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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (698)
  • Physics  (504)
  • Ertrag
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
  • 1975-1979  (1,445)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1930-1934
  • 1978  (1,445)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1975-1979  (1,445)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1930-1934
Year
  • 1
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    Climaitc change agriculture and settlement (1978)
    In:  Dawson and Sons Ltd., Folkestone.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Zusammenhang Klima, ihre Änderungen und der Einfluss auf die Besiedlung und damit Auswirkungen auf die Landwirtschaft KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: weltweit ; letzten 4000 Jahre ; Ertrag ; Klima ; Landwirtschaft ; Temperatur
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  • 2
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    Untersuchungen zu Beziehungen zwischen der Witterung in der Frühjahrsperiode und dem Ertrag bei Winterweizen und Winterroggen im Hinblick auf eine Ertragsvorhersage für grössere Gebiete (1978)
    In:  Diss. Universität Halle
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Berechnung linearer Regressionen zwischen Abweichungen der Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenschein und Vegetationsbeginn vom Trendertrag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen berechneter Vegetationslänge und den Ertragsabweichungen vom Trend für definierte Regionen KATASTER-DETAIL: Ertragsabweichung vom Trend (N) berechnete Vegetationslänge (U) N = 0,384 * U -11,5
    Keywords: Ostdeutschland ; 1957-75 ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen
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  • 3
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    Die wichtigsten Futterpflanzen in Bayern - langjährige Ertragsentwicklung, Ertragsvergleiche und Abhängigkeit der Erträge von den Witterungsfaktoren. (1978)
    In:  Bayer. landwirtschaft. Jb. 55 (2):131-197.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Untersuchungen zur Ertragshöhe, zu Ertragsvergleichen, zur langjährige Ertragsentwicklung und zur Abhängigkeit der Erträge von einigen Witterungsmerkmalen bei den wichtigsten Futterpflanzenarten (Mais, Futterrüben, Rotklee, Luzerne, sommerjährige Leguminosen und Gräser). Unterteilung des Landes Bayern in Klimagebiete. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag und Sonnenscheindauer) auf den Ertrag von Futterpflanzenarten. Futterrüben sind gegenüber Mais weniger witterungsempfindlich. Luzerne ist in sommertrockenen Lagen weniger niederschlagsabhängig als Rotklee KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Juli) + (auf sommerfeuchten Standorten), dann Ertrag (Mais) -; Delta Nied (Juli) - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Mais) -; Delta T (generative Phase) +, dann Ertrag (Mais) + : Delta T = 1°C (im Bereich von 13-18°C), dann Ertragserhöhung um 516kStE/ha; Delta T +, dann Ertrag (Mais) + Delta Nied (Juli) + (auf sommerfeuchten Standorten), dann Ertrag (Futterrübe) -; Delta Nied (Juli) - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Futterrübe) -; Delta T +, dann Ertrag (Futterrübe) +; Delta Nied (Mai bis September) - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Rotklee) -; Delta Nied (Mai bis September) + (auf sommerfeuchten Standorten) und delta Sonn -, dann Ertrag (Rotklee) -; Delta Nied - (auf sommertrockenen Standorten), dann Ertrag (Rotklee) -;
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1950-74 ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Mais ; Wachstum ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 4
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    Gefährden Klima-Anomalien die Welternährung? (1978)
    In:  Bild Wiss. 15 (12):132-139.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Witterungs- und Klimaveränderung und den Ernteerträgen, Auswertung der in Göttingen archivierten Roggenpreise in Deutschland von 1570-1860. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Wetterwirksame Großwetter-Anomalien (=Klimaanomalien) hauptsächlich für Schwankungen der Erträge verantwortlich KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: weltweit ; letzten 1000 Jahre ; Ertrag ; Klima ; Landwirtschaft
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  • 5
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    Vorhersage von Ernteerträgen aus Witterungsdaten in den Ländern der EG (1978)
    In:  Hanus, H., (ed.) 1978. Vorhersage von Ernteerträgen aus Witterungsdaten in den Ländern der EG, Vol. 21, Kiel
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Verfahren der multiplen Regressionsgleichungen zur Vorhersage von Ernteerträgen aus Witterungsdaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Abhängigkeit des Ertrags von der Witterung (Temperatur, Sonnenscheindauer, Niederschläge, Windgeschwindigkeit, Relative Luftfeuchte, Regentage) KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Keywords: Europa ; Luftfeuchte ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Wind ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 6
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    Beziehung zwischen Witterung und Jahresertrag auf Niederungsgrünland - ein Beitrag zur Erarbeitung von Ertragsrichtwerten. (1978)
    In:  Arch. Acker- und Pflanzenbau, Bodenkunde 22 (9):593-599.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Mittels Regressionsgleichungen wurde der Einfluss des Grundwasserstandes, bzw. der Witterung auf den Ertrag quantifiziert und dienen als Korrektur für die Wirkungsgrade (Tabelle)für unterschiedliche Standorte. Hierdurch können der Einfluss der Jahreswitterung quantifiziert und Ertragsrichtwerte berechnet werden. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Witterung, Standort, Bodenart und Ertrag auf Niedergrünland. Berechnung durch allgemeine Formel möglich, die je nach Standort, Düngungsregime und Witterung Korrekturwerte für die Einflussfaktoren entsprechend einer Tabelle.Berechnet wird der Günland-Ertrag als TM auf Niedermoorstandorten. KATASTER-DETAIL: Ertrag (TM in dt/ha)=a + b x x1 + c x x2 + d x x3 + e x x4 + f x x5 + g x x6 mit a=absolutes Glied, b-g Korrekturfaktoren laut Tabelle in der Veröffentlichung x1=Mittlerer Grundwasserstand in cm (April-Mai) x2=Mittlerer Grundwasserstand in cm (Juli-September) x3=Stickstoffdüngung (kg/ha Rein-N) x4=Niederschlagssumme in mm (Juni-August) x5=mittlere Temperatur in ^C(März-Mai) x5=mittlere Temperatur in ^C(März-Mai) x6=mittlere Temperatur in ^C(Juni-August)
    Keywords: Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; 1960-72 ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 7
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    Vergleichende Berachtung des Witterungsveralufs in den jahren 1975, 1976 und 1977 (1978)
    In:  Kartoffelbau 29 (1):15-17.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Zusammenhang Kartoffelertrag und -qualität und Witterungsverlauf KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf den Ernteertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Mai, Juni) + und Delta Nied (Mai, Juni) -, dann Pflanzenentwicklung -; Delta Bodenfeuchte -, dann Wachstum -; Delta T (März, April) 〈 0°C, dann Schäden +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1975-77 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 8
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    Harvest dates in ancient Mesopotamia as possible indicators of climatic variations (1978)
    In:  Climate Change 1 (3):239-252.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Im Nahen Osten werden Winterniederschläge ausschließlich von Kaltfronten hervorgerufen, die auch ein tieferes Temperaturniveau bedingen. Daher enge Korrelation zwischen der Feuchte und der Temperatur zu dieser Jahreszeit. Mit Hilfe von Tontafeln über den Erntebeginn von Gerste wurden die Wärmeverhältnisse antiker Zeiträume abgeschätzt. Die Ernte 1800-1650 v. Chr. war 10-20 Tage früher, 600-400 v. Chr. dagegen 10-20 Tage später als heute. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur auf den Zeitpunkt der Ernte von Gerste KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T -, dann Beginn der Ernte + (später)
    Keywords: Naher Osten ; letzten 4000 Jahre ; Anbautermine ; Ertrag ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur
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  • 9
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    Holography and LDV techniques, their status and use in airfoil research (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: The measurement capabilities of laser velocimetry and holographic interferometry in transonic airfoil testing were demonstrated. Presented are representative results obtained with these two nonintrusive techniques on a 15.24 cm chord airfoil section. These results include the density field about the airfoil, flow angles in the inviscid flow and viscous flow properties including the turbulent Reynolds stresses. The accuracies of the density fields obtained by interferometry were verified from comparisons with surface pressure and laser velocimeter measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 589-599
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  • 10
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    Instrumentation, techniques and data reduction associated with airfoil testing programs at Wichita State University (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Two dimensional airfoil testing was conducted at the Wichita State University Beech Wind Tunnel for a number of years. The instrumentation developed and adapted during this period of testing for determination of flow fields along with traversing mechanisms for these probes are discussed. In addition, some of the techniques used to account for interference effects associated with the apparatus used for this two dimensional testing are presented. The application of a minicomputer to the data reduction and presentation is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 2; p 539-558
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  • 11
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    A fast DFT algorithm using complex integer transforms (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Winograd's algorithm for computing the discrete Fourier transform is extended considerably for certain large transform lengths. This is accomplished by performing the cyclic convolution, required by Winograd's method, by a fast transform over certain complex integer fields. This algorithm requires fewer multiplications than either the standard fast Fourier transform or Winograd's more conventional algorithms.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 134-140
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  • 12
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    The Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) subsystem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The infrared radiation from the earth in two spectral bands during both day and night portions of the orbit is measured. Pictures of cloud cover, three dimensional mappings of cloud cover, temperature mappings of clouds, land, and ocean surface, cirrus cloud content, atmospheric contamination, and relative humidity are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide 247-262 (SEE N79-20148 11-12)
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  • 13
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    The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Ocean momentum and energy transfer parameters on a nearly all weather operational basis are obtained and used. The winds, water vapor, liquid water content, temperature, and mean cloud droplet size are derived from low altitude parameters.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 213-246
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  • 14
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    The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The CZCS is used to map chlorophyll concentration, sediment distribution, gelbstroffe concentration, and temperature of coastal waters and the open ocean. The data processing techniques used to enhance contrasts over the ocean and to remove the effect of the backscattered atmosphere are presented. The multi-channel scanning radiometer of CZCS is described. The content of water is determined primarily by the CZCS measurement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 19-32
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  • 15
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    DSN water vapor radiometer development: Recent work, 1978 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A water vapor radiometer (WVR) was developed that measures the atmospheric noise temperature at two different frequencies near 22 GHz. These noise temperature are used in empirical-theoretical equations that yield tropospheric range delay, in centimeters, through the atmosphere along the beam of the WVR. This range correction is then applied, as needed, to measurements concerning spacecraft range and to VLBI baseline determinations. The WVR design and calibration techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 129-135
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  • 16
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    Frequency selection and calibration of a water vapor radiometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The calibration coefficients of existing water vapor radiometers are dependent upon meteorology profiles. This is shown to be due mainly to incorrect frequency pairs. By properly selecting an optimum frequency pair, the dependency can be reduced to a relatively small amount which can be handily adjusted by surface measurement alone. Hence, a universal calibration equation is applicable to all environmental conditions - site, seasonal and diurnal variations. Optimum frequency pairs are systematically searched. Error analysis indicates that calibration for the water vapor phase delay accurate to less than 2 cm is possible at all elevation angles greater than 15 degrees.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 67-81
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  • 17
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    Preliminary design work on a DSN VLBI correlator (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Deep Space Network is in the process of fielding high-density digital instrumentation recorders for support of the Pioneer Venus 1978 entry experiment and other related tasks. It has long been obvious that these recorders would also serve well as the recording medium for very long base interferometry (VLBI) experiments with relatively weak radio sources, provided that a suitable correlation processor for these tape recordings could be established. The overall design and current status of a VLBI correlator designed to mate with these tape recorders are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 90-98
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  • 18
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    Possible correlation of Io's posteclipse brightening with major solar flares (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In 6 of the 7 instances where posteclipse brightening of Io has been reported by observers using blue filters, a major solar flare occurred within 10 degrees of the sub-Jovian longitude in the 100-day interval prior to observation. In none of the 18 instances where no posteclipse brightening was observed did such a flare occur. It is proposed that a phenomenon associated with a major solar flare causes an increase in the trapped particle flux at Io's orbit by an order of magnitude. The posteclipse brightening may be caused by thermoluminescence of Io's surface material upon emergence. Alternatively, it is possible that the increase in trapped particle flux would warm the surface, creating a temporary atmosphere which would precipitate during eclipse cooling and vaporize in the period of warming after reemergence.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 19
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    Development of a drift-correction procedure for a photoelectric spectrometer (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique has been developed to automatically correct for drifts in the radiometric sensitivity of the detector channels in a direct-reading emission spectrometer. The method utilizes a 1000 W tungsten-halogen reference lamp to illuminate the detectors through the same optical path as that traversed during the analysis of the sample. Detector channel responses to the light are compared to those for the same light intensity at the time of analytical calibration. This corrects for the drift. It is noted that with the exception of positioning the lamp, the procedure is fully automatic.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy; 32; Jan
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  • 20
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    On the ortho-para equilibrium of H2 in the atmospheres of the Jovian planets (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The ratio for the equivalent widths for the unsaturated H2 quadrupole transitions observed in the Jovian planets is calculated and compared with a large number of observations. The comparison indicates that equilibrium hydrogen may be present in Jupiter and Saturn, while Uranus and Neptune exhibit ratios not in accord with equilibrium hydrogen. Observations which can differentiate among the possible states of H2 are proposed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 21
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    Infrared /JHK/ photometry of meteorites and asteroids (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports JHK colors observed for ten asteroids and synthesized JHK colors for seven meteorite groups, samples of iron and nickel metal, pyroxene, olivine, feldspar, a lunar anorthite and some terrestrial mineral samples. Pronounced differences are apparent between the chondritic and achondritic meteorite classes; the chondritic classes show less subdued trends in J-H color which reflect their metamorphic grade. We find small but significant differences between the JHK colors of the predominant C and S classes of asteroids. All JHK colors of asteroids observed here fall within the limited domain defined by the various chondritic and iron-rich meteorites but are strikingly different from those of most achondritic meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 13; Mar. 31
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  • 22
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    Gamma ray spectroscopy in astrophysics: Future role of scintillation detectors (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The future role of conventional scintillation detector telescopes for line gamma-ray astronomy is discussed. Although the energy resolution of the germanium detectors now being used by several groups is clearly desirable, the larger effective areas and higher efficiencies available with scintillation detectors is advantageous for many observations. This is particularly true for those observations of astrophysical phenomena where significant line broadening is expected.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 438-449
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  • 23
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    Jovian S-burst observations at 32 MHz (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Drift rates for S-burst emissions from Jupiter are studied. The burst spectra, recorded in the frequency range near 32 MHz, provide a qualitative illustration of the behavior of electron bunches shortly after injection into the Io-associated magnetic flux tube. The morphology of the spectra may be taken as support for the hypothesis of an ionospheric acceleration mechanism influencing the flow of electrons.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 2
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  • 24
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    Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The extensive chaotic and fretted terrains in the equatorial regions of Mars are explained on the basis of the vertical distribution of H2O liquid and ice which once existed in the crust. This account assumes that below the permafrost containing water ice, there was a second zone in which liquid water resided for at least a time. Diagenetic alteration and cementation characterized the material in the subpermafrost zone; above, pristine fragmented material with various ice concentrations was found. Later, the ice-laden zone was stripped away by a number of erosional processes, exposing the former ice-liquid water interface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; June 197
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  • 25
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    Global color variations on the Martian surface (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spectral reflectance data from the Viking-II Orbiter vidicon cameras have provided a means of mapping and classifying Martian surface materials over about 65% of the planet. The imagery, acquired at three wavelengths, was processed to remove an average Martian photometric function; albedo maps at the three wavelengths were created. Analysis of the imagery showed that the dark region between the equator and about 30 deg S in the Martian highlands consists of ancient ridges, crater rims and rugged plateaus which are very red, and younger intercrater volcanic plains exhibiting mare ridges which are much less red. In addition probable eolian deposits were found in the intermediate and high albedo regions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; June 197
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  • 26
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    Saturn's rings: Particle composition and size distribution as constrained by microwave observations. I - Radar observations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The radar backscattering characteristics of compositional and structural models of Saturn's rings are calculated and compared with observations of the absolute value, wavelength dependence, and degree of depolarization of the rings' radar cross section (reflectivity). The doubling method is used to calculate reflectivities for systems that are many particles thick using optical depths derived from observations at visible wavelengths. If the rings are many particles thick, irregular centimeter- to meter-sized particles composed primarily of water ice attain sufficiently high albedos and scattering efficiencies to explain the radar observations. In that case, the wavelength independence of radar reflectivity implies the existence of a broad particle size distribution; a narrower size distribution is also a possibility. Particles of primarily silicate composition are ruled out by the radar observations. Purely metallic particles may not be ruled out on the basis of existing radar observations. A monolayer of very large ice 'particles' that exhibit multiple internal scattering may not yet be ruled out.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Feb. 197
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  • 27
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    Modification of fresh crater landforms - Evidence from the moon and Mercury (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The morphology of fresh lunar and Mercurian craters provides insight into processes of crater formation and modification. Measurements determined for Mercurian craters and compared to previously presented lunar data are depth/diameter, central peak and wall-related mass movement frequencies as functions of diameter, crater rim wall width/rim diameter, rim diameter/floor diameter, and central peak height/rim diameter. Two important results are as follows: (1) there is no evidence for direct gravity scaling of crater morphology, although some slight scaling relationship may be indicated, and (2) mass movements are responsible for the change in depth/diameter relationship observed near 2-km depth and 10-km diameter. The latter result is helpful in explaining gravitational and topographic data which suggest low-density regions beneath large fresh craters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Jan. 10
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  • 28
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    Minor planets and related objects. XXV - UBV photometry of 145 faint asteroids (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Magnitudes and colors on the UBV system are presented for 145 minor planets, including 31 objects in the Eos family, 14 in the Koronis family, 6 in the Nysa family, 11 in the Themis family, 4 Hungarias, 7 Hildas, 8 Trojans, and several objects in unusual orbits. Clearly defined color groups for the Eos, Koronis, Nysa, and Themis family members are strongly suggestive of origin from discrete parent bodies. The Nysas apparently show large light-curve amplitudes. The Mars-orbit crossers 1977RA and 1980 = 1950LA, the earth-orbit crosser 1976UA, and several main-belt asteroids are found to show peculiar colors of unknown significance. The Mars-orbit crosser 1916 = 1953RA appears to be a typical S object, while 1474 Beira and 1977VA show neutral colors. Asteroids at semimajor axis in excess of 4 AU (Trojans preceding and following Jupiter, 279 Thule, and 944 Hidalgo) all belong to a color group centered at B-V = 0.72, U-B = 0.24.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; June 197
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  • 29
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    Capabilities of germanium detectors (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The gamma ray detection efficiency and energy resolution of germanium detectors is reviewed. A general sensitivity equation for gamma-ray detectors is presented and calculated sensitvity curves are shown for a large volume balloon-borne spectrometer using germanium detectors. Improvement anticipated from a planned satellite experiment using germanium detectors is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 450-461
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  • 30
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    Development of 1366 K /2000 F/ strain sensor and biaxial strain transducer for use to 1033 K /1400 F/ (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 31
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    The accretion of planets from planetesimals (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Collisional accretion appears to be a viable, and seemingly unavoidable, mechanism for intermediate-stage from a swarm of planetesimals into a system containing a few discrete seed planets. Some other mechanism must be invoked to explain growth of condensate grains up to at least tens of meters. Gravitational instability in the particulate disk seems a plausible means of achieving that early-stage growth up to kilometer-scale bodies. The last stage of growth in which the seed planets accrete the remaining material now presents difficulties due to the isolated, circular orbits generated from the intermediate collisional stage.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 32
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    Infra-red measurements of stratospheric composition. I - The balloon instrument and water vapour measurements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design and construction of a balloon-borne instrument for remote-sensing of stratospheric composition is described. Thermal emission from the constituents is detected and the spectral selectivity of the instrument is tailored to a specific gas by the use of a cell of the same gas in the optical path of the radiometer. The pressure of the gas in the cell is cycled and the resultant transmission function is shown to be highly selective to radiation from the same gas in the atmosphere. The first flight of the instrument and the retrieval of a water vapour profile in the range 15-40 km is described.
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  • 33
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    Isotopic anomalies in solar system material - What can they tell us (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three relatively recently discovered anomalies are considered. The goal of isotopic research is to understand what phenomena are responsible for the observed isotopic anomalies, and thereby to determine the initial solar system isotopic composition. Until recently there has been no measured isotopic ratios which could not be understood in the context of reasonable physical or chemical processes acting to alter a uniform initial solar isotopic composition. This situation changed in 1969 with the discovery by Black and Pepin of an unusual neon isotopic composition in certain carbonaceous meteories. This unusual composition was later designated as Neon E. An unusual or anomalous oxygen isotopic composition was discovered by Clayton et al. (1973). A magnesium isotopic anomaly was discovered by Gray and Compston (1974), and Lee and Papanastassiou (1974). The three isotopic anomalies are discussed, emphasizing particularly the experimental evidence, possible causes for the observed isotopic composition and finally, possible implications of these anomalies with regard to models of solar system formation and evolution.
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  • 34
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    Far infrared spectrophotometry of Jupiter and Saturn (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Infrared spectral measurements of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were obtained from 100 to 470 kaysers and, by taking Mars as a calibration source, brightness temperatures of Jupiter and Saturn were determined with approximately 5 kayser resolution. Internal luminosities were determined from the data and are reported to be approximately 8 times 10 to the minus tenth power of the sun's luminosity for Jupiter and approximately 3.6 times 10 to the minus tenth power of the sun's luminosity for Saturn. Comparison of data with spectra predicted by models suggests the need for an opacity source in addition to gaseous hydrogen and ammonia to help explain Jupiter's observed spectrum in the vicinity of 250 kaysers.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 35; July 197
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  • 35
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    A microstructural study of the Tishomingo meteorite (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Metallography, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to study a fragment of the Tishomingo iron meteorite. The results suggest the following thermal-mechanical history: The fragment was originally a large crystal of taenite (gamma). Cooling through the alpha + gamma phase boundary did not result in accompanying precipitation of kamacite (alpha). Transformation to a martensitic structure initiated between -25 and -65 C. Transformation continued as the temperature fell to -75 to -115 C, resulting in approx 80% martensite (alpha-prime). Subsequent shock deformation and thermal aging processes substantially modified the taenite and martensite microstructures. Twins in the retained taenite phase are attributed to shock deformation at a pressure estimated for a single event at about 170 kbar. The existing complex altered martensite structure containing both taenite and kamacite (3-15% Ni) particles was apparently the product of both shock deformation and thermal aging processes. The maximum temperature reached during thermal aging is estimated to be less than 400 C and perhaps below 310 C.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 42; July 197
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  • 36
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    The tektite problem (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Small glassy pebbles, called tektites, are found in widely scattered locations around the world. These tektites appear much like volcanic glass obsidian, but their chemical composition is different from that of any terrestrial lava and they contain far less water and none of obsidian's characteristic microcrystals. No one has ever found the mother lode of a field of tektites. They cannot, therefore, be the product of terrestrial volcanism. Recently acquired knowledge about the moon's surface confirms earlier indications that tektites cannot be bits of lunar soil propelled to the earth by the impact of meteorites on the moon. According to one of two remaining possibilities tektites are bits of terrestrial sedimentary rock excavated by meteorites striking the earth's surface, melted by the heat of impact, and congealed into glass as they travel above the atmosphere to the scattered sites where they are found. The other possibility is that tektites are the remains of gobs of lava fired at the earth by volcanic activity on the moon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Scientific American; 239; Aug. 197
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  • 37
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    Comment on 'Spectrophotometric and color estimates of the Viking lander sites' by Friedrich O. Huck et al (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; July 10
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  • 38
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    Conclusions derived from the evidence on accretion in meteorites (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study of the evidence on accretion in meteorites shows that gross chemical features of chondritic meteorite type were established by accretion of materials with characteristic chemical and isotopic compositions. Some meteorites have been subjected to intensive mechanical and/or thermal processes. Mixing has occurred among meteorite types, presumably late in the accretion sequence. From the materials which appear to have escaped substantial modification it can be concluded that the relative velocities between accreting grains varied but in some cases were very low. Accretion took place after most, if not all, of the gaseous components had been separated from the condensed portion of solar matter.
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  • 39
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    Chemical alterations of the Holbrook chondrite resulting from terrestrial weathering (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Major, minor and trace element analysis as well as noble gas measurements were performed on three Holbrook chondrite samples collected fresh in 1912, in 1931, and in 1968. Decreases in metallic iron and MgO and an increase in total iron were detected. Elemental concentrations of Ti, Ca, Al, P, Mn, Ni, and Cr did not change significantly during weathering. While sodium might have been lost, and K slightly enriched, the trace elements C, Rb, and Sr increased at least two-fold during weathering. Gas abundances decreased, and the concentration ratios of noble gas nuclides varied unpredictably.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 13; Sept. 30
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  • 40
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    The origin of planetary atmospheres (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Reasons for the difference in planetary atmospheres are reviewed. Atmospheric formation by outgassing from terrestrial planets is contrasted with the retention of the primary material by the outer planets. The differences in Venusian, earth, and Martian atmospheres are explained in terms of planet distance from the sun. Data on terrestrial planet pressures, temperatures, and gas compositions, as well as on rates and gas composition of outgassing material are presented. The significance of planet mass is considered.
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  • 41
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    The phase function of Venus cloud particles from Mariner 10 data (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Mariner 10 images of Venus taken at several phase angles were photometrically reduced. The analysis shows that the phase function of the cloud particles is not isotropic, as had been deduced earlier from the brightness distribution on spacecraft images taken at a single phase angle, but has a broad minimum near 60 deg and is forward-scattering. The scattering properties are in quantitative agreement with previous deductions from earth-based polarization measurements by Hansen and his associates.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Dec. 197
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  • 42
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    The ammonia mixing ratio in Jupiter's stratosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the theory that underlies the model calculations which show that the far-infrared bands of ammonia are very sensitive to the ammonia distribution above the Jovian atmospheric inversion layer. Observation of the J = 5 and J = 6 ammonia bands at moderate resolution might permit choice between a cold trap model or the irreversible uv photodestruction model for the ammonia distribution. The lack of prominent emission cores in the NH3 rotation-inversion lines only implies that the mixing ratio is low. The ammonia is uniformly mixed if the inversion temperature is low but, at a higher inversion temperature, emission cores will be observed unless the photodissociation is extremely efficient down to at least the inversion layer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 36; Oct. 197
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  • 43
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    The Allende meteorite - Evidence for a new cosmothermometer based on the Ti/3+/ to Ti/4+/ ratio (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The mineral thermodynamic condensation sequence is applied to assemblages in Ca-Al-Ti-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite, and it is suggested that the total amount of titanium and Ti(3+) contents of aluminous clinopyroxenes (fassaites) are temperature sensitive and that the ratio Ti(3+)/Ti(4+) may be used as a qualitative cosmothermometer. The direct gas-to-solid condensation hypothesis is favored because the predicted thermodynamic sequence is followed. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the condensation interval of Ti(3+) stabilization is 1647-1125 K, while the titanian-fassaites probably condensed in the interval 1625-1349 K. It is suggested that the Allende meteorite has sampled a spectrum of the condensing solar nebula.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 276; Nov. 16
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  • 44
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    Detected noise levels guide radiometer design (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A survey of component demands and design techniques for radiometers is presented. The design of a typical radiometer is traced from the antenna through the video and data-collection stages. Key design equations are given. An example is considered that shows how IF amplifier gain must be chosen to mask video noise. The influence of front-end losses on back-end design is studied.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: MicroWaves; 17; Sept
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  • 45
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    Nitric oxide production by Tunguska meteor (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The nonequilibrium chemical processes of nitric oxide formation are computed for the wake of the Tunguska meteor of 1908. The wake characteristics are derived by carrying out an optically-thick radiation field analysis for ablation of the meteoroid. The wake flow field is approximated by a one-dimensional, well-stirred reactor model. Known characteristics of the Tunguska event are imposed as constraints, and three controlling parameters - chemical composition, density, and velocity - are varied over a range around the values derived by Korobeinikov et al. (1976) and Petrov and Stulov (1975). The calculation shows that at least 19 million tons of nitric oxide is produced between the altitudes of 10 and 50 km. The anomalous atmospheric phenomena following the event are attributed to the reactions involving nitric oxide thus produced and atmospheric ozone. It is speculated that the nitric oxide produced by the event fertilized the area near the fall, causing the observed rapid plant growth.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 5; July-Aug
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  • 46
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    Visualization of relaminarizing flows (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The experiments described in the present paper provided conclusive evidence for the feasibility of achieving reverse transition by several different mechanisms. Turbulent-to-laminar transition in water was visualized by injection of purple and green dyes. Air flows were visualized by colored schlieren photography.
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  • 47
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    Asteroid 1 Ceres - Evidence for water of hydration (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An absorption feature centred near 3.0 microns has been discovered in the infrared spectrum of asteroid 1 Ceres. This spectrum has been compared with laboratory spectra of meteorites and shows great similarity to the spectra of type II carbonaceous chondrites. By analogy this suggests the presence of about 10-15 per cent water in the form of water of hydration on the surface of Ceres. This is the first evidence of water in the surface material of an asteroid.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 182
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  • 48
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    Coded aperture imaging with uniformly redundant arrays (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses uniformly redundant arrays (URA) as applied to coded aperture imaging. The URA system offers the high-transmission characteristics of random arrays as well as a flat sidelobe advantage. The high-transmission yields the imaging of very low-intensity sources and the flat sidelobes provide the suppression of inherent noise which obscures low-contrast sources. Simulations have shown that the URA with shot and background noise produces a better reconstructed object than random arrays without shot or background noise. The URA also offers an arrangement which involves a mosaic of basic URA patterns forming a circular correlation of the object on the picture plane. Thus the information needed to reconstruct the object is contained in an area equal to that of the basic aperture pattern. This smaller required detector is important in applications including X-ray astronomy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Feb. 1
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  • 49
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    Circular polarization of sunlight reflected by planetary atmospheres (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Multiple scattering calculations are performed in order to investigate the nature of the circular polarization of sunlight reflected by planetary atmospheres. Contour diagrams as a function of size parameter and phase angle are made for the integrated light from a spherical but locally plane-parallel atmosphere of spherical particles. To investigate the origin of the circular polarization, results are also computed for second-order scattering and for a simpler semiquantitative model of scattering by two particles. Observations of the circular polarization of the planets are presently too meager for accurate deduction of cloud particle properties. However, certain very broad constraints can be placed on the properties of the dominant cloud particles on Jupiter and Saturn. The cloud particle size and refractive index deduced for the Jupiter clouds by Loskutov, Morozhenko, and Yanovitskii from analyses of the linear polarization are not consistent with the circular polarization. The few available circular polarization observations of Venus are also examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 50
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    The composition of Phobos - Evidence for carbonaceous chondrite surface from spectral analysis (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In connection with a need for more definitive information concerning the composition of Phobos in a study of its origin, an ultraviolet-visible-infrared reflectance spectrum of the Martian satellite was compiled from the Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer, Viking lander imaging, and ground-based photometric data. The probable surface composition of Phobos was deduced by comparing the obtained spectrum with the spectra of asteroids of known composition. The considered data show that the reflectivity of Phobos is flat from 1100 to 400 nm but decreases sharply in the ultraviolet to about 1 percent at 212 nm. The reflectance spectrum is similar to the spectra of asteroids Ceres and Pallas which were found to have surface compositions similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. It is concluded that the surface composition of Phobos is also similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. The results of the investigation point to different modes of origin for Mars and Phobos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 199; Jan. 6
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    Viking first encounter of Phobos - Preliminary results (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking Orbiter-1 (VO-1) made a series of close flybys of the Martian satellite Phobos in February and May 1977. A description is presented of the results obtained during the flybys in February. The flyby geometries for the encounter period in February are shown in a graph. The trajectory design gave flybys on the illuminated side of Phobos within 80 to 300 km during the entire encounter period. The primary encounter observations of Phobos included visual and infrared imaging as well as radio tracking of VO-1 while it was under the gravitational influence of Phobos. Visual imaging was obtained from two narrow-angle television cameras. Infrared observations were obtained from an infrared thermal mapper. Radio data included S- and X-band Doppler and ranging data to VO-1 with a 10-second Doppler count. Assuming for Phobos a volume of 500 + or - 900 cu km, a mean density of 1.9 + or - 0.6 g/cu cm is obtained for it on the basis of the processed data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 199; Jan. 6
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    The origin and relative abundances of C, N and the noble gases on the terrestrial planets and in meteorites (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Relative concentrations of noble gases and C and N are evaluated for the terrestrial planets. Comparisons between amounts of volatile materials in carbonaceous chondrites and on Earth and Mars are presented as support for the accretion model of planetary formation. However, attention is given to the large differences in the C/noble gas ratios on various bodies in the solar system, e.g. the Sun, Venus, Earth, Mars, stressing that the data are too incomplete to provide a reliable model for the sources of volatile and noble elements on the terrestrial planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 271; Jan. 12
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  • 53
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    Multicolor observations of Phobos with the Viking lander cameras - Evidence for a carbonaceous chondritic composition (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The reflectivity of Phobos has been determined in the spectral region from 0.4 to 1.1 micrometers from images taken with a Viking lander camera. The reflectivity curve is flat in this spectral interval and the geometric albedo equals 0.05 + or - 0.01. These results, together with Phobos's reflectivity spectrum in the ultraviolet, are compared with laboratory spectra of carbonaceous chondrites and basalts. The spectra of carbonaceous chondrites are consistent with the observations, whereas the basalt spectra are not. These findings raise the possibility that Phobos may be a captured object rather than a natural satellite of Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 199; Jan. 6
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  • 54
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    IAU nomenclature for albedo features on the planet Mercury (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The International Astronomical Union has endorsed a nomenclature for the albedo features on Mercury. Designations are based upon the mythological names related to the god Hermes; they are expressed in Latin form. The dark-hued albedo features are associated with the generic term Solitudo. The light-hued areas are designated by a single name without generic term. The 32 names adopted are allocated on the Mercury map.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 55
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    Design criteria for reflection polarizers and analyzers in the vacuum ultraviolet (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Reflection polarizers and analyzers for the extreme UV spectral region are discussed. The conditions for optimum polarization are presented, and the polarization characteristics of a number of metal coatings, including gold and some of the platinum metals, are given. The performance of three- and four-mirror polarizers, using these metal coatings, is discussed. The properties required of a polarization analyzer are presented, and the performance of single and three- and four-reflection analyzers are discussed in terms of the optical properties of coating materials that might be useful for analyzers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Apr. 15
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  • 56
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    Upconversion of broadband infrared spectra (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experimental device successfully upconverts IR radiation in the 3.2-5.0 micron wavelength range simultaneously to visible light at 0.80-0.88 microns, while preserving frequency coding and is thus applicable to IR spectroscopy. The 1.8-micron bandwidth of IR radiation that is upconverted without temperature or phase match tuning is the largest yet reported. The over-all system quantum efficiency of the upconverter/spectrometer system is 0.01% and could be improved to 0.4%.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Apr. 15
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  • 57
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    Io-phase motion and jovian decametre source locations (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A second-order effect in the relationship between jovian decameter storms and the departure of Io from superior geocentric conjunction is explained on the basis of latitudinal variations in the earth-Jupiter viewing geometry. These variations are defined by the 12-year cycle in the jovicentric declination of the earth. In addition, it is found that the emission of the jovian decameter storm source Io-B (Io-C) is beamed from the northern (southern) magnetic latitudes. These conclusions are compatible with source positions derived from polarimetry and from considerations of planetary-limb shadowing.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 23
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  • 58
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    A 10 micron laser heterodyne spectrometer for remote detection of trace gases (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy provides a means of measuring the intensity profiles of individual rotation-vibration spectral lines with high sensitivity. Considerable effort has been expended on optimizing these instruments for remote measurements of gases in planetary atmospheres with the result that present-generation spectrometers are beginning to provide new and startling results on the planets. The fundamental principles of laser heterodyne spectroscopy are discussed. Detailed considerations of the optical design and the electronic design of the spectral-line receiver are given. Representative results obtained with this spectrometer are discussed, including precision frequency measurements of NH3 (nu-2) lines, detection of auroral emission from Jupiter, and measurements of terrestrial O3 and CO2.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 17; Jan
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    Photometry and polarimetry of Jupiter at large phase angles. I - Analysis of imaging data of a prominent belt and a zone from Pioneer 10 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photopolarimetric observations of a prominent bright zone and a dark belt of Jupiter in red and blue light are analyzed which were performed by Pioneer 10 at phase angles of 12, 23, 34, 109, 120, 127, and 150 deg. Geometric and photometric reductions of the imaging data are described, the instrument sensitivity at various times is evaluated, and the data are referred to an absolute scale. The observations are analyzed in detail by comparing the data with results of radiative-transfer calculations for specific scattering models of Jupiter's atmosphere. These models include those with a vertical structure consisting of a layer of Rayleigh-scattering gas above a semiinfinite mixture of cloud particles and gas, those having a small quantity of aerosols in the gas above either the diffuse cloud in a reflecting-scattering model or the top cloud of a two-cloud-layer model, those in which a forward-scattering haze is mixed uniformly with gas, and those containing dust layers. It is found that in both the belt and the zone in red as well as blue light, cloud phase functions are required which provide both strong forward scattering and some backscattering.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Mar. 197
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    Uranus and the shape of elliptical rings (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is reported that when the star SAO158687 passed behind the Uranus system, its light was occulted twice by the epsilon (fifth) ring of the planet. The first part of the ring to occult was about 100 km wide and the second part was about 40 km wide. The variable width of the ring is accounted for by differences in the orbital eccentricities of the individual particles composing the ring.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 9
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  • 61
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    The occultation of Epsilon Geminorum by Mars as observed at Princeton (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for two-color (red and blue) high-speed photometric observations of the April 8, 1976, occultation of Epsilon Gem by Mars. The observing system is briefly described, fits to an isothermal atmospheric model of the event are presented, and the blue data are used to derive temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere in the manner of Wasserman and Veverka (1973). The results are compared with those of Elliot et al. (1977), which were obtained from the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; Apr. 197
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  • 62
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    Ultraviolet spectrophotometer for measuring columnar atmospheric ozone from aircraft (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UVS) to measure downward solar fluxes from an aircraft or other high altitude platform is described. The UVS uses an ultraviolet diffuser to obtain large angular response with no aiming requirement, a twelve-position filter wheel with narrow (2-nm) and broad (20-nm) bandpass filters, and an ultraviolet photodiode. The columnar atmospheric ozone above the UVS (aircraft) is calculated from the ratios of the measured ultraviolet fluxes. Comparison with some Dobson station measurements gives agreement to 2%. Some UVS measured ozone profiles over the Pacific Ocean for November 1976 are shown to illustrate the instrument's performance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; May 15
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  • 63
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    Properties of the clouds of Venus, as inferred from airborne observations of its near-infrared reflectivity spectrum (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The shape and absolute value of Venus' reflectivity spectrum is measured in the 1.2- to 4.0 micrometer spectral region with a circular variable filter wheel spectrometer having a spectral resolution of 1.5%. Comparing these spectra with synthetic spectra generated with a multiple-scattering computer code, a number of properties of the Venus clouds are inferred. Evidence is obtained indicating that the clouds are made of a water solution of sulfuric acid in their top unit optical depth, and that the clouds are made of this material down to an optical depth of at least 25. In addition, the acid concentration is 84 plus or minus 2% H2SO4 by weight in the top unit optical depth, the total optical depth of the clouds is 37.5 plus or minus 12.5, and the cross-sectional weighted mean particle radius lies between 0.5 and 1.4 micrometers in the top unit optical depth of the clouds. It is found that the average volume mixing ratio of H2SO4 and H2O contained in the cloud material both equal approximately 2 x 10 to the -6. Employing vapor pressure arguments, the acid concentration is shown to equal 84 plus or minus 6% at the cloud bottom and the water vapor mixing ratio beneath the clouds lies between 6 x 10 to the -4 and 10 to the -2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; Apr. 197
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    Mercury's helium exosphere after Mariner 10's third encounter (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: From a comparison of the Mariner 10 third encounter UV spectrometer data with intensities generated from a newly constructed model exosphere, a new value of 4.5 x 10 to the -4th power for the fraction of the solar wind He(++) flux to be intercepted and captured by Mercury's magnetosphere, if the observed He atmosphere is maintained by the solar wind, has been derived. If an internal source for He prevails, the corresponding upper bound for the global outgassing rate is estimated to be 4.5 x 10 to the 22nd power/s. These values differ from those given earlier because of the present use of a surface temperature distribution satisfying the heat equation over Mercury's entire surface which employs Mariner-10-determined mean surface thermal characteristics. The mean standoff distance of Mercury's magnetopause averaged over Mercury's orbit is also used. Agreement between the observed and calculated intensities is found to be good. Minor discrepancies on the nightside of the terminator are explicable in terms of differences between actual and computed temperatures and scale height structure changes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 1
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    Is the moon really as smooth as a billiard ball - Remarks concerning recent models of sputter-fractionation on the lunar surface (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Apr. 197
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  • 66
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    A spectroradiometer for airborne remote sensing (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A remote sensing system for use in light aircraft is discussed with attention to its applications in measuring geologic zones of alteration, vegetation canopies, and the spectral properties of water bodies. A parallel electro-optical input spectroradiometer configuration with 500 channels operating in the 400-1100 nm region is described. A resolution of 18 meters square from an altitude of 600 m at 200 kmh is obtained with 4-digit spectral radiance data at 2.5 spectra/sec on a 9-track tape in computer compatible format.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Apr. 197
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  • 67
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    An analytic study of impact ejecta trajectories in the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, and earth (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Calculations have been made to determine the effects of atmospheric drag and gravity on impact ejecta trajectories on Venus, Mars, and earth. The equations of motion were numerically integrated for a broad range of body sizes, initial velocities, and initial elevation angles. A dimensionless parameter was found from approximate analytic solutions which correlated the ejecta range, final impact angle, and final impact velocity for all three planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Mar. 197
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  • 68
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    Investigation of the Manicouagan impact crater, Quebec - An introduction (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An interdisciplinary study of the 65-km diameter Manicouagan ring structure in Quebec was undertaken to gain insight into the integrated effects of impacts on terrestrial planetary bodies. The paper serves as an introduction to several companion papers and summarizes major conclusions. Studies of the 214 m.y. old structure show that the melt rocks are texturally inhomogeneous but chemically homogeneous and can be modeled as a mixture of target lithologies. The melt rocks have a Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio compatible with the melting of crustal rocks. The melt had a two-stage cooling history with clast-melt interactions indicative of mixing superheated silicate liquid with cold clasts. Grain size, clast reactions, and thermal equilibration of clasts and melts are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; June 10
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  • 69
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    Comparison between photographic and photoelectric measurements of the solar aureole almucantar radiance (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; July 1
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  • 70
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    Electronic heterodyne recording and processing of optical holograms using phase modulated reference waves (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of a phase-modulated reference wave for the electronic heterodyne recording and processing of a hologram is described. Heterodyne recording is used to eliminate the self-interference terms of a hologram and to create a Leith-Upatnieks hologram with coaxial object and reference waves. Phase modulation is also shown to be the foundation of a multiple-view hologram system. When combined with hologram scale transformations, heterodyne recording is the key to general optical processing. Spatial filtering is treated as an example.
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  • 71
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    Effects of turbulence on average refraction angles in occultations by planetary atmospheres (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Four separable effects of atmospheric turbulence on average refraction angles in occultation experiments are derived from a simplified analysis, and related to more general formulations by B. S. Haugstad. The major contributors are shown to be due to gradients in height of the strength of the turbulence, and the sense of the resulting changes in refraction angles is explained in terms of Fermat's principle. Because the results of analyses of such gradient effects by W. B. Hubbard and J. R. Jokipii are expressed in other ways, a special effort is made to compare all of the predictions on a common basis. We conclude that there are fundamental differences, and use arguments based on energy conservation and Fermat's principle to help characterize the discrepancies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; May 1978
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  • 72
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    The rings of Saturn (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Consideration is given to the development of theories concerning the rings of Saturn. Particular attention is given to ring structure, noting its thinness, the separations between rings, and observed variations in brightness. Data gathered via infrared, radio and radar techniques are described in terms of ring particle composition and size. Hypotheses about ring origin and evolution are outlined, including the tidal disruption model, calculations of Saturn's gravitational contraction history, grazing, and meteoroid bombardment. Prospects for future observations of Saturn's rings are reviewed, such as the variation in their radar reflectivity as a function of the tilt of the ring plane.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: American Scientist; 66; Jan
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  • 73
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    On the origin of Uranus' rings (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The role of Miranda-Ariel orbital resonances in determining the structure of the rings of Uranus is discussed. In particular, it is argued that the three-body orbital resonances of Miranda and Ariel may function as a mechanism for the formation of narrow rings, rather than as a mechanism for trapping freely orbiting particles; the formation of narrow rings, in this hypothesis, would involve an inelastic collision process. The narrowness of the resonances may account for the sharply defined ring boundaries.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Apr. 27
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  • 74
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    Photoelectrons and electron temperatures in the Venus ionosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Solar wind induced magnetic fields may be present in the dayside ionosphere of Venus. A scale analysis and detailed calculations of the effects of different field line orientations on photoelectron transport and electron temperature show that horizontal magnetic fields considerably alter the profiles of electron heating and temperature and photoelectron flux. Direct injection of solar wind electrons has been considered, and the effects are minor. No evidence is found to support the suggestion that a sharp gradient in electron temperature is the cause of certain features in the Mariner-10 electron density profile.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; May 1
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  • 75
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    Atomic hydrogen on Mars - Measurements at solar minimum (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Copernicus Orbiting Astronomical Observatory was used to obtain measurements of Mars Lyman-alpha (1215.671-angstrom) emission at the solar minimum, which has resulted in the first information on atomic hydrogen concentrations in the upper atmosphere of Mars at the solar minimum. The Copernicus measurements, coupled with the Viking in situ measurements of the temperature (170 plus or minus 30 K) of the upper atmosphere of Mars, indicate that the atomic hydrogen number density at the exobase of Mars (250 kilometers) is about 60 times greater than that deduced from Mariner 6 and 7 Lyman-alpha measurements obtained during a period of high solar activity. The Copernicus results are consistent with Hunten's hypothesis of the diffusion-limited escape of atomic hydrogen from Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 200; June 2
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  • 76
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    The Martian satellites - 100 years on (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Studies of Phobos and Deimos, the two satellites of Mars, may provide the best observations yet of the material populating the asteroid belt. Viking observations of Phobos showing crater chains and striations are analyzed, and Mariner-9 photometry exhibiting the albedo of the satellite is discussed. A mass determination for Phobos results in a value of 1.1 times 10 to the 19th power g; the mean density of the satellite is set at about 2 g per cu cm, a value suggesting formation of the satellite from material in the asteroid belt.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 19
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  • 77
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    Effects of accumulated film layers on the accuracy of quartz film thickness monitors (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of accumulation layers on the accuracy of quartz thin-film thickness monitors is evaluated. Use of an expanded plane wave ultrasonic propagation theory correctly accounts for observed experimental data. The magnitude of the maximum errors calculated for simply reversing the order of a series of aluminum gold deposits is on the order of 5%. If one totally neglects intervening layers, multiple film propagation and nonlinearity can produce errors greater than 50%.
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  • 78
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    Prairie Network fireballs. I - General information and orbits (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Methods for obtaining and processing photographs of bright meteors in the United States in the period from 1963 to 1975 are briefly described. Orbital elements and other characteristics are given for 334 bright persistent and long Prairie Network fireballs. The accuracy of the data presented is evaluated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritika; 37, 1; 1978
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  • 79
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    The Yamato-74659 ureilite and some new findings on the Yamato achondritic pyroxenes (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A cube-like fragment with an approximately 4 mm edge was taken from the Yamato-74659 meteorite for the mineralogical and crystallographic examination discussed in the present paper. An analysis of powdered fragments by a standard wet chemical method showed that it matched to weathered ureilite. The chemical composition was found to differ from other ureilites in that the FeO content (8.83 wt%) is the lowest among known ureilites and it is richer in SiO2 contents (42.91 wt%).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 80
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    Floor-fractured craters on the moon and Mars (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Impact craters on the moon provided primary pathways for volcanic eruptions through shock-induced fractures that immediately or subsequently tap magma reservoirs. Evidence for this process includes unbreached lava-filled craters and fractured crater floors with associated eruptives. Over 200 craters with floor fractures have been identified on the moon. They commonly occur along the margins of irregular maria, thereby suggesting a link to this important phase of lunar volcanism. Topographic data reveal small elevation differences between the summit of the remnant central peaks and crater rim, and in many cases suggest that floor fracturing resulted from a tabular intrusion localized beneath the crater with uplift of the crater floor. A comparison of lunar and Martian crater photographs shows that some Martian craters also exhibit similar highly localized endogenic modifications.
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    Aioun el Atrouss - Evidence for thermal recrystallization of a eurite breccia (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Aioun el Atrouss meteorite is a breccia consisting largely of angular fragments of green orthopyroxene and containing scattered clasts of basaltic composition (mostly pigeonite and calcic plagioclase). It appears to be a physical mixture of two meteorite types - diogenite (hypersthene achondrite) and eucrite (basaltic achondrite). The results of a mineral analysis are tabulated, and typical pyroxene compositions in orthopyroxene (diogenite), subophitic and granoblastic portions of the meteorite are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    A determination of Jovian ammonia abundance based on a 2 micron spectrum (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A spectrum of Jupiter in the two-micron region has been analyzed to determine the Jovian ammonia abundance. The result is approximately 4 cm-amagat, assuming an airmass factor of 2.5 and a single effective reflecting layer for this wavelength. This is compared with the abundances observed at other wavelengths.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 36; Dec. 197
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  • 83
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    Near-infrared spectra of the Galilean satellites - Observations and compositional implications (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Reflectivity spectra of the trailing and leading sides of Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede are analyzed which were obtained at an altitude of 41,000 ft from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory with circular variable filter-wheel spectrometers in the spectral region from 0.7 to 5.5 microns. The data are compared with laboratory spectrum and with synthetic spectra constructed on the basis of simple multiscattering theory. The 2.9-micron feature in Callisto's spectra is attributed primarily to bound water; the fractional amounts of water-ice cover on the trailing and leading sides of Ganymede and on the leading side of Europa are estimated. The bare-ground areas on Ganymede are shown to have reflectivity properties comparable to those of Callisto's surface in the studied spectral region, and the surfaces of both satellites are found to contain significant quantities of bound water. It is suggested that minor but significant amounts of ferrous-bearing material (either ferrous salts or alkali feldspars) can account for the 1.35-micron feature of Io.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 36; Dec. 197
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  • 84
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    Stratospheric trace gas sampling with chemical absorption filters (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent interest in stratospheric chemistry, sparked in part by the suggested roles of atomic chlorine (Cl) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the catalytic destruction of ozone (O3), has made sampling and measurement of trace constituents above the tropopause highly desirable. An ongoing research program in the In Situ Studies Project at the National Center for Atmospheric Research carries out aircraft and balloon-borne stratospheric chemical sampling at regular intervals by using chemically impregnated filters to collect particles and reactive gases.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Atmospheric Technology; Spring 1
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    Improved apparatus for trapped radical and other studies down to 1.5 K (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A Dewar system and associated equipment for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of trapped free radicals and other optical or irradiation experiments are described. The apparatus is capable of reaching a temperature of 1.5 K and transporting on the order of 20 W per K temperature gradient; its principal advantages are for use at pumped cryogen temperatures and for experiments with large heat inputs. Two versions of the apparatus are discussed, one of which is designed for EPR in a rectangular cavity operating in a TE(102) mode and another in which EPR is performed in a cylindrical microwave cavity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Dec. 197
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  • 86
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    X-ray reflectometer for optical efficiency and scatter measurements (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An instrument has been developed to determine the reflection efficiency and scatter characteristics of optical samples at X-ray wavelengths from 1.5 to 113 A. The reflectometer operates in an oil-free vacuum chamber and measures the reflection efficiency and scatter characteristics as a function of the angle of incidence. The reflection efficiency is given for 8.34-A radiation incident on a fused silica sample finished to a flatness of one-tenth of a wavelength. The experimental reflection efficiency is compared with the theoretical data. The scatter curves are given for the direct X-ray beam and for the beam reflected from the fused silica sample at an angle of incidence of 50 arcmin. The full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) resolution of the instrument is approximately 13 arcsec, as determined by a least-squares smoothing of the experimental data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Dec. 197
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  • 87
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    An evaluation of electrochemical concentration cell sonde measurements of atmospheric ozone (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Using Dobson spectrophotometer measurements of total ozone as a comparison, an analysis of the Electrochemical Concentration Cell (ECC) ozonesonde's measurement accuracy is presented. Days of conjunctive ECC-Dobson observations (from 1970 to 1976 at Wallops Flight Center) provide a set of 123 pairs of total ozone values. Sample set statistics are generated with means and standard deviations of total ozone values and differences being noted. An in-depth study of factors such as time differences between associated observations, integration techniques used, assumptions used in calculating residual ozone and other possible sources of errors are examined. Short-period changes in total ozone using Dobson data during the observational period are also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 17; Oct. 197
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  • 88
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    Rare-gas-rich separates from carbonaceous chondrites (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper describes an analysis of carbon-rich separates prepared by demineralization of colloidal fractions after disaggregation of bulk samples of the type C2 meteorites Murray, Murchison, and Cold Bokkeveld, as well as a methanol colloid extracted from acid-resistant residues of the Allende meteorite (type C3V) obtained by dissolution of most of the minerals in HCl and HF acids. The carbonaceous separates, or lAlates (a coined word designating colloids prepared sometimes before and sometimes after acid treatment), are characterized incompletely and with difficulty. A stepwise heating experiment on a Murray lAlate is discussed which revealed bimodal release of all noble gases, with similar patterns for Ar, Kr, and Xe. Chemical reactions are suggested as the likely mechanism for gas release. The results are shown to support the concept of a carbonaceous gas carrier uniformly present in meteorites of various types.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 42; Dec. 197
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  • 89
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    Phase insensitive acoustoelectric transducer (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Conventional ultrasonic transducers transform acoustic waves into electrical signals preserving phase and amplitude information. When the acoustic wavelength is significantly smaller than the transducer diameter, severe phase modulation of the electrical signal can occur. This results in anomalous attenuation measurements, background noise in nondestructive evaluation, and in general complicates data interpretation. This article describes and evaluates a phase-insensitive transducer based on the acoustoelectric effect. Theory of operation of the acoustoelectric transducer (AET) is discussed, and some optimization procedures outlined for its use. Directivity data for the AET are contrasted with a conventional piezoelectric transducer. In addition, transmission scanning data of phantom flaws in metal plates are presented for both transducers and demonstrate a significant improvement in resolution with the AET.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 64
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    The dynamical evolution and origin of the Martian moons (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The orbital evolution of Phobos and Deimos is considered from the standpoints of today's orbit, the semimajor axis, and eccentricity and inclination. The synchronous rotations of the moons are discussed, and attention is given to the origin (i.e., accretion and capture) of the moons.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 91
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    Extending the field of view of KD/asterisk/P electrooptic modulators (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of KD(asterisk)P as a polarization rotator has been limited to small field of view instruments. To investigate this limitation, the index ellipsoid is used to describe the optical properties of KD(asterisk)P and to calculate the retardance and fast axis as a function of the angle of incidence and voltage. Computed converging light patterns are then compared with observed intensity patterns formed by KD(asterisk)P. Finally, computed intensity patterns are used to demonstrate how the field of view of KD(asterisk)P can be increased when properly aligned with a positive uniaxial crystal.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Sept. 15
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  • 92
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    Mariner 10 magnetic field observations of the Venus wake (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports on an analysis of magnetic field observations by the Mariner 10 spacecraft during approximately a one-day period ending a few hours beyond Venus encounter on February 5, 1974. The magnetic field measurements are used to study the downstream region of the solar wind-Venus interaction over a distance of about 100 Venus radii. The study characterizes the various magnetic field regions encountered behind and near the planet; presents an argument that the magnetic field signatures observed are consistent with observation of either a steady or a transient wake, or at least the boundary region of such a wake, interior to a common sheath-like region; examines in detail the fluctuation and discontinuity features of these regions and compares them with those of the interplanetary medium; and summarizes how these new features contribute to the understanding of the solar wind-Venus interaction.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Aug. 1
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  • 93
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    Odd nitrogen production by meteoroids (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The process by which odd nitrogen species (atomic nitrogen and nitric oxide) are formed during atmospheric entry of meteoroids is analyzed theoretically. An ablating meteoroid is assumed to be a point source of mass with a continuum regime evolving in its wake. The amounts of odd nitrogen species, produced by high-temperature reactions of air in the continuum wake, are calculated by numerical integration of chemical rate equations. Flow properties are assumed to be uniform across the wake, and 29 reactions involving five neutral species and five singly ionized species are considered, as well as vibrational and electron temperature nonequilibrium phenomena. The results, when they are summed over the observed mass, velocity, and entry-angle distribution of meteoroids, provide odd-nitrogen-species annual global production rates as functions of altitude. The peak production of nitric oxide is found to occur at an altitude of about 85 km; atomic nitrogen production peaks at about 95 km. The total annual rate for nitric oxide is 40 million kg; for atomic nitrogen it is 170 million kg.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Aug. 20
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  • 94
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    Global circulation and distribution of hydrogen in thermosphere of Venus (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The global density distribution of atomic H in the upper atmosphere of Venus is determined in terms of a global circulation model. It is shown that H produced on the dayside is efficiently advected to the nightside by the major gas CO2 where it is then convected to lower altitudes and recombines. A maximum night/day H density ratio of about 5 is derived, in which case exospheric return flow from night to day strongly limits the nightside density enhancement. A previously postulated constraint connecting the eddy diffusion coefficient with the escape flux of H in one dimensional models is no longer required when global circulation of H is considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Aug. 197
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  • 95
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    Intensity and pressure shift of the H2 /4,0/ S/1/ quadrupole line (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for two laboratory measurements of the intensity and central frequency of the (4, 0) S(1) quadrupole line of H2, which were made at pressures of 2.658 and 1.494 atm through a 0.456-km path length. It is found that the absolute line intensity is significantly lower than the value predicted from theoretical matrix elements but is essentially identical to the value derived by Rank et al. (1966). The central-frequency results are shown to verify the pressure shift predicted by McKellar (1974). It is concluded that hydrogen abundances estimated from the equivalent width of the (4,0) S(1) quadrupole line in the spectra of the outer planets will have to be revised upward by nearly a factor of 2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 96
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    Spectrum of a fast sporadic meteor (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectrum of a fast (63 km/s) sporadic meteor for which altitude and orbit data are available is reported. The -6 mag meteor occurred on January 5, 1976, over southern New Mexico. Fifty features have been identified in the spectrum. The spectrum is essentially identical to that of Perseid meteors of similar brightness. It is shown that heavy-particle collisions do not dominate bright meteor spectra lacking time resolution. Low-energy electron excitation of Ca II is strongly indicated in the wake to such an extent as to strongly affect spectra of this type lacking time resolution.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 97
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    The puzzling moons of Mars (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking Orbiter observations of Phobos and Deimos are presented with attention to physical dimension and surface features. Both satellites are approximately 1.4 times as long as they are wide; Phobos having a length of 27 km, while Deimos is half that size. In addition, both satellites are tidally locked, as is earth's moon, and are held together by cohesive forces as well as by gravity. Phobos and Deimos are both heavily cratered, and Phobos has deep (30 m) grooves in the vicinity of its largest crater, Stickney; indicating surface fracturing under meteorite impact. The craters on Deimos are largely filled with a fine-grained substance, probably crater ejecta.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 56; Sept
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  • 98
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    Recent advances in planetary magnetism (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the past decade, significant advances in the in situ measurements of planetary magnetic fields have been made. The U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. have conducted spacecraft investigations of all the planets, from innermost Mercury out to Jupiter. Unexpectedly, Mercury was found to possess a global magnetic field but neither the Moon nor Venus do. The results at Mars are incomplete but if a global field exists, it is clearly quite weak. The main magnetic field of Jupiter has been measured directly for the first time and confirms, as well as augments appreciably, the past 2 decades of ground-based radio astronomical studies which provided indirect evidence of the field. Progress in developing analytically complete models of the dynamo process suggests a possible common origin for Mercury, earth and Jupiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Moon and the Planets; 18; June 197
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  • 99
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    Balloon-borne photoionization mass spectrometer for measurement of stratospheric gases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A balloon-borne photoionization mass spectrometer used to measure stratospheric trace gases is described. Ions are created with photons from high-intensity krypton discharge lamps and a quadrupole mass analyzer is employed for ion identification. Differential pumping is achieved with liquid helium cryopumping. To insure measurement of unperturbed stratospheric air, the entire system is contained in a sealed gondola and the atmospheric sample is taken some distance away during descent. The photoionization technique allows the detection of a low ionization potential constituent, such as nitric oxide, at less than a part in one billion in the presence of the major atmospheric gases and their isotopes. Operation of the mass spectrometer system was demonstrated during a daytime flight from Palestine, Texas on 26 April 1977. The sensitivity achieved and the unique selectivity afforded by this technique offer a capability for trace constituent measurement not possible with the more conventional electron impact ionization approach.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Aug. 197
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  • 100
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    Narrow zone heating by a new radiation focusing technique - Toroidal ellipsoid furnace (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the design of a toroidal ellipsoid furnace for narrow zone heating of materials in sealed transparent ampoules. The heater is a toroid flattened to an elliptical cross section like a partially inflated inner tube resting on a horizontal surface. The foci of the ellipsoid are two concentric rings. The outer focus is occupied by a heater wire, and the inner focus is arranged to fall on the surface of the cylindrical ingot within its transparent capsule. One advantage of the new furnace is that the wire heater closely approximates the ideal shape, lying along an extended line focus, as opposed to the elusive point source of the Costello furnace. Also, the ingot is heated uniformly around its circumference.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 49; Aug. 197
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