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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (16,169)
  • American Physical Society  (10,300)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (14,590)
  • 1975-1979  (11,879)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1984  (14,590)
  • 1978  (11,879)
Collection
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (14,590)
  • 1975-1979  (11,879)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: amoeboid motion ; chemoattractants ; chemotaxis ; Dictyostelium ; filopodia ; folic acid ; pterins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Living vegetative D. discoideum amoebae were studied to determine whether their filopodia respond to folic acid, a chemoattractant for these cells. Exponentially growing amoebae (ca. 10 μm diameter) exhibit 5-30 μm long filopodia; at stationary phase, aggregation competent amoebae have numerous multibranched filopodia up to 100 μm long. Folic acid was observed to stimulate production, elongation, and branching of filopodia with its effects progressively changing as the amoebae approach aggregation. Filopodial construction was also found to be dependent upon Mg2+ levels. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to progressive changes within the vegetative phase as well as to the mechanisms of amoeboid movement, pseudopodial activity, and chemotaxis.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: motility ; power output ; muscle ; flagella ; cytokinetic furrow ; mitotic spindle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cellular motile systems as diverse as muscle and the mitotic spindle have been compared by their specific power output: the maximum power they develop per unit of engine volume. Striated muscles and flagella have high specific output; their performance is comparable to that of typical automobile engines. The cytokinetic furrow and the mitotic spindle have very much lower specific power output. The furrow's output is 7,000 times lower than muscle and the spindle's is 300,000 times lower. Different macromolecules have been used to generate power in systems with similar output (muscles and flagella) and, conversely, the same macromolecular motor has been used in systems with very different output (muscles and cytokinetic furrows). The common feature amid this diversity is adaptation to a particular biological role, which specific power output reflects very well. High values are found where a powerful, compact engine should be advantageous, while low values are found where precision, not power, matters most.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 76-76 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 431-441 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: dynein ; chromatophores ; permeabilization ; melanosomes ; motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Teleost chromatophores are filled with individual pigment granules that rapidly aggregate to the cell center or become dispersed throughout the cytoplasm in response to environmental stimuli. Microtubules appear to be required for pigment aggregation (movement toward the cell center), and recent findings have suggested that a dynein-like ATPase may participate in force production. Based on previous studies, however, it has been argued that pigment aggregation does not require energy directly, a view that supports the involvement of an elastic component in granule movement. To examine this point further, we have reinvestigated the energy requirements for pigment aggregation using both intact cells and detergent-permeabilized cell models of Fundulus melanophores. Poisons of oxidative phosphorylation, namely, 2,4 dinitrophenol and NaCN, reversibly inhibit melanosome aggregation in response to adrenaline. Inhibition of movement results directly from depletion of intracellular ATP, since pigment translocation can be reactivated in permeabilized cells by the addition of exogenous ATP to the lysis buffer. Non-hydrolyzable analogues, including β,γ-imidoadenosine-5′-triphosphate (AMPPNP), β,γ-methylene adenosine-5′-triphosphate (AMPPCP), and ATPγS, will not substitute for ATP in reactivation of movement. Similarly, other nucleotides such as ADP, AMP, GTP, CTP, and ITP, have limited ability to support melanosome aggregation in metabolically poisoned cells subjected to detergent lysis. ATP itself has no effect on intact cells. These results indicate that melanosome aggregation is ATP-dependent and energy-driven, and are consistent with a role for a force-transducing ATPase in particle movement.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 25-27 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 41-55 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Leptodiscinae ; Dinoflagellates ; contractility ; non-actin filaments ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Leptodiscinae, a group of marine Dinoflagellates, are good material for the study of contraction though they cannot be collected in abundance. Their cell bodies are flattened anteroposteriorly (Leptodiscus, Leptophyllus, and Leptospathium) and are able to contract suddenly when the surrounding water is disturbed.Electron microscopical observations have shown that the structures responsible for the contraction consist of a layer of parallel filaments located beneath the cell membrane of some specialized parts of the body. These filaments seem to be nonactin (NAF) because of their diameter (2.5-3 nm) and because they are not decorated by heavy meromyosin (HMM). They appear helically coiled and doubly twisted, and form tubular structures when contracted.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 77-87 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; flagella ; cell surface ; adhesion ; glycoproteins ; iodination ; lactoperoxidase ; Iodogen ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Chlamydomonas flagellar surface exhibits interesting adhesive properties that are associated with flagellar surface motility. This dynamic surface property can be exhibited as the binding and movement of small polystyrene microspheres or as the interaction of the flagellar surface with a solid substrate followed by whole cell locomotion, termed “gliding.” In order to identify flagellar surface proteins that mediate substrate interaction during flagellar surface motility, two immobilized iodination systems were employed that mimic the conditions for flagellar surface motility: small polystyrene microspheres derivatized with lactoperoxidase, and large glass beads derivatized with Iodogen. Use of these iodination conditions resulted in preferential iodination of a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein with apparent molecular weight of 300,000-350,000. These results suggest this glycoprotein as a major candidate for the surface-exposed adhesive component that directly interacts with the substrate and couples the substrate to a system of force transduction presumed to be located within the flagellum.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: fibroblast ; permeabilized cell model ; Ca2+-dependent contraction ; calmodulin ; phosphorylation ; myosin light chain ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells treated with Triton X-100 (MRC-5 cell models) were able to contract in the presence of MgATP and Ca2+ of more than 1 μM. Immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to actin and myosin 20,000-dalton (20 Kd) light chain revealed that stress fibers were prominent in MRC-5 cell models. Use of a fluorescent actin probe, 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin permitted visualization of contraction of the stress fibers in the presence of MgATP and Ca2+. Of the proteins in MRC-5 cell models, only a myosin 20 Kd light chain was phosphorylated in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of the 20 Kd light chain closely corresponded with the contraction of MRC-5 cell models: 1) Both phosphorylation of the 20 Kd light chain and contraction of MRC-5 cell models were inhibited by calmodulin antagonists such as N-(6-aminohexyl)5-chloro-1-napthalene sulfonamide. 2) The threshold Ca2+ concentration for phosphorylation of the 20 Kd light chain was similar to that for contraction of MRC-5 cell models. Both were lowered by exogenous calmodulin in a concentration-dependent manner. 3) The 20 Kd light chain was thiophosphorylated by incubation of MRC-5 cell models with an ATP analogue, adenosine 5′-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) only in the presence of Ca2+. After this treatment, MRC-5 cell models lost the Ca2+-dependence for contraction. These results indicate that Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of myosin 20 Kd light chain is required for contraction of MRC-5 cell models.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 387-401 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: bull sperm flagella ; motility ; time course ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Detailed measurements were made of the time course of the motion of bull spermatozoa. Fourier analysis of the data showed the time course to be basically sinusoidal within 2% to 3%. An asymmetry in the motion was present, resulting in a second harmonic component in the Fourier spectra of normal sperm of approximately 11% of the main component. When the energy metabolism of the sperm was inhibited or when the external viscosity of the medium was raised, the asymmetry was reduced. When the internal Mg2+ content of the sperm was lowered, the asymmetry was increased. The asymmetries and the corresponding second harmonic components in the Fourier spectra were correlated with the overall bend shape of the sperm and with the curvature of the path in which the sperm were swimming. Model calculations showed that the asymmetry could reside in either the internal active moments in the sperms or in the stiffness of the sperm fiagella.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 443-468 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; microfilaments ; HMM ; phagocytosis ; cytochalasin ; Paramecium ; fluorescence microscopy ; electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using heavy meromyosin (HMM) or the fragment S1 of myosin as probes for actin microfilaments, we studied their organization in Paramecium both by fluorescence and electron microscopy.In interphasic cells, HMM decorates (a) most prominently the periphery of nascent and young food vacuoles and their route during the early phase of their intracellular transit; (b) a thin meshwork radiating from the gullet throughout the cytoplasm; (c) a small area beneath the pore of contractile vacuoles and beneath the cytoproct when open to release food residues. Most of these HMM-decorated structures are in close contact with microtubular arrays. All HMM decoration disappears in dividing cells and in cytochalasin-treated cells. In vivo, the drug immediately blocks food vacuole formation but does not affect cytokinesis, cyclosis, contractile vacuole pulsation, defecation, or nuclear movements.The data show that, as in the cells of other organisms, actin microfilaments form defined arrays that undergo physiologically controlled cycles of assembly/disassembly. These arrays contribute (at least in the phagocytotic process) to diverse types of movement: constriction, membrane fusion, and migration of food vacuoles. However, aside from their massive concentration along the phagocytotic tractus, actin microfilaments are neither major structural components of Paramecium cytoplasm nor the only cytoskeletal components ensuring motility or contractility processes.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 197-213 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: gelation ; actin ; filamin ; cytoplasm ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have compared the meniscus depletion assay and falling ball viscometry, two means of assessing the extent of gelation in actin-based systems using mixtures of actin and the actin-binding protein filamin. We examined the effect of varying the concentrations of actin and filamin in both assays. The interaction of actin and filamin was detected only above a threshold concentration of filamin. This threshold concentration was lower for falling ball viscometry than for the meniscus depletion assay at equal actin concentrations. At constant concentrations of filamin, an increase in actin concentration caused an increase in apparent viscosity measured by the falling ball assay, but a decrease in sedimentability detected by the meniscus depletion assay. The rate of sedimentation of actin was dependent on the molar ratio of actin to filamin. At each molar ratio, the sedimentation of actin was not dependent on the specific concentrations of actin and filamin used. The apparent viscosity was dependent on both the molar ratio and the specific concentrations of actin and filamin. To relate the present results to earlier studies, we examined mixtures of actin and filamin using a macroscopic assay of gelation (tube tipping assay), and polarized light microscopy. The effect of increasing filamin concentration in the four assays was compared at three actin concentrations. Mixtures of actin and filamin whose apparent viscosities were low enough to be estimated by falling ball viscometry were optically isotropic fluids that flowed out of inverted test tubes. Mixtures of actin and filamin in the range of sensitivity of the meniscus depletion assay were either viscous fluids or gels, and were either optically isotropic or anisotropic. Thus, the four assays provide different estimates of gelation. Both the meniscus depletion assay and falling ball viscometry can be used to determine relative gelation activity, but neither can be used as a quantitative assay of gelation.
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  • 13
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 183-196 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tubulin ; assembly ; mitotic apparatus ; bimane ; fluorescence microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fluorescent derivatives of cellular proteins that retain their native characteristics have become useful probes to investigate the dynamics of specific cytoskeletal proteins. In the experiments reported here, a previously characterized fluorescent derivative of tubulin, bimane-tubulin [Wadsworth and Sloboda, 1982a], was used to investigate microtubule assembly in vitro. The results demonstrate that bimanetubulin was competent to assemble onto a variety of organizing centers in vitro, including microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) present in homogenates of sea urchin eggs, isolated mitotic apparatuses (MAs), and lysed mitotic cells. When homogenates of fertilized sea urchin eggs containing MTOCs were incubated with bimane-tubulin at 37°C, discrete areas of linear fluorescence were observed. Only diffuse fluorescence was observed when calcium or colchicine was added to the homogenate or if the temperature was maintained at 0°C. Negative-stain electron microscopy of the fluorescent arrays revealed morphologically normal microtubules radiating from electron dense regions. When mitotic spindles, isolated in glycerol containing buffers and therefore cold stable, were incubated with bimane-tubulin, linear fluorescence was observed emanating from the spindle poles but not from the region occupied by the kinetochores. MAs incubated with bimane-labeled bovine serum albumin or bimane-labeled microtubule-associated proteins showed only diffuse fluorescence. However, when mitotic cells which were hypotonically lysed in the absence of detergents or microtubule stabilizing solvents, were perfused with bimane-tubulin intense fluorescence was observed in the asters and throughout the spindle. Two experiments suggested that the fluorescence observed in the results outlined above was due to the assembly of normal microtubules from the fluorescent subunits. First, the observed fluorescence was sensitive to cold temperataure, which is known to disassemble microtubules. Second, when the isolated, fluorescent MAs were examined by thin section electron microscopy, microtubules of normal diameter were seen. No aggregated material appeared associated with the walls of the microtubules, which might have been expected if the fluorescent protein was nonspecifically adsorbed to the microtubules. The results of these experiments demonstrate that isolated, stabilized MAs support the growth of new microtubules from the spindle poles while labile spindles, present in lysed cells, incorporate fluorescent tubulin throughout the spindle and asters. The significance of these results for hypotheses concerning microtubule assembly and disassembly during mitosis is discussed.
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  • 14
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; centrosome ; tonofilaments ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We present observations on the relative location of the centriole and keratin filament cap in motile PtK1 cells. Subconfluent cells were double labeled with anticentriole and antikeratin sera. These preparations revealed that the centriole is separate from, but neighboring, the keratin filament cap. Serial ultrathin sections confirm this observation. These observations are consistent with the idea that the microtubule organizing center and intermediate filament distribution center are not identical or concentric in PtK1 cells.
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  • 15
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 403-404 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 16
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 417-430 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagella ; image analysis ; microcomputer ; motility ; parameter estimation ; Simplex method ; spermatozoa ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parameters to describe flagellar bending patterns can be obtained by a microcomputer procedure that uses a set of parameters to synthesize model bending patterns, compares the model bending patterns with digitized and filtered data from flagellar photographs, and uses the Simplex method to vary the parameters until a solution with minimum root mean square differences between the model and the data is found. Parameters for Chlamydomonas bending patterns have been obtained from comparison of shear angle curves for the model and the data. To avoid the determination of the orientation of the basal end of the flagellum, which is required for calculation of shear angles, parameters for sperm flagella have been obtained by comparison of curves of curvature as a function of length for the model and for the data. A constant curvature model, modified from that originally used for Chlamydomonas flagella, has been used for obtaining parameters from sperm flagella, but the methods can be applied using other models for synthesizing the model bending patterns.
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  • 17
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; motility ; cell spreading ; epithelial cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reorganization of intermediate filaments during cell spreading is examined by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and time-lapse video microscopy. A juxtanuclear cap, believed to correspond to the intermediate filament distribution center, was observed to be spatially related to the organization of the intermediate filament network as cells spread. A keratin cap was observed, which appeared spontaneously in motile PtK1 cells. Cap formation may be a consequence of retraction of intermediate filaments from the cytoplasm as cells move. The position of this juxtanuclear cap is related to the direction of movement, located on the side of the nucleus near the advancing edge of the cell. As the cell spreads, the cap disappears as the keratin filament network returns to the cytoplasm. Evidence presented here is consistent with the hypothesis that the distribution center mediates keratin filament organization during cell shape change.
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  • 18
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microfilaments ; microtubules ; contraction ; collagen gel ; fibroblasts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In vitro models have been developed recently to study the ability of fibroblasts to generate tensile force within collagen gels. The present study was initiated to assess the role of the cytoskeleton in the cell shape changes and force generation in one such model system. Porcine periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PPLF) were cultured within three-dimensional collagen gels attached to glass coverslips. Fluorescence microscopy, using nitrobenzooxadizole (NBD)-phallacidin labeling for microfilaments and tubulin antibody staining for microtubules, was combined with phase and Nomarski optics to determine the intra- and extracellular architecture of the cells and collagen fibers. Samples were observed from 30 minutes to 24 hours after initiation of cell attachment. During attachment and spreading, NBD-phallacidin staining changed dramatically until large microfilament bundles became prominent. Collagen fiber alignment, compaction, and finally tearing from the coverslip occurred during this time. After release of tension, microfilament bundles were no longer evident. The change in microtubule distribution during these processes was less dramatic, appearing to follow the change in cell shape. These results indicate that microfilaments play an essential role in generating force to align and compact collagen, while microtubules may have a secondary role only.
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  • 19
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 57-71 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; calcium ; coelomocytes ; ionophore ; pH ; shape transformation ; video microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated the ability of the Ca+ + ionophore A23187 to induce the transformation of petaloid sea urchin coleomocytes to the filopodial form. The response of individual cells to different media was observed with time-lapse phasecontrast video microscopy. In the presence of 1 mM CaCl2, isotonic medium containing 1-5 μM A23187 produces a similar shape transformation to that caused by hypotonic shock. Higher concentrations of ionophore (10-20 μM) induce the formation of filopodia that are thinner and less rigid than those generated by hypotonic shock or low doses of ionophore. A23187 also induces shape transformation in highly flattened cells that do not respond fully to hypotonic shock. The induction of cytoplasmic alkalinization by NH4Cl, methylamine-HCl, or the Na+ ionophore monensin does not induce shape transformation, suggesting that increased intracellular pH is not the stimulus for this process. Ultrastructural changes in cytoskeletal organization were examined in negatively stained detergent-extracted cells. Low doses of ionophore produce filopodia that are indistin-guishable from those of hypotonically shocked cells, with actin filament bundles that are straight and cohesive along their entire length. High concentrations of ionophore produce filopodia with filament bundles that branch repeatedly and splay apart near their tips, forming loops and irregular curves. These results suggest that an increase in intracellular free Ca+ + concentration acts as the trigger that stimulates coelomocyte shape transformation, but that abnormally high concentrations of intracellular Ca+ +, produced by high doses of ionophore, interfere with actin filament bundling.
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  • 20
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axonal transport ; ATP ; nucleotides ; saltatory movement ; dynein ; video microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a permeabilized axon model, exogenous ATP can reactivate intraaxonal saltatory organelle movements (microscopically visible manifestations of fast axonal transport). We have studied the dependence of the reactivated movements on the ATP concentration and have also examined the nucleotide specificity of the reactivation. Organelle transport was visualized in isolated lobster giant motor axons using Nomarski optics and video microscopy. The axons were permeabilized with saponin, and movement was reactivated with ATP or other nucleotides. Some slight movement was seen with ATP concentrations as low as 10 μM. The velocity and frequency of the reactivated transport increased with increasing ATP concentrations up to about 5 mM. Movement was also reactivated by deoxyadenosine triphosphate, but not by AMP-PNP (a nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue), ADP, or AMP. Although other nucleotides (CTP, GTP, UTP, ITP) could reactivate transport, movement equivalent to that produced by 0.1 mM ATP was only seen with tenfold or greater concentrations of the other nucleotides. This pattern of specificity is consistent with the hypothesis that a dynein-like ATPase, rather than a myosin, is involved in fast axonal transport.
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  • 21
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 137-149 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: anti-fluorescein ; fluorescent analog cytochemistry ; molecular cytochemistry ; microinjection ; actin ; acetamidofluorescein-actin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fluorescent analogs of cellular components are finding increasing use in the field of cell biology. The power of this technique can be augmented by the use of antibodies specific for the fluorophore to visualize selectively the fluorescent analog at the electron microscope level. Rabbit antibodies specific for fluorescein were elicited and purified according to published methods (Lopatin and Voss [1971]: Biochemistry 10:208). Immune sera and IgG formed precipitin lines with fluorescein-labeled proteins in Ouchterlony immunodiffusion assays, and significantly quenched the fluorescence of fluorescein-labeled proteins. Immune IgG and Fab fragments decorated fluorescein-labeled actin, but not unlabeled actin, in negative-stained preparations. Anti-fluorescein IgG was used for immunofluorescent localization of fluorescein-labeled actin following microinjection of the fluorescent analog into living cells. This approach was extended to the immunoelectron microscopic localization of the injected analog at the subcellular level by the use of an electron-dense marker coupled to goat anti-rabbit IgG. Many other fluorescent probes also can be used as haptens for production of antibodies. Therefore, a general method for localizing fluorescently labeled molecules at the electron microscopic level is now available. Several other applications of anti-fluorescein antibody in studies involving fluorescent analogs are also suggested.
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  • 22
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 215-226 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: sperm motility ; flagellum ; axoneme ; microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Iontophoretic application of ATP to the flagellum of the demembranated hamster spermatozoon produced a planar pair of bends at the two ends of the stimulated site. During bend propagation, torsion appeared in the vicinity of the interbend in some responses such that the distal bend was twisted clockwise when viewed from the base of the flagellum. This pattern of propagation is consistent with the instantaneous configurations of free-swimming cells previously described. The technique used here establishes that the three dimensionality arises from propagation per se, and does not depend on forces developed during swimming. The rolling of both free-swimming intact and demembranated spermatozoa was examined by two-color darkground videomicroscopy and the direction of rotation was, as predicted, always anticlockwise. A hypothetical mechanism, involving differential speeds of propagation of active sliding within the active microtubule subset, is proposed to account for the observed waveforms.
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  • 23
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 351-370 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axon ; rate ; nervous system ; tissue culture ; cell growth ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new formula calculates rates of directed axonal growth (elongation or retraction) using measurements of growth cone movements. By explicitly separating changes in axonal length from other nonelongational growth cone movements, the calculated rates reflect the detailed cellular growth mechanisms more directly than previous growth measures. In addition, the formula produces three distinct parameters of axonal elongation: n, a growth step rate; s, a growth step size; and P, a probability that a growth step leads to axonal elongation. For normal and regenerating individual chick and frog axons in culture, the formula has quantitated the following differences: the axon itself can elongate more rapidly in the chick, and the axon elongates in smaller steps in the chick. The underlying dynamics of growth of regenerating axons are quite similar to normal axons, but, in the short term, regenerating axons elongate in larger steps and at a slower rate. The distribution of these new rate measurements suggests that the elongation of axons can be usefully modelled as a one-dimensional stochastic walk.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 371-385 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; dynein ; tubulin ; cilia and flagella ; microtubule associated proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dynein, obtained from axonemes of Chlamydomonas, binds by both its A and B ends to microtubules assembled from twice cycled (2 ×) and purified (6S) brain tubulin as well as to microtubules in native spindles, thereby inducing microtubule crossbridging. The two ends of the dynein arm exhibit distinct binding characteristics for the different microtubule preparations. Greater than 99% of the dynein arms are bound exclusively by their B ends to microtubules assembled from 6S tubulin in the presence of dynein and decorated to saturation. In contrast, greater than 80% of the dynein arms are bound by both their A and B ends to and, therefore, crossbridge 6S microtubules that are only partially dynein decorated. Binding of the A end of the dynein arm to saturated 6S microtubules can be enhanced by destabilizing the binding of the B end upon addition of ATP and vanadate. These observations suggest that Chlamydomonas dynein arms can bind by their A ends to microtubules assembled from 6S tubulin only when the B ends of the arms either are not bound or are bound but do not occupy all available dynein binding sites. Dynein exhibits a slight preference for binding by its A end to microtubules assembled from 2 × tubulin and containing microtubule associated proteins (MAPs). Approximately 90% of the dynein arms crossbridge adjacent 2 × microtubles that are only partially decorated. But as saturation of these microtubules with dynein is approached, the majority of the arms are bound solely by their A ends, while a smaller percentage are bound by their B ends or by both their A and B ends. These studies indicate that the type of microtubule as well as the degree of saturation of the microtubule with dynein can determine whether microtubule crossbridging occurs.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 405-416 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cardiac muscle ; myofibril ; cell spreading ; Z bands ; alpha-actinin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cardiac myocytes were isolated from 5-6-day-old chick embryos and allowed to spread in culture. The distribution of alpha-actinin in the cells was followed for five days in culture by exposing permeabilized cells to rhodamine-labeled alpha-actinin and also by injecting the labeled alpha-actinin into living myocytes. In addition to labeling the Z bands of sarcomeres, the added alpha-actinin also labeled small particles that were usually arranged periodically in linear arrays with a spacing between particles of 0.3-2.0 μm. Actin was localized between the particles of alpha-actinin by means of fluorescein-labeled heavy meromyosin. The punctate localization of alpha-actinin was prominent in pseudopods, behind ruffles, and at the periphery of spreading cells. Long rows of particles of alpha-actinin were often parallel to one another with the alpha-actinin particles in register. These linear arrays appeared to merge laterally to form strands with broader concentrations of alpha-actinin. Other linear arrays were parallel to myofibrils in the cell and some extended outward from the ends of myofibrils. We conclude that during spreading of cardiac myocytes, myofibrils form at the cell periphery behind the extending margins of the cell, and that the aggregates of alpha-actinin found in these areas are nascent Z bands in the forming myofibrils.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 469-503 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytogel ; actomyosin ; Physarum ; oscillations ; mechanics ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The contractility of actomyosin gels is the basis for a variety of cellular motility phenomena. We present here a mechanical analysis of contractile gels. By making certain hypotheses on the chemical regulation of cytogel contraction we formulate a model for the rhythmic contractions of plasmodia in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum which is in accord with a number of experimental observations.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 7-23 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axoplasm ; elastic modulus ; viscosity ; motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A magnetic sphere viscoelastometer has been developed to peform rheological experiments in living axoplasm of Loligo pealei. The technique includes the use of a calibrated magnetic sphere viscoelastometer on surgically implanted ferro-magnetic spheres in intact squid giant axons. The axoplasm was discerned to be “living” by the biological criterion of tubulovesicular organelle motility, which was observed before and after experimentation. From these in vivo experiments, new structural characteristics of the axoplasm have been identified. First, analysis of magnetic sphere trajectories has shown the axoplasm to be a complex viscoelastic fluid. Directional experimentation showed that this material is structurally anisotropic, with a greater elastic modulus in the direction parallel to the axon long axis. Second, both magnetic sphere and in vivo capillary experiments suggested that the axoplasm is tenaciously anchored to the axolemma. Third, it was found that axoplasm could be modelled as a linear viscoelastic material in the low shear rate range of 0.0001 to 0.004 s-1. The simplest mechanical model incorporating the discovered properties of the material in this range is Burger's model.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: fast axonal transport ; mitochondria ; membrane receptors ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In living tissue, membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, move along parallel cytoplasmic pathways. Motion is directed and tends to be confined to a single path. Deviations from this single path motion are rare. When present, however, they tend to occur at points of intersection of cytoskeletal linear elements (LE). Such intersections are relatively uncommon in intact axons and extruded axoplasm. However, we have found that such intersections can be produced in extruded preparations by shear forces directed tangential to the axoplasmic surface.We have studied the detailed behavior of mitochondria in extruded squid axoplasm. Special attention was directed to the relationship between mitochondrial shape changes and orientation of cytoskeletal LE. The most striking of these changes in shape is branching. In this process, the mitochondrion transiently assumes a triradial (three-ended) shape. This appearance may be maintained for seconds to minutes before the normal cylindrical shape is resumed by absorption of either the newly formed end or, more commonly, one of the original ends. The frequency of branching appears to be dependent on the degree of cytoskeletal organization. It becomes more common as the number of apparent intersections between cytoskeletal LE increases. Further, the formation of new ends seems to occur along paths defined by cytoskeletal elements.These observations suggest that the mitochondrial membrane is multivalent. That is, it contains multiple sites capable of interacting with the axonal force generation apparatus. Furthermore, LE in the cytoskeleton may indicate the paths along which these interactions are permissible.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 155-167 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: taxol ; microtubules ; mitosis ; mitotic spindle ; calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Taxol stabilizes or promotes the assembly of microtubules. In this report we characterize the rate, extent, and reversibility of taxol stabilization of calciumlabile microtubules in isolated mitotic spindles, principally from embryos of the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma. The intense depolymerizing action of 100 μM Ca2+ was used to assess the extent of stabilization by taxol. Changes in spindle microtubule assembly were evaluated and recorded by measuring changes in spindle birefringent retardation (BR). Membrane-free mitotic spindles, isolated with a calcium-chelating, nonionic detergent buffer, were stored in an EGTA-gylcerol storage buffer to prevent microtubule depolymerization. When perfused with an EGTA-buffer without glycerol, microtubules in these isolated spindles depolymerized gradually over 60-120 min; but in isolated spindles perfused with buffer that contained 100 μM Ca2+, BR decreased by 90% within 2-5 sec. In contrast, spindles that were pretreated for 3 min with 1 μM taxol, or for about 30 sec with 10 μM taxol, lost less than 10% of their initial BR when perfused with buffer containing 100 μM Ca2+. The rate and extent of microtubule stabilization by taxol depended on both the concentration and the duration of exposure to taxol. Taxol stabilization was reversible. After a 15 min preincubation with 1 μM or 10 μM taxol then washout, stability of spindle BR to 100 μM Ca2+ decreased exponentially with a time constant of 30-60 min. Thus taxol dissociates from spindle microtubules at significant rates; taxol-stabilized microtubules are not “fixed.”
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 304-305 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell surface motility ; axopodia ; reticulopodia ; Allogromia ; Echinosphaerium (Actinosphaerium) nucleofilum ; surf-riding ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanism responsible for the energy-dependent movement of membrane components (ie, surface motility) is unknown. Recently a potentially unifying model, termed “surf-riding” [Hewitt, 1979] or “surf-boarding” [Berlin and Oliver, 1982], has been proposed to explain surface motility. Using phase-contrast light microscopy and membrane surface markers (polystyrene microspheres), we have tested the surf-riding/surf-boarding hypothesis on two protozoan systems: the axopodia of the heliozoan Echinosphaerium nucleofilum and the reticulopodial networks of the allogromiid foraminiferans Allogromia laticollaris and Allogromia sp, strain NF. Our evidence indicates that surface motility, as displayed by these organisms, does not occur by a surf-riding/surf-boarding mechanism. Previouś observations on surface motility associated with the Chlamydomonas flagellum indicate that this system is also incompatible with the surf-boarding/surf-riding hypothesis.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 269-281 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; microfilaments ; filopodia ; cell spreading ; coelomocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sea urchin coelomocytes were used as a model system to investigate the distribution and role of microtubules and microfilaments in cell spreading and filopodial formation. By using immunoblot characterized antisera to tubulin and actin coupled with immunofluorescence techniques, cellular protrusions were seen to contain actin filaments but no microtubules. Cells depleted of MT's by cold and colcemid treatments could attach, spread, and transform to the filopodial morphology normally.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 231-239 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: pseudostereoscopy ; particle speed distribution ; velocity distribution ; fast axonal transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We describe a simple method for direct visualization of the velocity distribution of particles moving against an immobile background. The technique involves pseudostereoscopic viewing of image pairs separated by an appropriate time interval in a sequential recording of the subject. Under these conditions, the positive or negative parallax arising from particle motion results in the binocular image of a particle being perceived as raised or lowered relative to an immobile background plane depending on its direction of movement, and with the degree of perceived elevation being proportional to its speed. In effect, the binocular optic axis becomes a velocity (speed) axis under these conditions. The technique is illustrated with examples of image pair sequences showing fast axonal transport in lobster and squid axons using video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy. However, the pseudostereoscopic method is quite generally applicable to both microscopic and macroscopic time-dependent phenomena. Particle speeds can be quantitated using standard procedures for measuring frame-to-frame particle displacements, or alternatively, by determination of parallax using stereogrammatic methods. It should be also readily adaptable for on-line monitoring of particle velocity distribution, particularly in video systems where frame buffers can be utilized to extract and present serial image pairs having any desired time separation from video-taped sequences.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 283-295 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axonemal mutants ; Ca++ response ; ciliary reversal ; electrophysiology ; models ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Six mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia, which display altered axonemal responses to Ca++, are described. The mutants, designated atalantas, are impaired in their ability to swim backward when stimulated by ions or heat; instead they spin very rapidly in one place. Three mutants, ataA1-3, are completely unable to swim backward. The three lines, however, can be distinguished from one another by their forward swimming velocities. The remaining three mutants are leaky. ataB swims backward briefly when stimulated, then stops and spins in place. ataC and ataD are extremely leaky and only display the spinning phenotype at elevated temperatures. An electrophysiological analysis reveals that all six mutants have normal membrane properties, including the Ca++ inward current under voltage clamp. When the membrane is disrupted so as to allow the axoneme free access to Ca++, wild-type cells swim backward, but the mutants do not. These data indicate the site(s) of lesion in the mutants is in the axoneme or in some step linking Ca++ influx and the axoneme, not within the ciliary membrane. These mutants may be useful in investigating the role of Ca++ in the regulation of axonemal motion.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 297-303 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: exocytosis ; chromaffin cells ; vesicle release ; light microscope ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cultured bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells were stimulated with the secretogogues Ba2+ or carbamyl choline plus Ca2+. With video-enhanced contrast, differential interference contrast microscopy, small vesicles were found to appear on the cell surface during stimulation. The structures were of lower refractive index than the cytoplasm, and their appearance required several tenths of a second. The vesicles are thought to correspond to omega figures seen with electron microscopy due to exocytosis. Many of the structures disappeared within a few seconds, but some appeared to coalesce into larger structures. The large structures may lead to the vacuoles that have been demonstrated to be present following stimulation. The nature of the cellular elements responsible for the vesicle which appeared on the surface was not found with either differential interference or interference reflection microscopy. The simplest explanation is that the refractive index of the elements is similar to that of the cell, and therefore the elements cannot be seen.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 103-119 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cilia ; metachrony ; serum immunoglobulins ; IgM ; Mytilus edulis ; cystic fibrosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Human IgM and a bovine, IgM-enriched serum fraction isolated from normal adult serum at concentrations of 0.25-1 mg/ml protein induced a pronounced increase in the metachronal wavelength of the lateral (L) cilia of the sea mussel Mytilus edulis without altering their beat frequency. This change in activity was indistinguishable from that induced by 50% adult human or bovine serum. At protein concentrations ranging from 1-9 mg/ml, human IgG or a bovine, IgG-enriched serum fraction had no or little effect on the activity of the L cilia. Similarly, neither monomeric (8S) human IgM (0.25 mg/ml) nor monospecific pentameric IgM (1 mg/ml) isolated from Waldenström's macroglobulinemia patients altered the metachrony of the L cilia. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that both bovine and human IgM became attached almost exclusively to the L cilia, while very little bovine or human IgG was found to associate with these cilia.The results of this study suggest that serum IgM specifically binds to the L cilia of Mytilus in an antigen-antibody manner and agglutinates adjacent cilia into blocks or bundles, thereby increasing the coupling between cilia. As a result, the wavelength of the metachronal coordination is increased. The origin of these ciliary antibodies and their significance to ciliary bioassays used to monitor serum for the detection of cystic fibrosis are discussed.
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 151-153 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 227-229 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 249-267 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Paramecium ; trifluoperazine ; cilia ; calmodulin ; calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Trifluoperazine (TFP), a drug that binds to Ca2+-calmodulin (CaM) complexes, altered swimming behavior not only in living paramecia, but also in reactivated, Triton-extracted “models” of the ciliate. By comparing the responses of living cells and models, we have ascertained that two sites of drug action exist in paramecium cilia. Swimming movements were recorded in darkfield stroboscopic flash photomicrographs; this permitted accurate quantitation of velocities and body-shape parameters. When living paramecia were incubated in a standard buffer containing 10 μM TFP, their speed of forward swimming fell over several minutes and their bodies shortened. Untreated paramecia backed up repeatedly and frequently upon transfer to a solution containing barium ions (the “barium dance”), but cells preincubated in TFP did not “dance.” Instead they swam forward slowly for long periods of time without reversing and occasionally then exhibited abnormally prolonged reversals. W7 effects on swimming mimicked low doses of TFP, and the analog W5 did not visibly alter normal swimming patterns. These results suggest that TFP induces a decrease in the intracellular pCa of living paramecia, perhaps by reducing the efficiency of a calmodulin-activated calcium pump in the cell membrane. Paramecia extracted with Triton X-100 and reactivated to swim forward (7 ≥ pCa ≥ 6) were not affected by addition of up to 40 μM TFP to the reactivation medium. We conclude that the main drug effect in living cells is probably not at the axoneme. However, at low pCa, TFP directly affected the ciliary axoneme to shift its behavior to one characteristic of a higher pCa: TFP inhibited backward swimming in models reactivated at pCa 〈 6; instead they swam forward or rocked in place. The mechanism of ciliary reversal in paramecium may therefore depend on an axonemal Ca+-sensor, possibly bound CaM, which is affected by TFP only at low pCa, as has been postulated for other types of cilia.
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    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubule ; tubulin ; MAPs ; calcium ; mitosis ; unfertilized sea urchin egg ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoplasmic tubulin purified from unfertilized sea urchin eggs self-assembles in the absence of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) [Suprenant and Rebhun, 1983; Detrich and Wilson, 1983] with a critical concentration for polymerization of 0.8 mg/ml at 15-18°C, a value well below the 3 mg/ml tubulin present in these eggs [Pfeffer et al, 1976]. Studies of the calcium sensitivity of unfertilized S. purpuratus (sea urchin) egg tubulin were initiated to help understand how this tubulin is maintained unassembled in the unfertilized egg. Egg microtubules, assembled at physiological temperatures (15-18°C) were depolymerized by a 100-fold lower free calcium concentration than egg microtubules assembled at the higher temperatures (25-37°C) generally used to assemble mammalian brain microtubules. The initial rate of egg microtubule assembly was much more sensitive to calcium than was microtubule depolymerization at steady state at 37°C. However, both processes were sensitive to near physiological free calcium of free calcium for depolymerization than microtubules assembled at 18°C from egg tubulin alone. While calcium regulatory MAPs have not yet been found in sea urchin eggs, the fact that brain MAPs interact with egg tubulin and regulate both its critical concentration for polymerization [Suprenant and Rebhun, 1983] and its calcium sensitivty, suggests that such regulatory molecules exist. These results suggest that sea urchin egg tubulin assembly in vivo could be controlled by variations in interacellular calcium levels acting in concert with urchin egg proteins similar in function to brain MAPs.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A2 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A5 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A6 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A7 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge about stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue until 1970; specific aggressive media to cause stress corrosion cracking: alkali solution, nitrates, ammonia salts - meaning of the constant strain rate technique and stress corrosion cracking in bicarbonate solutions - dependence of tensile stress, strain and strain rate upon time; significance of strain rate - investigations in bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide solutions - critical potential ranges - relation between strain rate and low cycle fatigue - theoretical differences between stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue in spite of gradual transient in physical appearances.
    Notes: Stand des Wissens über Spannungsriß- und Schwingungsrißkorrosion bis um 1970; spezifische Medien für Spannungsrißkorrosion: Alkalilauge, Nitrate, Ammoniumsalze - Bedeutung der constant-strain-rate-Technik und Bikarbonat-Spannungsrißkorrosion - Zeitabhängigkeit von Zugspannung, Dehnung und Dehngeschwindigkeit; Bedeutung der Dehngeschwindigkeit - Untersuchungen in Bikarbonat-, Karbonat- und Hydroxidlösungen - kritische Potentialbereiche - Zusammenhang zwischen Dehngeschwindigkeit und langsamer Ermüdung - theoretischer Unterschied zwischen Spannungsrißkorrosion und Korrosionsermüdung trotz phänomenologisch gleitender Übergänge.
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  • 52
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation of Steel Fiber Reinforced Aluminium under Torsional and Compressive LoadingA fiber-shaped composite material which, due to its fabrication process and internal structure may be called a double fiber composite, and whose strength behaviour is significantly influenced by boundary layers and porosity has been tested by means of two test methods: 1The possibility is demonstrated to determine by a non-destructive elastic torsional test the useful cross section for the utilization of the material, taking the quality-reducing factors into consideration.2Pressure tests have shown good agreement with Timoshenko and Gere's wave theory extended in this particular case. .
    Notes: Die Erprobung eines faserförmigen Verbundwerkstoffes, der durch Herstellungsverfahren und inneren Aufbau als Doppelfaserverbund zu bezeichnen ist und dessen Festigkeitsverhalten durch Grenzschichten und Porosität wesentlich beeinflußt wird, wurde mittels zweier Prüfverfahren durchgeführt: 1Es wird die Möglichkeit aufgezeigt, den nutzbaren Querschnitt für den Einsatz des Materials unter Berücksichtigung der qualitätsmindernden Faktoren im elastischen Torsionsversuch zerstörungsfrei zu ermitteln.2Durch Druckversuche wurde eine gute Übereinstimmung mit der hier erweiterten Wellentheorie von Timoshenko und Gere erzielt. .
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanical and Technological Properties of Nickel Containing SuperferritesHigh chromium ferritic stainless steels with molybdenum and nickel additions, containing low amounts of interstitials, show remarkably good mechanical properties besides their excellent corrosion behaviour. Yield strengths of these materials can be more than the twofold, compared with that of austenitic stainless steels. In contrary to commercial ferritic stainless chromium steels, the Superferrites exhibit remarkable notch impact toughness also at temperatures below 0 °C. These properties as well as their permanent toughness after a welding process permit a good technological workability and, because of the high strength properties, the application of thinner dimensions in construction.
    Notes: Hochlegierte ferritische Chromstähle mit Molybdän- und Nickelzusätzen sowie niedrigen Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffgehalten weisen neben ihrer hervorragenden Korrosionsbeständigkeit auffallend gute mechanisch-technologische Eigenschaften auf. Diese Werkstoffe können im Vergleich mit austenitischen chemisch beständigen Stählen mehr als doppelt so hohe 0,2%-Dehngrenzen erreichen. Im Gegensatz zu den herkömmlichen ferritischen Chromstählen besitzen sie auch bei Temperaturen unter 0 °C eine bemerkenswerte Kerbschlagzähigkeit. Diese Eigenschaften sowie das bleibende Verformungsvermögen nach einem Schweißvorgang lassen eine gute Verarbeitbarkeit der Stähle im Apparatebau zu, wobei wegen des Festigkeitsvorteils wesentlich dünnere Abmessungen benötigt werden.
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  • 54
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The growing interest in the use of graphite as a material for chemical equipment is occasioned by the highly corrosion resistant properties of this low-cost material.Economic and safety specifications require a thorough knowledge of the material's properties and performance and also of the effect of these factors on a particular unit. It is to be considered for instance that the material's compressive strength is 3 to 5 times higher than its tensile strength.Another important characteristic is its static strength: the smaller the stressed volume, the higher the breaking strength. This comparatively good performance is of advantage in cases of high voltage gradients as encountered as edge stresses at the openings of tube plates and nozzles. In such cases the breaking strength may reach twice the value of the rupturing strength.A third characteristic to be mentioned is the high dependence of strength on the parameters of production; the strength decreases, for technological reasons, with increasing size.The following design principles are based on the specific properties and performance of the material: units to be preferably subjected to compressive stressuse of the smallest possible stockmaterial of higher strength to be used in hightension zones (smaller semiproduct dimensions)No cemented joints in highly stressed zones .
    Notes: Graphit zeichnet seine “breite” Korrosionsbeständigkeit bei verhältnismäßig niederen Kosten aus. Er wird deshalb in zunehmendem Maße für hochkorrosionsfeste Apparate eingesetzt. Wirtschaftliche und sicherheitstechnische Forderungen machen eine genaue Kenntnis des Werkstoffverhaltens und dessen Auswirkungen auf ein Bauteil zur Voraussetzung. So ist z. B. die gegenüber der Zugfestigkeit um den Faktor 3 bis 5 höhere Druckfestigkeit zu berücksichtigen. Ein weiteres wichtiges Merkmal ist die statistische Natur der Festigkeit. Je geringer das beanspruchte Volumen ist, desto höher ist die Bruchfestigkeit. Das bedeutet gerade bei hohen Spannungsgradienten, wie sie als Lochrandspannungen an Rohrplatten oder Stutzen auftreten, ein vergleichsweise günstiges Verhalten. In derartigen Fällen kann die Bruchfestigkeit den doppelten Wert der Zug-Bruchfestigkeit erreichen. Als drittes hervorzuhebendes Merkmal ist die starke Abhängigkeit der Festigkeit von den Herstellungsparametern zu nennen; technologisch bedingt nimmt die Festigkeit mit zunehmenden Abmessungen ab.Aus dem Werkstoffverhalten leiten sich folgende Konstruktionsprinzipien ab: Bauteile bevorzugt auf Druck beanspruchen.Stets das kleinstmögliche Halbzeug verwenden.In Zonen hoher Spannung Material höherer Festigkeit einsetzen (kleinere Halbzeugabmessungen).Kittverbindungen nicht in hochbeanspruchte Zonen legen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 36-36 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A9 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A12 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: ESCA - Investigations of the Passive Films Formed on Austenitic Stainless Steels in Nitric AcidBy means of ESCA the composition and the thickness of passive films formed on austenitic stainless steels were investigated after the attack of nitric acid at various temperatures and acid concentrations.The outermost layers of the oxide film consist of SiO2, then a layer rich of Cr-oxid follows, containing also some Mo in the four- and six-valent state. Ni does not contribute to the oxide film. Cr is also enriched in the metal just below the oxide film.
    Notes: Mittels ESCA wurden Zusammensetzung und Dicke der Oxidschichten ermittelt, die bei der Beanspruchung verschiedener austenitischer Chrom-Nickel-(Molybdän)-Stähle in Salpetersäuren unterschiedlicher Konzentration und Temperatur gebildet werden.Die äußere Schicht besteht aus SiO2; darunter befindet sich eine chromreiche, molybdänhaltige Oxidschicht. Nickel ist am Aufbau der Oxidschichten nicht beteiligt.In der metallischen Matrix unterhalb der Oxidschicht wurde eine Chromanreicherung nachgewiesen.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Testing of plastic pipes and fittings
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Improvement of Fatigue Limit as a Result of Hardening and Macrostresses Due to a Surface TreatmentSurface treatments, that increase the hardness as well as induce surface residual macrostresses, are universaly able to improve the fatigue limit. It is shown, that depending on the shape of specimens both effects together are responsible for the raise of the fatigue strength, which is in contrast to former opinions. The increase of hardness increases the stress required for crack initiation and is thus decident for unnotched specimens, whereas in this case the influence of permanent residual stresses is relatively smaller. Notched specimens of sufficient stress concentration factor kt are determined by the crack propagation conditions, which can be controlled decisively by mean loads. The increase of hardness improves the resistance against crack initiation proportional to the 1/kt portion of the unnotched fatigue limit, but cracks remain nonpropagating as long as a certain minimum alternative stress, which can be raised by compressive residual stresses, is not exceeded. Depending upon concentration factor, mean compressive load and hardness the transition from crack initiation to crack propagation as the criterion for fatigue fracture can be estimated by several fatigue-strength-diagrams, which are evaluated for specimens of constant hardness but are valid for surface hardened specimens as well.
    Notes: Eine universelle Möglichkeit, die Dauerhaltbarkeit von Bauteilen zu verbessern, bieten Oberflächenbehandlungsverfahren, die sowohl die Werkstoffhärte erhöhen als auch Druckeigenspannungen 1. Art in der Randschicht erzeugen. Im Gegensatz zu der im älteren Schrifttum oft vertreten Ansicht, nach der entweder der eine oder der andere Einfluß für den Mechanismus der Wechselfestigkeitssteigerung verantwortlich sein soll, zeigt sich, daß in Abhängigkeit von der Bauteilgeometrie beide Faktoren zusammenwirken. Die Härtesteigerung beeinflußt vornehmlich die Anrißdauerfestigkeit und bestimmt damit das Verhalten glatter Teile; Druckeigenspannungen, sofern sie nicht abgebaut werden, leisten einen geringeren Beitrag. Bei gekerbten Proben ausreichend hoher Formzahl wird der Dauerbruch durch die Rißausbreitungsbedingungen festgelegt, die in entscheidender Weise von Mittelspannungen abhängen. Die Härtesteigerung erhöht zwar proportional zum 1/αk-fachen Teil der Wechselfestigkeit glatter Proben die Beständigkeit gegen die Bildung von Anrissen, diese bleiben aber stehen, sofern nicht eine durch Druckmittelspannungen heraufsetzbare Mindestwechselspannung überschritten wird. Der von Formzahl, Höhe der Druckeigenspannungen und Härte abhängige Übergang von Anrißbildung zu Rißfortschritt als Kriterium für die zum Bruch führende Wechselspannung kann in Dauerfestigkeitsschaubildern abgelesen werden, die für Werkstoffe homogener Festigkeit aufgestellt werden, die aber ebenso für oberflächenverfestigte Proben gelten.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A17 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of (α + β)-Ti-AlloysThe amount of α- and β-phase in (α + β)-Titanium alloys for example in the alloy TiAl6 V4 may be altered to a large extend by annealing procedures. In the alloy TiAl6 V4 each temperature corresponds to a certain amount of each of these phases, the composition of which is also dependent on annealing temperature. Above about 970 °C the homogeneous β-phase appears. Additions of Iron, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Hydrogen have a great influence on the transition temperature and the distribution of the α- and β-phase. There is a great influence of the distribution of the phases on the mechanical properties. The β-phase and the α-solid solution can be quenched from high temperature and decomposed at a lower temperature, so that intermediate phases as ω from β and α2 from α may be precipitated. The α-solid solution is anisotropic so that texturized samples have different properties in various directions. Based on these fundamental aspects it is shown to what extend these microstructures may influence the mechanical properties especially the fatigue behaviour of (α + β)-Ti-alloys.
    Notes: Die Anteile des α- und β-Titanmischkristalls in (α + β)-Titanlegierungen können z. B. bei der Legierung TiAl6 V4 in großen Bereichen durch Wärmebehandlung variiert werden. Bei jeder Temperatur stellt sich z. B. bei TiAl6 V4 ein bestimmtes Verhältnis zwischen α und β ein, wobei sich die Legierungskonzentration in den einzelnen Phasenanteilen ändert, bis oberhalb etwa 970 °C die reine β-Phase vorliegt. Beimengungen wie Eisen, Sauerstoff, Stickstoff und Wasserstoff verändern die Umwandlungstemperatur und auch die Anteile der jeweiligen Phasen. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften werden durch das Gefüge entscheidend beeinflußt. Sowohl der β-Mischkristall wie auch der α-Mischkristall können von hoher Temperatur abgeschreckt und bei tiefen Temperaturen zum Zerfall gebracht werden, so daß dadurch weitere Zwischenphasen, wie die ω-Phase im β-Mischkristall und die α2-Phase im α-Mischkristall ausgeschieden werden. Der α-Mischkristall weist eine starke Anisotropie auf, so daß mit Textur behaftete Proben eine Richtungsabhängigkeit der mechanischen Eigenschaften aufweisen. Ausgehend von diesen Grundlagen wird gezeigt, wie sich diese Gefügezustände auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften insbesondere bei schwingender Beanspruchung auswirken.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 73-76 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Ähnlich wie zum Taschentext 55 (Eisenwerkstoffe), der im Jahr 1977 im Verlag dieser Zeitschrift erschienen ist, wird mit dem Abdruck einiger Abschnitte aus dem Taschentext 56 (Metallische Nichteisenwerkstoffe) auf die Bedeutung dieser Werkstoffgruppe hingewiesen. Die Taschentexte der Reihe „Werkstoffkunde“ sollen den Studierenden der Ingenieurtechnik und ebenso den Ingenieur der Praxis mit Wesen und Eigenschaften technischer Werkstoffe bekannt machen. Dabei werden weniger die metallkundlichen als vielmehr die anwendungstechnischen Fragen in den Vordergrund gestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A20 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A24 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 86-92 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Interaction of CracksStress intensity factors for multiple cracks in a plate under tension are reviewed. In addition to the known results for symmetrically arranged cracks the interaction effects due to rotation of one of the cracks relative to the load direction are calculated and in some cases examined experimentally. The results are discussed with reference to the safety assessment of structural components.
    Notes: Spannungsfaktoren von Mehrfachrissen in einer Scheibe unter Zug werden gesichtet. Erweiternd zu den bekannten Ergebnissen für symmetrische Rißanordnungen werden die Wechselwirkungseffekte, die bei der Drehung eines der Risse gegen die angelegte Spannung auftreten, numerisch und zum Teil experimentell untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf Sicherheitsbeurteilung von Bauteilen diskutiert.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: The State of the Art in the Fatigue Live Evaluation of ComponentsFor fatigue life estimations of components many compromises must be entered in the utilization of available fatigue design data. The parameters of the chosen design data which do not fit the component to be evaluated are in most cases taken into consideration by very global factors. These factors and the inaccuracies of Miner's Rule provide only a rough estimate of the fatigue life of a component. When the component is allready available, these uncertainties can be reduced by performing a fatigue test with service like load-time histories and a relative Miner's Calculation. For the same reason the total knowledge about the service fatigue behaviour of similar components should be taken into account in the life estimation.
    Notes: Bei praktisch allen Abschätzungen der Schwingfestigkeit eines Bauteils müssen Kompromisse bei der Auswahl der Bemessungs-Diagramme eingegangen werden. Die für das Bauteil nicht zutreffenden Parameter der Bemessungsunterlagen müssen recht pauschal durch Abschlagfaktoren berücksichtigt werden. Zusammen mit den Ungenauigkeiten der Miner-Regel können sich daraus recht erhebliche Fehleinschätzungen der Betriebslebensdauer eines Bauteiles ergeben. Wenn das Bauteil zur Verfügung steht, können diese Unsicherheiten durch einen Versuch mit betriebsähnlichem Kollektiv, verbunden mit einer Relativ-Miner Rechnung zum größten Teil vermieden werden. Aus dem gleichen Grunde sollten alle Kenntnisse über das Schwingfestigkeitsverhalten des Bauteils im Betrieb bei der Berechnung der Lebensdauer berücksichtigt werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 96-100 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: On the relationship between the properties and the microstructure of multiphase materials. Part III: Microstructure and Youngs Modulus of Elasticity
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 92-95 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ultrasonic Attenuation Measurements of a Maraging SteelThe objective of this study was to investigate the influence of nm-precipitation of a precipitation hardening steel on the ultrasonic attenuation. The applied steel X 2 NiCoMo 1885 was solution annealed and subsequently precipitation hardened at 480 °C at different holding times. A clear correlation between ultrasonic attenuation coefficient for 4 Mc and hardness values measured in the range of the hardness increase can be seen. The particle density of the microstructure given is considered as the common cause of the influence of both parameters. The increase in the particle density leads to a decrease in the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient. The reneward increase in the US-attenuation coefficient may additionally be influenced by the beginning austenit reformation and has not been investigated in more details here.
    Notes: Im Rahmen der hier durchgeführten Untersuchungen wurde der Einfluß von Ausscheidungen im nm-Bereich auf die Ultraschallschwächung an einem ausscheidungshärtenden Stahl untersucht. Der verwendete Stahl X 2 NiCoMo 1885 wurde lösungsgeglüht und anschließend bei 480 °C bei verschiedenen Zeiten ausgehärtet. Die gemessenen Härtewerte im Bereich des Härteanstiegs und der Ultraschall-Schwächungskoeffizient für 4 MHz zeigen eine eindeutige Korrelation. Als gemeinsame Ursache für die Beeinflussung beider Parameter wird die im Gefüge vorliegende Teilchendichte angesehen. Die Zunahme der Teilchendichte führt zu einer Abnahme des US-Schwächungskoeffizienten. Der erneute Anstieg des US-Schwächungskoeffizienten kann zusätzlich durch die einsetzende Austenitrückbildung beeinflußt werden und wurde daher hier nicht näher untersucht.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A25 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 109-112 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A28 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A32 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the Effect of Microstructure on Crack Propagation during Unidirectional Loading of TiAl6V4Fracture mechanics tests were performed with the titanium alloy Ti-6 Al-4 V between -196°C and room temperatur. Crack propagation behaviour was characterized by the K-Δa-curve, KIo at the onset of stable crack extension and by KQ, determined with the 5% secant method. KQ is strongly dependent on the microstructure, whereas there is a less effect on KIo. For a material with a microstructure with a low fracture toughness the value KQ can be increased considerably by vaccum annealing at 750°C. There is only a small decrease of the yield strength.
    Notes: An der Titanlegierung TiAl6V4 wurden Bruchmechanikversuche zwischen -196°C und Raumtemperatur durchgeführt. Die Charakterisierung des Rißausbreitungsverhaltens erfolgte durch die K-Δa-Kurve bzw. durch KIobeim Einsetzen der stabilen Rißverlängerung und KQ, bestimmt mit dem 5% Sekantenverfahren. Die Gefügeausbildung hat einen großen Einfluß auf KQ, der Einfluß auf KIo ist geringer. Bei einem Material mit Gefüge mit niedriger Rißzähigkeit kann KQ durch eine Glühbehandlung bei 750°C im Vakuum beträchtlich erhöht werden. Die Streckgrenze sinkt dabei nur unwesentlich ab.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 176-179 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Shift vectors for the comparison of Cv-T-curvesIt is shown in this paper that a shift in the Cv-T-curves caused by mechanical or thermal treatment, or by irradiation with particles of high energy can be better described by a shift vector given by the inversion points of a functionally determined curve than with the currently used empirical criteria. Moreover, the shift of a whole curve can be described by a vector whose components are the shifts of all parameters used for the calculation of the curve.The resulting vector of a Cv-T-curve may, for instance, be connected functionally with the neutron fluence. This makes it possible to compute shift vectors.
    Notes: In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß die durch mechanische oder thermische Einwirkung oder durch Bestrahlung mit hochenergetischen Teilchen hervorgerufene Verschiebung von AvT-Kurven durch die Verschiebung des funktionell bestimmten Wendepunktes mit einem Verschiebungsvektor besser beschrieben werden kann als mit den bisher üblichen empirischen Kriterien. Darüber hinaus kann die Verschiebung der gesamten Kurve durch einen Vektor beschrieben werden, dessen Komponenten die Verschiebungen aller zur Berechnung der Kurven verwendeten Parameter sind.Der Ergebnisvektor einer Av-T-Kurve kann z. B. mit der Neutronenfluenz funktionell verknüpft werden. Dies ermöglicht die Berechnung von Verschiebungsvektoren.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 164-171 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Progresses in the application of plastic compound materialsPlastics possess a number of various properties one cannot find in another material in this combination. Beyond that the desired properties can be reached by compounding several different materials. The best known example is the glass reinforced plastic. The arguments for the application of compound materials are very different: increase of strength and stiffness, cheaper injection moulded parts due to shorter cycle times, thinner wall-thicknesses and therefore less raw material consumption, lower distortion and thermal elongation for technical parts and excellent thermal insulation of the foams.Research on the topic of the bonding between the plastic and the carbon, glass and organic fibres led the way to an ever spreading field of the application of reinforced plastics.
    Notes: Kunststoffe weisen eine Reihe von Eigenschaften auf, die sich in diesen Kombinationen bei keinem anderen Werkstoff finden. Darüber hinaus können durch chemische oder mechanische Verbindungsvorgänge die gewünschten Eigenschaften mehrerer Materialien in einem Werkstoff vereinigt werden. Das bekannteste Beispiel für die mechanischen Verbundwerkstoffe auf Kunststoffbasis ist der glasfaserverstärkte Kunststoff. Die wesentlichen Argumente für den Einsatz von Verbundwerkstoffen sind ganz unterschiedlicher Art: Festigkeits- und Steifigkeitssteigerung, Fertigungskostensenkung durch kürzere Zykluszeiten für das Spritzgußverfahren, größere Formtreue bei Spritzgußteilen aus teilkristallinen Thermoplasten, geringere Wärmedehnung für Maschinenteile, bessere Wärmeisolation z. B. bei Schäumen, geringerer Verbrauch an Kunststoffen durch kleinere Bauteilwanddicken.Durch intensive Forschung und gute Fortschritte auf den Gebieten Haftung zwischen Faser und Kunststoff, Verarbeitbarkeit hochmoduliger Kohle- und Chemiefasern, Festigkeit, Temperatur- und Chemikalienbeständigkeit der Kunststoffe, Verarbeitungstechnologie für Spritzguß, Prepeg- und Naßverarbeitung hat sich der Anwendungsbereich der faserverstärkten Kunststoffe erheblich erweitert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 180-181 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 181-188 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Seit 1949 hat die industrielle Herstellung von Titan ausgehend von den USA in Europa, Japan und den UdSSR zunehmende Bedeutung gewonnen. Heute zählt der Werkstoff mit einer Erzeugung an Schmelzblöcken von rd. 30 000 jato in der westlichen Welt zu den Konstruktionswerkstoffen, die in weiten Bereichen der Technik angewandt werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A54 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 263-263 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A65 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. A68 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Thermally Induced Structural Changes in Nickel Composite Coatings
    Notes: Dispersionsschichten werden durch Mitabscheidung von im Elektrolyten suspendierten Feststoffteilchen in eine galvanisch oder chemisch erzeugte Metallmatrix hergestellt. Derartige Teilchenverbundwerkstoffe werden in verschiedenen technischen Anwendungsfällen eingesetzt und haben sich bewährt. Die wohl am häufigsten verwendete Schicht besteht aus Ni-SiC. Beim Einsatz dieser Schicht im Bereich höherer Temperaturen ist mit Veränderungen der Schichteigenschaften zu rechnen. Bei der Auswahl der Ni-SiC-Schicht für bestimmte Anwendungen müssen derartige thermisch bedingte Eigenschaftsänderungen berücksichtigt werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 316-321 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Dynamic strength variationThe Weibull probability function or the arcsin √P distribution suffices for description purposes provided that considerations are confined to failure or survival probabilities between 20 and 80%. Beyond these limits more sophisticated analysis of the test results - as too in the case of the design engineer when estimating the statistically induced component of the safety margin - must make use of more realistic distribution functions.
    Notes: Zu ihrer Beschreibung genügt die Weibullsche Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion oder auch die arcsin P-Verteilung nur, solange man sich auf Ausfall- oder Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeiten zwischen 20 und 80% beschränkt. Jenseits dieser Grenzen muß sich die anspruchsvollere Analyse der Versuchsergebnisse - wie auch der Konstrukteur bei der Abschätzung der statistisch bedingten Komponente der Sicherheitsspanne - wirklichkeitsnäherer Verteilungsfunktionen bedienen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 310-315 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbon Fibre Reinforced Al2O3 and MulliteThe hydrolysis process from metalalkoxides has been investigated to prepare carbon fibre reinforced Al2O3 and mullite composites. Carbon fibres (SIGRAFIL HF with 10,000 monofilaments) were im pregnated with metalalkoxides (Al-tri-sec-butylate to form Al(OH)3, mixtures of tetramethoxy-silan and Al-tri-sec-butylate to form mullite), hydrated in air and hot-pressed in a graphite mold at about 1700 °C, 10 min. Beside this also the preparation of composites with chopped fibres is described. The mechanical properties were measured in a three point bending test. Composite material with more than 10 vol% fibres show plastic deformation with matrix cracking during testing. For Al2O3 an additional SiC-interlayer (0.5-1 μm SiC by a CVD-process from CH3SiCl3 and H2 at 1280 °C) is necessary to obtain a bonding between fibre and matrix. Only in this case with fibre content higher 10% it is possible to increase the fexural strength of Al2O3. The strength values lie on a line with 60% of the fibre strength. The rule of mixture cannot be applied for Al2O3 as matrix. Low fibre contents decrease the flexural strength. It appeares that in this case the Al2O3 matrix is damaged before testing. But with mullite as matrix the measured values of flexural strength lie on a line which is 65% of the rule of mixture. This is caused by a relative good bonding between fibre and matrix and is independend of an additional SiC-interlayer. The Young-modulus of Al2O3 is drastically decreased with 10% carbon fibre content (for mullite matrix: 28 vol%). It was possible to calculate the beginning of the formation of cracks in the Al2O3 matrix caused by the mismatch of the components. This value does agree with the measured decrease of Young-modulus. The toughness of both materials measured by the critical intensity factor KICV (for a composite material) with notched speciments (0.1 mm notch width) is increased with fibre content. (These KICV-values are a function of notch length and width in a range of the probable error and therefore the uncorrected values are considered). For Al2O3 matrix the KICV-values increase only if SiC-scoated fibres are used. For mullite as a matrix KICV increases with fibre content for both of the SiC coated and uncoated fibre composites. With higher fibre volume than 50% the values decrease because the interspace between the fibres is not filled with matrix. The increased KICV for these composites compared to that of the matrix alone can be explaned by energy absorption at the fibre-matrix interface. In the case of mullite matrix this mechanical behaviour is caused by a good bonding between the components. Therefore the fracture energy of these mullite composites is drastically increased with fibre content. This means that a strong mullite material with good toughness is formed. These properties are a function of the preparation method. The hydrolysis process formes a very fine grain starting material, which formes a relative dense mullite by reaction sintering between the carbon fibre monofilaments. During this reaction also a good bonding between the fibres and the matrix is formed.
    Notes: Die Hydrolyse von Metallalkoxyden (Al-tri-sec-butylat und Methylsilanester) läßt sich zur Herstellung von kohlenstoffaserverstärkten Al2O3- und Mullit-Verbundwerkstoffen heranziehen. Hierbei zeigte es sich, daß für Al2O3-Matrix eine zusätzliche SiC-Zwischenschicht die Haftung zwischen Faser und Matrix verbessert. Die hergestellten Verbundwerkstoffe zeigen deutlich verbesserte Werte für die Bruchzähigkeit.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 332-336 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Material - Design - Production
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 9 (1978), S. 460-460 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fundamentals of Material Selection in the Conditions of Erosive WearProblems of proper selection of materials for parts subjected to wear by a stream of abrasive particles are discussed. Considering the main laws governing such kind of wear, the author concludes that target material selection in the case of erosion, like in any other case of abrasive wear, will depend on the ratio of abrasive grain hardness to material hardness. Special attention should be given to hard components in the abrasive. It has been established that a 10-15% content of quartz particles in the abrasive is enough to cause an abrupt fall in the wear resistance of chilled steels, white iron and hard surfacing alloys, thus making their use questionable. Finegrained WC-Co-type sintered carbides have shown the highest wear resistance in such conditions.The conclusions drawn in this paper are borne cut by a considerable body of experimental data.
    Notes: In dem Artikel werden Probleme der zweckmäßigen Werkstoffauswahl bei der Strahlverschleißbekämpfung behandelt, die allgemeinen Gesetzmäßigkeiten deser Verschleißart dargelegt und gezeigt, daß analog zu anderen Abrasivverschleißarten auch in diesem Fall die Materialauswahl durch einen Vergleich von Werkstoff- und Schleifkornhärte erleichtert wird. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt dem Einfluß von Zusätzen harter Körner in Strahlmittel. Schon ein etwa 10-15prozentiger Anteil von Quarzteilchen ruft eine jähe Senkung des relativen Verschleißwiderstandes bei gehärteten Stählen, Hartguß und Auftragsschweißwiderstandes bei gehärteten Stählen, Hartguß und Auftragsschweißungen hervor und macht deren Anwendung problematisch. Den größten Verschleißwiderstand unter solchen Bedingungen haben feinkörniger WC-Co-Sinterhartmetalle.Die Schlußfolgerungen werden durch umfangreiche Versuchsergebnisse belegt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 95-96 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Study on Alloy Element Loss in MIG Welding of Stainless SteelsAAS-analysis of welding fume yields information about alloy element loss in MIG welding of stainless steels. Welding under shielding gases short of oxygen, the heavy metal loss can be correlated with the element's partial pressures in the welding wire alloy.
    Notes: Durch Analyse des Schweißrauches läßt sich Aufschluß über das Abbrandverhalten von Drahtelektroden gewinnen. Beim MAG-Schweißen unter sauerstoffarmen Schutzgasen wird der Schwermetall-Abbrand durch die Partialdrucke der Legierungskomponenten kontrolliert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 102-107 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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