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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (698)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (550)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,248)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1999
  • 1978  (1,248)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,248)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    A fast DFT algorithm using complex integer transforms (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Winograd's algorithm for computing the discrete Fourier transform is extended considerably for certain large transform lengths. This is accomplished by performing the cyclic convolution, required by Winograd's method, by a fast transform over certain complex integer fields. This algorithm requires fewer multiplications than either the standard fast Fourier transform or Winograd's more conventional algorithms.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 134-140
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  • 2
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    Estimate of procession and polar motion errors from planetary encounter station location solutions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Deep Space Station (DSS) location solutions based on two JPL planetary ephemerides, DE 84 and DE 96, at eight planetary encounters were used to obtain weighted least squares estimates of precession and polar motion errors. The solution for precession error in right ascension yields a value of 0.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.8 X 10 to the minus 6 power deg/year. This maps to a right ascension error of 1.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.4 X 10 to the minus 5 power deg at the first Voyager 1979 Jupiter encounter if the current JPL DSS location set is used. Solutions for precession and polar motion using station locations based on DE 84 agree well with the solution using station locations referenced to DE 96. The precession solution removes the apparent drift in station longitude and spin axis distance estimates, while the encounter polar motion solutions consistently decrease the scatter in station spin axis distance estimates.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 29-49
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  • 3
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    Possible correlation of Io's posteclipse brightening with major solar flares (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In 6 of the 7 instances where posteclipse brightening of Io has been reported by observers using blue filters, a major solar flare occurred within 10 degrees of the sub-Jovian longitude in the 100-day interval prior to observation. In none of the 18 instances where no posteclipse brightening was observed did such a flare occur. It is proposed that a phenomenon associated with a major solar flare causes an increase in the trapped particle flux at Io's orbit by an order of magnitude. The posteclipse brightening may be caused by thermoluminescence of Io's surface material upon emergence. Alternatively, it is possible that the increase in trapped particle flux would warm the surface, creating a temporary atmosphere which would precipitate during eclipse cooling and vaporize in the period of warming after reemergence.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 4
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    On the ortho-para equilibrium of H2 in the atmospheres of the Jovian planets (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The ratio for the equivalent widths for the unsaturated H2 quadrupole transitions observed in the Jovian planets is calculated and compared with a large number of observations. The comparison indicates that equilibrium hydrogen may be present in Jupiter and Saturn, while Uranus and Neptune exhibit ratios not in accord with equilibrium hydrogen. Observations which can differentiate among the possible states of H2 are proposed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 5
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    Infrared /JHK/ photometry of meteorites and asteroids (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports JHK colors observed for ten asteroids and synthesized JHK colors for seven meteorite groups, samples of iron and nickel metal, pyroxene, olivine, feldspar, a lunar anorthite and some terrestrial mineral samples. Pronounced differences are apparent between the chondritic and achondritic meteorite classes; the chondritic classes show less subdued trends in J-H color which reflect their metamorphic grade. We find small but significant differences between the JHK colors of the predominant C and S classes of asteroids. All JHK colors of asteroids observed here fall within the limited domain defined by the various chondritic and iron-rich meteorites but are strikingly different from those of most achondritic meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 13; Mar. 31
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  • 6
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    Use of remote sensing in facility siting (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Environmental parameters important to, and necessary for, an environment impact assessment in terms of site selection for an electric power plant are defined. Remote sensing techniques and/or instrumentation applicable to site evaluation are described. Problem areas are discussed and recommendations given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 303-309
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  • 7
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    Role of remote sensing in documenting land use as it affects the Bay and Bay use as it affects the land (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The remote sensing technology required for locating, identifying, and monitoring nonpoint, or diffuse, pollution caused by improper land use practices is discussed. Establishment of an information system to include all remote sensed data acquired on the Bay and to disseminate information to users is considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 311-313
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  • 8
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    Inferring nutrient loading of estuarine systems by remote sensing of aquatic vegetation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: THe use of remote sensing to record algal and vascular aquatic plant growths in estuarine waters is discussed. A technique is proposed that uses a combination of data to hierarchically classify watersheds with regard to severity of potential pollution. Specific nonpoint sources of nutrients in tributaries of the watershed are identified with lower altitude photography of vegetation and selected ground sampling. It is concluded that excessive growths of some aquatic plants may be related to nutrient pollution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 275-281
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  • 9
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    Remote sensing of water quality (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing from aircraft has been used to determine water content in areas such as the New York Bight. Extension of the techniques developed to satellite sensing of the Chesapeake Bay will begin in 1978 with the launch of Nimbus-G. Remote sensing offers a number of interesting possibilities for investigating a reasonably large body of water, such as the Chesapeake Bay, coupled with some disadvantages. The chief advantage of remote sensing is that it offers the opportunity to cover large areas in relatively short periods of time. Low altitude satellites traveling at about 7 km/s can cover the Chesapeake Bay in about 1 minute so that the entire Bay can be studied under almost identical conditions of solar illumination.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 141-148
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  • 10
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    LANDSAT and other sensor data for land-use planning in the Baltimore area (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Investigations of the current uses of the LANDSAT sensor data revealed that there were no successful uses of LANDSAT data in identifying specific urban uses other than densities of residential use, paved areas, and roof tops. Information was merged on developed land uses from the air photointerpretation and the land cover from the LANDSAT sensors. It was expected that this would give the most accurate results by taking results from each technique when they were best.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 33-35
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  • 11
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    The Chesapeake Bay Program: An opportunity to use an innovative monitoring technique (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The goal of this program is to develop a management system that will protect and preserve the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay by effectively managing its uses and resources. To achieve this goal, three major objectives must be accomplished: (1) Determine what units of government have management responsibility for the environmental quality of the Chesapeake Bay, also to define how such management responsibility can best be structured so that communications and coordination can be improved between the respective units of government, research, educational institutions, concerned groups, and individuals. (2) Assess the principal factors having an adverse impact on the environmental quality of the Chesapeake Bay. Following this assessment and review of ongoing research, direct and coordinate research and abatement programs that will most effectively address these factors, and (3) analyze all environmental sampling data now being collected on the Chesapeake Bay and suggest and undertake methods for improving this data collection, and to establish a continuing capability for collecting storing, analyzing, and disseminating these data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 11-15
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  • 12
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    Role of remote sensing in documenting living resources (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Specific cases of known or potentially useful applications of remote sensing in assessing biological resources are discussed. It is concluded that the more usable remote sensing techniques relate to the measurement of population fluctuations in aquatic systems. Sensing of the flora and the fauna of the Bay is considered with emphasis on direct sensing of aquatic plant populations and of water quality. Recommendations for remote sensing projects are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 297-301
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  • 13
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    Work on power-plant (air) plumes involving remote sensing of SO2 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Acquisition of air quality and concurrent meteorological data was used for dispersion model development and plant siting needs of the Maryland power plants. One of the major instruments in these studies was the Barringer correlation spectrometer, a remote sensor, using atmospherically scattered sunlight that was used to measure the total amount of SO2 in a cross section of the plume. Correlation spectrometer and its role in this measurement program are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 239-247
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  • 14
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    Lidar: A laser technique for remote sensing (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental airborne lidar systems proved to be useful for shallow water bathymetric measurements, and detection and identification of oil slicks and algae. Dye fluorescence applications using organic dyes was studied. The possibility of remotely inducing dye flourescence by means of pulsed lasers opens up several hydrospheric applications for measuring water currents, water temperature, and salinity. Aerosol measurements by lidar are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 249-265
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  • 15
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    Relationship of land use to water quality in the Chesapeake Bay region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Both the proportions of the various land use categories present on each watershed and the specific management practices in use in each category affect the quality of runoff waters, and the water quality of the Bay. Several permanent and portable stations on various Maryland Rivers collect volume-integrated water samples. All samples are analyzed for a series of nutrient, particulate, bacterial, herbicide, and heavy metal parameters. Each basin is mapped with respect to land use by the analysis of low-elevation aerial photos. Analyses are verified and adjusted by ground truth surveys. Data are processed and stored in the Smithsonian Institution data bank. Land use categories being investigated include forests/old fields, pastureland, row crops, residential areas, upland swamps, and tidal marshes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 177-187
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  • 16
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    Hydraulic model of the Chesapeake Bay (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preliminary planning for the formulation of the first year of hydraulic studies on the Chesapeake Bay model was recently completed. The primary purpose of this initial effort was to develop a study program that is both responsive to problems of immediate importance and at the same time ensure that from the very beginning of operation maximum economical use is made of the model. The formulation of this preliminary study plan involved an extensive analysis of the environmental, economic, and social aspects of a series of current problems in order to establish a priority listing of their importance. The study program that evolved is oriented towards the analysis of the effects of some of the works of man on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 111-121
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  • 17
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    Mission of a remote sensing center (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The establishment of a center for remote sensing was proposed to provide the following: (1) service, research, and education in the developing discipline of remote sensing; (2) effect multidisciplinary linkages between scientists and users of remote sensing and those who develop remote sensing techniques; and (3) strengthen and extend existing remote sensing capabilities into a cohesive program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 55-57
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  • 18
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    Remote sensing, geology, and land use (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The usefulness of a geologic map as a product in geological research was discussed, and the volution of the geologic map of Maryland was illustrated. Remote sensing methods that have the most immediate application to the earth science aspects of the Chesapeake Bay region are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 37-43
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  • 19
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    Operational programs in forest management and priority in the utilization of remote sensing (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A speech is given on operational remote sensing programs in forest management and the importance of remote sensing in forestry is emphasized. Forest service priorities in using remote sensing are outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 27-31
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  • 20
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    NCSL task force findings on feasible state uses of LANDSAT (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data needs for state natural resources programs, state capabilities for using satellite technology, and the existing remote sensing technology are reviewed. State programs in land use planning, wetlands management, coastal zone management, transportation planning, and forestry management are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the use of LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 333-344
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  • 21
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    Water quality and shellfish sanitation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of remote sensing techniques for collecting bacteriological, physical, and chemical water quality data, locating point and nonpoint sources of pollution, and developing hydrological data was found to be valuable to the Maryland program if it could be produced effectively and rapidly with a minimum amount of ground corroboration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 267-268
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  • 22
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    Thermal discharges and their role in pending power plant regulatory decisions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Federal and state laws require the imminent retrofit of offstream condenser cooling to the newer steam electric stations. Waiver can be granted based on sound experimental data, demonstrating that existing once-through cooling will not adversely affect aquatic ecosystems. Conventional methods for monitoring thermal plumes, and some remote sensing alternatives, are reviewed, using on going work at one Maryland power plant for illustration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 223-237
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  • 23
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    Application of a computerized environmental information system to master and sector planning (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A computerized composite mapping system developed as an aid in the land use decision making process is described. Emphasis is placed on consideration of the environment in urban planning. The presence of alluvium, shallow bedrock, surface water, and vegetation growth are among the environmental factors considered. An analysis of the Shady Grove Sector planning is presented as an example of the use of computerized composite mapping for long range planning.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Apppl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 359-371
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  • 24
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    Possible role of remote sensing for increasing public awareness of the Chesapeake Bay environment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Application of remote sensing techniques to the study of the Chesapeake Bay and the availability of the resulting information are discussed in terms of public awareness of the Chesapeake Bay, its total environment, and the need to protect that environment and to preserve the Bay. Recommendations given include: (1) continue the study of remote sensing technology and its use in the Chesapeake Bay region; (2) emphasize the importance of LANDSAT imagery to the evolution of remote sensing technological developments and the awareness of the environment and its changes; (3) increase dissemination of information of the environmental applications of remote sensing technology to the public; (4) design surveys of the Chesapeake Bay environment and its manmade changes; and (5) establish a coordinating regional institution to develop a management plan for the Chesapeake Bay.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 323-326
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  • 25
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    Role of remote sensing in Bay measurements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote measurements of a number of surface or near surface parameters for baseline definition and specialized studies, remote measurements of episodic events, and remote measurements of the Bay lithosphere are considered in terms of characterizing and understanding the ecology of the Chesapeake Bay. Geologic processes and features best suited for information enhancement by remote sensing methods are identified. These include: (1) rates of sedimentation in the Bay; (2) rates of erosion of Bay shorelines; (3) spatial distribution and geometry of aquifers; (4) mapping of Karst terrain (sinkholes); and (5) mapping of fracture patterns. Recommendations for studying problem areas identified are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 315-321
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  • 26
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    Contribution of remote sensing to understand the Bay as a system (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The natural resource management information system concept designed specifically for use with remote sensing is discussed in terms of understanding and studying the Chesapeake Bay as a total system. The Bay is defined as a system comprising the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the biosphere, that is the vertical profile encompassed by the systems and a two dimensional plane defining the total watershed of the Bay from the headwaters of its tributaries to a distance in the ocean defined by ten tidal cycles. The Chesapeake Bay system is assumed to be the ecosystem in the largest sense. Ecological partitioning, a methodology resulting from studies of land systems for partitioning the land into geobotanical landscape units, is included along with a breakdown of LANDSAT investigations according to subject area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 289-296
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  • 27
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    Eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The advantages and limitations of using remote sensing to acquire fast reliable data on the nutrient problem in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem are discussed. Pollution effects to phytoplankton blooms during late summer and early fall months are also considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 269-273
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  • 28
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    An overview of dredging operations in the Chesapeake Bay (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Maintenance of the Baltimore and the Newport News/Norfolk harbors as well as of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is accomplished by different dredging operations which depend on the amount and type of material to be moved, water depth, and location of disposal sites. Methods for determining the physical or chemical-biological interactive effects of these activities on the environment and on the shellfish and finfish industries on the Bay are discussed. The types of dredges used are classed according to their mode of operation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 209-215
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  • 29
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    Regional energetic coupling of man and his environment: Data requirements (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An energy analysis methodology was developed to serve as a rational basis for evaluating alternative regional management/use schemes. Human and natural systems are coupled and can be interpreted, using a common base of energy-flow analysis to evaluate past, present, and future states of regional integrated systems in the coastal zone and to provide the capability for rational selection of alternative patterns of resource use. Energy flows (or flows of dollars or materials converted to energy equivalents) are believed to be the basic factor in the organizations of all types of systems. An analysis example is provided of an estuarine subsystem of the Chesapeake Bay, and tabular listings of regional data needs are given. Current remote sensing capabilities were used to provide some of the necessary information.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 157-175
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  • 30
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    Acoustic remote probing of the environment (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Atmospheric acoustic probes located either at shore locations near the Chesapeake Bay or on large surface buoys could obtain profiles of wind velocity and turbulence and the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere. At or near the buoy locations, underwater probes located on the bottom could be used to profile current velocity, density, and turbulence and also to determine tide level, wave height, spectrum, and direction. The physical parameter profiles at these earth-surface stations could be used with surface observations by satellite. The most obvious use of data from such a network is to verify and calibrate models of energy exchange between the water of the Bay and the atmosphere.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 149-156
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  • 31
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    Jovian S-burst observations at 32 MHz (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Drift rates for S-burst emissions from Jupiter are studied. The burst spectra, recorded in the frequency range near 32 MHz, provide a qualitative illustration of the behavior of electron bunches shortly after injection into the Io-associated magnetic flux tube. The morphology of the spectra may be taken as support for the hypothesis of an ionospheric acceleration mechanism influencing the flow of electrons.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 2
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  • 32
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    Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The extensive chaotic and fretted terrains in the equatorial regions of Mars are explained on the basis of the vertical distribution of H2O liquid and ice which once existed in the crust. This account assumes that below the permafrost containing water ice, there was a second zone in which liquid water resided for at least a time. Diagenetic alteration and cementation characterized the material in the subpermafrost zone; above, pristine fragmented material with various ice concentrations was found. Later, the ice-laden zone was stripped away by a number of erosional processes, exposing the former ice-liquid water interface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; June 197
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  • 33
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    Global color variations on the Martian surface (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spectral reflectance data from the Viking-II Orbiter vidicon cameras have provided a means of mapping and classifying Martian surface materials over about 65% of the planet. The imagery, acquired at three wavelengths, was processed to remove an average Martian photometric function; albedo maps at the three wavelengths were created. Analysis of the imagery showed that the dark region between the equator and about 30 deg S in the Martian highlands consists of ancient ridges, crater rims and rugged plateaus which are very red, and younger intercrater volcanic plains exhibiting mare ridges which are much less red. In addition probable eolian deposits were found in the intermediate and high albedo regions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; June 197
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  • 34
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    Saturn's rings: Particle composition and size distribution as constrained by microwave observations. I - Radar observations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The radar backscattering characteristics of compositional and structural models of Saturn's rings are calculated and compared with observations of the absolute value, wavelength dependence, and degree of depolarization of the rings' radar cross section (reflectivity). The doubling method is used to calculate reflectivities for systems that are many particles thick using optical depths derived from observations at visible wavelengths. If the rings are many particles thick, irregular centimeter- to meter-sized particles composed primarily of water ice attain sufficiently high albedos and scattering efficiencies to explain the radar observations. In that case, the wavelength independence of radar reflectivity implies the existence of a broad particle size distribution; a narrower size distribution is also a possibility. Particles of primarily silicate composition are ruled out by the radar observations. Purely metallic particles may not be ruled out on the basis of existing radar observations. A monolayer of very large ice 'particles' that exhibit multiple internal scattering may not yet be ruled out.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Feb. 197
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  • 35
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    Modification of fresh crater landforms - Evidence from the moon and Mercury (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The morphology of fresh lunar and Mercurian craters provides insight into processes of crater formation and modification. Measurements determined for Mercurian craters and compared to previously presented lunar data are depth/diameter, central peak and wall-related mass movement frequencies as functions of diameter, crater rim wall width/rim diameter, rim diameter/floor diameter, and central peak height/rim diameter. Two important results are as follows: (1) there is no evidence for direct gravity scaling of crater morphology, although some slight scaling relationship may be indicated, and (2) mass movements are responsible for the change in depth/diameter relationship observed near 2-km depth and 10-km diameter. The latter result is helpful in explaining gravitational and topographic data which suggest low-density regions beneath large fresh craters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Jan. 10
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  • 36
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    Minor planets and related objects. XXV - UBV photometry of 145 faint asteroids (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Magnitudes and colors on the UBV system are presented for 145 minor planets, including 31 objects in the Eos family, 14 in the Koronis family, 6 in the Nysa family, 11 in the Themis family, 4 Hungarias, 7 Hildas, 8 Trojans, and several objects in unusual orbits. Clearly defined color groups for the Eos, Koronis, Nysa, and Themis family members are strongly suggestive of origin from discrete parent bodies. The Nysas apparently show large light-curve amplitudes. The Mars-orbit crossers 1977RA and 1980 = 1950LA, the earth-orbit crosser 1976UA, and several main-belt asteroids are found to show peculiar colors of unknown significance. The Mars-orbit crosser 1916 = 1953RA appears to be a typical S object, while 1474 Beira and 1977VA show neutral colors. Asteroids at semimajor axis in excess of 4 AU (Trojans preceding and following Jupiter, 279 Thule, and 944 Hidalgo) all belong to a color group centered at B-V = 0.72, U-B = 0.24.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; June 197
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  • 37
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    Remote in-situ elemental analysis systems for underwater application (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The systems approach, theoretical measurement calculations, and preliminary measurements to be used in monitoring and mapping pollutants (such as traces of heavy metals) in the Chesapeake Bay are discussed. A neutron gamma-ray method is under development for demonstrating the system. The excitation source to be used is a machine accelerator using a deuterium/tritium reaction to produce 14-MeV neutrons. The neutrons excite characteristic gamma ray emission from the neutron irradiated surface. The discrete line emission produced can be used to infer both qualitative and quantitative elemental composition. A data preprocessor will accumulate, digitize, store, format, and prepare the data for transmission which can be accomplished by telephone, microwave, and possibly satellite link to central processors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 217-221
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  • 38
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    LANDSAT sensors (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: LANDSAT 1, launched in July 1972, and LANDSAT 2, launched in January 1975, are equipped with a similar complement of sensors. Each spacecraft has both a return beam vidicon camera system and a multispectral scanner for acquiring high resolution multispectral data of the Earth's surface on a global basis. A description is given of these imaging systems and the primary sensors on the LANDSAT 1 and 2 spacecraft.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 123-140
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  • 39
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    On measuring the state of the bay (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The requirements necessary to establish a comprehensive data base for the Chesapeake Bay are discussed. Three essential questions were addressed: (1) which entities should be measured; (2) how close together should measurements be made in space and time; and (3) what should be done with the data. Possible answers to the questions were evaluated in relation to existing technology, cost effectiveness, and potential uses of the data base.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 87-101
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  • 40
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    The Chesapeake Bay: A challenge to the remote sensing community (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of remote sensing in studying, monitoring, and understanding the Chesapeake Bay was examined. References to multispectral scanning, laser techniques, infrared microwave, and radar were made. These aspects were then analyzed with multidimensional models, digital analysis, and holographic projections.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 49-54
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  • 41
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    Activities of the US Geological Survey in Applications of Remote Sensing in the Chesapeake Bay Region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The application of remote sensing in the Chesapeake Bay region has been a central concern of three project activities of the U.S. Geological Survey: two are developmental, and one is operational. The two developmental activities were experiments in land-use and land-cover inventory and change detection using remotely sensed data from aircraft and from the LANDSAT and Skylab satellites. One of these is CARETS (Central Atlantic Regional Ecological Test Site). The other developmental task is the Census Cities Experiment in Urban Change Detection. The present major concern is an operational land-use and land-cover data-analysis program, including a supporting geographical information system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 25-26
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  • 42
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    Maryland Automated Geographic Information System (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A computer based system designed for storing geographic data in a consistent and coordinated manner is described. The data are stored, retrieved, and analyzed using a 400 km sq/acre cell. Stored information can be displayed on computer maps in a manner similar to standard map graphics. The data bank contains various information for performing land use analysis in a variety of areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 45-47
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  • 43
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    Present status of LANDSAT remote sensing (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The state-of-the-practice of satellite remote sensing is examined. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing to improve information gathering practices. Impediments to adopting this technology and opportunities to overcome these impediments are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 21-23
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  • 44
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    The Chesapeake Bay: Our regional resource (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The contents are presented of a speech given by the Hon. Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. on the value of the Chesapeake Bay as a resource and the need to protect its environmental quality.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 5-10
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  • 45
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    The accretion of planets from planetesimals (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Collisional accretion appears to be a viable, and seemingly unavoidable, mechanism for intermediate-stage from a swarm of planetesimals into a system containing a few discrete seed planets. Some other mechanism must be invoked to explain growth of condensate grains up to at least tens of meters. Gravitational instability in the particulate disk seems a plausible means of achieving that early-stage growth up to kilometer-scale bodies. The last stage of growth in which the seed planets accrete the remaining material now presents difficulties due to the isolated, circular orbits generated from the intermediate collisional stage.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 46
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    A comparison of satellite sensor bands for vegetation monitoring (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first four Landsat-D thematic mapper sensor bands were evaluated and compared to the RBV and MSS sensors from Landsats-1, -2, and -3; Colvocoresses' proposed 'operational Landsat' three-band system; and the French SPOT three-band system by using simulation/integration techniques and in situ collected spectral reflectance data. Sensors were evaluated with regard to their ability to discriminate vegetation biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and leaf water content. The thematic mapper and SPOT bands were found to be superior in a spectral resolution context to the other three sensor systems for vegetational applications. Significant improvements are expected for most vegetational analyses from Landsat-D thematic mapper and SPOT imagery over MSS and RBV imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Nov. 197
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  • 47
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    Isotopic anomalies in solar system material - What can they tell us (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three relatively recently discovered anomalies are considered. The goal of isotopic research is to understand what phenomena are responsible for the observed isotopic anomalies, and thereby to determine the initial solar system isotopic composition. Until recently there has been no measured isotopic ratios which could not be understood in the context of reasonable physical or chemical processes acting to alter a uniform initial solar isotopic composition. This situation changed in 1969 with the discovery by Black and Pepin of an unusual neon isotopic composition in certain carbonaceous meteories. This unusual composition was later designated as Neon E. An unusual or anomalous oxygen isotopic composition was discovered by Clayton et al. (1973). A magnesium isotopic anomaly was discovered by Gray and Compston (1974), and Lee and Papanastassiou (1974). The three isotopic anomalies are discussed, emphasizing particularly the experimental evidence, possible causes for the observed isotopic composition and finally, possible implications of these anomalies with regard to models of solar system formation and evolution.
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  • 48
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    Far infrared spectrophotometry of Jupiter and Saturn (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Infrared spectral measurements of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were obtained from 100 to 470 kaysers and, by taking Mars as a calibration source, brightness temperatures of Jupiter and Saturn were determined with approximately 5 kayser resolution. Internal luminosities were determined from the data and are reported to be approximately 8 times 10 to the minus tenth power of the sun's luminosity for Jupiter and approximately 3.6 times 10 to the minus tenth power of the sun's luminosity for Saturn. Comparison of data with spectra predicted by models suggests the need for an opacity source in addition to gaseous hydrogen and ammonia to help explain Jupiter's observed spectrum in the vicinity of 250 kaysers.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 35; July 197
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  • 49
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    A microstructural study of the Tishomingo meteorite (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Metallography, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to study a fragment of the Tishomingo iron meteorite. The results suggest the following thermal-mechanical history: The fragment was originally a large crystal of taenite (gamma). Cooling through the alpha + gamma phase boundary did not result in accompanying precipitation of kamacite (alpha). Transformation to a martensitic structure initiated between -25 and -65 C. Transformation continued as the temperature fell to -75 to -115 C, resulting in approx 80% martensite (alpha-prime). Subsequent shock deformation and thermal aging processes substantially modified the taenite and martensite microstructures. Twins in the retained taenite phase are attributed to shock deformation at a pressure estimated for a single event at about 170 kbar. The existing complex altered martensite structure containing both taenite and kamacite (3-15% Ni) particles was apparently the product of both shock deformation and thermal aging processes. The maximum temperature reached during thermal aging is estimated to be less than 400 C and perhaps below 310 C.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 42; July 197
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  • 50
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    Experimental determination of partition coefficients for Rb, Sr, and Ba between alkali feldspar and silicate liquid (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 51
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    The tektite problem (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Small glassy pebbles, called tektites, are found in widely scattered locations around the world. These tektites appear much like volcanic glass obsidian, but their chemical composition is different from that of any terrestrial lava and they contain far less water and none of obsidian's characteristic microcrystals. No one has ever found the mother lode of a field of tektites. They cannot, therefore, be the product of terrestrial volcanism. Recently acquired knowledge about the moon's surface confirms earlier indications that tektites cannot be bits of lunar soil propelled to the earth by the impact of meteorites on the moon. According to one of two remaining possibilities tektites are bits of terrestrial sedimentary rock excavated by meteorites striking the earth's surface, melted by the heat of impact, and congealed into glass as they travel above the atmosphere to the scattered sites where they are found. The other possibility is that tektites are the remains of gobs of lava fired at the earth by volcanic activity on the moon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Scientific American; 239; Aug. 197
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  • 52
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    Comment on 'Spectrophotometric and color estimates of the Viking lander sites' by Friedrich O. Huck et al (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; July 10
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  • 53
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    Conclusions derived from the evidence on accretion in meteorites (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study of the evidence on accretion in meteorites shows that gross chemical features of chondritic meteorite type were established by accretion of materials with characteristic chemical and isotopic compositions. Some meteorites have been subjected to intensive mechanical and/or thermal processes. Mixing has occurred among meteorite types, presumably late in the accretion sequence. From the materials which appear to have escaped substantial modification it can be concluded that the relative velocities between accreting grains varied but in some cases were very low. Accretion took place after most, if not all, of the gaseous components had been separated from the condensed portion of solar matter.
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  • 54
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    Chemical alterations of the Holbrook chondrite resulting from terrestrial weathering (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Major, minor and trace element analysis as well as noble gas measurements were performed on three Holbrook chondrite samples collected fresh in 1912, in 1931, and in 1968. Decreases in metallic iron and MgO and an increase in total iron were detected. Elemental concentrations of Ti, Ca, Al, P, Mn, Ni, and Cr did not change significantly during weathering. While sodium might have been lost, and K slightly enriched, the trace elements C, Rb, and Sr increased at least two-fold during weathering. Gas abundances decreased, and the concentration ratios of noble gas nuclides varied unpredictably.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 13; Sept. 30
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  • 55
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    The origin of planetary atmospheres (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Reasons for the difference in planetary atmospheres are reviewed. Atmospheric formation by outgassing from terrestrial planets is contrasted with the retention of the primary material by the outer planets. The differences in Venusian, earth, and Martian atmospheres are explained in terms of planet distance from the sun. Data on terrestrial planet pressures, temperatures, and gas compositions, as well as on rates and gas composition of outgassing material are presented. The significance of planet mass is considered.
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  • 56
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    The phase function of Venus cloud particles from Mariner 10 data (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Mariner 10 images of Venus taken at several phase angles were photometrically reduced. The analysis shows that the phase function of the cloud particles is not isotropic, as had been deduced earlier from the brightness distribution on spacecraft images taken at a single phase angle, but has a broad minimum near 60 deg and is forward-scattering. The scattering properties are in quantitative agreement with previous deductions from earth-based polarization measurements by Hansen and his associates.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Dec. 197
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  • 57
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    The ammonia mixing ratio in Jupiter's stratosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the theory that underlies the model calculations which show that the far-infrared bands of ammonia are very sensitive to the ammonia distribution above the Jovian atmospheric inversion layer. Observation of the J = 5 and J = 6 ammonia bands at moderate resolution might permit choice between a cold trap model or the irreversible uv photodestruction model for the ammonia distribution. The lack of prominent emission cores in the NH3 rotation-inversion lines only implies that the mixing ratio is low. The ammonia is uniformly mixed if the inversion temperature is low but, at a higher inversion temperature, emission cores will be observed unless the photodissociation is extremely efficient down to at least the inversion layer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 36; Oct. 197
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  • 58
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    Imaging radar observations of Askja Caldera, Iceland (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A 'blind' test involving interpretation of computer-enhanced like- and cross-polarized radar images is used to evaluate the surface roughness of Askja Caldera, a large volcanic complex in central Iceland. The 'blind' test differs from earlier analyses of radar observations in that computer-processes images and both qualitative and quantitative analyses are used. Attention is given to photogeologic examination and subsequent survey-type field observations, along with aerial photography during the field trip. The results indicate that the 'blind' test of radar interpretation of the Askja volcanic area can be considered suitable within the framework of limitations of radar data considered explicitly from the onset. The limitations of the radar techniques can be eliminated by using oblique-viewing conditions to remove geometric distortions and slope effects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Nov. 197
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  • 59
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    The Allende meteorite - Evidence for a new cosmothermometer based on the Ti/3+/ to Ti/4+/ ratio (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The mineral thermodynamic condensation sequence is applied to assemblages in Ca-Al-Ti-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite, and it is suggested that the total amount of titanium and Ti(3+) contents of aluminous clinopyroxenes (fassaites) are temperature sensitive and that the ratio Ti(3+)/Ti(4+) may be used as a qualitative cosmothermometer. The direct gas-to-solid condensation hypothesis is favored because the predicted thermodynamic sequence is followed. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the condensation interval of Ti(3+) stabilization is 1647-1125 K, while the titanian-fassaites probably condensed in the interval 1625-1349 K. It is suggested that the Allende meteorite has sampled a spectrum of the condensing solar nebula.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 276; Nov. 16
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  • 60
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    Nitric oxide production by Tunguska meteor (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The nonequilibrium chemical processes of nitric oxide formation are computed for the wake of the Tunguska meteor of 1908. The wake characteristics are derived by carrying out an optically-thick radiation field analysis for ablation of the meteoroid. The wake flow field is approximated by a one-dimensional, well-stirred reactor model. Known characteristics of the Tunguska event are imposed as constraints, and three controlling parameters - chemical composition, density, and velocity - are varied over a range around the values derived by Korobeinikov et al. (1976) and Petrov and Stulov (1975). The calculation shows that at least 19 million tons of nitric oxide is produced between the altitudes of 10 and 50 km. The anomalous atmospheric phenomena following the event are attributed to the reactions involving nitric oxide thus produced and atmospheric ozone. It is speculated that the nitric oxide produced by the event fertilized the area near the fall, causing the observed rapid plant growth.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 5; July-Aug
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  • 61
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    Asteroid 1 Ceres - Evidence for water of hydration (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An absorption feature centred near 3.0 microns has been discovered in the infrared spectrum of asteroid 1 Ceres. This spectrum has been compared with laboratory spectra of meteorites and shows great similarity to the spectra of type II carbonaceous chondrites. By analogy this suggests the presence of about 10-15 per cent water in the form of water of hydration on the surface of Ceres. This is the first evidence of water in the surface material of an asteroid.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 182
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  • 62
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    Circular polarization of sunlight reflected by planetary atmospheres (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Multiple scattering calculations are performed in order to investigate the nature of the circular polarization of sunlight reflected by planetary atmospheres. Contour diagrams as a function of size parameter and phase angle are made for the integrated light from a spherical but locally plane-parallel atmosphere of spherical particles. To investigate the origin of the circular polarization, results are also computed for second-order scattering and for a simpler semiquantitative model of scattering by two particles. Observations of the circular polarization of the planets are presently too meager for accurate deduction of cloud particle properties. However, certain very broad constraints can be placed on the properties of the dominant cloud particles on Jupiter and Saturn. The cloud particle size and refractive index deduced for the Jupiter clouds by Loskutov, Morozhenko, and Yanovitskii from analyses of the linear polarization are not consistent with the circular polarization. The few available circular polarization observations of Venus are also examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 63
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    Crop water-stress assessment using an airborne thermal scanner (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An airborne thermal scanner was used to measure the temperature of a wheat crop canopy in Phoenix, Arizona. The results indicate that canopy temperatures acquired about an hour and a half past solar noon were well correlated with presunrise plant water tension, a parameter directly related to plant growth and development. Pseudo-colored thermal images reading directly in stress degree days, a unit indicative of crop irrigation needs and yield potential, were produced. The aircraft data showed significant within-field canopy temperature variability, indicating the superiority of the synoptic view provided by aircraft over localized ground measurements. The standard deviation between airborne and ground-acquired canopy temperatures was 2 C or less.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Jan. 197
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  • 64
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    The composition of Phobos - Evidence for carbonaceous chondrite surface from spectral analysis (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In connection with a need for more definitive information concerning the composition of Phobos in a study of its origin, an ultraviolet-visible-infrared reflectance spectrum of the Martian satellite was compiled from the Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer, Viking lander imaging, and ground-based photometric data. The probable surface composition of Phobos was deduced by comparing the obtained spectrum with the spectra of asteroids of known composition. The considered data show that the reflectivity of Phobos is flat from 1100 to 400 nm but decreases sharply in the ultraviolet to about 1 percent at 212 nm. The reflectance spectrum is similar to the spectra of asteroids Ceres and Pallas which were found to have surface compositions similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. It is concluded that the surface composition of Phobos is also similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. The results of the investigation point to different modes of origin for Mars and Phobos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 199; Jan. 6
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  • 65
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    Viking first encounter of Phobos - Preliminary results (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking Orbiter-1 (VO-1) made a series of close flybys of the Martian satellite Phobos in February and May 1977. A description is presented of the results obtained during the flybys in February. The flyby geometries for the encounter period in February are shown in a graph. The trajectory design gave flybys on the illuminated side of Phobos within 80 to 300 km during the entire encounter period. The primary encounter observations of Phobos included visual and infrared imaging as well as radio tracking of VO-1 while it was under the gravitational influence of Phobos. Visual imaging was obtained from two narrow-angle television cameras. Infrared observations were obtained from an infrared thermal mapper. Radio data included S- and X-band Doppler and ranging data to VO-1 with a 10-second Doppler count. Assuming for Phobos a volume of 500 + or - 900 cu km, a mean density of 1.9 + or - 0.6 g/cu cm is obtained for it on the basis of the processed data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 199; Jan. 6
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  • 66
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    The origin and relative abundances of C, N and the noble gases on the terrestrial planets and in meteorites (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Relative concentrations of noble gases and C and N are evaluated for the terrestrial planets. Comparisons between amounts of volatile materials in carbonaceous chondrites and on Earth and Mars are presented as support for the accretion model of planetary formation. However, attention is given to the large differences in the C/noble gas ratios on various bodies in the solar system, e.g. the Sun, Venus, Earth, Mars, stressing that the data are too incomplete to provide a reliable model for the sources of volatile and noble elements on the terrestrial planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 271; Jan. 12
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  • 67
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    Multicolor observations of Phobos with the Viking lander cameras - Evidence for a carbonaceous chondritic composition (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The reflectivity of Phobos has been determined in the spectral region from 0.4 to 1.1 micrometers from images taken with a Viking lander camera. The reflectivity curve is flat in this spectral interval and the geometric albedo equals 0.05 + or - 0.01. These results, together with Phobos's reflectivity spectrum in the ultraviolet, are compared with laboratory spectra of carbonaceous chondrites and basalts. The spectra of carbonaceous chondrites are consistent with the observations, whereas the basalt spectra are not. These findings raise the possibility that Phobos may be a captured object rather than a natural satellite of Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 199; Jan. 6
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  • 68
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    VLBI-laser intercomparison project (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The VLBI-laser intercomparison system for assessing geodetic measurements is described. The primary objective of the DSN VLBI-laser intercomparison project is the accurate measurement of baseline vectors, both length and direction, between established geodetic benchmarks. A second objective is the intercomparison between both satellite and lunar laser ranging techniques with VLBI.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 87-91
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  • 69
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    IAU nomenclature for albedo features on the planet Mercury (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The International Astronomical Union has endorsed a nomenclature for the albedo features on Mercury. Designations are based upon the mythological names related to the god Hermes; they are expressed in Latin form. The dark-hued albedo features are associated with the generic term Solitudo. The light-hued areas are designated by a single name without generic term. The 32 names adopted are allocated on the Mercury map.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 70
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    Io-phase motion and jovian decametre source locations (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A second-order effect in the relationship between jovian decameter storms and the departure of Io from superior geocentric conjunction is explained on the basis of latitudinal variations in the earth-Jupiter viewing geometry. These variations are defined by the 12-year cycle in the jovicentric declination of the earth. In addition, it is found that the emission of the jovian decameter storm source Io-B (Io-C) is beamed from the northern (southern) magnetic latitudes. These conclusions are compatible with source positions derived from polarimetry and from considerations of planetary-limb shadowing.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 23
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  • 71
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    Photometry and polarimetry of Jupiter at large phase angles. I - Analysis of imaging data of a prominent belt and a zone from Pioneer 10 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photopolarimetric observations of a prominent bright zone and a dark belt of Jupiter in red and blue light are analyzed which were performed by Pioneer 10 at phase angles of 12, 23, 34, 109, 120, 127, and 150 deg. Geometric and photometric reductions of the imaging data are described, the instrument sensitivity at various times is evaluated, and the data are referred to an absolute scale. The observations are analyzed in detail by comparing the data with results of radiative-transfer calculations for specific scattering models of Jupiter's atmosphere. These models include those with a vertical structure consisting of a layer of Rayleigh-scattering gas above a semiinfinite mixture of cloud particles and gas, those having a small quantity of aerosols in the gas above either the diffuse cloud in a reflecting-scattering model or the top cloud of a two-cloud-layer model, those in which a forward-scattering haze is mixed uniformly with gas, and those containing dust layers. It is found that in both the belt and the zone in red as well as blue light, cloud phase functions are required which provide both strong forward scattering and some backscattering.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Mar. 197
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  • 72
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    Uranus and the shape of elliptical rings (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is reported that when the star SAO158687 passed behind the Uranus system, its light was occulted twice by the epsilon (fifth) ring of the planet. The first part of the ring to occult was about 100 km wide and the second part was about 40 km wide. The variable width of the ring is accounted for by differences in the orbital eccentricities of the individual particles composing the ring.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 9
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  • 73
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    The occultation of Epsilon Geminorum by Mars as observed at Princeton (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for two-color (red and blue) high-speed photometric observations of the April 8, 1976, occultation of Epsilon Gem by Mars. The observing system is briefly described, fits to an isothermal atmospheric model of the event are presented, and the blue data are used to derive temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere in the manner of Wasserman and Veverka (1973). The results are compared with those of Elliot et al. (1977), which were obtained from the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; Apr. 197
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  • 74
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    Properties of the clouds of Venus, as inferred from airborne observations of its near-infrared reflectivity spectrum (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The shape and absolute value of Venus' reflectivity spectrum is measured in the 1.2- to 4.0 micrometer spectral region with a circular variable filter wheel spectrometer having a spectral resolution of 1.5%. Comparing these spectra with synthetic spectra generated with a multiple-scattering computer code, a number of properties of the Venus clouds are inferred. Evidence is obtained indicating that the clouds are made of a water solution of sulfuric acid in their top unit optical depth, and that the clouds are made of this material down to an optical depth of at least 25. In addition, the acid concentration is 84 plus or minus 2% H2SO4 by weight in the top unit optical depth, the total optical depth of the clouds is 37.5 plus or minus 12.5, and the cross-sectional weighted mean particle radius lies between 0.5 and 1.4 micrometers in the top unit optical depth of the clouds. It is found that the average volume mixing ratio of H2SO4 and H2O contained in the cloud material both equal approximately 2 x 10 to the -6. Employing vapor pressure arguments, the acid concentration is shown to equal 84 plus or minus 6% at the cloud bottom and the water vapor mixing ratio beneath the clouds lies between 6 x 10 to the -4 and 10 to the -2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 75
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    Mercury's helium exosphere after Mariner 10's third encounter (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: From a comparison of the Mariner 10 third encounter UV spectrometer data with intensities generated from a newly constructed model exosphere, a new value of 4.5 x 10 to the -4th power for the fraction of the solar wind He(++) flux to be intercepted and captured by Mercury's magnetosphere, if the observed He atmosphere is maintained by the solar wind, has been derived. If an internal source for He prevails, the corresponding upper bound for the global outgassing rate is estimated to be 4.5 x 10 to the 22nd power/s. These values differ from those given earlier because of the present use of a surface temperature distribution satisfying the heat equation over Mercury's entire surface which employs Mariner-10-determined mean surface thermal characteristics. The mean standoff distance of Mercury's magnetopause averaged over Mercury's orbit is also used. Agreement between the observed and calculated intensities is found to be good. Minor discrepancies on the nightside of the terminator are explicable in terms of differences between actual and computed temperatures and scale height structure changes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 1
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  • 76
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    Is the moon really as smooth as a billiard ball - Remarks concerning recent models of sputter-fractionation on the lunar surface (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Apr. 197
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  • 77
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    An analytic study of impact ejecta trajectories in the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, and earth (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Calculations have been made to determine the effects of atmospheric drag and gravity on impact ejecta trajectories on Venus, Mars, and earth. The equations of motion were numerically integrated for a broad range of body sizes, initial velocities, and initial elevation angles. A dimensionless parameter was found from approximate analytic solutions which correlated the ejecta range, final impact angle, and final impact velocity for all three planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Mar. 197
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  • 78
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    Investigation of the Manicouagan impact crater, Quebec - An introduction (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An interdisciplinary study of the 65-km diameter Manicouagan ring structure in Quebec was undertaken to gain insight into the integrated effects of impacts on terrestrial planetary bodies. The paper serves as an introduction to several companion papers and summarizes major conclusions. Studies of the 214 m.y. old structure show that the melt rocks are texturally inhomogeneous but chemically homogeneous and can be modeled as a mixture of target lithologies. The melt rocks have a Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio compatible with the melting of crustal rocks. The melt had a two-stage cooling history with clast-melt interactions indicative of mixing superheated silicate liquid with cold clasts. Grain size, clast reactions, and thermal equilibration of clasts and melts are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; June 10
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  • 79
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    Effects of turbulence on average refraction angles in occultations by planetary atmospheres (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Four separable effects of atmospheric turbulence on average refraction angles in occultation experiments are derived from a simplified analysis, and related to more general formulations by B. S. Haugstad. The major contributors are shown to be due to gradients in height of the strength of the turbulence, and the sense of the resulting changes in refraction angles is explained in terms of Fermat's principle. Because the results of analyses of such gradient effects by W. B. Hubbard and J. R. Jokipii are expressed in other ways, a special effort is made to compare all of the predictions on a common basis. We conclude that there are fundamental differences, and use arguments based on energy conservation and Fermat's principle to help characterize the discrepancies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; May 1978
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  • 80
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    The rings of Saturn (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Consideration is given to the development of theories concerning the rings of Saturn. Particular attention is given to ring structure, noting its thinness, the separations between rings, and observed variations in brightness. Data gathered via infrared, radio and radar techniques are described in terms of ring particle composition and size. Hypotheses about ring origin and evolution are outlined, including the tidal disruption model, calculations of Saturn's gravitational contraction history, grazing, and meteoroid bombardment. Prospects for future observations of Saturn's rings are reviewed, such as the variation in their radar reflectivity as a function of the tilt of the ring plane.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: American Scientist; 66; Jan
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  • 81
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    On the origin of Uranus' rings (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The role of Miranda-Ariel orbital resonances in determining the structure of the rings of Uranus is discussed. In particular, it is argued that the three-body orbital resonances of Miranda and Ariel may function as a mechanism for the formation of narrow rings, rather than as a mechanism for trapping freely orbiting particles; the formation of narrow rings, in this hypothesis, would involve an inelastic collision process. The narrowness of the resonances may account for the sharply defined ring boundaries.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Apr. 27
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  • 82
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    Photoelectrons and electron temperatures in the Venus ionosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Solar wind induced magnetic fields may be present in the dayside ionosphere of Venus. A scale analysis and detailed calculations of the effects of different field line orientations on photoelectron transport and electron temperature show that horizontal magnetic fields considerably alter the profiles of electron heating and temperature and photoelectron flux. Direct injection of solar wind electrons has been considered, and the effects are minor. No evidence is found to support the suggestion that a sharp gradient in electron temperature is the cause of certain features in the Mariner-10 electron density profile.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; May 1
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  • 83
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    Atomic hydrogen on Mars - Measurements at solar minimum (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Copernicus Orbiting Astronomical Observatory was used to obtain measurements of Mars Lyman-alpha (1215.671-angstrom) emission at the solar minimum, which has resulted in the first information on atomic hydrogen concentrations in the upper atmosphere of Mars at the solar minimum. The Copernicus measurements, coupled with the Viking in situ measurements of the temperature (170 plus or minus 30 K) of the upper atmosphere of Mars, indicate that the atomic hydrogen number density at the exobase of Mars (250 kilometers) is about 60 times greater than that deduced from Mariner 6 and 7 Lyman-alpha measurements obtained during a period of high solar activity. The Copernicus results are consistent with Hunten's hypothesis of the diffusion-limited escape of atomic hydrogen from Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 200; June 2
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  • 84
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    The Martian satellites - 100 years on (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Studies of Phobos and Deimos, the two satellites of Mars, may provide the best observations yet of the material populating the asteroid belt. Viking observations of Phobos showing crater chains and striations are analyzed, and Mariner-9 photometry exhibiting the albedo of the satellite is discussed. A mass determination for Phobos results in a value of 1.1 times 10 to the 19th power g; the mean density of the satellite is set at about 2 g per cu cm, a value suggesting formation of the satellite from material in the asteroid belt.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 19
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  • 85
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    Prairie Network fireballs. I - General information and orbits (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Methods for obtaining and processing photographs of bright meteors in the United States in the period from 1963 to 1975 are briefly described. Orbital elements and other characteristics are given for 334 bright persistent and long Prairie Network fireballs. The accuracy of the data presented is evaluated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritika; 37, 1; 1978
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  • 86
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    The Yamato-74659 ureilite and some new findings on the Yamato achondritic pyroxenes (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A cube-like fragment with an approximately 4 mm edge was taken from the Yamato-74659 meteorite for the mineralogical and crystallographic examination discussed in the present paper. An analysis of powdered fragments by a standard wet chemical method showed that it matched to weathered ureilite. The chemical composition was found to differ from other ureilites in that the FeO content (8.83 wt%) is the lowest among known ureilites and it is richer in SiO2 contents (42.91 wt%).
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  • 87
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    Floor-fractured craters on the moon and Mars (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Impact craters on the moon provided primary pathways for volcanic eruptions through shock-induced fractures that immediately or subsequently tap magma reservoirs. Evidence for this process includes unbreached lava-filled craters and fractured crater floors with associated eruptives. Over 200 craters with floor fractures have been identified on the moon. They commonly occur along the margins of irregular maria, thereby suggesting a link to this important phase of lunar volcanism. Topographic data reveal small elevation differences between the summit of the remnant central peaks and crater rim, and in many cases suggest that floor fracturing resulted from a tabular intrusion localized beneath the crater with uplift of the crater floor. A comparison of lunar and Martian crater photographs shows that some Martian craters also exhibit similar highly localized endogenic modifications.
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  • 88
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    Aioun el Atrouss - Evidence for thermal recrystallization of a eurite breccia (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Aioun el Atrouss meteorite is a breccia consisting largely of angular fragments of green orthopyroxene and containing scattered clasts of basaltic composition (mostly pigeonite and calcic plagioclase). It appears to be a physical mixture of two meteorite types - diogenite (hypersthene achondrite) and eucrite (basaltic achondrite). The results of a mineral analysis are tabulated, and typical pyroxene compositions in orthopyroxene (diogenite), subophitic and granoblastic portions of the meteorite are presented.
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  • 89
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    A determination of Jovian ammonia abundance based on a 2 micron spectrum (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A spectrum of Jupiter in the two-micron region has been analyzed to determine the Jovian ammonia abundance. The result is approximately 4 cm-amagat, assuming an airmass factor of 2.5 and a single effective reflecting layer for this wavelength. This is compared with the abundances observed at other wavelengths.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 36; Dec. 197
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  • 90
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    Near-infrared spectra of the Galilean satellites - Observations and compositional implications (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Reflectivity spectra of the trailing and leading sides of Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede are analyzed which were obtained at an altitude of 41,000 ft from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory with circular variable filter-wheel spectrometers in the spectral region from 0.7 to 5.5 microns. The data are compared with laboratory spectrum and with synthetic spectra constructed on the basis of simple multiscattering theory. The 2.9-micron feature in Callisto's spectra is attributed primarily to bound water; the fractional amounts of water-ice cover on the trailing and leading sides of Ganymede and on the leading side of Europa are estimated. The bare-ground areas on Ganymede are shown to have reflectivity properties comparable to those of Callisto's surface in the studied spectral region, and the surfaces of both satellites are found to contain significant quantities of bound water. It is suggested that minor but significant amounts of ferrous-bearing material (either ferrous salts or alkali feldspars) can account for the 1.35-micron feature of Io.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 36; Dec. 197
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  • 91
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    Remote sensing of surface soil moisture (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The unique thermal and dielectric properties of water afford two possibilities for remotely sensing the moisture content in the surface layer of the soil. Observations of the diurnal range of surface temperature, the microwave brightness temperature (emissivity) and radar backscatter of the soil have shown correlations of up to 0.9 with the moisture in the surface layer (about 5 cm thick). The microwave techniques appear to maintain their sensitivity to moisture variations in the presence of a crop canopy. Observations of microwave brightness temperature from satellite platforms have qualitatively confirmed this sensitivity for a wide range of conditions.
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  • 92
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    Rare-gas-rich separates from carbonaceous chondrites (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper describes an analysis of carbon-rich separates prepared by demineralization of colloidal fractions after disaggregation of bulk samples of the type C2 meteorites Murray, Murchison, and Cold Bokkeveld, as well as a methanol colloid extracted from acid-resistant residues of the Allende meteorite (type C3V) obtained by dissolution of most of the minerals in HCl and HF acids. The carbonaceous separates, or lAlates (a coined word designating colloids prepared sometimes before and sometimes after acid treatment), are characterized incompletely and with difficulty. A stepwise heating experiment on a Murray lAlate is discussed which revealed bimodal release of all noble gases, with similar patterns for Ar, Kr, and Xe. Chemical reactions are suggested as the likely mechanism for gas release. The results are shown to support the concept of a carbonaceous gas carrier uniformly present in meteorites of various types.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 42; Dec. 197
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  • 93
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    The dynamical evolution and origin of the Martian moons (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The orbital evolution of Phobos and Deimos is considered from the standpoints of today's orbit, the semimajor axis, and eccentricity and inclination. The synchronous rotations of the moons are discussed, and attention is given to the origin (i.e., accretion and capture) of the moons.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 94
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    Mariner 10 magnetic field observations of the Venus wake (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports on an analysis of magnetic field observations by the Mariner 10 spacecraft during approximately a one-day period ending a few hours beyond Venus encounter on February 5, 1974. The magnetic field measurements are used to study the downstream region of the solar wind-Venus interaction over a distance of about 100 Venus radii. The study characterizes the various magnetic field regions encountered behind and near the planet; presents an argument that the magnetic field signatures observed are consistent with observation of either a steady or a transient wake, or at least the boundary region of such a wake, interior to a common sheath-like region; examines in detail the fluctuation and discontinuity features of these regions and compares them with those of the interplanetary medium; and summarizes how these new features contribute to the understanding of the solar wind-Venus interaction.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Aug. 1
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  • 95
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    Odd nitrogen production by meteoroids (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The process by which odd nitrogen species (atomic nitrogen and nitric oxide) are formed during atmospheric entry of meteoroids is analyzed theoretically. An ablating meteoroid is assumed to be a point source of mass with a continuum regime evolving in its wake. The amounts of odd nitrogen species, produced by high-temperature reactions of air in the continuum wake, are calculated by numerical integration of chemical rate equations. Flow properties are assumed to be uniform across the wake, and 29 reactions involving five neutral species and five singly ionized species are considered, as well as vibrational and electron temperature nonequilibrium phenomena. The results, when they are summed over the observed mass, velocity, and entry-angle distribution of meteoroids, provide odd-nitrogen-species annual global production rates as functions of altitude. The peak production of nitric oxide is found to occur at an altitude of about 85 km; atomic nitrogen production peaks at about 95 km. The total annual rate for nitric oxide is 40 million kg; for atomic nitrogen it is 170 million kg.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Aug. 20
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  • 96
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    Global circulation and distribution of hydrogen in thermosphere of Venus (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The global density distribution of atomic H in the upper atmosphere of Venus is determined in terms of a global circulation model. It is shown that H produced on the dayside is efficiently advected to the nightside by the major gas CO2 where it is then convected to lower altitudes and recombines. A maximum night/day H density ratio of about 5 is derived, in which case exospheric return flow from night to day strongly limits the nightside density enhancement. A previously postulated constraint connecting the eddy diffusion coefficient with the escape flux of H in one dimensional models is no longer required when global circulation of H is considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Aug. 197
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  • 97
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    Intensity and pressure shift of the H2 /4,0/ S/1/ quadrupole line (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for two laboratory measurements of the intensity and central frequency of the (4, 0) S(1) quadrupole line of H2, which were made at pressures of 2.658 and 1.494 atm through a 0.456-km path length. It is found that the absolute line intensity is significantly lower than the value predicted from theoretical matrix elements but is essentially identical to the value derived by Rank et al. (1966). The central-frequency results are shown to verify the pressure shift predicted by McKellar (1974). It is concluded that hydrogen abundances estimated from the equivalent width of the (4,0) S(1) quadrupole line in the spectra of the outer planets will have to be revised upward by nearly a factor of 2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 98
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    Spectrum of a fast sporadic meteor (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectrum of a fast (63 km/s) sporadic meteor for which altitude and orbit data are available is reported. The -6 mag meteor occurred on January 5, 1976, over southern New Mexico. Fifty features have been identified in the spectrum. The spectrum is essentially identical to that of Perseid meteors of similar brightness. It is shown that heavy-particle collisions do not dominate bright meteor spectra lacking time resolution. Low-energy electron excitation of Ca II is strongly indicated in the wake to such an extent as to strongly affect spectra of this type lacking time resolution.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 99
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    The puzzling moons of Mars (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking Orbiter observations of Phobos and Deimos are presented with attention to physical dimension and surface features. Both satellites are approximately 1.4 times as long as they are wide; Phobos having a length of 27 km, while Deimos is half that size. In addition, both satellites are tidally locked, as is earth's moon, and are held together by cohesive forces as well as by gravity. Phobos and Deimos are both heavily cratered, and Phobos has deep (30 m) grooves in the vicinity of its largest crater, Stickney; indicating surface fracturing under meteorite impact. The craters on Deimos are largely filled with a fine-grained substance, probably crater ejecta.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 56; Sept
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  • 100
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    Ice sheet topography by satellite altimetry (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The measured time between the transmission and rzturn of 13.9 GHz radar pulses from the GEOS 3 satellite (at a mean altitude of 844.5 km and an inclination of 114 deg 52 min) is used to determine the thickness of the Greenland ice cap, with an accuracy in surface elevation on the order of 2 m. Attention is given to changes in ice thickness as an indicator of climatic change in general, and change in mean sea level in particular. Each elevation data point obtained by the satellite represents an average along 0.67 km of ground track, and three-dimensional maps are presented to illustrate the data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Nature; 274; Aug. 10
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