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  • Articles  (46)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (46)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (46)
  • 1975-1979  (46)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1979  (46)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (46)
Collection
  • Articles  (46)
Source
Keywords
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (46)
Years
  • 1975-1979  (46)
  • 1950-1954
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-flashover compartment fires - application of a theoretical model (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical solutions of the post-flashover fire are considered and a computer program is presented. The solutions are compared with experiment and the sensitivity of the solutions to a number of variables is discussed. It is shown that increasing the ventilation may either increase or decrease fire intensity, and the importasnce of the ventilation controlled phase of the fire is discussed. Application of the model to calculate the expected time-temperature history is illustrated and its significance is discussed. The deterministic approach is compared with a new method for calculating the most severe fire by letting one variable take any value between certain limits. The latter method is called pessimization. The significance for designers is noted.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Harmonization of structural fire precautions in europe: Current situation and projected measuresThis paper was presented during the 2nd Conference of the ‘European Association of Professional Fire Brigade Officers’ (AE) 1978, Geneva, Switzerland (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 23-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combustion characteristics of UPVC pipe grade materials (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 8-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Samples of current Australian production of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipe and fitting materials have been examined in relation to combustion characteristics. Small scale laboratory assessment of piloted radiant ignition flame propagation and smoke generation have been investigated. Where necessary, improvements to methods of test or analysis of data have been developed and factors that influence results have been investigated. Piloted radiant ignititon and smoke production under flaming conditions are shfown to be the important combustion characteristics of UPVC materials for improvement.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of environmental temperature upon the physical characteristics of the smoke produced by burning wood and PVC samples (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Data are presented which show the effect of elevated environmental temperature upon smoke particle characteristics of wood (Douglas fir) and a rigid PVC, under both flaming and nonflaming combustion in air. The physical data obtainbed include the smoke particle average diameter, the smoke optical densities in red and blue light, and the weight loss of the sample. The average particle dimeter, the smoke optical densities in red and blue light, and the weight loss of the sample. The average particle diameter and optical densities in red and blue light, and the weight loss of the sample. The average particle dimater and optical densities were obtained uwing in in situ optical system which measures forward scattered light at two angles and transmitte light at two wavelengths. Data were taken for vertically mounted samples exposed to a radiant flux of 5 W cm-2 in environments at a room temperatures, 100°C, 200°C and 300°C. The result indicate that in flaming test higher environmental temperatures general result in greater smoke optical densities and larger smoke particles, while in nonflaming tests higherl temperatures in lower smoke densities and smaller smoke particles, for wood. These results may explain why small-scale test data (room temperature environment) do not often correlate well with full-scale data (often at elevated environmental temperatures).
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030104
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer from a buoyant smoke layer beneath a ceiling to a sprinkler spray. 1 - a tentative theory (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A theory is developed for calculating the heat transferred from a buoyant layer of fire gases and smoke, to a sprinkler spray. The theory involves calculating the heat transfer to a single water drop as it describes its trajectory, and uses experimentally derived information on the nature and structure of such sprays to calculate heat transfer to the whole spray. Because such experimental information is sparse for sprinklers, a very simple model of the ballistic properties of a sprinkler spray is adopted. Calculations using the teory suggest that the practive of installing sprinklers in the smoke reservoirs of shopping malls would, in some cases at least, reduce the effectiveness of natural venting of smoke by reducing the buoyancy of the hot smoky gases.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer from a buoyant smoke layer beneath a ceiling to a sprinkler spray. 2 - an experiment (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 34-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An experiment is described which measures the heat transferred from a hot, flowing, buoyant gas layer in a mall, to a sprinkler spray. Interpolation techniques are described which allow for the large heat losses occurring within the apparatus (a large-scale model mall). The results are compared with predictions based on the method developed in Part 1 and found to be consistently 150% of the predicted heat transfer rates. Given the assumptions required by the predictive calculations this is thought to be reasonable degree of agreement. The largest heat transfer rate to the one sprinkler spray in this experiment was 157 kW ± 38 kW.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030107
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Directory of fire research - 8th edition. Committee on Fire Research, National Research Council National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, 1978, 374 pages. Available from: The Office of Publications, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington DC 20418, USA. The price of $9.50 includes shipping charges for both domestic and foregin orders but payment in dollars must accompany order (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030110
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference report (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030111
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the nature of fuel on the characteristics of fully developed compartment firesPresented at ‘Interflam '79’ University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 27-29 March 1979. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 49-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The coupling between the constituent reactions of a burning process, namely pyrolysis, combustion of volatiles, and (possibly) oxidation of char, is on the whole quite different for fires occurring in the open and for those that develop in an enclosure. Consequently, knowledge of the characteristics of free burning fires is of only limited value in studies related to compartment fire. Since the singe-rout communication between the fire compartment and its environment, always assumed in classical fire studies, is not at all common in real world fires, great sophistication in the mathematical modeling of classical fires is rarely warranted. An examination of pool-like fires and pile fires of noncharring fuels has shown that the severity of such fires in the fire compartment, as characterized by the so-called ‘fire severity product’, decreases slightly with an increase in ventilation. The principal danger presented by these fires, however, is not so much to the fire compartment itself as to the surrounding spaces.An interesting feature of fires involving charring fuels, cellulosies in particular, is that the rate of consumption of fuel, the so-called ‘rate of burning’, is practically independent of all process variables except ventilation. The severity of fires of cellulosics is, as a rule, much higher than that of fires of noncharring fuels. It exhibits a maximum at relatively low ventilations. From the point of view of spread of fire to the surrounding spaces, cellulosics are generally less dangerous than noncharring plastics. Fires involving cellulosics mixed with smaller amounts of noncharring plastics can be characterized as basically cellulosics fires, with a superimposed initial period of very high spread liability.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030109
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030201
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. iv 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030113
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. iv 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030112
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors that influence the critical oxygen index of various solids (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 39-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Critical Oxygen Index test has been used as a measure of the flammability of a wide range of substances, including plastics, textiles and liquids, since its introduction in 1966. The index, however, is only appropriate to the configuration and conditions used in the test, and extrapolation in order to predict the flammability of materials in a large-scale fire is not valid. The index is dependent on a number of sample and test parameters and these are reviewed; the ASTM test standard, the reproducibility of the results, and certain theoretical aspects are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030108
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting temperature of fire-exposed concrete slabs (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 74-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The influence of the various factors that determine temperatures in fire-exposed concrete slabs is examined, in particular that of material properties. Both experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out. From these a set of thermal properties has been derived that is representative of the properties of siliceous concrete and suitable for use in fire resistance calculations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030204
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the role of KρC of room lining materials in the growth of room fires (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 68-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The role of the product of the thermal properties of thermal conductivity and thermal capacity per unit volume in fire growth is explored in relation to a simple model of a room fire. The calculated differences between flashover times for two different lining materials are plausible; the main conclusion is to show that the flashover time depends on KρC in a weaker relationship than simple proportionality.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030203
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic action of Sb2O3 with bromine-containing flame retardant in polyolefins. 1 - the variance in their performance versus Sb/Br ratio (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The synergistic action of antimony (Sb) with bromine (Br) was studied for polypropylene-2,3-dibromopropylpentabromophenyl ether-Sb2O3 systems at various Sb/Br molar ratios. Oxygen index, weight loss rate and heating value were used to evaluate the retardant effect. Bromine and antimony emission and their material balances were measured by gravimetric and X-ray fluorometric analysis of heated samples at each reaction time. Retarded HBr formation in the gaseous phase through SbBr3, SbOBr and Sb4O5Br2 was proved by X-ray diffraction analysis of heated residues and model products. SbBr3 and HBr formation were greatest at Sb/Br ratios of 1/3 and 1/4, respectively, while the highest oxygen index and the lowest weight loss rate and heating value were obtained at 1/4. Consequently, HBr will most probably produce the retardant effect rather than SbBr3. Effective synergistic action at the Sb/Br ratio of 1/4 is explained by presuming the formation of an acidic HBr.SbBr3 complex in the molten phase for the particular reaction pattern of bromine in 2,3-dibromopropylpentabromophenyl either.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030202
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire safety analysis for public mass transit trains (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 84-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: With increasing use of electric trains carrying very high passenger loads it is important to assess the risks involved in using combustible materials. An approach using decision tree methods to analyse the resulting fire growth and passenger action combinations has been developed. Clear statement of objectives, mainly preservation of life and property, is essential. Systems analysis models can then be used to define the nature of quantitative information needed to assess probabilities of the lines of action shown by the decision tree. The current situation is not fully defined since there isdifficulty in using test report and behavioural information in the on-off mode needed for Boolean logic which is required by decision tree methods. Some preliminary probabilities are given for state transitions, such as ignition to flame spread, based on reported data. A basis for a possible approach to human behaviour variables and the effect of combustion products is given.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030206
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal conditions to produce skin burns (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 100-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The numbers and severities of burn casualties are described by reference to national data and a more detailed analysis of causes of burns in Birmingham. The important dimensions of any burn are area and depth, both are relevant to severity of injury and mortality. Personal factors, such as age, disability, unconsciousness, drugs and alcohol, can influence depth and area of burning. There is a relation between exposure time and thermal flux to cause burning, this is described for hot metal and radiant heat. The data can be used to predict likelihood of sustaining burns in specified situation. Such prediction is less easy with poor heat conductors; the reasons for this are discussed. The relevance of this information for advising on safety in a variety of situations is outlined.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030208
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  • 20
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    The importance of cyanide and organic nitriles in fire fatalities (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study of fire deaths in the Glasgow area has been in operation for 2½ years. Detailed pathological and toxicological examinations have been carried out on 127 fatalities, arising primarily in domestic fires. Cyanide and thiocyanate, the principal metabolite of cyanide in blood, were measured in blood samples from 100 fatalities and from groups of non-fatal fire casualties, firemen and normal and post-mortem controls. Cyanide concentrations in the blood of fatal and non-fatal casualties were elevated to statistically significant levels compared to controls and 6% of fatalities had cyanide levels above 100 μmol 1-1 blood. No evidence was obtained for the operation of additive or synergistic effects in fire deaths between cyanide, carbon monoxide and ethyl alcohol. Thiocyanate was of value as an index of metabolized cyanide in non-fatal subject groups but not in fatalities. Organic volatiles in blood from fire victims were analysed with a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer computer system and for the first time the presence of toxic nitriles other than cyanide has been demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030207
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  • 21
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    An apparatus for the determination of the ignition time of fabrics (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 106-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper an apparatus is presented by means of which it is possible to measure the ignition time with a very high accuracy, namely 0.01 s. This apparatus has been developed not only for determining the ignition time of fabrics and end products such as curtains, garments, beds, upholstered chairs and toys, but also as an igniting source for use in studying the flame propagation. By using the apparatus it is possible to separate the burning phase from the ignition phase.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030209
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  • 22
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    Diary (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030212
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  • 23
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    Chemical aspects of combustion toxicology of fires (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 110-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This report describes work currently being carried out at the Fire Research Station, Borehamwood to Study the role of the fire atmosphere in causing incapacitation, injury and death of building occupants in fires. The work includes a detailed study of polymer degradation mechanisms (particularly synthetic) and product formation under carefully controlled laboratory conditions and fires, together with pathological and bioassay (in vivo) work being carried out elsewhere under contract. Analytical studies are reported using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify the complex products formed during the controlled pyrolysis and thermal oxidative decomposition of butadiene-styrene latex rubber foam, polyacrylonitrile and polypropylene under low (30-400°C), medium (400-650°C) and high (700-900°C) temperature conditions. Studies are reported of the products formed during smouldering and flaming fires in an experimental 0.4 m3 fire chamber in an attempt to reproduce conditions relevant to the early stages of fires. In this way, chromatographic fingerprinting of the smouldering products from BS latex rubber foam, and the flaming products of wood wool and polypropylene are given and where possible the major components identified. The relevance of this analytical work in predicting the types of products likely to be encountered during various stages of burning is discussed. General information on the pathological studies and bioassay work being carried out at the Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Glasgow and at the Huntingdon Research Centre respectively are given in order to integrate the overall research programmes and methods of approach being adopted to give an insight into the very difficult area of toxicity assessment.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030210
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  • 24
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    Neurotoxic effects of the oxidative thermal degradation products form low density polyethylene (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 80-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Adult male Wistar rats were exposed for 2-5 weeks, 6 h nightly, 5 nights a week, to oxidative thermal degradation products of low density polyethylene derived by heating (325°C) under an airstream in a tube oven. Chemical analysis of the degradation products in the gaseous fraction revealed a wide variety of potentially toxic molecules which included carbon monoxide (〈20 ppm), formaldehyde (1.4 ppm), acrolein (0.5 ppm) and various other aldehydes (total concentration 18 ppm expressed as formaldehyde). The mean oxygen concentration was 20%. The total particulate fraction amounted to 8 mg m-3. The latter particles might have caused the detected discoloration of the rat fur. Similarly this contamination might have been the cause of a very significant increase in the duration and frequency of preening of the rats. The neurochemical effects associated with the exposure included an increase in the cerebral RNA concentration as well as initial increase in the glycosylation of cerebral protein in vitro. NADPH-diaphorase activity was below the control range throughout the exposure while the superoxide dismutase activity displayed an increasing trend five weeks after the beginning of the experiment. The latter effects were taken as a response to potentially harmful molecules in the brain whereas the effects on the RNA and glycosylation might have resulted from a more peripheral nervous irritation.
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    Fire resistance of buildings, by V. P. Bushev, V. A. Pchelintsev, V. S. Fedorenko and D. A. I. Yakovlev; Editor V. A. Pchelintsev. an English translation of the Russian text as revised for the second edition in 1970. This translation was published by Amerind Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1978, available in USA from the US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. Their number: TT-52030. In Europe it may be purchased from Anieriiid Publications Ltd. 655 Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Square, London WC2, UK (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030211
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    News (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030213
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030301
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    Second moment reliability analysis of fire exposed wood joist floor assemblies (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 126-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A reliability analysis using second moment approximations is conducted on a fire exposed unprotected wood joist floor. A methodology is illustrated by which the probability of structural failure of a wooden floor assembly can be evaluated. This probability along with the probabilities of failure of other system components can be used in a system analysis which appears to be a vital approach to a more realistic analysis of building fire safety. The use of reliability analysis to compare the relative fire safety of different floor components is demonstrated. A procedure for introducing new components into the marked based on the concept of an equal safety index as calculated for a component with a proven in-service record is discussed.
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    Toxic gas and smoke assessment studies on vinyl floor covering with the fire propagation test (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 132-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Fire Propagation Test (BS 476 Part 6) has been used with the discharge of combustion products into a small test room, to provide a fire hazard assessment of some polyvinylchloride floor covering systems, and includes measurements of fire propagation, smoke, CO and HCI production. Particular attention has been given to the change in the HCI concentration of the Room atmosphere during the test and the influence of relative humidity and the nature of the surface linings of the room. The results have been discussed as a contribution to the understanding of the role of HCI in toxicity of fire atmospheres. Some approaches for improving further the reproducibility of the test method are indicated and support is given to the Japanese proposal that such a test be standardized to enable comparison of fire hazard potential of lining systems used in buildings.
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    Faults in fire extinguishers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 121-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Specimens of dry powder, halogenated hydrocarobon and carbon dioxide extinguishers manufactured in 1972 were tested in that year as part of a monitoring scheme for fire extinguishers. Leakages and faults which prevented an extinguisher operating or might lead to it being discarded in a emergency are listed, and some of the other defects which were encountered are noted.
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    Ceiling heat transfer during fire plume and fire impingement (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 140-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The impingement of turbulent fires and fire plumes on a horizontal ceiling was considered. Free flame heights, impinging flame lengths along the ceiling and ceiling heat fluxes were measured for both unconfined and confined ceilings. The study was limited to the initial stage of ceiling heating by fire under conditions where convection dominates the flow. Fire sources were simulated by burning liquid methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol or n-pentane from the top surface of a cylindrical wick. Test variables include fire heat release rate of 50-7890 W, ceiling diameters of 610 and 660 mm, ceiling heights of 58-940 mm, wick diameters of 10-107 mm and curtain wall lengths (for confined ceilings) as large as the ceiling height. Simplified models were employed to suggest expressions for data correlation. Flame lengths increased up to 40% when the ceiling was confined. Ceiling heat fluxes were relatively independent of position in the stagnation region (radius along ceiling 〈20% of the ceiling height). Heat fluxes in the stagnation region for plumes were 25-40% of those measured for impinging jets at comparable conditions. In the ceiling jet region, at larger distances from the point of impingement, the heat flux decreased with increasing radius, in agreement with other studies. Confinement tended to increase ceiling heat fluxes in both regions. Ceiling heat fluxes for impinging flames and plumes were approximately the same, for flame lengths along the ceiling up to 25% of the ceiling height; however, stagnation point heat fluxes decreased for longer flame lengths.
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    Fire testing flat roofs and wall linings with point fire sources (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 148-153 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the spring of 1977 seven real scale fire tests on flat roofs and wall linings were carried out with relatively small fire loads to simulate the early stages of a fire. Tests with large fire loads had already been performed. Five tests were carried out on insulated corrugated steel roof decks with a fire-retardant EPS (expanded polystyrene) foam insulation of reduced flammability and one test with a non-combustible mineral-wool insulation. A seventh test was run to study the fire behaviour of corrugated asbestos cement roofs and wall linings with EPS foam insulations and fire loads of the same kind (wood cribs up to 200 kg) as before. The tests demonstrated both the advantages and the disadvantages of the different insulations for corrugated steel roof decks in case of fires before Flash-over.
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    Carbonyl sulphide in fire gases (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 154-155 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The toxic gases released by combustion/pyrolysis of wool include CO, HCN and four compounds containing sulphur. Animal test data suggest that the toxicity of the sulphur compounds is significant. Wool was pyrolysed and the gases were analysed by GC-MS. SO2 was the main sulphur-containing gas produced by flaming combustion in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. In pyrolysis under various conditions COS was a major sulphur-containing product. Although it is a highly toxic gas, COS has not so far been reported by workers engaged in the toxicity of fire gases. It is suggested that analysis of COS be included in the analytical toxicology of sulphur-containing polymers.
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    Developing flame retarded plastics: New guidance wanted (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 167-170 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The development of plastics with improved flame retardant properties is going through a phase of stagnation. Fire test concepts are following a new direction and the serial tests currently used do not adequately tie up with the development objective of reducing fire risks. In the short term no improvement in this situation is expected.
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030401
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    Protective clothing: Evaluation of zirpro wool and other fabrics (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 156-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Protective clothing against head and flames should be evaluated not only for flame retardance but also for protection against various heat exposure from convection (flames), conduction (molten metal splashes) and radiation sources, depending on the end use, to ensure a realistic assessment of the potential protection offered and required. Evaluations of various flame-retardant fabrics to different heat exposures showed that the fibre and the flame retardant finish should preferably form a well developed char on exposure to heat, without softening and melting. The flame retardant should act in the solid phase and the fibre should be of low thermal conductivity. For protection against convective heat (flames), a woven Zirpro wool fabric of high density over a bulky knitted Zirpro wool underwear fabric offered a significantly better protection than a single layer of a woven or knitted fabric or a double layer of a woven fabric of the same total weight. The optional multi-layer fabric approach could also decrease overall garment weight and improve wearers' comfort without adverse effect on the protection offered. Of the FR fabrics evaluated, Zirpro wool fabric assemblies showed the longest time to reach pain (first degree burn) and blister (second degree burn) thresholds, as well as the longest pain alarm time-the time available to the wearer to withdraw from the flame heat source before serious injuries occur. Zirpro wool fabric assemblies had one of the lowest residual heat transfers after al limited flame exposure to the pain threshold while some other fibres, e.g. aramid and novoloid, transferred significant residual heat, possibly causing second degree burns. For protection against conduction, such as from molten aluminium splashes, the fabric should have a smooth surface, high density and thickness, besides the other previously mentioned, basic requirements. Zirpro wool fabrics offered a significantly better protection in this case than aramid, FR cotton, glass fibre, asbestos, and other FR fibres. Aluminized fabrics are essential for adequate protection against radiant heat and the aluminization technique affects heat transfer significantly. A low density base fabric made from a fibre of low thermal conductivity, such as Zirpro wool, reduces heat transfer in this case.
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    Relative toxicity of pyrolysis gases from materials: Effects of temperature, air flow and criteria (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 183-187 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Relative toxicity can vary considerably, depending on the test conditions used and the toxicity criterion selected. Three commodity plastics, three engineering plastics and Douglas fir were evaluated at various temperatures and with the closed and flow-through systems to demonstrate these effects. For the closed system, the rising temperature program (procedure B) appeared to be a cost-effective method of summarizing a range of fixed temperatures.
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    Assessment of draft ISO radiant panel spread-of-flame test (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A versatile radiant panel apparatus for studying flame propagation in materials used as interior finishes on floors, walls and ceilings is described. Comparative trials with this apparatus and other tests based on relatively very small sources of heat were made on a wide variety of floorcoverings. The results showed that fibre composition and specimen orientation have a marked effect on flame spread. Materials which gave favourable (low flame spread) results in the panel test also gave favourable results in the small heat source tests. On the other hand, some materials which gave favourable results in the small heat source tests gave unfavourable results in the panel test. It was concluded that although small heat source tests will continue to play an important role in flammability testing, the radiant panel test gives an additional assurance of the flame spread resistance of materials in general and should be strongly recommended for materials intended for high risk areas. The effects on flame spread in the panel test of various factors concerned for materials intended for high risk areas. The effects on flame spread in the panel test of various factors concerned with the structure and conditions of test specimens and the apparatus are discussed. A small modification of the radiant panel apparatus is described which enables it to be temporarily altered to simulate a standard French radiant panel test.
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    Australian fire statistics (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 188-194 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes in some detail the sources of data on fires occurring in Australia with to their scope and reliability. Particular reference is made to the data published by the Fire Brigades Board of New South Wales for these are the most detailed and comprehensive published in Australia although limited to one State. Data are given on the number of fires, property loss, and deaths and injuries due to fires in Australia and on causes, occupancies, points of origin and extents of fires in New South Wales. Comparisons are made with United Kingdom and United States of America statistics where relevant data are available. In conclusion, some trends which indicate that better data should be available in the future are discussed.
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    The continuing problem of serious burns involving the ignition of clothing, particularly nightwear (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 195-201 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Despite a decrease in the UK, in the number of fatal accidents resulting from the ignition of clothing, there are still some 115 fatalities and many serious accidents each year. The research described in this paper identified groups of such accidents which involved nightwear garments and which might also be amenable to further prevention action. Detailed analysis of 64 cases suggested that further specific preventive action could have some impact on burns to the elderly involving nightdresses and burns to all age groups which involved pyjamas or dressing-gowns.
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    Fire performance of glass reinforced polyesters (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 218-222 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Glass reinforced polyesters (GRP), or the resins used, have to pass a wide variety of tests which vary considerably from country to country and from industry to industry. Some of these tests are carried out on a scale outside the capabilities of most laboratories and the results leave much to be desired in the matter of reproducibility. All these factors lead to problems for the formulator of fire-retardant unsaturated polyester resins.
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    Australian studies on fire hazard tests for internal linings of buildings (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 202-210 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Australian Standard ‘Test for Early Fire Hazard Properties of Materials’ (AS 1530 Part 3, 1976) has been studied in detail as a method of assessing the fire performance of plastics wall linings under the conditions of early fire development in a room. A particular feature of the standard test is that four parameters characterizing the reaction to fire are measured concurrently. Results from the standard test have been compared to corner-wall burns involving the same parameters as in the standard test. The suitability of these parameters and the ability of the standard test to rank the behaviour of the materials in the same order as indicated by corner-wall burns is discussed. A general relationship between ignition time and flame spread was observed and is discussed as support for the concept of concurrent measurement of different reaction-to-fire parameters under the one test procedure and condition.
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    Fire fatality study (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 211-217 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Over a six-year period, 530 fire fatalities resulting from 398 fires were studied in the State of Maryland. The study had two major objectives: (1) to determine the specific cause of death by a detailed autopsy stud of fire victims, and (2) to determine the specific cause of fatality-producing fire by an on-the-scene fire investigation. The fire fatality study was limited to residential fires and to fatalities that occurred within 6 h of the fire. The results of the toxicological analysis show that (1) 60% of the victims had a carboxyhemoglobin value greater than or equal to 50% carbon monoxide saturation, (2) an additional 20% had elevated carboxyhemoglobin with preexisting cardiovascular disease, (3) 11% of the victims had severe burns, (4) 9% were unexplained and (5) 40% of the victims had positive blood alcohol levels with 30% of these meeting the legal definition of intoxication (blood alcohol ≥0.1%). The fire investigations confirmed that the predominant fatal scenario is the cigarette ignition of upholstered furniture or bedding. This scenario accounted for 47% of the fires and 44% of the victims. Alcohol also appears to be significant factor in this scenario.
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    Burning characteristics of materials (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 223-231 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The feasibility of using a dynamic, i.e. multivariable, test procedure instead of the more usual single point tests has been investigated by determining the limiting conditions for burning. The rate of burning and the limiting conditions for flaming and smoldering combustion have been determined over a range of temperatures and oxygen concentrations. Results show that the relative burning rates of materials and also their relative combustion thresholds can alter significantly with changes in the tests environment.
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    A method for measuring combustion intermittency in fires (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 238-242 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This note describes a digital circuit for the measurement of combustion intermittency in fire gases. The measurement has been achieved by analyzing the positive ion current drawn by an electrostatic probe immersed in the flow. The circuits used are modular in design so that signals from different types of sensor may be presented for intermittency analysis. Some results obtained in an unbounded diffusion flame are reported.
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    Textiles, fire and test standards - a polemic (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 232-237 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Textiles usually form the exterior surface of an item which they cover. They are usually organic and therefore may be readily burned. Some actively spread flame. Thus, they are vunerable to fire and to controls designed to promote fire safety. This paper is essentially a personal view of the diversity of test methods, standards and controls concerned with textile flammability which have emerged or are emerging internationally. It suggests the need for collaboration in assessing fire hazards rationally, to counter emotive pressures for controls for controls and to promote their harmonization worldwide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810030409
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