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  • Chemical Engineering  (908)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (531)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (753)
  • 1975-1979  (686)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (753)
  • 1979  (686)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (753)
  • 1975-1979  (686)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for estimating mutual diffusion coefficients for polymer-solvent systems are reviewed. Procedures are recommended for the determination of the temperature, concentration, and molecular weight dependences of diffusivities both for dilute and concentrated solutions.
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  • 2
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microscopic observations and Coulter counter measurements of the secondary nuclei produced when a parent crystal of potash alum was contacted with a solid rod suggest that these nuclei are born by an attrition mechanism which appears to be dependent on the growth rate of the crystal. The nuclei can be up to 50 μm in size. The nuclei smaller than about 4 μm are relatively insensitive to supersaturation, whereas the number greater than about 4 μm is approximately linear in supersaturation.
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  • 3
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 87-100 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation of two arrangements of multistage adsorption beds, parallel and series, was analyzed, and the optimal design problem of minimizing the capital and operating costs of the multistage adsorption bed systems was formulated. Solution of the optimization problem was obtained by using the Fibonacci search scheme. For the purpose of the study, data on the adsorption of liquid on activated carbon were taken from the literature for both single solute and multisolute adsorption systems and was used to derive the expressions for adsorption rate and the equilibrium relationship. Details of the performance of the optimally designed multistage adsorption bed systems are presented in terms of the physical and design parameters.
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  • 4
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 122-131 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for predicting absorption rates for liquid layers flowing along a wall. It is based on results presently available in the literature as well as on the results of studies we recently carried out on the rate of oxygen absorption from a flowing air stream into water layers on the bottom of a horizontal enclosed channel and on the inside of a vertical pipe. Absorption measurements can be interpreted by assuming that the process is controlled by eddies whose length and velocity are characterized by bulk turbulence properties and that in a region of thickness δ close to the interface the turbulence is dampened by viscosity.
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  • 5
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 160-170 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of new solid/liquid separation processes, such as solids removal from oil and certain tertiary oil recovery techniques, can be evaluated by a thermodynamic stability analysis of possible liquid-liquid-particle configurations. The thermodynamic stability and hence feasibility of two possible liquid-liquid-particle separation process is predicted by use of a free energy analysis. Stability is shown to depend primarily on droplet/particle size ratio (n) and three phase contact angle (θ). Stability criteria are presented which can be applied to many particle and liquid separation processes.
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  • 6
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 183-185 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 7
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 192-196 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 9
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 11
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 240-246 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase, annular flow of gases and non-Newtonian liquids through horizontal pipes is modeled, and a prediction method for pressure drop and gas volume fraction is proposed. The prediction method consists of a modification, based upon shear rate dependence of the apparent viscosity of the liquid phase, of Lockhart-Martinelli correlations for Newtonian liquids. The model applies to the case of laminar flow of the annular liquid film. Experimental data, obtained with several aqueous polymer solutions and air, agree closely with predicted values of pressure drop and void fraction.
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  • 12
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 266-272 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of step polymerization involving a monomer with unequal reactivities has been obtained. The polydisperity index (PDI) has also been calculated both as a function of conversion and the initial stoichiometric ratio. It has been shown that the usually assumed maximum value of 2 for PDI can lead to erroneous molecular weight.
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  • 13
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 320-327 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous pH parametric pumping separations of a haemoglobin-albumin-CM Sepharose system were experimentally investigated. The parapump has a feed containing the protein mixture to be separated, introduced alternately to the top and bottom of the chromatographic column. The top and bottom products are withdrawn from the apparatus, respectively, during the bottom and top feed. It is shown that under certain conditions the pH driven parametric pump has the capacity for removal of protein components from one product fraction and large enrichment in the other fraction. Moreover, the continuous process can be operated with a large feed throughput.
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  • 14
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 359-362 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 15
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 368-370 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 382-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 382-382 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 18
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 383-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 188-190 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 20
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 200-201 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 22
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 209-219 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study is made of the structure and properties of material balance simulation problems, and a technique is developed for their efficient solution. The method requires neither simultaneous solution of all balance equations nor iterative convergence methods. Instead, for each stream mixing point in the flow sheet, a vector balance equation is developed which contains as unknowns only mixer output streams. This unique set of vector equations is sequenced for solution by using precedence ordering and substitution techniques. It is shown that only as many vector equations need to be solved simultaneously as there are streams which would require iteration in the conventional sequential approach. Once the mixer output streams are calculated, the remaining intermediate process streams are evaluated directly with no further equation solving. Computational results are presented showing the efficiency of the method.
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 246-258 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Motionless mixers are well suited to augment heat transfer and to provide a uniform thermal environment in laminar flow reactors. Heat transfer performance can be characterized with the Nusselt number, while the degree of thermal homogeneity can be characterized using the thermal time distribution which is the nonisothermal analogue of the residence time distribution. Theoretical results, calculations, and design strategies are presented for a variety of mixer types including flow inverters as well as the more common flow dividers. Two-channel, partial flow inversion is an excellent, near optimal, strategy for cooling or other situations such as polymerizations which give elongated velocity profiles. For flattened velocity profiles, perfect mixing can sometimes give better results. In practice, however, partial inverters can be expected to outperform those motionless mixers which are primarily flow dividers.
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 258-266 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equation of motion for the two phase flow within a bubble column, operated within the recirculation flow regime, has been solved, and the profile of liquid flow has been determined. Nicklin's relation for the bubble flow regime has been extended to the recirculation flow regime.Data analysis shows that the mean slip velocity between bubble and liquid is approximately constant and that the kinematic turbulent viscosity increases rapidly with increasing diameter of the column. These observations lead to the conclusion that scale-up has but little influence upon the mean gas holdup.
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  • 25
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical methods employed recently in a theoretical study by Uppal et al. (1974) are applied to the second-order homogeneous reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrogen peroxide and are combined with experimental investigations of that reaction using a nonadiabatic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A complete portrayal of the expected behavior of that reaction system is presented in parameter space. Some new experimental studies of reactor instabilities are presented and linked to that portrayal. Close agreement is shown between theoretical predictions and experimental data.
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 538-542 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 549-551 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 28
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 557-558 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 600-609 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical modeling of a periodically cycled plate column has been completed by using a liquid bypass model to describe nonideal liquid draining. A numerical solution over a wide range of parameters provides a closed envelope of feasible solutions. A region of this envelope encloses favorable operating values of the parameters, while the other region is unfavorable. Measurements of the parameters for nonideal liquid draining in a 600 mm diameter column fitted with sieve plates lead to predictions of only small improvements in separation performance. Modifications to the column intervals are required to move the parameters into a more favorable position in the solution envelope.
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 645-653 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general treatment of fugacities of liquid mixtures yields the proper thermodynamic functions for dealing with nonidealities of liquid phases in equilibrium with vapor mixtures for systems containing supercritical components. The activity coefficients of the supercritical components may be based on standard state fugacities for the hypothetical pure liquids or on Henry's constants. A comparison of the rigorous thermodynamic equations which apply to the liquid phase for the two alternatives shows that they are equivalent.
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  • 31
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 686-697 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper considers the transfer of mass or heat between a fluid and a small amplitude solid wavy surface. A periodic variation of the transfer rate can occur because of wave induced variations of the normal convective flow and of the properties of the turbulence. Solutions of the mass balance equations are presented for the laminar flow at a large Schmidt number or Prandtl number and for turbulent flow at large and small wave numbers. For turbulent flows at intermediate wave numbers, the prediction is limited by inadequacies of present theories that model the wave induced variation in the turbulent diffusion of heat or mass. In order to provide guidance for this modeling, new measurements on the variation of the mass transfer rate along a solid wavy surface are presented for a Schmidt number of 729. An analogy between momentum and mass transfer is explored as a means for evaluating the turbulent diffusion terms.The amplitude of the function describing the mass transfer variation is found to decrease with decreasing wave number and the phase to increase with decreasing wave number. The phase angle and the amplitude of the variation in the mass transfer rate relative to the average mass transfer rate are insensitive to changes in Schmidt number or Prandtl number. For turbulent flows, the phase change can be large enough that the maximum in the mass transfer rate can exist somewhere in the trough of the wave. This result is of considerable significance in interpreting wavelike dissolution patterns.
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  • 32
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 716-717 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 1038-1041 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 1044-1046 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 1048-1049 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 36
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 763-773 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental analysis of self-inducting turbo aerator performance was carried out based on the theory of water jet injector operation. It was shown that the aerator's injection coefficient is completely determined by only two dimensionless groups, CH and EuG, between which there is a single valued dependence on whose basis generalization of experimental data is possible. An analytical expression for the optimality criterion or aerator performance index, accounting for aerator gas capacity, power consumption, and submergence, has been obtained in terms of CH and EuG with only one adjustable parameter. From the above two dependencies, a methodology was developed for determining optimal operating conditions, by means of which all the data necessary for the optimal design can be obtained from the results of bench scale experiment.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 773-781 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of seven coals of different ranks and from various locations were heated in air under relatively mild conditions to measure the rates of oxidation and the production of carbonic gases in the effluent stream. The gas flow rate, coal particle size, and reactor temperature were changed as independent variables. Each sample was exposed for from 6 to 9 hr under atmospheric pressure at temperatures in the range of 200° to 250°C. The results show two kinds of rate behavior depending primarily on the relative porosity of the coal under study. The small pore coals followed the expectations of the earlier Kam-Hixson-Perlmutter (KHP) model, but the large pore coals gave rates sensitive to transport effects. Correlations were also obtained on the ratio of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide produced and on the relationship between the carbon content of an exposed coal and its heating value.
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The semi-empirical Pitzer equation for modeling equilibrium in aqueous electrolyte systems has been extended in a thermodynamically consistent manner to allow for molecular as well as ionic solutes. Under limiting conditions, the extended model reduces to the well-known Setschenow equation for the salting out effect of molecular solutes. To test the validity of the model, correlations of vapor-liquid equilibrium data were carried out for three systems: the hydrochloric acid aqueous solution at 298.15°K and concentrations up to 18 molal; the NH3-CO2 aqueous solution studied by Van Krevelen et al. (1949) at 293.15°K; and the K2CO3-CO2 aqueous solution of the Hot Carbonate Process with temperatures from 343.15°K to 413.15°K and concentrations up to 40 weight percent equivalent potassium carbonate. The success of the correlations suggests the validity of the model for aqueous electrolyte systems of industrial interest.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 839-843 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Carbon dioxide and hydrogen will react over iron at 800° to 1 000°K and 1 bar pressure yielding water, carbon monoxide, methane, and carbon. In addition, iron oxides and carbides form during reaction. Phase diagrams are used to analyze this complex reaction system. Data are presented which suggest that the formation of magnetite (Fe3O4) or wustite (FexO) inhibits carbon formation. The water yield thus observed is limited by the time dependent iron-iron oxide-gas equilibrium. Preliminary data also suggest that the formation of carbides has little effect on water yield.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 843-855 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drag coefficient and relative motion correlations for dispersed two-phase flows of bubbles, drops, and particles were developed from simple similarity criteria and a mixture viscosity model. The results are compared with a number of experimental data, and satisfactory agreements are obtained at wide ranges of the particle concentration and Reynolds number. Characteristics differences between fluid particle systems and solid particle systems at higher Reynolds numbers or at higher concentration regimes were successfully predicted by the model. Results showed that the drag law in various dispersed two-phase flows could be put on a general and unified base by the present method.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 863-872 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The operation of a periodically forced chemostat (CSTR) in which two microbial populations compete for the same nutrient has been examined. Easily implemented criteria for the stability of the resulting cycles have been obtained, using the Floquet stability theory. After examining several possibilities it was found that stable periodic trajectories of coexistence can be achieved: (a) when the dilution rate of the chemostat is properly varied in a periodic manner between two values so chosen that the growth of one population is favored by the first and the growth of the other population is favored by the second, (b) when a certain percentage of biomass and growing medium is harvested periodically from the chemostat, and (c) when both the dilution rate and the concentration of the substrate in the feed are varied simultaneously and in a periodic manner.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 893-895 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 895-899 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 903-905 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 906-906 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 900-903 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: This study concerns the determination of stagnation point and minimum pressure point film thicknesses when a vertical flat plate is withdrawn from a reservoir containing non-Newtonian liquids. Upon consideration of three types of liquids, namely, Ellis, power law, and Bingham liquids, it has been found that stagnation point or minimum pressure point film thickness is a function of two parameters, one characterizing the liquid and the other representing parallel flow film thickness. It has also been shown that in the case of power law liquids, both the stagnation point and minimum pressure point exist, while in the case of Bingham liquids, the existence of one or both the points for a given nondimensional parallel flow film thickness depends upon the value of the Bingham number. Furthermore, it has been found that there may be situations when both the points can coincide; for example, in the case of Newtonian liquids, the two points coincide if the parallel flow film thickness is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt {2 - \sqrt 3 } $\end{document}.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 907-908 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 909-909 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 910-911 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 931-938 
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    Notes: An empirical correlation for calculating third virial coefficients of nonpolar gases is developed in agreement with the corresponding states theorem. This equation requires the use of a third parameter which can be estimated from molecular parameters. The method is reliable, even for systems where no experimental data are available. The extension to mixtures involves one interaction constant for all possible binary sets.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 913-930 
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    Notes: Three modes or types of sedimentation are recognized in flocculent suspensions: Clarification, in which floccules are separated and settle independently; zone settling, in which floccules are incorporated into some solids structure so that all are constrained to subside at more or less the same rate; and compression or compaction, in which the solids structure is strong enough to exhibit a compressive yield value. Current models for sedimentation in the three modes are reviewed, with particular emphasis on their use and reliability (or lack of it) for sedimentation basin design. Most models of thickening presented in the literature derive from a basic partial differential equation for force balance. Models differ in which terms of the equation are disregarded. Several of the theories of compaction are essentially equivalent solutions for the same model, but with different sets of independent variables.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 938-948 
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    Notes: Measurements were made of the drag coefficients of smooth solid particles moving singly through still air at Reynolds numbers in the range of 103 to 104. Spheres were observed during acceleration, deceleration and at terminal velocity. Discs were tested during acceleration and at steady velocity. Other particles in the shapes of discs, circular cylinders and rectangular parallelepipeds were tested at steady velocity in their preferred and, in some cases, non-preferred orientations. The effects of non-steady velocity and of particle form were determined. An unexpected influence of particle density was observed for some of the particles.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 948-958 
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    Notes: Secondary nucleation kinetics for potash alum in draft-tube baffled crystallizers have been determined from steady state crystal size distributions measured down to about 5 μm. Differences in nucleation rates were found for crystallizers of similar geometry but different capacity. Models relating the frequency of crystal/propeller collisions to crystallizer geometry and operating parameters were compared. In general, these successfully accounted for the observed differences in nucleation rates.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 966-975 
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    Notes: Gas-phase diffusivities for high boiling point organics in common gases are determined by evaporating a single submicron aerosol droplet of the organic species, while it is suspended in an electric field in the path of a polarized laser beam. The droplet size is measured as a function of time by using Mie theory to determine the size from the light scattering data of intensity versus angle. In addition to diffusivities, the Lennard-Jones molecular interaction potential parameter, ∊ii, and the collision diameter σii, are found, by applying the molecular theory of gases to interpret the evaporation rate data. Results are compared with available empirical and semi-theoretical correlations for diffusivities and Lennard-Jones parameters. The low vapor pressure organics used here are dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and the carrier gases are helium, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 984-991 
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    Notes: A model is developed for a fluidized bed reactor with the dense phase region treated by conventional two-phase models. Conversion in the freeboard is obtained based on particle trajectories predicted from drag considerations. The model is applied to an industrial-scale catalytic cracking regenerator. It is shown that the freeboard region can have an important influence on the overall conversion in the unit.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 991-999 
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    Notes: Several methods are reviewed for determining compositions in multiphase, reacting mixtures at equilibrium. Wolfe's quadratic programming algorithm is applied and results compared with the Rand method (Dluzniewski and Adler 1972), NASA method (Gordon and McBride 1971) and the George et al. (1976) implementation of Powell's method. For poor guesses in compositions, local and constrained minima in Gibbs free energy may arise, giving incorrect phase distributions.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 9-15 
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    Notes: Tracer gas dispersion was measured for laminar flow through three different tube constrictions, at orifice Reynolds numbers between 10 and 5000 and Schmidt numbers of 0.213 and 0.769. Each constriction generates a confined jet which significantly enhances axial dispersion at intermediate Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 1000.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 16-23 
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    Notes: A mathematical model is developed to describe non-isothermal sorption kinetics and used to interpret experimental uptake curves for CO2 in 4A zeolite and for CO2 and in C5H12 in 5A zeolite. The model assumes that the dominant mass transfer resistance is intracrystalline diffusion while the major resistance to heat transfer is the external heat transfer between the adsorbent sample and the surroundings. It gives a good representation of the kinetic behavior over a wide range of conditions. Both the extreme cases of isothermal diffusion and complete heat transfer control are demonstrated experimentally. Intermediate situations, in which the uptake rate is controlled by the combined effects of diffusion and heat transfer, are demonstrated as well. The parameters derived from the model are consistent, reproducible, and agree well with a priori estimates. The model provides a useful theoretical basis for the analysis of rapid sorption processes for which the non-isothermal approximation is invalid.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 162-165 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 165-168 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 168-170 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 170-172 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 174-174 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 174-174 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 175-176 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 176-176 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980) 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 177-201 
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    Notes: This article reviews the major developments in the engineering and design of three-phase slurry catalytic reactors. A general theoretical analysis for predicting the overall rate of reaction in a slurry reactor for various kinetics is presented, incorporating all the transport effects. Modeling of semi-batch reactors is discussed and design procedures are indicated. Some major correlations and methods for determining gas-liquid and liquid-solid mass transfer coefficients and effective diffusivity in liquid filled pores are reviewed. Slurry reactors are compared with other three-phase reactors, such as trickle bed or packed bed reactors, and relative merits are pointed out.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 201-212 
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    Notes: Intraparticle mass transfer in coal pyrolysis is described by ternary diffusion and viscous flow, in conjunction with a simple pore model to predict concentration profiles for gases and tar. At low pressures, product yields depend on particle size only, while at high pressures they depend on pressure and particle size. Limited experimental data from a subbituminous coal confirm these trends. Data from a bituminous coal show different trends, as expected from the drastic changes the pore structure undergoes during pyrolysis.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 212-220 
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    Notes: A theory of dilute microemulsions is presented which includes for the first time both the entropy of dispersion of the drops and energy effects associated with bending the surfactant films at the drop interfaces. It yields expressions for drop size for (a) a dilute microemulsion in equilibrium with an excess bulk phase, e.g., an oil-in-water microemulsion in equilibrium with excess oil and (b) dilute oil-continuous and water-continuous microemulsions in equilibrium and containing equal amounts of surfactant. In the latter case, our theory indicates that existence of the two microemulsion phases sometimes is favored over a layered or lamellar phase, even though the “natural curvature” of the surfactant films is zero, corresponding to a perfectly flat film.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 289-292 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 294-295 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 295-297 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 297-299 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 299-301 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 317-319 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 325-327 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 332-332 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 419-429 
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    Notes: The problem of immiscible displacement of oil ganglia arises in connection with oil bank formation and attrition during enhanced oil recovery with flooding. A stochastic simulation method is developed here, which enables prediction of the fate of solitary ganglia during immiscible displacement in water-wet unconsolidated granular porous media. This method takes into account the local topology of the porous medium; the initial size, shape and orientation of the oil ganglion and the capillary number. For each ganglion size, hundreds of realizations are performed with random ganglion shapes for a 100 × 200 sandpack. These results are averaged to obtain probabilities of mobilization, breakup and stranding as functions of capillary number and ganglion size. Axial and lateral dispersion coefficients are obtained as functions of the average ganglion velocity. The results from the solitary ganglion analysis can be used with the ganglion population balance equations developed in a companion publication (Payatakes, Ng and Flumerfelt, 1980) to study the dynamics of oil bank formation.
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 675-678 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 678-680 
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 683-686 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 88
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 680-683 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 711-717 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental breakthrough curves were determined for a liquid full and a trickle bed reactor in which benzene was adsorbed from water on small activated carbon particles at 298°K and 1 atm. The step function of benzene was introduced into the water feed and the response measured in the liquid effluent. Benzene transfer also occurred from the liquid feed to the gaseous feed of pure helium.Moment analysis of data for liquid full conditions indicated that the first moment of the response curve could be used to obtain the adsorption equilibrium constant K for benzene on activated carbon. Comparison of results obtained by this new method with the K value determined from static equilibrium runs demonstrated the validity of the moment theory.Analysis of the response curves for trickle bed operation showed that the liquid-to-gas mass transfer coefficient (ka)L could be evaluated from either the zero or first moment. Results were obtained in both the trickling flow and pulse flow regimes. Values of (ka)L in the pulse flow regime, which were not heretofore available were sharply higher than those for trickle flow.
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  • 90
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 734-743 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chlorination kinetics of zirconia were studied in a single stationary particle reactor system. A plasma of pure chlorine generated by an induction torch provided both the high enthalpy field and the reacting gas. The influence on the rate of conversion of such parameters as temperature, chlorine concentration (in the presence of argon) and particle diameter and porosity were investigated. Based on experimental and theoretical studies, rate equations were developed under different rate controlling mechanisms.The chlorination of zirconia in the particle temperature range of 1 540° to 2 480°K obeyed a shrinking core reaction model. The reaction was chemically controlled below 1 950°K, and above this temperature both chemical and mass transfer resistances were important. The experimental results confirmed the theoretical analysis.
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  • 91
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 751-762 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The onset of significant departure from isothermality caused by viscous energy dissipation in flow through a slit is determined for isothermal and adiabatic walls. A series solution of the energy equation enables calculation of dimensionless profiles for any power law fluid. Such solutions provide useful standards for judging performances of numerical schemes for solving complex nonisothermal flows.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation of an impinging water jet freezing on a melting solid surface has been carried out. Attention was focused on the stagnation region of an axisymmetric jet. In the experiment, a water jet was directed upward against the lower end of a meltable rod, having a diameter about twice that of the jet orifice. Solid octane (m.p. - 56.5°C) and solid mercury (m.p. - 38.9°C) served as the meltable materials. A laminar-axisymmetric flow model was developed to describe melting heat transfer in the presence of jet solidification within the impingement region. Measurements of the melting rate and conditions for the onset of jet solidification were found to agree quite well with the values predicted with this model.
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  • 93
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 762-769 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of drop trajectories on boundary layer structure and heat transfer coefficient is determined for a binary spray flow over the upstream surface of an isothermal cylinder. Governing equations are solved for drop trajectories upstream of the cylinder, the laminar liquid boundary layer adjacent to the cylinder surface, and the outer laminar vapor boundary layer. Velocity, temperature, and mass concentration profiles throughout the double boundary layers are shown to depend on flow parameters involving drop size and velocity. The critical conditions for which the liquid film dries out are identified for a range of drop size and velocity, defining the transition from the liquid film to the dry wall flow regime. Theoretical results for heat transfer are shown to correlate existing experimental data.
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  • 94
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 779-787 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytical solution is obtained to the extended Graetz problem with prescribed wall flux, based on a selfadjoint formalism resulting from a decomposition of the convective diffusion equation into a pair of first-order partial differential equations. The solution obtained is simple, computationally efficient and in striking contrast with incomplete numerical efforts in the past.
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  • 95
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    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 769-779 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gibb's classical theory of critical points leads to two simultaneous, nonlinear equations in the intensive variables of the critical phase. In this paper is presented a new procedure for evaluating the functions which appear in these nonlinear equations. The new procedure simplifies and permits the speeding up of the computation of critical points in multicomponent mixtures.Computations have been performed for critical points in binary and multicomponent mixtures described by the SRK equation. The methods developed will be equally applicable to other two-constant equations of state. The equations to be solved are organized as two equations in the unknown critical temperature and specific volume for a mixture of known composition. One of the two equations, the determinant which establishes the stability limit for the mixture, is shown to be satisfied by more than one volume at a given temperature and by several temperatures at a given volume. A technique is proposed to assure that the correct temperature, volume solution can be found for this equation. For critical points in ordinary gas-liquid systems, an overall computational procedure is suggested in which it proves to be unnecessary to provide initial guesses for either the temperature or the volume.Application has also been made to several systems with high density (liquid-liquid) critical points.
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  • 96
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 787-794 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Existing analyses for transport phenomena in bidisperse porous media assume that the microparticles act as uniformly distributed point sinks. This article provides an analysis which determines under what conditions the point sink approximation is valid. For random packing, the concentration field inside a pellet is described by its ensemble average, i.e., the average over all possible ways in which the microparticles can be packed into the pellet. For these averaged quantities, we formulate the transport equations for a solid with bidisperse pores which provide the criteria of validity of the point sink approximation.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A thorough search for electrocatalysts for anodic oxygen evolution from caustic potash solution together with an investigation for the main reasons of ohmic potential drops in the interelectrode gap has lead to a new concept for an advanced medium temperature (150° to 200°C), medium pressure (30 to 100 bars) alkaline water electrolysis. The new concept will allow electrolytic water decomposition at temperatures between 160° and 200°C with current densities of 1 to 1.5 A/cm2 and cell voltages between 1.55 and 1.65 V.
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  • 98
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 802-816 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Structural relationships between the numbers of the various types of steady states exhibited by a mixed culture of microorganisms growing in a chemostat have been obtained. The analysis is based on the degree theory and utilizes Hopf's index theorem. Useful information concerning the culture growth and general conclusions pertaining to the nature of the possible steady states are obtained from these relationships. An alternate method of stability analysis, based on the above results, has also been developed and applications to several cases of growth of indirectly interacting populations which demonstrate the efficiency of the method are presented.
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  • 99
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 816-827 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the settling velocity of a dispersion of spherical particles (that is, drops of arbitrary viscosity) depends on concentration. The procedure used entirely avoids the divergent integrals which previous workers in this field have been forced to deal with and yields explicit formulas for the sedimentation velocity. These formulas, accurate to first order in the particle volume fraction, depend on both the physical characteristics of the particles (size, buoyant density, viscosity ratio) as well as on any long range forces (for example, electrical double layer repulsions or van der Waals attraction) which may exist between particles. Sample calculations are given for globular proteins subject to double layer repulsions and for micron size colloids which experience van der Waals attractions in addition to the electrostatics. In the latter case, it is shown how the Hamaker constant can be extracted from sedimentation data. The analysis is extended to more concentrated suspensions by assuming that the hydrodynamic interactions among particles are pairwise additive; comparison with published data shows this analysis to be reasonably accurate, even for dense suspensions, without any adjustable parameters.
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  • 100
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 26 (1980), S. 832-839 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For gas absorption accompanied by two consecutive second-order reactions, the reaction factors of the film and penetration theories were solved by the orthogonal collocation method. For equivalent definition of the other physico-chemical parameters, the reaction factors from the two theories differ only slightly. In film theory, it is shown that the film-bulk boundary condition is of importance only for small values of M. It is also shown that the difference between the point yields of the film and penetration theories is generally small, although it is larger than the difference in reaction factors for the two theories.
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