scattered planetesimals or secular resonances sweeping through the belt are the most probable mechanisms.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Asteroids that can intersect the orbit of the earth are discussed, which include Aten asteroids (semimajor axis (a) less than 1 AU, aphelion greater than 0.983 AU), Apollo asteroids (a greater than 1 AU, perihelion less than 1.017 AU), and Amor asteroids (perihelion distance between 1.017 and 1.3 AU). The principal sources of earth-crossing asteroids appear to be extinct comet nuclei and collision fragments from regions in the main asteroid belt. The total population of earth-crossers is estimated at 13,000, of which approximately 8% are Atens, 50% are Apollos, and 40% are Amors,and the present collision rate of such asteroids with the earth is estimated at about 3.5 objects, to absolute magnitude 18, per million years.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 47
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Image processing procedures for calculating the energy that roof-mounted solar collectors can potentially supply in a metropolitan area are presented. Satellite multispectral imagery from which land cover types can be determined digitally was sampled in order to estimate the percentage of land area occupied by flat or south-facing roof tops in residential and commercial/industrial areas. Procedures were applied to the various power subdistricts of the western San Fernando valley of California, and it was found that on the average 120% of the existing power demand could be met if only half the useable rooftop area were utilized, amounting to 385 MW of peak power and indicating the applicability of solar cells to power generation in urban areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Apr. 197
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews the Image Based Information System (IBIS), developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) which provided the city of Los Angeles with Landsat land use data in a format compatible with the city's land use and population files. Landsat data are compared to other land use files and the comparisons are discussed as an attempt to establish a level of validity. Relationships between population and Landsat data are investigated and reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the use of such data for urban areas. Finally, it is noted that the project verified the flexibility of IBIS for reducing and delivering Landsat data to users lacking the ability to process raw satellite data tapes and points to the system as a model for a potential national census of land use.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Jan. 197
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two methodologies for detecting and mapping land cover changes in and around growing urban regions are being studied at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Both approaches, primarily based on digital image processing techniques, have been developed to supplement data stored in an Image Based Information System (IBIS). The structure of this information system enables the depiction of land cover changes in image format concurrently with statistical reports in tabular form. To date the expansion of two urban areas, Houston, Texas and Orlando, Florida, has been monitored.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Jan. 197
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study to determine the effect of heat acclimation and physical training in temperate conditions on changes in exercise tolerance following water-immersion deconditioning is presented. Five young men were tested on a bicycle ergometer before and after heat acclimation and after water immersion. The subjects and the experimental procedure, heat acclimation and exercise training, water immersion, and exercise tolerance are discussed. Heat acclimation resulted in the usual decreases in exercise heart rate and rectal temperature and an increase in sweat rate. Water immersion resulted in substantial diuresis despite water consumed. The results show that heat acclimation provides an effective method of preventing the adverse effects of water-immersion deconditioning on exercise tolerance.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An estimation is made of the principal long-period spherical harmonic parameters in the representation of the M2 ocean tide from the orbital histories of the three satellites 1967-92A, Starlette, and GEOS 3. The data used are primarily the evolution of the orbital inclinations of the satellites in conjunction with the longitude of the ascending node from GEOS 3. Analysis procedure and analytic formulation, as well as ocean tidal parameter estimation and deceleration of the lunar mean longitude are outlined. The credibility of the M2 ocean tide solution is further enhanced by the close accord between the computed value for the deceleration of the lunar mean longitude and other recently reported estimates. It is evident from the results presented that studies of close earth satellite orbits are able to provide important information about the tidal forces acting on the earth.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 52
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spectral reflectance of snow under diffuse illumination is studied using the two-stream approximation of the radiative transfer equation. The scattering and absorption parameters of the radiative transfer equation - the single scattering albedo, the optical depth, and the integrated phase function are obtained from the grain size and density of snow. Analytical expressions for the intensity within the snowpack, the reflectance, and the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient, are given. Good agreement is shown between the theory and available experimental data on visible and near-infrared reflectance, and the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient. The theory may also be used to explain the observed effect of aging on the snow reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics; GE-17; July 197
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Perturbations of hydrogen atoms in Keplerian orbits are examined by analyzing the rates of change of the classical orbital elements. There are three main effects: high inclination orbits with eccentricities e at least 0.4 are forced toward the ecliptic plane within a few weeks, the perigees of direct orbits drift rapidly toward stable positions roughly westward of the planet, and satellite orbits in or near such a stable point rapidly lower their perigees and the satellite's life is ended by a collision in the atmosphere. Thus there are effects tending to diminish the number of highly eccentric orbits with distant apogees in six principal directions. The various lifetimes are compared for a sample of initial elements.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus; 39; Aug. 197
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Our understanding of atmospheric scattering phenomena has increased through the combined developments of new electro-optical instrumentation, theoretical solutions for complex model atmospheres, and large computers enabling computation of such solutions. Earth satellites permit external, planetwide observations of our atmosphere, while spacecraft permit detailed measurements of the scattering by other planetary atmospheres. Some recent results are: elucidation of the effects of ozone absorption and high-altitude aerosol scattering on twilight colors and polarization; identification of a cloudbow on Venus and consequent deduction of the cloud particle shape, size distribution, and refractive index; and, the interpretation of Rayleigh scattering on Jupiter in terms of cloud-top topography.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute flux measurements in the rocket ultraviolet made by Bohlin, Frimout, and Lillie (BFL) are revised using a more correct treatment of the air extinction that enters the air calibration of their instrument. The absorption by molecular oxygen and ozone, Rayleigh scattering, and extinction by aerosols is tabulated for general use in ultraviolet calibrations performed in air. The revised absolute flux of Eta UMa and final fluxes for Alpha Lyr and Zeta Oph are presented in the 1750 A-3350 A region. The absolute flux of the star Eta UMa (B3 V) is compared to four other independent determinations in the 1200 A-3400 A region and a maximum difference of 35% is found near 1500 A between the OAO-2 and Apollo 17 fluxes. Longward of 1700 A the typical scatter in the different determinations is only plus or minus 5%. The rocket measurements of BFL, the ANS and TD-1 satellite data, and the Apollo 17 data are compared to the ultraviolet fluxes from the OAO-2, demonstrating a photometric reproducibility of about plus or minus 3%. Therefore, all four sets of spectrophotometry can be reduced to a common absolute scale.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The X-ray source H1908+050 (=4U 1908+05 = A1909+04) was observed for three 6 day periods in 1977 and 1978 with the HEAO A-2 experiment. Because of the positional error box and variability of the source, the unusual emission-line object and variable radio source SS 433 has been suggested as the optical counterpart. The X-ray luminosity of the source varied by a factor of about 2 on a time scale of 6 months, and the spectrum of the object is consistent with either a power law of photon index of 2.1 or with 14.3 KeV thermal bremsstrahlung emission with an about 575 eV equivalent-width iron line. These X-ray characteristics argue against the source being extragalactic, but do not uniquely identify the type of source. The measurements are consistent with emission from a white dwarf with 100 million gauss magnetic field, but are also similar to the X-ray emission sometimes seen from Cir X-1. A search has been made for X-ray emission from similar radio sources, but no new X-ray sources were detected. A previously known source, A1850+00, is a possible counterpart for one of these radio sources.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique utilizing transformed Landsat digital data for detection of agricultural drought was empirically defined during the 1976 South Dakota drought. During 1977, the procedure was expanded to the Great Plains for evaluation as a technique for detecting and monitoring vegetative water stress over large areas. The technique, Green Index Number (GIN), uses Landsat digital data from 5 by 6 nautical mile sampling frames (segments) to indicate when the vegetation within the segment is undergoing drought. At known growth stages for wheat, segments were classified as drought or non-drought areas. The remote-sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (Crop Moisture Index) provided by the United States Department of Commerce. This comparison demonstrated a high degree of agreement between the 18-day remote sensing technique and the ground-based weekly data. Maps based on GIN of parts of the USSR and Australia were produced with a two-week lag and later compared with other crop assessments of crop conditions in these areas. These maps were judged to be in general agreement with the other data sources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; Feb. 197
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  • 59
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photographic observations of the eclipsing binary Theta-1 Ori A suggest a secondary minimum near phase 0.64 of its 65.43233-day period. This minimum may be wavelength dependent. The star Theta-1 Ori E is suspected of being variable.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 90
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An attempt is made to explain the cardiovascular regulatory responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) stress, both in the absence of and following blood or plasma volume loss, the latter being factors regularly observed with short- or long-term recumbency or weightlessness and associated with resulting cardiovascular deconditioning. Analytical expressions are derived for the responses of mean venous pressure and blood volume pooled in the lower body due to LBNP. An analysis is presented for determining the HR change due to LBNP stress following blood volume loss. It is concluded that the reduced orthostatic tolerance following long-term space flight or recumbency can be mainly attributed to blood volume loss, and that the associated cardiovascular responses characterizing this orthostatic intolerance is elicited by the associated central venous pressure response.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An airborne experiment was conducted under NASA auspices to test the feasibility of detecting soil moisture by microwave remote sensing techniques over agricultural fields near Phoenix, Arizona at midday of April 5, 1974 and at dawn of the following day. Extensive ground data were obtained from 96 bare, sixteen hectare fields. Observations made using a scanning (2.8 cm) and a nonscanning (21 cm) radiometer were compared with the predictions of a radiative transfer emission model. It is shown that (1) the emitted intensity at both wavelengths correlates best with the near surface moisture, (2) surface roughness is found to more strongly affect the degree of polarization than the emitted intensity, (3) the slope of the intensity-moisture curves decreases in going from day to dawn, and (4) increased near surface moisture at dawn is characterized by increased polarization of emissions. The results of the experiment indicate that microwave techniques can be used to observe the history of the near surface moisture. The subsurface history must be inferred from soil physics models which use microwave results as boundary conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Jan. 20
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Twenty-three stars that are suitable for use as secondary spectrophotometric standards are compared with Alpha Lyrae in the wavelength range between 5840 A and 1.1 microns. The consistency of the present data with previously existing measurements is discussed, along with the reliability of the present data. It is found that there is good agreement with previous data in some cases, but moderate or substantial discrepancies are exhibited in others. It is suggested that extinction variation is the most probable cause of the discrepancies, and observational procedures that may improve the situation with regard to the discrepancies are proposed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 84; Jan. 197
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The GSFC cosmic X-ray spectroscopy experiment on OSO 8 observed X Per for 20 days during two observations in 1976 February and 1977 February. The spectrum of X Per varies in phase with its 13.9 minute period, hardening significantly at X-ray minimum. Unlike other X-ray binary pulsar spectra, those of X Per do not exhibit iron line emission or strong absorption features. Our data show no evidence for a 22 hour periodicity in the X-ray intensity of X Per. These results indicate that the X-ray emission from X Per may be originating from a neutron star in a low-density region far from the optically identified Be star.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 227
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 227
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analytic expressions are derived for the perturbation of planetary orbits due to a thick constant-density asteroid belt. The derivations include extensions and adaptations of Plakhov's (1968) analytic expressions for the perturbations in five of the orbital elements for closed orbits around Saturn's rings. The equations of Plakhov are modified to include the effect of ring thickness, and additional equations are derived for the perturbations in the sixth orbital element, the mean anomaly. The gravitational potential and orbital perturbations are derived for the asteroid belt with and without thickness, and for a hoop approximation to the belt. The procedures are also applicable to Saturn's rings and the newly discovered rings of Uranus. The effects of the asteroid belt thickness on the gravitational potential coefficients and the orbital motions are demonstrated. Comparisons between the Mars orbital perturbations obtained by using the analytic expressions and those obtained by numerical integration are discussed. The effects of the asteroid belt on earth-based ranging to Mars are also demonstrated.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics; 19; May 1979
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: New observations using the Arecibo telescope have failed to detect intergalactic intracluster H I in the Coma Cluster. This represents a factor of two improvements over our previously reported limit (Wright et al., 1974) and makes it less likely that the cluster can be dynamically bound by H I. The highly flattened, rapidly rotating, extremely dense, cold H I clouds permitted by the observations will not evaporate over the cluster lifetime, but violate global stability criteria and hence cannot provide the missing mass in the cluster.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 76; 1, Ju; June 197
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The HEAO 1 low energy detectors have observed the supernova remnant G65.2+5.7 in the energy range 0.2-2.5 keV. A strong, extended source of X-ray emission is observed coincident with the eastern side of the optical filamentary structure. The characteristic temperature of the emission is in the range 2-3.8 x 10 to the 6th K, and evidence is found for line emission at about 0.8 keV in the X-ray spectrum. These observations imply a shock velocity (425 km/s) and age (about 20,000 yr) that markedly disagree with the estimates from optical and radio observations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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  • 69
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The trophic status of a number of inland lakes in Wisconsin has been assessed. The feasibility of using both photographic and digital representations of Landsat imagery was investigated during the lake classification project. The result of the investigation has been a semi-automatic data acquisition and handling system which, in conjunction with an analytical categorization scheme, can be used to classify all the significant lakes in the state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; May 1979
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experiments were conducted on ten young male subjects to determine sweating onset, distribution, and patterns as well as the relationships of these responses to body temperature during heat acclimation and moderate conditioning performed in temperate (24 C) conditions. The subjects are randomly assigned to two groups of five subjects each. The experimental period consisted of eight successive days of either graded exercise to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer in heat (acclimation group) or in a temperate environment (control group). Major conclusions are that (1) acclimation and conditioning result in relatively more sweat rate on the limbs than on the torso, but that these changes are less related to body temperature than torso sweat rate; and (2) sweating sensitivity increases during acclimation and conditioning, but its contribution to heat acclimation is minor.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 46
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Isophotic contour maps derived from blue plates confirm the change in position angle as a function of distance from the center of M31 in the red region reported by Peterson, Ford, and Rubin (1977). The techniques used for M31 were then applied to a study of M51, for which similar results were obtained for the nuclear region. The spiral arms of M51 were traced for an additional half turn near the center of the galaxy.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 84; Apr. 197
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The relationships between various linear combinations of red and photographic infrared radiances and vegetation parameters are investigated. In situ spectrometers are used to measure the relationships between linear combinations of red and IR radiances, their ratios and square roots, and biomass, leaf water content and chlorophyll content of a grass canopy in June, September and October. Regression analysis shows red-IR combinations to be more significant than green-red combinations. The IR/red ratio, the square root of the IR/red ratio, the vegetation index (IR-red difference divided by their sum) and the transformed vegetation index (the square root of the vegetation index + 0.5) are found to be sensitive to the amount of photosynthetically active vegetation. The accumulation of dead vegetation over the year is found to have a linearizing effect on the various vegetation measures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; May 1979
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Eight human volunteers, individually studied in a hyperbaric chamber, breathed: (1) air at 1 ATA; (2) 80% argon and 20% oxygen at 1 ATA for 30 min; (3) air at 1 ATA for 30 min; (4) 100% O2 at 1 ATA for 30 min; (5) air at 1 ATA for 30 min; (6) 100% O2 at 2 ATA for 60 min; and (7) 80% argon and 20% oxygen at 1 ATA for 30 min. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon tensions were measured in muscle and subcutaneous tissue by mass spectroscopic analyses. Venous blood obtained at regular intervals was analyzed for coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. Inert gas narcosis was not observed. After breathing argon for 30 min, muscle argon tensions were almost three times the subcutaneous tensions. Argon wash-in mirrored nitrogen wash-out. Argon wash-in and wash-out had no effect on tissue PO2 or PCO2. Coagulation and fibrinolytic changes usually associated with vascular bubbles were absent.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experimental study was carried out to compare fluid and electrolyte shifts after heavy exercise performed by four voluntary male subjects (26-45 yr) in sitting and supine positions. Plasma volume and electrolyte shifts were measured during the 6-min control period and for 60 min after a continuous peak oxygen uptake test. The results indicate that the most likely driving force for the restitution of plasma volume after peak exercise is provided by a change in hydrostatic and/or systemic blood pressures when exercise ceases.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: American Journal of Physiology; 236; Mar. 197
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In the presence of several-arc-second seeing at Mt. Wilson observatory, a flexible mirror image-sharpening telescope produced diffraction-limited (0.5 arcsec) images of the primary stars in the double star systems of Castor (alpha Gem), Algieba (gamma Leo) and Almach (gamma And). The images of both the primary and the companion star were simultaneously sharpened for Castor (separation 2 arcsec) and Algieba (4 arcsec) but not for Almach (10 arcsec). Thus the size of the isoplanatic patch came to lie between 4 and 10 arcsec. Using a simple model, we conclude that the bulk of the turbulent air responsible for the seeing was situated between 1.1 and 1.7 km above ground.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 69
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An updated Deep Space Network station location set, LS47, is presented which is compatible with JPL Development Ephemeris DE108. Analytic procedures for linearly correcting station spin axis and longitude estimates for an ephemeris update based on Brouwer-Clemence Set III parameters are briefly discussed. The validity of this technique is demonstrated by a comparison of a linearly corrected solution with one explicitly determined by reprocessing the data. A mission data base, including Viking 1 and 2 encounter data, is first used to obtain an updated DE96 compatible station location solution, LS46, which in turn is adjusted to form the DE108 solution, LS47. Improved station Z-heights are estimated by using available very long baseline interferometry data. Spin axis differences between LS46 and LS47 are relatively insignificant; however, the ephemeris change introduces a -0.8 x 10 to the -5 power degree rotation in the DE96 longitude ephemeris.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 86-98
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Significant progress was made in the development of remote sensing techniques for estimating soil moisture, and some useful applications for soil moisture information was demonstrated. However, there is an array of questions that must be answered before an operational program is appropriate. A substantial research-oriented program is justified. A summary of recommendations made by participants in the workshop concerning future research and development is presented. These recommendations represent a consensus of opinions from the Workshop participants, but are not necessarily unanimous views.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 5 p
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  • 78
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Discussion by discipline scientist and information users throughout the Workshop showed the diversity of opinion on the actual use of soil moisture information and the approaches which may lead to successful remote sensing measurements of soil moisture. Soil moisture has varying definitions and information needs depending on perspective of discipline and defined use. With these differences of need and definition, the summary panel provides summaries of the activities and recommendations with interaction from all participants of the Workshop.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 53 p
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The unique dielectric properties of water at microwave wavelengths afford the possibility for remotely sensing the moisture content in the surface layer of the soil. The surface emissivity and reflectivity for the soils at these wavelengths are strong functions of its moisture content. The changes in emissivity can be observed by passive microwave techniques (radiometry) and the change in reflectivity can be observed by active microwave techniques (radar). The difference in the natural terrestrial gamma ray flux measured for wet and dry soil may be used to determine soil moisture. The presence of water moisture in the soil causes an effective increase in soil density, resulting in an increased attenuation of the gamma flux for wet soil and a corresponding lower flux above the ground surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 37 p
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The X-ray spectroscope presented features both spectral and one dimensional spatial resolution. The capabilities of observing sources like supernova remnants, X-ray stars, and the halo surrounding galaxies are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 329-246
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  • 81
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The spectroscope aboard the Einstein Observatory which utilizes nondispersive techniques is presented. Examples of kinds of thermal and nonthermal features that can be seen as well as the possibility of seeing small traces of thermal features in either much higher temperature objects or nonthermal objects are considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 292-328
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Galactic phenomena observed using the HEAO 1 detectors are discussed. A source map of the soft X-ray sky is presented. Specific topics covered include the optical outburst of U Geminorum, low energy RS CVn stars, and the dwarf nova SS Cygni. Aspects of the SS Cygni pulsations are analyzed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 49-81
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  • 83
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results from the A-1 all sky survey are used to develop a catalog of X-ray sources. Various techniques used to identify and position the detected sources are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 30-48
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  • 84
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results from the HEAO A-1 instrument which observed X-ray source variability over a wide range of accessible timescales are surveyed. The objects observed include quasars, BL Lacertae, and active galactic nuclei. A high sensitivity search for X-ray pulsars, known black hole candidates, period fluctuation in binary pulsars, and X-ray and gamma ray bursts are among the topics covered.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 10-29
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An experimental program was conducted with the pendular platform of the Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Clinic, which was developed for the investigation of disturbances of the equilibrium. The equilibrium sense of the glider pilot was emphasized. Results are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Sci. and Technol. of Low Speed and Motorless Flight; p 377-388
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  • 86
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Observations of galactic sources, extragalactic sources and gamma bursts with the A-4 instrument at energy 1 energies of between 0.1 to 10 MeV are discussed. Aximuthal scans are presented. The Crab Nebula and its spectrum and the spectrum of Cygnus Z-1 are described.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 166-194
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results of the sky survey performed with the high energy X-ray detectors of the A-4 experiment onboard the HEAO 1 spacecraft are presented. The data presented cover the energy range from 13 to 80 keV. Strong sources are identified by visual inspection and azimuthal superpositions are performed in order to find weak sources. Time variability is also examined. Results of studies of X-ray pulsars are given including a brief description of an X-ray pulsar in terms of current theory.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 140-165
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  • 88
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The scanning modulation collimator experiment designed to identify the optical counterparts of celestial X-ray sources is described. Identification of galactic sources is discussed. Results concerning active galaxies are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 101-113
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  • 89
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of the HEAO A-3 experiment are summarized. Specific contributions of the experiment to extragalactic astronomy are emphasized. The discovery of relatively condensed X-ray emission in the cores of those clusters of galaxies which are dominated by a giant elliptical or cD galaxy, the discovery of extended X-ray emitting plasma in groups of galaxies, and the demonstration that BL Lac objects are a class of X-ray sources are among the topics discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 114-139
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  • 90
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results from the HEAO A-2 experiment concerning the extragalactic X-ray sky are discussed. All-sky maps of hard X-ray sources detected are presented reflecting the temporal variability of the sources that make up the extragalactic X-ray sky. Most of the identified extragalactic objects are not clusters of galaxies but isolated galaxies. Spectra for sources representing classes of active galz galaxies, BL Lacertae objects, and N galaxies are discussed in order of luminosity.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 82-100
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The radio galaxies Centaurus A and Signus B are discussed. In both these sources, a comparison of the radio and imaged X-ray flux is allowed for the measurement of the magnetic fields. Einstein observations of quasars are discussed. The number of known X-ray emitting QSO's was increased from 3 to 22 and the distances where these QSO's were seen to correspond to an age of 15 billion years. It was shown that these quasars contributed significantly to the X-ray background.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp; p 390-408
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  • 92
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A technology assessment of extrasolar X-ray astronomy is presented. The role and significance of the Einstein Observatory is described.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 262-291
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The ATS analysis component is presented focusing on methods by which the varied data sources are used by the ATS analyst. Analyst training and initial processing of data is discussed along with short and long plans for the ATS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Session, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1121-1125
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The approach, implementation, operation, and utilization of a model to establish capital investment and operational costs for the Program is presented. These are based on their interrelationships, dependencies, and alternative actions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1103-1120
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: An insight is provided of the technical approach which was applied to the system design of the USDA Applications Test Program. Included are: identification of requirements, assessment of remote sensing contributions, evaluations of existing techniques, and cost effective development of a system design which utilizes techniques and procedures consistent with requirements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1097-1101
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A description of the USDA Application Test System data base design approach and resources is presented. The data is described in detail by category, with emphasis on those characteristics which influenced the design most. It was concluded that the use of a generalized data base in support of crop assessment is a sound concept. The IDMS11 minicomputer base system is recommended for this purpose.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2 (; p 1085-1096
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The fundamental definition and design of a U.S.D.A. system utilizing the LACIE technology avaliable as of June 1976, is discussed. The organization and methods described are focused on LACIE technology in terms of its transfer for use applications. The simulation of a feasible system design provided timely answers to system design questions, such as the ability of a minicomputer to handle the proposed geometrical correction of MSS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1075-1084
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The latest satellite and computer processing and analysis technologies were tested and evaluated in terms of their application feasibility. Technologies evaluated include those developed, tested, and evaluated by the LACIE, as well as candidate technologies developed by the research community and private industry. The implementation of the applications test system and the technology transfer experience between the LACIE and the applications test system is discussed highlighting the approach, the achievements, and the shortcomings.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1069-1074
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The capability to acquire, process, and interpret remotely sensed multispectral measurements of the energy reflected and emitted from crops, soils, and other Earth surface features is considered. The LACIE Field Measurements Project is described including project objectives, the experimental approach, the data acquisition program, and selected results based on field data. The key accomplishments and results of the experiment and recommendations for future field research are summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1037-1066
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  • 100
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The use of a weighted aggregation technique to improve the precision of the overall LACIE estimate is considered. The manner in which a weighted aggregation technique is implemented given a set of weights is described. The problem of variance estimation is discussed and the question of how to obtain the weights in an operational environment is addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1029-1036
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