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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,050)
  • Chemical Engineering  (941)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (1,047)
  • 1975-1979  (944)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1999
  • 1983  (1,047)
  • 1978  (944)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (1,047)
  • 1975-1979  (944)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Expressions were derived for combined pressure and diffusional transition region flow of gases in porous media. Experimental systems were developed to verify the applicability of the equations for packed columns of Kaolinite clay and quartz sand with methane and carbon dioxide flowing into nitrogen.
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  • 2
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a simplified formulation for ∊H for low to moderate Prandtl number fluids and for ∊M that utilizes the surface renewal model, but which also accounts for the fact that eddies do not reach the surface. The predicted trend in Prt obtained on the basis of the present analysis suggests an opposite dependency on Pr to that predicted by many of the other analyses.
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  • 3
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 154-156 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 30-34 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conversion was measured in small packed-bed reactors containing immobilized glucoamylase in a range of variables in which diffusion was an important limitation. Three sets of data involving two carriers and two temperatures agreed satisfactorily with the theory of simultaneous reaction and diffusion.Several reactors were designed for 99% conversion, and the results show that diffusion is a small problem when feed concentration is high but a serious problem at low concentration, requiring careful design of the catalyst. The particle size needed to eliminate the effect of diffusion is shown as a function of length.
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  • 6
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 72-87 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The gasification of a single particle of porous char surrounded by a boundary layer with oxygen and water vapor in its environment, taking into consideration the six main reactions along with the appropriate heat and mass transport effects, is considered using a shell-progressive model. Much can be done analytically, and the numerical treatment of the model equations for a variety of parameters elucidates the structure of the problem which is much more complicated than anticipated, in spite of the fact that the model is a relatively simple one. The flame front of burning hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be at the core surface, in the ash layer, or in the boundary layer depending upon the ambient conditions of temperature and oxygen concentration.
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  • 7
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 106-115 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most coals swell when heated, and their plastic properties change. These phenomena are explained qualitatively and semiquantitatively using a theory which combines classical nucleation theory and chemical kinetics.Classical bubble nucleation theory is modified to include cases where gases are formed in a liquid as a result of a chemical reaction. Part of the gas that is formed in the liquid escapes through the surface. However, the concentration of gas that remains in the solution increases until a critical concentration is reached. When the critical concentration of gas in the solution is reached, bubbles will begin to nucleate.The value of the rate of nucleation has a critical upper limit which is determined by the thermodynamic properties of the solution. However, the kinetics of the heat, momentum, or mass transfer may reduce the thermodynamic rate.The criteria to decide which transport mode limits the kinetics of the nucleation were derived and applied to melting coal. In coal, the rate of bubble nucleation appears to be limited by the rate of momentum transfer in the melt.The size of the melting coal particle determines the ratio of surface area to volume and thus affects the kinetics of the accumulation of gaseous reaction product in the melt. Thus, smaller rates of bubble nucleation will be observed in smaller coal particles (very viscous melts).Kinetic equations are derived and used to estimate the time that is required for bubbles to appear inside a coal particle. A general method is proposed to calculate the time-temperature contour at which nucleation will occur. The effect of the particle size on the time of nucleation is calculated. The results of the calculations yield values which compare very well with experimental results on coal.
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  • 8
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 170-180 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were carried out with water dispersed in hydrocarbons at various flow rates. The measured size spectra can be well represented by either an upper limit log-probability function or a Rosin-Rammler type of equation with constant parameters and only one variable, the maximum drop diameter dmax or d95. The latter can be predicted satisfactorily by a correlation based on the Hinze/Kolmogorov model of droplet breakup.
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  • 9
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 303-315 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Minimum cost surfaces compare eight distillation systems separating ternary feeds. The region of optimality for a design varies with the species separated, but some tower configurations are always preferred at particular feed compositions.
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  • 10
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 294-302 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three-phase reactors involving a solid catalyst are normally used for production of product or removal of impurity. Equations are presented for these two measures of reactor performance for a first-order, reversible or irreversible reaction in an isothermal reactor. The results are presented in terms of dimensionless groups of the pertinent mass transfer, kinetic, and equilibrium (solubility) properties, and the gas and liquid flow rates. From the equations given, it is possible to predict the relative performance of concurrent (trickle bed) and countercurrent flow reactors and also the effect of mixing in the gas or liquid streams on performance.
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  • 11
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 598-606 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass and population balances, together with nucleation kinetics of the potassium chloride system, were combined to present a design oriented model which describes the behavior of a fines destruction system (FDS) implemented in an MSMPR crystallizer. This model was tested in a well-documented, bench scale, potassium chloride crystallizer and was found to be adequate to predict the effect of fines dissolving. Product size improvement was related to incremental cost incurred with an FDS.
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  • 12
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 626-632 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vaporization and combustion of a miscible multicomponent droplet in a quiescent atmosphere is analyzed by assuming transient-diffusive transport within the droplet, quasi steady diffusive-convective transport in the gas phase, and ideal solution behavior for the mixture. Results on the vaporization of a binary droplet show that owing to the significant liquid phase diffusional resistance, the vaporization process approximately consists of an initial transient regime, an intermediate, diffusion limited, almost quasi steady regime, and a final volatility limited regime. It is further demonstrated that the entrapment of the volatile components within the rapidly heated droplet interior may lead to the initiation of either homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation, which can result in the fragmentation of the parent droplet with the internal pressure buildup.
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  • 13
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 348-351 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 360-364 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 15
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 368-368 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 406-417 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Given the partial oxidation products of methane as the chemical feedstock for single-cell protein (SCP) production, their conversion efficiency is optimized by optimal selection of the pertinent microorganisms that can utilize the feedstocks. The coenzymes of the three oxidation steps from methanol to formaldehyde to formate and carbon dioxide as well as the pathway involved in carbon fixation determine the cell-mass yield. Microorganisms which follows the ribulose monophosphate cycle and which have coenzymes which are linked to the maximum production of ATP (for example, NAD linked dehydrogenases), should be searched for economical production of SCP. Batch growth rate and yield data are limited in utilization and interpretation, and care should be exercised in their use. The subject of this case study, Methylomonas EP-1, gives an optimal cell mass yield of 65% and a stable chemostat operation at space velocities as high as 0.58 hr-1.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 18
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 20
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 537-540 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 552-554 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 559-560 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 577-587 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A framework is developed which provides predictions of multicomponent ion exchange equilibria from binary data.Experimental data are reported for the ion exchange equilibria of the binary systems SO42--Cl-, SO42--NO3-, and Cl--NO3- on a strong base anion exchange resin. These systems exhibit nonideal characteristics in both phases, and the experimental characterization has been based on the reaction equilibrium constants and correlations for the activity coefficients in both phases. The exchanger phase activity coefficients are obtained from the well known Wilson (1964) modelThe predictions of the ternary system SO42--NO3--Cl- based solely on the binary data are consistent with the experimental data for this system.
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 619-626 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The importance of the starting point, the size of initial search region, and the search region reduction rate is examined with respect to the reliability of different direct search optimization procedures in being able to furnish the global optimum for nonunimodal systems. Although, in general, the reliability of an optimization procedure is problem dependent, it is nevertheless clear that reliability cannot be increased simply by selecting larger search regions or by reducing the rate of contraction of the search region. A more efficient means of increasing reliability is to embody a pseudo one-dimensional search in the optimization procedure to enable the search to leave a local optimum and proceed to a better optimum.
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  • 25
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 654-664 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple and practical method is presented for the control of first-order flow processes with time varying gain and a pure delay in the measurement of the control variable. It involves on-line identification of the process gain and a subsequent adjustment of the controller parameter. The method is well suited for applications in the chemical process industries where high frequency fluctuations in the process gain are not generally expected. It is tested on a computer simulated process as well as experimentally by application to a continuous stirred-tank neutralization process involving pH control, where buffer concentration in the feed varies with time. There is a potential for the application of this method to an industrial process such as wastewater treatment.
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 966-976 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A molecular-thermodynamic correlation is established for calculating vapor-liquid equilibria in aqueous solutions containing one or more volatile electrolytes: ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen cyanide. The correlation is similar to that presented in 1975, but the domain of application has been increased. The present correlation holds from about 0° to 170°C and for ionic strengths of about 6 molal; for the weak electrolytes considered here, this corresponds to total concentrations between 10 and 20 molal. To represent activities at these high concentrations, activity coefficients are expressed as a function of molality by Pitzer's equation. Required parameters are estimated from data reduction or from correlations.Special attention is given to the ternary systems ammonia-carbon dioxide-water and ammonia-hydrogen sulfide-water. Calculated equilibria are in satisfactory agreement with the severely limited experimental data now available.
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1046-1054 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of combined forced and free convection on the performance of a reverse osmosis system in a horizontal circular pipe is examined. The free convective motion, which is superimposed upon the main axial flow, is caused by buoyancy forces arising from the buildup of a dense solute boundary layer near the membrane surface. The three-dimensional convective diffusion problem is solved by dividing it into a perturbation part accounting for the buoyancy effects present for Ra ≠ 0 and a nonperturbation part for the intrinsic convective flow pattern present even when Ra = 0.An approximate solution to the nonperturbation equations is obtained from the literature, and the perturbation equations are solved using a stream function-vorticity scheme valid for high Schmidt numbers. The effects of rejection parameter, Rayleigh number, and pressure parameter on the Sherwood number and concentration polarization are studied. Correlations are developed for the asymptotic Sherwood number and the effective axial length at which free convection becomes significant. The numerical results are in reasonable agreement with limiting analytical solutions and with the experimental asymptotic Sherwood numbers measured by Derzansky and Gill (1974) and Hsieh et al. (1976).
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  • 28
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1080-1087 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for the interpretation of data which results from a signal altered by a process of known weighting function was developed. The method is based on the numerical evaluation and inversion of the Laplace transform. For two different weighting functions, it is shown how narrow a signal can be interpreted accurately. The method is then applied to coal volatilization data.
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1108-1112 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analytical solutions are presented for laminar plane Couette flow of a power law non-Newtonian fluid. Effects of an additional negative pressure gradient were included in solving for the velocity distribution. The contributions due to the entrance heating region and the viscous dissipation effects were included in arriving at the temperature distribution and also the variation of the local Nusselt number at the stationary plate.
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1125-1127 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1138-1141 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1021-1028 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new strategy is proposed for the optimum design of chemical plants whose uncertain parameters are expressed as bounded variables. The design is such that the plant specifications will be met for any feasible values of the parameters while optimizing a weighted cost function which reflects the costs over the expected range of operation. The strategy is formulated as a nonlinear programme, and an efficient method of solution is derived for constraints which are monotonic with the parameters, a case which arises frequently in practice. The designs of a pipeline with a pump, of a reactor-separator system, and of a heat exchanger network, all with uncertain technical parameters, illustrate the effectiveness of the strategy for rational overdesign of a chemical plant.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1055-1063 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A systematic study is presented of the objective functions applicable to the reduction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data by regression procedures based on the principle of maximum likelihood. Numerical results are based on a set of artificial x-y-P data constructed so as to conform to the assumptions that underlie proper application of this principle.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1076-1080 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comparison of experimental and theoretical surface tensions leads to a correlation between homogeneous fluid parameters and the inhomogeneous influence parameter c. From this correlation, it is possible to predict, to within excellent agreement with experiment, the surface tensions of normal alkanes and alcohols from bulk data only.
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  • 35
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fixed-bed, catalytic reactors in which gas and liquid phases flow concurrently downward, termed trickle beds, are becoming more widely used in chemical processing, particularly in the petrochemical industry. Shah (1979) has summarized the advantages of trickle-bed reactors and mentioned some of the processes in which the reactors are used. Shah's monograph and earlier reviews (Satterfield, 1975; Goto et al., 1977; Hofmann, 1978; Gianetto et al., 1978) have discussed factors affecting reactor performance.In the last few years additional experimental and theoretical studies that contribute to improved design and scaleup of trickle-bed reactors have been published. The scope of this paper is to review critically these improvements. Progress in understanding local rates of reaction is considered first. Then recent developments in reactor design are analyzed.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 60-65 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption of dilute SO2 into aqueous double slurries containing CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 was carried out using a stirred tank with a plane gas-liquid interface. The absorption rate increased and finally reached that under the completely gas-film controlled conditions as the absorption process proceeded. The desulfurization process using the double slurry was formulated by a two-reaction-plane model in which there are no particles suspended in-between the interface and the primary reaction plane. It was suggested from comparison of the experimental absorption rates with the theoretical predictions that 40 to 60% of the absorbed sulfur dioxide may be present as an effective magnesium sulfite ion pair.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A design approach based on a phase diagram of inlet temperatures is proposed for the countercurrent reactor/heat exchanger for highly exothermic reactions with inherent parametric sensitivities. The phase diagram shows the region of safe operation on a plane of feed and coolant inlet temperatures, free from runaway conditions. The boundaries surrounding the safe operation region are defined by design parameters. Simple procedures applicable to arbitrary expressions of global rate are developed for the phase diagram. The multi-pronged design problem of selecting the design parameters and operating conditions for the maximum possible conversion within the constraints due to the parametric sensitivities is condensed into the represented by a phase diagram and an analysis on the phase plane. A design alternative which eliminates the necessity of the preheater for highly exothermic reactions is discussed and the advantages are quantitatively illustrated to assert that this design should be seriously considered as a viable alternative.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 159-161 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 161-164 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 250-261 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: A two-level strategy for fault detection and diagnosis developed in Part I is applied to a chemical reactor in which heptane is converted to toluene. Simulation of various faults demonstrates that the proposed strategy is valid, and that it also represents an improvement over fault diagnosis via an extended Kalman filter.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 270-276 
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    Notes: In Part I, a novel method for reducing the order of models for countercurrent staged separation systems was presented. In this paper, the method is applied to the modeling and simulation of nonlinear multicomponent distillation systems. Some additional properties of the model reduction procedure are derived. The accuracy of the approximation is established by comparison of the steady-state profiles and transient responses to that of rigorous dynamic models. The results indicate that the proposed technique is an effective way of reducing the number of equations needed to model stagewise multicomponent separation systems.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 297-305 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Removal of liquid from filter cakes can be accomplished by mechanical or hydraulic methods after cake formation is complete. This paper deals with the latter procedure. The local porosity in porous beds (Tiller and Cooper, 1962) is a function of hydraulic pressure distribution and cake compressibility. Calculation of average porosity requires an integration of local values as determined by liquid flow patterns. As most compressions of filter cakes are irreversible, the local porosity is a function of the maximum effective pressure (frictional pressure loss) reached during cyclical operations. Reversal of flow through a cake develops radically changed pressure distributions which can be utilized to reduce local porosities. Analytical expressions are presented for reduction of average porosity brought about by reversing flow of liquid in plate-and-frame and recessed plate filter presses.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 338-340 
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    Notes: A new apparatus to measure partition coefficients Ks∞ at infinite dilution up to 200 105 Pa and 423 K is described. Measurements of the systems: (1) methane-ethane-n-decane and methane-propane-n-decane at 294.25 K; and (2) methane-n-butane-n-decane at 344.25 K illustrate the reproducibility and good agreement with literature data. In addition, new data were obtained for the system methane-n-pentane-n-decane at 344.25 K up to 101 105 Pa.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 157-159 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 434-442 
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    Notes: Pressure drop data for distillation sieve trays have been obtained with experimental trays with small outlet weir heights, including zero, and for trays with small perforations which exhibit large pressure drops due to surface tension. These data have been added to literature data to form a large composite data base with extensive variations in fluid and gas properties, flow rates, and tray designs.A new pressure drop correlation has been developed which retains the use of the dry tray pressure drop, but provides new procedures for estimating liquid inventory and the resistance to vapor flow due to surface tension forces. This correlation gives a mean absolute error of 6.0% and an average error of -0.6%. These errors are significantly less than the errors between measurements and predictions from two other correlations using the same composite data base.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 467-473 
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    Notes: Pressure drop and liquid saturation are two important design parameters in cocurrent gas-liquid downflow through packed beds. A macroscopic model based on momentum balance is formulated for the condition of no radial pressure gradients. The model includes the effect of bubble formation on the pressure drop and holdup and is compared with the experimental data of the earlier investigators and of the present study. The model provides a functional form for correlating pressure drop and liquid saturation but some parameters have to be determined by fitting the experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 493-498 
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    Notes: The convective dispersion of a solute in steady flow through a tube is analyzed, and the concentration profile for any Peclet number is obtained as a convolution of the profile for infinite Peclet number. Close approximations are obtained for the concentration profile and its axial moments, by use of orthogonal collocation in the radial coordinate. The moments thus obtained converge rapidly, and the concentration profile less rapidly, toward exactness as the number of collocation points is increased. A two-point radial grid gives results of practical accuracy; analytical solutions are given at this order of approximation.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 526-526 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 748-771 
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    Notes: In Part I, criteria for heat engine and heat pump placement in chemical process networks were derived, based on the “temperature interval” (T.I) analysis of the heat exchanger network problem. Using these criteria, this paper gives a method for identifying the best outline design for any combined system of chemical process, heat engines, and heat pumps. The method eliminates inferior alternatives early, and positively leads on to the most appropriate solution. A graphical procedure based on the T.I. analysis forms the heart of the approach, and the calculations involved are simple enough to be carried out on, say, a programmable calculator. Application to a case study is demonstrated.Optimization methods based on this procedure are currently under research.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 813-820 
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    Notes: The changes to the solid phase which occur within fluidized-bed gas-solid reactors may have a significant impact on the performance of this class of reactors, particularly in coal conversion applications. In this paper a particle balance model is developed which accommodates particle distributions dependent on both size and density as well as populations consisting of multiple solids. The fast double collocation method used for solving the associated PDE permits this calculation to be performed within the framework of a Davidson-Harrison bubbling-bed model. A modification of the iteration procedure for the emulsion-phase state variables of the D-H model is reported which allows the composite reactor model to be executed reliably and efficiently. A general purpose program has been implemented, whose application is presented in a companion paper.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 604-610 
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    Notes: The thermal decomposition of kerogen in a Colorado shale was studied in a TGA-type apparatus in which the temperature was first increased at a constant rate and then held constant at a plateau value. Data were obtaiend at plateau temperatures from about 573 to 703 K and at 101.3 kPa.The objective of the research was to determine the influence of transport effects on the observed rate of decomposition. The results show that, for the shale studied, transport of heat and mass influenced the rate, if the particle size was greater than about 0.4 × 10-3 m and if more than two to three layers of particles were placed in the weighing basket.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 858-864 
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    Notes: An alternate development of the quasilinearization method for parameter estimation is presented to enable a more efficient implementation of the algorithm. Similarity of this algorithm to Gauss-Newton method is shown and attention is given to systems having a nonlinear relationship between the observed and state variables. To overcome the problem of a small region of convergence, the use of direct search optimization is proposed for the first few iterations, followed by the simplified quasilinearization algorithm.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983) 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 529-533 
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    Notes: A computer simulation model for suspension flows in plate-and-frame type membrane modules has been developed. Reduced forms of the mass transport and momentum equation were solved simultaneously to study concentration polarization and permeation flux decline. The verified simulator can be used to analyze and predict the process dynamics and can aid in the design of ultrafiltration systems.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 691-693 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 702-702 
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    Notes: Kinetic models for glycoside hydrolysis and solasodiene formation are combined, and using previous experimental data the effect of changes in reaction conditions on hydrolysis times and the proportion of solasodiene in the final hydrolysed product are established. These are used to give a set of guidelines for commercial hydrolysis. The use of the models for new commercial situations is explained.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 611-617 
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    Notes: The drag reduction phenomenon in a rectangular open channel flow was examined by measuring the longitudinal velocity by means of a laser Doppler anemometer. Statistical analysis of the fluctuating velocity showed that the most significant effect of the polymer additive (polyethylene oxide) on the large-scale turbulent motion appeared in the turbulent core of an open channel flow. The scale of bursting phenomenon was enlarged by the polymer additive, and the typical ejection process was detected as the remarkable negative fluctuating velocity throughout the buffer and turbulent core regions except near the free surface.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 640-645 
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    Notes: Diffusion coefficients of argon, krypton, xenon, methane, carbon tetrachloride and the tetraalkyltins (methyl through butyl) were measured in methanol, 1-butanol and 1-octanol over the temperature range 298 to 433 K. With temperature-dependent solvent diameters fitted from the tracer diffusivity of one of the solutes, a rough-hard-sphere theory predicts well the observed tracer diffusivity over the solvent density range in which hard-sphere computer simulations are available. The Wilke-Chang correlation predicts diffusion coefficients in the higher alcohols with an average error of 80% and a maximum error of 200%. A correlation of the form Dμp/T = A where p and A depend on solute and solvent size is more successful giving an average error of 7% and a maximum error of 24%.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 663-668 
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    Notes: The analysis of Part I (Rubinovitch and Mann, 1983) is continued here, considering the movements of a single particle in an arbitrary flow system in terms of the total times it resides in various flow regions. Results from the theory of Markov chains are used to derive expressions for the joint distribution of number of visits and total residence time in a flow region and for the total regional residence time distribution. Further, the relationships between the local particle flow rate, number of visits to a flow region, and net flow rate through the system are derived. Specifically, it is shown that This relation is valid for any general flow system and any general region in the system. It holds true irrespective of the number of inlets and outlets to the region or of the nature of the internal mixing in the region. It is further shown how this relation leads to an experimental method for measuring local flow rates.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 688-689 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 696-698 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 703-703 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 712-716 
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    Notes: An experimental investigation was carried out to measure local and average heat transfer coefficients for horizontal tubes located in freeboard region of air fluidized beds. Tests were carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in a rectangular fluidized bed, with mean particle diameters of 275 to 850 μm.Both local and average heat transfer coefficients were found to vary with particle diameter, flow rate, static bed depth, and elevation in the freeboard region.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 737-741 
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    Notes: The kinetics of the reaction between steam and thermally-regenerated activated carbon containing DBS residue was studied at 973 to 1,062 K and atmospheric pressure. The results fit a Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate equation originally developed for the oxidation of other types of carbon with steam. The rates of reaction were relatively high. Auxiliary experiments with added Na2SO4 indicated that the non-volatile inorganic residue from DBS has a catalytic effect.Readsorption measurements on regenerated samples demonstrated that thermal regeneration alone resulted in considerable loss (35%) in adsorption capacity but that thermal regeneration followed by steam gasification could completely restore the adsorption capacity for DBS on the remaining virgin carbon.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 771-779 
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    Notes: High-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) is an existing commercial technology which promises to be an effective means for the large-scale separation of both weakly magnetic and practically nonmagnetic, micron-sized particles. It utilizes the strong magnetic forces created typically by placing filamentary ferromagnetic packing materials inside a separator matrix magnetized by a uniform background magnetic field. In this paper, a practical mathematical model for HGMS is developed for quantitatively predicting the grade and recovery of the separated product and the capacity (concentration breakthrough) of the separator. Computer implementation and experimental verification of the new model for HGMS applied to pilot-scale coal beneficiation are described in Part III.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 800-805 
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    Notes: The kinetics of equilibration of a vegetable foodstuff with moist air are studied on the basis of its cellular structure. The problem is modelled as a coupled heat and mass transfer phenomenon; since there is a significant shrinkage as moisture decreases, the model takes the effect into account by changing the basis for the mass and energy balances. The resulting nonlinear second-order partial differencial equations are solved numerically; predicted values of moisture decrease and temperature gain with time are compared with experimental data. A sensitivity analysis of the solution to values of the transport properties shows that the value of effective diffusivity and heat and mass transfer coefficient may alter significantly the predicted equilibration kinetics and center temperature. The adopted value for heat of sorption has less influence. Changes in effective thermal conductivity and porosity bear little influence on predictions.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 829-833 
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    Notes: The solubility and diffusivity of vapors in polymers below and in the vicinity of glass transition temperature are known to be explicitly time-dependent. It is assumed here that the polymers are in nonequilibrium states, characterized by an internal order. The latter relaxes with time and moves towards equilibrium. The changes in the internal order bring about changes in the properties of the polymer-solute system.The time dependence of diffusivity and solubility has been derived for isothermal processes not far from equilibrium. Well-known procedures for analyzing relaxing systems are used to obtain the above results, and the knowledge of how the internal order is related to the molecular properties is not required.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 854-858 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Following secondary recovery processes in conventional light oil reservoirs, more than half the original oil in place may remain trapped as a discontinuous phase. During the previous recovery processes these oil ganglia have been pinched off by capillary forces and remain immobile while the continuous phase which surrounds them is able to flow freely. Furthermore if a portion of this oil is mobilized in a tertiary recovery process the conditions required to apply Darcy's equation to the flow of either phase are violated. These are also problems which are encountered during in-situ recovery techniques in tar sands where the mobilization of the heavy oil occurs as a discontinuous phase. In this paper the relevant flow equations are derived. Also a parameter is deduced which directly determines the criterion for mobilization.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 903-909 
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    Notes: A unified approach is proposed for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients in turbulent falling films undergoing heating, evaporation or condensation for both of the cases with or without interfacial shear. A modified van Driest eddy viscosity model, which incorporated a damping factor f and takes into account the effect of variable shear stress, is used to predict the hydrodynamics of turbulent falling films. The calculated film thicknesses are in good agreement with the Nusselt-Brauer correlations for the non-sheared film and the Dukler prediction for highly sheared film. Also, by including a van Driest type turbulent Prandtl number model, the asymptotic heat transfer coefficients are accurately predicted and show better agreement with the extensive literature data and correlations than do most of the existing turbulence models proposed to date.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 915-922 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The applicability of axial dispersion model (ADM) for the measurement of the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient (kLa) in bubble columns is discussed. It is shown that the misinterpretation of the concentration jump near the column inlet can lead to wrong conclusions regarding the mass transfer rates. It is further illustrated that some reported kLa dependencies on the superficial liquid velocity and the axial distance are resulted from the use of an incorrect model and can be rectified by an application of ADM. Finally, it is shown that ADM can be effectively used to calculate kLa a for: (a) highly viscous liquids, (b) in the presence of chemical reaction, (c) slurry reactors, and (d) the columns with different liquid inlet locations.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 19-25 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution is obtained for convective diffusion with axial diffusion and homogeneous and heterogeous reactions in a tube. The results have been used successfully to examine the validity of a model with simplified inlet boundary condition and to establish the conditions for a one-dimensional dispersion model.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 40-49 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The generation of carbon fines by attrition during the fluidized combustion of a bituminous coal has been studied by means of a 140mm ID fluidized-bed combustor under variable excess air factor, bed temperature, fluidizing velocity and size of bed sand and coal. Results indicate that rates of attrited fines are roughly proportional to excess of gas velocity above the minimum for fluidization and bed carbon exposed surface. Attrition rate constant is affected by size of sand and, to a less extent, and particularly with finer coal, by bed temperature.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 49-60 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Feasible operating conditions are obtained for an azeotropic distillation tower using a nonlinear programming algorithm. The boil-up rate, fractional recovery of product, and bottoms purities of entrainer and by-product are adjusted to locate an overhead vapor stream that condenses into two liquid phases, but is in equilibrium with a single liquid phase on the top tray. A new objective function is introduced and minimized, subject to inequality constraints, using Powell's algorithm (1977). Results are obtained for dehydration of alcohol with benzene.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Perturbation chromatography previously has been used experimentally as an efficient method for obtaining sorption equilibria for systems with up to two vapor phase components at finite concentration. The objective of this work was to obtain a theoretical result that could be used for experimental determinations of sorption of multiple interfering species at finite concentration. Results obtained are applicable for both non-stoichiometric and stoichiometric situations for systems that may have flowing phase velocity and volume changes associated with interphase transport and also may have interactions among the sorbed components. The dependence of each effluent peak characteristic velocity upon all of the component equilibrium isotherms requires that the equilibria be considered as a whole by simultaneously fitting a set of composition grid perturbation response data to appropriate isotherm surface equations.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 132-136 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic pulse-response technique was used to measure effective diffusivities under nonreacting conditions in two, unsulfided, extrudate-type, hydrodesulfurization catalyst pellets of different porosities. Pore-volume distribution data showed a bidisperse pore structure with a broad pore-size range (100 μm to 3 nm).The main purpose of the study was to evaluate various methods for calculating the tortuosity factor, τ. For this particular catalyst, the most constant and unreasonable values of τ were obtained by supposing that diffusion occurred in all the pore volume (micro and macropores) and by summing the combined Knudsen and bulk contributions over each increment of pore volume.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 153-157 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method for correlating univariable experimental data, which avoids unwarranted inflection points by means of mathematical constraints fitted to sections of the data. The method was applied successfully to correlate thermodynamic data which are otherwise difficult to fit in without inflection points.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 164-167 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 167-170 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 172-173 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on the drag force of two spheres in contact and the probability density of size ratios of particles which constitute an aggregate particle, the population balance equation describing the change of the particle-size distribution due to the disruption of aggregate particles is derived and the numerical solutions of this equation are obtained.Experiments were carried out with fly ash particles dispersed in air stream through an orifice at various flow rates. The measured size distributions can be represented by the numerical solutions of the population balance equation.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relation between the velocity and concentration fields for a fully developed turbulent flow which transfers mass to a pipe wall at large Schmidt numbers has been studied. Measurements of the fluctuations of the concentration gradient and the velocity gradient were obtained simultaneously at multiple locations on the wall. Spatial scales were calculated for the low frequency velocity fluctuations by passing the measured signals through low-pass filters. These scales are the same size as the scales of the concentration fluctuations. This result provides additional support for the notion that mass transfer to a boundary at high Schmidt numbers in controlled by low frequency velocity fluctuations which contain only a small fraction of the total turbulent energy.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 229-236 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The drag coefficients of drops of various liquids falling in air were measured experimentally. The drag coefficient was linearly related to the viscosity in the Reynolds number and viscosity range measured. Measurements also suggested there is no difference between Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 261-269 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the major difficulties with mathematical models of staged separation systems is the large dimensionality of the process model. This paper is concerned with simple (reduced-order) steady-state and dynamic models for processes such as distillation, absorption and extraction. The model reduction procedure is based on approximating the composition and flow profiles in the column using polynomials rather than as discrete functions of the stages. The number of equations required to describe the system is thus drastically reduced. The method is developed using a simple absorber system. In the second part of this paper, the application of the method to nonlinear multicomponent separation systems is demonstrated.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Catalyst deactivation in an isothermal fixed-bed reactor under pore-mouth poisoning conditions is investigated theoretically using a discrete mixing cell model. Two fundamental relationships which characterize the poisoning process in the reactor are identified and incorporated into the model to develop a simple graphical procedure for a quick, general insight into the problem. This graphical method is extended to design pellet impregnation profiles along the reactor which would give nondeteriorating reactor performance up to a given time. The effects of various system parameters on the lifetime and conversion performance of the reactor are also examined analytically, graphically and numerically.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 312-319 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relationships are developed for determining interfacial areas as a function of bubble coalescence and for predicting liquid-film-controlled mass transfer in deep seal bubble column reactors. Interfacial area is inversely dependent on mean bubble size; the mass transfer constant is directly dependent on bubble size. A correction for enhancement due to liquid-phase reaction must be applied, and enhancement is shown to decrease with increasing bubble size.Experimental measurements on the catalyzed rate of oxygen absorption from air in aqueous sodium sulfite solutions were made in a 0.299 m diameter × 9.14 m high glass column. Water and aqueous solutions of a surfactant and corn syrup were used to simulate ranges of surface tensions, densities, and viscosities. Perforated plates with 0.00635-m holes and 2.85% open area were inserted at 1.524-m spacing on half of the experimental runs to show the effects of gas redispersion. Two-phase flow velocities were adjusted to cover ranges of interest in full-scale, commercial bubble column reactor design.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 340-343 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 369-372 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cubic-perturbed, hard-sphere equation of state proposed in 1980 by Ishikawa, Chung and Lu, has been analyzed by PVT criteria, as contrasted to the single component and multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibria to which it was applied. The analysis compares its representation of the PVT behavior of substances with that of a simpler equation.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 388-395 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is proposed to study the reaction between a porous solid and a reactant gas resulting in solid and gaseous products. The model describes the reacting solid as a sphere made up of a distribution of randomly oriented open pores. The evolution of the pore-size distribution is followed by use of a population balance, using a combination of the independent variables of time and location first presented by Dudukovic (1976). The macroscopic properties of the solid are obtained by integrating over the pore size distribution. The results of the population balance are used with a mass balance on the reacting gas to obtain rate and conversion data.The results of the model are compared to experimental data obtained for the sulfation of limestone (Ulerich et al., 1977). Both rate vs. conversion as well as conversion vs. time plots are presented, which serve as a more strenuous test of the model than either type of plot alone.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 417-424 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A slow enzyme deactivation process taking place in parallel with the main enzymatic reaction in a continuous stirred-tank reactor can cause a departure from the optimal operating conditions, or, even a reactor failure. One way of minimizing productivity losses and maintaining optimal reactor conditions is by properly manipulating the flow rate of the reactor. The optimal flow-control policy for typical enzyme kinetics with parallel enzyme deactivation is derived. Both the complete and an approximate analytical solution are presented. The approximate solution, which is actually a quasisteady-state solution, is a very good approximation when the deactivation process is slow compared to the main enzymatic reaction and can be easily implemented as a feedback control based on the current state of the reactor. If the deactivation kinetics is the same as that of the main reaction and the cost of the reactant is negligible compared to that of the product, the quasisteady-state solution is indeed the exact solution.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 451-459 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The combustion of a bed of particles impregnated with carbon is considered. An analysis is developed for the combustion wave after it has progressed some distance into the bed. It is shown that the calculations are considerably simplified by choosing a coordinate system that moves with the combustion wave and by neglecting dispersion of heat or mass.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 483-492 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Washburn's equation has been generalized to explain the relative effects of the interfacial viscosities, interfacial tension, and wetting during displacement in a single, cylindrical capillary. The effect of the interfacial viscosities is to increase the resistance to displacement regardless of the wetting condition. The predictions of a prior qualitative theory for the relative effects of the interfacial viscosities and of interfacial tension during tertiary oil recovery are fully supported by this analysis. This discussion further indicates that the interfacial dilatational viscosity may be relatively more important than the interfacial shear viscosity.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 498-505 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theory is developed for the rate of particulate deposition from turbulent gas streams onto surfaces. Three characteristic times - the particle relaxation time, the turbulent fluctuation time, and the particle residence time - control the deposition mode. Two phenomena are primarily responsible for transport of the particles across the laminar sublayer and deposition: (1) the momentum imparted to the particle by the fluid turbulence; and (2) the thermospheresis caused by the temperature gradient near the wall. Interaction of the three characteristic times with these two phenomena is analyzed, and the particle deposition rate in turbulent pipe flow is computed. The findings are found to be in close agreement with available experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 513-516 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 524-524 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983) 
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