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  • Articles  (667)
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  • Springer  (667)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (667)
  • 1978  (667)
  • Economics  (667)
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  • Articles  (667)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (667)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the development of group insurance and collective saving in the Federal Republic of Germany and in Great Britain (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 50-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409807
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social security versus private saving and insurance (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 44-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Conclusion For all these reasons, the rediscovery of the equivalence theorem, first stated by David Ricardo in 1817, must be rejected as an adequate basis for policy, just as Ricardo had denied its applicability to the real world. Correspondingly, the concern with the adverse consequences of unfunded social insurance wealth for the supply of national saving, capital intensity, and living standards remains well founded. p ]If, as a practical matter, public pension and social security programs will never be funded actuarially in the United States and most other postindustrial countries, then government-supervised substitution of private for public retirement plans is the only way to achieve at least partial funding. If such substitution follows the British model of allowing employers to contract out of the earnings-related part of the state scheme if equivalent pensions are provided by the company plan, payroll taxes and social security wealth decline so as to reduce their adverse impact on capital formation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409806
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The expansion of social security in Italy (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 73-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409809
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soziale sicherheit und staatsfinanzen (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409810
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Problems of social under economic recession and inflation (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 96-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409811
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    La prévoyance dans l'economie italienne (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary: Social Policy in the Italian Economy Favourable social and economic conditions constitute the essential framework for a stable development of savings. Saving in the form of insurance becomes advantageous for the individual, and private insurance can thus extend its activity, when social attitudes and the economic situation favour the propensity to save. If conditions change, the State can take over the coverage of risks through social insurance. By means of this institutions, an anti-cyclical policy can be pursued: the amount of social security contributions, for instance, can be increased during the expansion of the cycle and the amounts thus accumulated can be used to grant benefits during the recession period, when contributions can be fixed at a lower percentage of wages. Another type of policy can be pursued by government authorities: that of adjusting social security contributions to industrial profits, thereby directing the subsequent effects on economic growth. Inflation cab cause instability in decisional policies taken by private insurance companies. A solution to the unbalanced increase of costs can be found in index-linking. Life policies of this kind, for instance, cab be closely related to investments in houses, to be bought by the insured themselves in price-linked instalments. After a reference to present developments regarding risk instability and to possibilities of new forms of insurance, this paper considers the competition resulting from the opening of the EEC insurance markets as an opportunity for the Italian market to strengthen its structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409808
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    State, security and insurance (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 10 (1978), S. 3-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409805
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New dimensions of risk: Consequences for management (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 3-15 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153547
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Trends of risk and security problems for states and emerging strategies for coping with those trends (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 16-25 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153548
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    The investments of insurance companies: Difficulties new and old (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 26-34 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153549
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Industrial management flexibility in times of economic change (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153550
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foreword (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 8 (1978), S. 3-3 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153619
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Security as a service (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 7 (1978), S. 42-55 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153551
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Risk allocation and information: Some recent theoretical developments (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 8 (1978), S. 5-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153620
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk, uncertainty and economic futures (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 9 (1978), S. 3-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02126873
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eléments pour une analyse économique de la responsabilité du fait des produits (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 9 (1978), S. 18-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02126874
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of consequential loss practices in Western Europe with emphasis on the chemical industry (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 9 (1978), S. 45-65 
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    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02126875
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Quelques aspects de l'assurance dans les relations économiques internationales : l'Assurance-Crédit à l'exportation, l'Assurance-Cautionnement à l'étranger et l'Assurance des investissements privés à l'étranger (1978)
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 9 (1978), S. 66-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02126876
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards money, output and prices: A capacity view of inflation (MOP-CAP) (1978)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 3 (1978), S. 1-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary A model approach to inflation is generated through a newIS-LM analogous synthesis of money, output and prices incorporating several capacity equivalent ratio variables of the product, the factor and the money markets. These variables measure the divergence between the short term demand choices which regulate the actual state of the economy and the long term supply decisions which generate its potential capabilities. Thus, they are indicative of market excesses and shortages, determine the general state of economic expectations and move the entire system. The density of money supply and peak budget relative are the new important ratios introduced and developed in the model. The model identifies stagflation and has been tested by the quarterly data of the Canadian economy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01764562
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to a comment ofG. Uebe: The “flat” maximumlikelihood function related to the direct estimation of an Austrian CES-function (1978)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 3 (1978), S. 77-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01764660
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of money on prices in 14 OECD countries 1958–1975 (1978)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 3 (1978), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A simple monetarist model is specified which has a reduced form relating the rate of change of prices to lagged price changes and current and lagged rates of change of money supply. The reduced form is estimated for 14 OECD countries using quarterly data for 1958–1975 and the stability of the estimated equations is examined. A policy of a constant rate of growth of money supply is found to imply a cyclical or fluctuating adjustment in the rate of price change.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01764663
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A multi-lognormal demand model for oligopolistic markets (1978)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 3 (1978), S. 123-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary The demand model discussed in this paper has a sigmoid shape and its independent variables are log transformations of market prices instead of incomes as is more customary. The essential element of this model is a psychological variable, the “tolerance price”, which we may loosely define as that price level in correspondence to which the consumer refrains from buying the commodity in question. The ratio between this psychological variable and market prices determines actual demand. An empirical application to an oligopolistic market is successfully tried out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01764664
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    A macroeconomic model for Nigeria, 1958–1974 (1978)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 3 (1978), S. 135-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The Nigerian economy has been modelled with special emphasis on the aggregate demand side. The set of “administered” interest rates have been accommodated in the usual IS/LM analysis, with the extra assumptions that the equilibrium income is attained when the disequilibrating forces in the product and the money markets are equal in magnitude but opposite in signs. The model has been tested with the available data, found to be stable, and indicate, among other things, that an increase in the crude petroleum price would improve the balance of trade barely up to three years and after that, would become adverse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01760991
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  • 24
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    An empirical study of world market influences on price formation in West Germany (1978)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 3 (1978), S. 183-201 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper price and wage determination is analyzed for 35 industries in West-Germany. Tests are made to classify industries as being competitive, discriminatory or sheltered. The chosen approach is related to the “Scandinavian” model. It is shown that about a third of the industries in the sample are not price takers in spite of international trade. Wages are strongly influenced by world market and exchange rate developments. As to the effectiveness of revaluations the results imply that, first, revaluations do provide a protection against imported inflation. Second, revaluations can be expected to produce real effects since they affect the relative price between competitively and non-competitively produced commodities and the terms of trade.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01760993
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    A monetary model of nominal income determination for the U.K. (1978)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 3 (1978), S. 209-226 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract One of the standard criticisms of the St. Louis reduced form approach has been their failure to provide a sound theoretical base to the proposition that nominal income is primarily determined by the money stock and government fiscal measures. In this respectAnderson in a recent article [1975] attempts to set out a theoretical model with empirical conclusions to justify this proposition. The theoretical properties of this model have a close similarity to the empirical estimates found in previous St. Louis studies, seeAnderson/Jordan [1968] andAnderson/Carlson [1970], and perhaps not surprisingly an empirical analysis for the U.S., for the period 1955(I)–1973 (IV), fails to reject the theory. In this paper we briefly portray the theoretical flavour of the Anderson model. Secondly we consider certain estimation problems and test for the existence of such a relationship for the U.K. Thirdly we examine the forecasting ability of the model with respect to nominal income, private expenditure, nominal imports and the velocity of circulation. Finally we examine the dynamic properties of the model and conclude on its overall performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02177044
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    On the adequacy of consumption functions for Austria (1978)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 3 (1978), S. 227-239 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary In the first part of the paper in hand, the task of testing for adequacy of a regression relationship is reviewed to give a synopsis of the variety of procedures available. As an illustration consumption functions for Austria are analysed in some detail. The results indicate the importance of testing an empirically specified regression relationship for adequacy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02177045
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Oil market share dynamics: A Markov chain analysis of consumer and producer adjustments (1978)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 3 (1978), S. 253-275 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We develop an “optimal market share rule” model of cartel behavior which when applied to the OPEC cartel appears capable of explaining its stability and responses to changed market events. In particular, by attaching importance to market shares based approximately on costs, OPEC members can by maintaining optimal shares deter deviant member attempts to break cartel rules. After a thorough discussion of the theory, the model is tested empirically using a Markov probability model. The estimated Markov transition matrix is further decomposed into what Theil has called the exchange matrix and the mean passage matrix. Dynamic adjustment processes in the market are revealed by the latter while an emerging pattern of OPEC member surveillance of consumers is revealed by the former which facilitates cartel stability. Inspection of these matrixes further suggests that after the formation of OPEC there is evidence of less potential for producer conflict while there appears more evidence for consumer conflict. While these results must be tentative in view of the fact that they have been estimated using a simplified two consumer — two producer model and limited data, it is argued that the results are highly suggestive and the approach in this study can be extended to cover all producer and consumers, and can be integrated into a complete model of the world oil market.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02177047
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    Errors in measuring distances from populations to service centers (1978)
    Springer
    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 74-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A common practice in spatial analysis is to represent the population of a spatial unit, such as a county or census tract, by a single point, and to use this point when measuring the distance between the population and other places such as service centers. In theoretical spatial systems, distance measurements obtained under this practice may differ from true distances by as much as eight percent, and the difference may be greater for real spatial systems. The presence and magnitude of these measurement errors have important implications for spatial analysis, and particularly for evaluating alternative facility location plans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01286124
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  • 29
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    The impacts of an auto weight limitation on energy, resources, and the economy (1978)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 97-120 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The impacts of a hypothetical auto weight limitation on energy conservation, resources usage, pollutant emission and the economy are quantitatively estimated by a linear input-output model and a linear estimation method. These estimations are the first step toward a multiple criteria formulation for understanding and solving complex energy problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00137981
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  • 30
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    Retaining agricultural activities under urban pressures: A review of land use conflicts and policies (1978)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 153-178 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract From a national perspective it is unclear whether the continued expansion of urban development seriously affects America's potential food production over the long run. Yet there are clearly regional biases toward conversion of farmland to urban uses and locally important changes in the appearance of the landscape at the rural—urban fringe. Urbanization also generates spillover effects causing the idling of farmland and the shifting from one type of agriculture to another. Land use controls aimed at directly addressing the use of the land may be effective in preventing some conversion of farmland to urban uses but the methods are costly and possibly very complex. Incentives to farmers to keep land in agriculture are generally too weak to be effective in retaining agricultural land in the face of strong urban pressures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143740
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  • 31
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    Letter to the editor (1978)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Summary The above points are by no means exhaustive of major policy developments which should concern the policy community and academics who teach students or who do research. We therefore make two recommendations: first, that the Ford Foundation or some other group consider convening a meeting drawing together people who have worked on the above problems and who have taught at the second and third tier schools which are more closely related to these problems; second, we would hope that your journal would undertake to do something to effectively redress the academic imbalance in our premier schools as reflected in the Yates report of the Ford Conference. Perhaps you could announce that the king(s) is naked.
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  • 32
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    On ensuring the availability of evaluative data for secondary analysis (1978)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 259-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is based on a programmatic effort to elicit and reanalyze data stemming from the evaluation of social programs. The stress is on identifying problems and negotiating for data and analyzing it. This includes: researchers' reluctance to disclose data for documentation and data control systems; vague or nonexistent policy for assuring access. The possible solutions presented here are based on governmental regulation and policy for publicly supported evaluation. Individuals who kindly provided their reactions to earlier drafts of this paper and/or advice and information in other ways include: Ole Engberg, John Evans, Harold B. King, Sheldon Laube, William Madow, Richard Marciano, Margaret E. Martin, Keith Marvin, Marjorie Powell, Alice Robbin, Peter Rossi, Lee Sechrest, Ernst W. Stromsdorfer, and Frederick Mosteller. Not all their reactions and criticisms have been accommodated, and we alone bear responsibility for the opinions registered here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00136830
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  • 33
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    Health resource allocation and quality of care measurement in a social policy framework (1978)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 19-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract An activity analysis production function, linking the structure, process, and outcome of medical care, is introduced. The model, based on a semi-Markovian conception of the disease process, is designed to determine that allocation of inputs among programs which maximizes expected improvement in population health status. Reflected in such prescriptions are the expected efficacy of alternative treatments and population preferences among program outcomes. Based on the model, two system-oriented indexes of the quality of medical care are defined. This allocation methodology represents a particular application of a more general “social policy model,” a potentially useful paradigm for the evaluation of public programs generally.
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  • 34
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    How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes towards technological risks and benefits (1978)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 127-152 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract One of the fundamental questions addressed by risk-benefit analysis is “How safe is safe enough?” Chauncey Starr has proposed that economic data be used to reveal patterns of acceptable risk-benefit tradeoffs. The present study investigates an alternative technique, in which psychometric procedures were used to elicit quantitative judgments of perceived risk, acceptable risk, and perceived benefit for each of 30 activities and technologies. The participants were seventy-six members of the League of Women Voters. The results indicated little systematic relationship between perceived existing risks and benefits of the 30 risk items. Current risk levels were generally viewed as unacceptably high. When current risk levels were adjusted to what would be considered acceptable risk levels, however, risk was found to correlate with benefit. Nine descriptive attributes of risk were also studied. These nine attributes seemed to tap two basic dimensions of risk. These dimensions proved to be effective predictors of the tradeoff between acceptable risk and perceived benefit. The limitations of the present study and the relationship between this technique and Starr's technique are discussed, along with the implications of the findings for policy decisions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143739
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  • 35
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    Book reviews (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 247-257 
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    Policymaking rationality: A reformulation (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 295-316 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a reformulation of the concept of rationality in public policymaking. Following Lindblom's critique, it accepts that “comprehensive rationality” is unfeasible as a practical policymaking strategy, but suggests that a slightly recast concept could provide a suitable “ideal criterion” for the assessment of policymaking strategies. Adopting this “limited rationality” criterion, a variant of the “mixed scanning strategy” emerges as a basic prescription for the conduct of public policymaking, the paper provides a pair of case studies (in the field of transportation) to illustrate the need for mixed scanning.
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    Selection of major planning issues (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 71-86 
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    Notes: Abstract A feature of government departments is the continuous stream of policy issues which arise and require some response. Lindblom's “Science of Muddling Through” provides one way of dealing with this situation but has often been criticized as too limiting. Yet experience with more comprehensive approaches has not been encouraging. Research has been undertaken, with particular reference to health services, to develop another approach to planning and policy making; a key feature in this approach is that issues must be filtered so that those which require an analytical rather than an administrative approach can be identified and their relative importance decided. Thus, issues of major importance can be selected for detailed planning attention and the inevitably limited planning skills that are available used to best effect. This paper puts forward proposals for this process of selection; it describes a set of criteria for selection and demonstrates how these can be used in a procedure which is systematic yet retains political realism.
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    The margins of security: Politics and economics in Sweden (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 207-228 
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    Notes: Abstract The strong military defense posture is perhaps the most well-known attribute of the Swedish security policy. A military-industrial policy of self-sufficiency is often described as a necessary condition for the peace-time credibility of Sweden's nonaligned position and will to stay neutral in war. What is not so well known are the underlying premises, costs involved and the alternatives rejected. This article analyzes national and international developments with important implications for the future. When the suit of the traditional Swedish security policy becomes too small, the margins of security become apparent.
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    Multiple objectives in environmental protection programs (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 87-96 
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    Notes: Abstract This research demonstrates the need for and the usefulness of a multi-dimensional approach to the management of environmental programs. While the thrust of the paper is toward environmental quality programs the conceptual development is appropriate for many public sector programs. The paper describes an experiment in the determination of multi-dimensional objectives within three programs in a state environmental quality program. In addition, measures of effectiveness, based on the multi-dimensional objectives, are proposed as relevant measures of program effectiveness.
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    Rationality to ritual: The multiple roles of evaluation in governmental processes (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 9-18 
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    Notes: Abstract The disillusion with social science evaluation can be partly attributed to an overly narrow view of the function of evaluation. In the accepted model, evaluation functions to provide information needed by rational decision-makers for discrete decisions. But evaluations often cannot perform this function. However, evaluation often does serve other functions. In one such function, it acts as a means for managing conflict and promoting social change. It often also stimulates program staff to critically examine their assumptions and behavior. Consideration of these additional functions leads to suggestions for changes in recruitment of evaluators and in the definition of the evaluators' role. Finally, one can view evaluation as a societal ritual whose function is to calm the citizenry and to perpetuate an image of government rationality.
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    On concepts of efficiency (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 121-126 
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    Notes: Abstract This is a brief expository article designed to indicate how, by adding extra, natural considerations, a concept which originally appears to be crystal clear can quickly pose some deep problems in definition and in policymaking.
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    Urban politics and political economy: The politics of the property tax (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 237-245 
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    Innovation attributes, policy intervention, and the diffusion of computer applications among local governments (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 179-205 
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    Notes: Abstract Several shortcomings of traditional diffusion research create major impediments to our understanding of the diffusion of innovations as well as to the development of effective strategies of policy intervention to facilitate diffusion. Among the criticisms of diffusion research are the selection bias of many diffusion studies and the futility of curve fitting as an adequate test of theoretical relevance. These shortcomings can be avoided by substantive and methodological changes in diffusion research. We argue that innovation attributes, together with policies associated with the diffusion of an innovation, account for significant differences in diffusion patterns. An empirical analysis of this thesis focuses on the diffusion of computer applications software in local government. This paper is part of a research project entitled “Diffusion and Adoption of Computer Applications Software in Local Governments.” This project is supported by a grant to the Public Policy Research Organization and the Graduate School of Administration from the Division of Policy Research and Analysis of the National Science Foundation (PRA-76-15549). The views expressed herein are those of the researchers and should not be ascribed to the National Science Foundation. The full report of this research is forthcoming in Technological Innovation in American Local Governments: The Case of Computing (New York: Pergamon).
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    Crime, punishment and human nature (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 329-343 
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    Notes: Abstract In Thinking About Crime James Q. Wilson brings a new dimension to crime policy research by explicating the failure of criminologists to adequately consider the philosophical perspectives on man and society which underlie alternate policy options. As a result, they rarely appreciate the inherent limits on government efforts to deal with crime. Wilson's consideration of these limitations, together with a critique of “causal analysis” in criminological thinking, lead him to propose an alternate conceptual framework, “policy analysis”. Our inspection of Wilson's own thinking reveals, however, that “policy analysis” is no less problematic and shortsighted than “causal analysis,” a result we attribute to serious flaws in his critique of criminological thinking and to the incorporation of his own biases about human nature into his conceptual framework. We seek in the concluding section to remove this bias and to demonstrate how “policy analysis” may be expanded into a more flexible, multi-dimensional framework, one which accounts for different assumptions about human nature and different policy goals.
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    Computer assisted policy analysis: Contributions from Germany (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 345-360 
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    Book reviews (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 361-369 
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    Feiten en feitjes — betreffend de groei van de economische wetenschap in Nederland - (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 1-36 
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    Notes: Summary Facts are given concerning the development of economics from the very beginning until to-day. All history of economic doctrines and all specializations are excluded on purpose. After the pre-scientific stage follows the description of the periods 1800–1860,1860–1913 and 1913 until now. The study ends with a very short historical survey of three issues, which have been occupying Dutch economists for many years,viz.: 1. economics, is it a science or an art? 2. does positive economics include normative questions? 3. the methodological controverse.
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    Unresolved questions in monetary theory: A critical review (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 37-60 
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    Notes: Summary The basic questions of monetary theory remain unanswered. There is little agreement on a definition of money or what assets serve as money, much less on the nature of the private and social costs and benefits of a money economy. Controversy over these questions is reviewed critically. It is concluded that the extensive literature on these matters is not in fact very illuminating. Some new avenues of enquiry are suggested. Generalisation of Clower's exchange matrix suggests that money is only one of a hierarchy of budget restraints, and that money's contribution to efficient price-setting goes beyond its role as numeraire. Finally, questions of control of the money supply are considered.
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    Factor substitution and manpower planning reconsidered (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 61-83 
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    Notes: Summary This paper explores anew the factor substitution assumptions of manpower planning activities. It finds several flaws in the oft-repeated argument that manpower planning studies should be abandoned in favor of rate of return analysis because the planning approach depends upon the assumption of fixed-coefficient production functions and the latter approach does not. For one thing, the choice of methodological approach depends upon matters other than the observed value of the elasticity of substitution. For another, it is not clear that factor substitutability has necessarily been ignored in either the theory or practice of manpower planning.
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    Arrow's impossibility theorem (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 84-115 
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    Notes: Summary It is the purpose of this article to give an exact formulation of Arrow's famous impossibility theorem and its proof. Although the results presented here are not new in the sense that the theorem is refuted or questionned, it may be of some interest especially for the reader who wants to get a more or less complete view of the argumentation leading up to the theorem. Special attention is paid to the logical structure of the argument in the conviction that a lot of misunderstanding exists about what Arrow and subsequent writers tried to say. By way of introduction to the central theme some remarks are made concerning the relation of the Arrow problem to welfare economics.
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    Pierson en het M.O. examen (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 126-127 
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    Ontvangen publikaties (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 157-161 
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    Firm and industry elasticities of substitution: The two factor case (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 116-125 
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    Notes: Summary For the industry composed of single output, two factor firms, industry elasticity of demand for one of the factors with respect to the price of the other is negative or positive as the elasticity of demand for industry output is greater or less thanindustry elasticity of substitution between the factors. Using isoclines, vectors, isoquants, and isoscales, it is shown that, where firm isoquants are non-homothetic, industry elasticity of substitution for constantindustry output allows for adjustment of the level of firm output, and thus exceeds firm elasticity of substitution for constantfirm output.
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    Boekbesprekingen - Reviews (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 128-156 
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    Uit De Economist van 1878 (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 162-162 
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    Economic theories of leisure: Some comments and suggestions (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 165-198 
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    Notes: Summary Most economic theories of leisure are concerned with valuations of leisure time related to income as an opportunity cost. After a critical discussion of these theories, leisure time as a constraint is introduced in the theory of consumer behaviour by (1) distinguishing between ‘pleasant’ and ‘unpleasant’ consumer activities, (2) discussing the effects on individual's welfare of changes, in the duration of both types of activities and (3) developing time-saving concepts. A theoretical framework for consumer choices under time and/or income constraints leads to suggestions for the lines along which leisure research should be developed as a basis for welfare policy in the widest sense.
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    International subcontracting and developing countries (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 220-242 
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    Notes: Summary This paper surveys international subcontracting between companies in developed and in developing countries. After a short description on of the nature of the subcontracting relationship, the types of subcontracting, and the perceptible advantages and disadvantages for the firms and countries involved, a survey is given of empirical data on the volume and growth of exports based on international subcontracting. A selection has been made of developing countries being considered important in this respect. Though this restricts the scope of the study, the relative importance of their international subcontracting is visualized appropriately.
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    Housing and spatial orientation (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 199-219 
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    Notes: Summary The paper focuses on location decisions of households as a problem of integrating them into a network of relations in space. Spatial activity patterns and social contacts are accounted for. The approaches developed reveal how residential location decisions shape land use and, on the other hand, how urban structure influences location decisions. The basic model dealing with a monocentric setting is extended to comprise more than one point of spatial orientation. Finally, it is applied to an urban structure characterized by subcentres. The results are in line with outcomes drawn from empirical works in the field of social area analysis.
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    Derksen's study of labour force participation of married women in the netherlands: Some comments and a further analysis (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 243-260 
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    Notes: Summary Derksen's study, which was published in 1975, is the first multiple regression analysis of Dutch data on the labour force participation of married women. After commenting on the theoretical model used by Derksen, this article has challenged his estimation procedures. It is shown that in the case under consideration weighted least squares is to be preferred to ordinary least squares and logit analysis seems to be an even more appropriate method.
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    Ontvangan publikaties - Publications received (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 300-305 
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    Participation of marrried women in the labour force: A reply to Siegers’ comments (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 261-264 
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    Boekbesprekingen - Reviews (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 265-299 
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    Uit de economist van 1878 (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 306-306 
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    The global monetaristic variant of the monetary approach to the balance of payments: an empirical study of the Netherlands (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 342-369 
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    Notes: Summary The global monetaristic variant of the monetary approach in which the characteristic of the balance of payments being an essentially monetary phenomenon comes to the fore most strongly has been tested. Criticism of a theoretical nature regarding the monetary approach appears not to hold good for this variant. From the characteristics a reduced-form equation for the rate of growth of the stock of international monetary reserves has been derived. Moreover, simultaneous-equation systems have been developed to give substance to a possible mutual influencing of the variables in the money stock equation resulting from a sterilization policy. Estimations lead to a rejection of this variant for the Netherlands.
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    Briefwisseling tussen S. Vissering en N. G. Pierson (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 309-341 
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    Notes: Summary The correspondence between Vissering (1818–1888), professor of economics at Leiden University, and the better known Pierson (1839–1909) which, in so far as it is available, is published here for the first time, contains many interesting comments on practical and scientific economic problems, current events, their own publications and those of others. One example is their endorsement of the government proposal to continue the Netherlands Bank's monopoly of the note issue when its charter expired in 1863 against the strong attacks of other economists who favoured free banking. A quarter of a century later they wrote about the renewal of the charter as insiders, Pierson then being President and Vissering one of the directors of the Bank.
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    Demand and supply as factors determining economic growth (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 370-389 
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    Notes: Summary In models of economic growth the long-run rate of growth is usually determined by exogenous factors like the increase in working population and technical progress. In this article the rate of technical progress is treated as an endogenous variable depending on the increase in real wages and the degree of capacity utilization. A clay-clay production model is presented. Moreover, consumption, investment, changes in wages and in prices are explained by additional equations. Numerical steady state solutions for different values of the parameters are discussed. In each case the specific role played by demand and supply is stressed.
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    Unemployment on account of market imperfection in the Netherlands since the second world war (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 390-412 
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    Notes: Summary By means ofUV analysis it has been attempted to gain some insight into the development of unemployment on account of market imperfection in the Netherlands between 1956 and 1975. Three conclusions can be drawn. (i) The imperfection of the labour market has increased not inconsiderably between 1956 and 1975. (ii) Since the beginning of the Seventies structural unemployment has been caused both by the qualitative discrepancies between supply and demand and by a quantitative shortage of jobs. (iii) The increase in market imperfection must be ascribed above all to the steadily growing imperfection of the sections of the labour market corresponding to the occupational groups.[/p]
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    On the explanation of schooling, occupation and earnings: Some alternative path analyses (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 505-520 
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    Notes: Summary Jencks's well-known sociological path analysis connecting parental socio-economic characteristics and some ability measure of the person investigated with his or her schooling, occupation and income is available for the United States, Sweden and the Netherlands in various versions. For the United Kingdom the analysis has now been applied to the new General Household Survey, supplying over 5000 observations. This article compares the various results and offers a few alternative models, using the American and British data. These alternatives do not offer, in the British case, improvements in variance explained. Moreover, most regression coefficients show wide variations between countries. A suggestion for improvement is derived from a recent study using at least three occupation characteristics.
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    Dutch treat (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 521-549 
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    Notes: Summary This paper presents data on personal income distribution in the Netherlands for the period 1914–1972, in terms of decile income shares and measures of dispersion. Estimates are given of the trend and of cyclical sensitivity of income inequality, both trend and cycle being far more important before 1940 than after. Attempts to explain changes in inequality by regression analysis, with a necessarily limited set of variables, lead to many rejections.
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    Ontvangen publikaties (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 576-580 
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    Boekbesprekingen (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 550-575 
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    Uit de economist van 1878 (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 581-581 
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    Practice and research in managing human systems—Four problems of relationship (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-0891
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Academic disciplines, it is argued, have structural reasons for remaining separate from each other. Professional schools, on the other hand, having a built-in test of relevance, draw what they need from different disciplines and are better equipped for inter-disciplinary work, even though they have problems in bridging professional boundaries. But the professions which manage human systems (management, government, planning, policy making) have no such support from the social sciences as, for example, medicine and engineering draw from the natural sciences. They have evolved powerful means of modelling complex human systems but they lack any adequate source of the assumptions needed for such models, since these are culture-determined and historically determined variables, far more dependent on specific time and place. The paper raises for discussion questions related to (a) the inter-relation of the social sciences; (b) their relation to the professional fields in which they might be applied; (c) their relation to the management sciences; and (d) the scope for an all-embracing general systems theory.
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    An historical description and analysis of pronatalist policies in Italy, Germany and Sweden (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 45-70 
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The various pronatalist policies enacted between World War I and World War II by three European countries are presented within the context of a “coercive” and “noncoercive” policy dichotomy. The social context in which Italy, Germany, and Sweden enacted pronatalist policies is examined with special emphasis on Italian and German migration policies. An attempt is made to assess the impact of the various pronatalist measures on birth rates. Implications of the study indicate that knowledge of existing overt pronatalist policies and an understanding of the social milieu in which such policies are enacted will help present-day population policy planners.
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    Assessing the national 55 m.p.h. speed limit (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 281-294 
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates the desirability of the new national speed limit using tools of normative and positive economic analysis. The theoretical case for a speed limit is analyzed, and it is concluded that externalities in driving may justify the use of a speed limit, among other policies. The principal costs and benefits of the present speed limit are then discussed, and available data are used in order to suggest the reasonable orders of magnitude of costs and benefits. A number of conceptual and empirical limitations of the analysis are emphasized. Finally, several alternatives to the national speed limit are noted.
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    Diversity as a policy goal: The case of television (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 317-328 
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Diversity in communications is most appropriately understood as a free flow of ideas. In order to implement diversity, a comprehensive model of the communication process must be used for policy research, so that the various participants in the process can be properly restrained from abridging the free flow of ideas. The setting of priorities for implementing diversity has been illustrated using available studies of broadcast and cable television.
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    Erratum (1978)
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    Policy sciences 9 (1978), S. 370-370 
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    Ontvangen Publikaties (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 441-445 
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    Uit De Economist Van 1878 (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 446-446 
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    Boekbesprekingen (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 413-440 
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    Een terugblik op Mr. N. G. Pierson (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 449-455 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary Dr. Holtrop's address on the occasion of the award of the ‘Dr. N. G. Pierson medal’ to Professor C. Goedhart and to Professor G. A. Kessler answers the question why it is still meaningful to commemorate Dr. N. G. Pierson (1839–1909), the foremost Dutch economist of the 19th century. Pierson was successively a managing director and later governor of the Nederlandsche Bank (1868–1891), a professor of economics (1877–1886), a minister of finance (1891–1894 and 1897–1901) and a prime-minister (1897–1901). A brief outline is given of Pierson's publications in the fields of (1) methodology, (2) the social problem, (3) the international monetary system, and (4) equitable taxation. The address concludes with a quotation from Alfred Marshall's last letter to Pierson.
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    Dating postwar business cycles in The Netherlands, 1948–1976 (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 474-504 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary In this paper a postwar business cycle chronology is established for the Netherlands. This chronology is based on 19 Dutch economic indicators. As a first step a deviation cycle is determined for each indicator. Next a reference cycle is dated, using the diffusion index method. Measured from trough to trough, the average length of 6 Dutch postwar business cycles has been 53 months, with the expansion phase averaging 29 months, and the contraction phase averaging 24 months.
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    Hennipman on economic policy and welfare economics (1978)
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    De economist 126 (1978), S. 456-473 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary In the article attention is paid to a volume of reprints, in which Professor Hennipman unravels many problems on the boundary lines of economic policy, welfare economics and the theory of public finance. This appears to be one of the few subjects in economics where deductive and qualitative reasoning can still do the job alone, because the aim is refinement of thinking. The sharpening of mind on these issues can be helpful in finding the way in which economic theory can be useful to economic policy.
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    Regional and temporal dimensions of metropolitan area wage structures (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 1-13 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Principal components analysis is applied to occupational wage data for a sample of metropolitan areas. Indexes of wage levels and skilled/unskilled differentials are derived. Areas in the same region tend to have similar wage structures, which have changed little over twenty years. A simple regression model is reasonably successful in explaining interarea variation in the two dimensions.
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    The determinants of regional variations in private car ownership: Some evidence from irish data (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 14-23 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Linear and nonlinear models of per capita car ownership rates are fitted to three cross-sections of data for the counties of the Republic of Ireland. The explanatory variables are per capita average real income and population density. The results suggest that both are significant with positive and negative effects respectively. The findings are compared with those from earlier studies of British and American data.
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    Land-use controls and the political process (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 24-35 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The use of land-use control ordinances and regulatory agencies is seen by some as the answer to externality-related land-use problems. Such devices necessarily shift the allocation of land and related resources from the market to the realm of the politician. Because of this, regulatory bodies often are in position to confer large gains on selected individuals or groups and large costs on others. This has led to a variety of pressures on regulators by developers and others who would benefit from zoning changes and by other groups who oppose such change. In this paper, a detailed analysis of land-use control decisions in one city demonstrates that applicants for rezoning decisions who have significant economic and/or political power are able to obtain favorable rezoning decisions with a significantly higher frequency than do those who lack such power. One explanation for this phenomenon is that those with such power, which is often shared with the regulators, are able to use their influence and relationships with the members of the regulatory board in order to obtain decisions in their favor. Indeed, they may even use their power to insure that the requests of others are denied. Advocates of strong land-use controls should realize the potential resource allocation costs that tend to be associated with politically- rather than market-oriented decisions.
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    The role of awareness space in urban residential preferences: A case study of Venezuelan youth (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 36-52 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Empirical studies of inter-urban and interregional migration have most often assumed that objective place or personal characteristics affect the migration decision directly. Such studies tend to disregard the roles of awareness of opportunities at potential destinations, and of the preferences for these destinations which are a function of this awareness. In this study, the presence of six different types of direct and indirect contact with three potential destinations (large cities in Venezuela) is shown to be related to a potential migrant's preferences for these destinations. These results- -based on a sample of 260 high school seniors at six different sites in Venezuela in 1974--underline the importance ofawareness space and ofurban residential preferences as intervening variables in the migration process in a developing country.
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    Impacts of socioeconomic characteristics of a region on the availability of resources for public education (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 53-66 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the impacts of socioeconomic characteristics of a region on the availability of resources for public elementary and secondary education. An empirical analysis of data for 269 Indiana school districts is conducted. The analysis reveals that family income levels of residents in the region is a primary factor influencing the level of teachers' salaries. Property values are primarily related to pupil/teacher ratios. Communities in regions where a high proportion of the residents have graduated from colleges tend to have schools in which a high proportion of the teachers hold Masters, rather than Bachelor's degrees. Experienced teachers tend to be found in regions where a large proportion of the population is over 65. Elasticities of demand for school resources are calculated. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to recent court cases dealing with the constitutionality of funding public schools with a local property tax.
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    The economic implications of urban public land banking (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 67-81 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to identify the structural and operating conditions which are essential or conducive to residential lot price reductions as a result of public land bank operations. The resulting conditions are ability to purchase initial and replenishment holdings at existing use value, holdings of sufficient size to dominate the residential lot market, operation on a break-even basis, and integration of operations with the land use planning control system. The resource allocation, income distribution and land use planning implications of urban public land banking are also examined.
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    An empirical test of a regional phillips curve and wage rate transmission mechanism in an urban hierarchy: Comment (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 97-100 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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    The impact of gasoline prices on urban bus ridership (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 90-96 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article examines the gasoline price elasticity of ridership on a city transit system. Multiple regression models are developed to explain variations in ridership due to changes in gasoline prices, bus system size, and other variables. The estimated gasoline price elasticity of bus ridership is. 3, which is very strong statistically. This provides insight into the possible relationship between future federal energy policies which will influence future gasoline prices and urban transportation modal choices.
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    An empirical test of a regional phillips curve and wage rate transmission mechanism in an urban hierarchy: Reply (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 100-104 
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    Property right taking and compensation: A further analysis (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 82-89 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A number of states have passed or are considering legislation which provides a framework for resolving land use planning issues and implementing land use restrictions. The purpose of this paper is to consider two related aspects of the land use issue: (1) to review the legal property rights issues regarding the need for compensation If property rights are restricted by a land use covenant; and (2) to suggest an extension of capitalized value theory as a method for conceptualizing the appropriate level of compensation if such is deemed appropriate in land use policy implementation. In a growing number of cases, the courts are holding that unusual applications of police power may involve property right damage and “taking.” Therefore, such action may require compensation even though the normal exercise of police powers would not. In such instances, the appropriate level of compensation becomes a relevant consideration. By providing a conceptual framework for analyzing the level of compensation, when due, this paper contributes to the process of resolving the compensation issue. Whether or not compensation is required will depend on the specific issues and facts involved in zoning or land use cases. However, capitalized value provides an analytical basis for determining when “taking” has occurred and compensation may be due.
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    An economic analysis of migration in Mexico (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 16-31 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes internal migration in Mexico over the 1960–1970 period. A model of the determinants of migration is specified and estimated for aggregated interstate migration flows. The results show that distance serves as a significant deterrent to migration, that higher destination earlings levels are attractive to migrants, and that regions with high unemployment rates experience lower rates of in-migration. An unanticipated finding is that regions with higher earnings levels have greater rates of out-migration. The data are disaggregated to examine separate migration relationships for each state. The results are that distance is a lesser deterrent for those migrants with more accessible alternatives, that higher earnings levels reduce the deterring effects of distance, and that regions with higher earnings levels have lower associated elasticities of migration. It is concluded that economic factors have played a crucial role in internal migration and thus in the changing occupational and geographic structure of the Mexican labor force.
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    The design of computer simulation experiments with an econometric model of a regional economy: The state of Colorado (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 41-53 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an annual econometric model of the Colorado economy and reports on the results of simulations through 1981 of the economic impacts which selected exogenous state and national economic policies may have on the state economy. Specification of the model's demand-oriented equations was guided by the a priori economic base information derived from the Colorado State University input-output model of the Colorado economy. The block recursive 180 equation model is linked to the Wharton Annual Model of the U.S. economy. Elasticity analysis indicates that the Colorado economy will (1) grow more rapidly than the national economy through 1981 and be less cyclically volatile, (2) be strongly affected by an agricultural drought or a boom in the state's coal industry, and (3) be virtually unaffected by a 50 percent reduction in the state's active duty military industry. Although the state of Colorado was selected as the focus of this paper, the methodology was developed with sufficient generality to encourage application to any regional economy.
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    The effects of state guarantees of municipal bonds (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 54-63 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the allocational and distributional effects of state municipal bond guarantee programs and evaluates public guarantees given that private programs also exist. The state programs as constituted will lead to misallocation of resources and questionable cross subsudies among municipalities. The only economic rationale for state subsidies is that the local public infrastructure generates positive externalities which are beneficial to the rest of the state. Even if the allocative and distributional deficiencies of the state programs were corrected, it is questionable whether state programs are desirable given that private programs also exist.
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    Urban spatial adjustments resulting from rising energy costs (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 64-71 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Since the 1973 oil embargo, the cost of energy in the United States has risen dramatically. The effect on the spatial structure of cities due to higher energy cost is the subject of this paper. Within the framework of a continuous general equilibrium model, it is demonstrated that, contrary to some previous studies, cities might be expected to decentralize rather than to centralize.
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    Toward a method of determining the impact of tourist expenditures on state tax revenues (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 72-82 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an econometric approach to analysis of the relationship between tourist expenditures and state tax revenues. Following earlier writers, a multiplicative tax production model is employed with number of tourists included as a proxy variable for tourist expenditures. Time-series and cross-section regressions are run for several tourist impacted categories of state tax. Data from Florida are used for the 1960–70 time period. The results indicate that the model performs well using ordinary least squares. Tourist elasticity estimates generated are used to compute hypothetical tax contributions. These appear to be reasonable, though no definitive statements about direct tax exportation can be made. The contribution of the paper is that it provides a beginning step toward econometric quantification of the tourist impact on state economies.
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    Fiscal impact rationale for local growth management (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 83-94 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the current tendency of local communities to control or manage their rate of population growth. After outlining three components of the rationale for growth management, the paper proceeds to examine the fiscal aspects of growth management. Based upon the theory of clubs and threshold analysis, a model is developed which illustrates that the fiscal impacts of the provision of local infrastructure are largely responsible for motivating growth management behavior.
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    Regional input-output multipliers without a full I-O table (1978)
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    The annals of regional science 12 (1978), S. 105-106 
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