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  • Physics  (1,618)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (1,508)
  • 1995-1999  (671)
  • 1980-1984  (1,773)
  • 1975-1979  (682)
  • 1996  (671)
  • 1984  (963)
  • 1980  (810)
  • 1978  (682)
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  • 1995-1999  (671)
  • 1980-1984  (1,773)
  • 1975-1979  (682)
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  • 1
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    Mathematical and conceptual foundations of 20th-century physics (1984)
    Amsterdam ; New York : North-Holland Pub. Co
    Details
    Keywords: DDC 530.1 ; LC QC20 ; Mathematical physics ; Physics ; Quantum theory ; Relativity (Physics)
    ISBN: 9780444875853
    URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publication?issn=03040208&volume=100
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion exchange purification of G6PDH from unclarified yeast cell homogenates using expanded bed adsorption (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 204-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: expanded bed adsorption ; bakers' yeast ; G6PDH ; STREAMLINE ion exchange adsorbents ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of expanded beds of STREAMLINE ion exchange adsorbents for the direct extraction of an intracellular enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) from unclarified yeast cell homogenates has been investigated. It has been demonstrated that such crude feedstocks can be applied to the bed without prior clarification steps. The purification of G6PDH from an unclarified yeast homogenate was chosen as a model system containing the typical features of a direct extraction technique. Optimal conditions for the purification were determined in small scale, packed bed experiments conducted with clarified homogenates. Results from these experiments were used to develop a preparative scale separation of G6PDH in a STREAMLINE 50 EBA apparatus. The use of an on-line rotameter for measuring and controlling the height of the expanded bed when operated in highly turbid feedstocks was demonstrated. STREAMLINE DEAE has been shown to be successful in achieving isolation of G6PDH from an unclarified homogenate with a purification factor of 12 and yield of 98% in a single step process. This ion exchange adsorbent is readily cleaned using simple cleaning-in-place procedures without affecting either adsorption or the bed expansion properties of the adsorbent after many cycles of operation. The ability of combining clarification, capture, and purification in a single step will greatly simplify downstream processing flowsheets and reduce the costs of protein purification. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rat hepatocyte morphology and function on lactose-derivatized polystyrene surfaces (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hepatocytes ; lactose-derivatized polystyrene ; polystyrene ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hepatocytes isolated from male Fisher 344VF rats were cultured on two substrates, collagen I and a lactose-derivatized polystyrene (PS-lactose), to compare morphological and functional differences. Hepatocyte morphology changed dramatically depending upon the substrate, shown through actin cytoskeletal staining and scanning electron microscopy. Functional assays performed included albumin secretion, reduced glutathione content, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase, and cytochrome P4501A1 activity. The presence of dexamethasone and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in the media was required for the maintenance of several differentiated functions for cells cultured on collagen. In general, cells cultured on the PS-lactose substrate showed a much slower loss of function over the same period of time. The maintenance of differentiated function of cells on PS-lactose was enhanced with the addition of dexamethasone and DMSO. This is the first report of a culture system in which hepatocytes, cultured on a polymer substrate without additional protein coatings or media additives, have been able to maintain differentiated functions for up to 1 week. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
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    Conservative chemical modification of proteins to study the effects of a single protein property on partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 290-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: proteins, modified ; partitioning in aqueous system ; thaumatin ; β-lactoglobulin ; BSA ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relatively conservative modifications of three proteins were carried out to alter their surface properties. The protein properties modified were hydrophobicity and charge. This was done by acylation of amino groups with anhydrides. For the hydrophobic modification experiments, two proteins (β-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin [BSA]) and four anhydrides (hexanoic, butyric, succinic, acetic) were used. For the modification of surface charge the protein thaumatin was selected and various proportions of the free amino groups were blocked with acetic anhydride to give a series of proteins with differing isoelectric points. Detailed characterization and purification of selected modified proteins was carried out including molecular weight measurements and conformational analysis. The criteria used for selecting the modified proteins for subsequent investigation of their partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) is described. With a judicious choice of starting material it was found that limited chemical modifications to proteins could effectively alter surface hydrophobicity or charge almost independently, with little effect on other molecular properties. It appears, however, that the method for chemical modification and the reaction conditions must also be carefully controlled. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
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    Use of chemically modified proteins to study the effect of a single protein property on partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems: Effect of surface charge (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: surface charge ; proteins, modified ; partitioning in aqueous system ; thaumatin ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of charge-modified thaumatins with different values of surface charge were partitioned in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) to study the effect of surface charge as a single property on partitioning. Electrophoretic mobility of the proteins in titration curves was used as a measure of surface charge. Four modified proteins derived from thaumatin with the following values of isoelectric point: 8.70, 8.15, 5.60, and 4.50 were used for partitioning. The resolution of the systems in terms of protein surface charge was calculated. Partitioning of modified thaumatins in PEG 4000/dextran systems with phosphate buffer, Tris buffer, NaCl, KCl, and sulfate salts was carried out. Among the sulfate salts tested, the addition of 50 mM Li2SO4 to the system buffered with phosphate gave the highest value of resolution for differences in surface protein charge (RSPC). It shows a decrease in the value of K (partition coefficient) with an increase in the protein's charge. The addition of 100 mM KCl to the system promoted the opposite effect on the RSPC value. Charge-modified proteins were partitioned in PEG/salt systems to investigate the ability of these systems for resolving differences in surface charge. The PEG/citrate system seemed to have almost no ability for resolving proteins on the basis of surface charge differences; PEG/phosphate systems had some capability for resolving differently charged proteins. The more negative proteins tended to have higher values of K than the more positively charged fractions. The use of charge-modified proteins allowed the investigation of the effect of protein surface charge on partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems independently from other protein parameters as they were prepared from a common parent protein thaumatin. This technique provides an interesting novel tool to investigate the effect of protein surface charge on partitioning in ATPS taking protein charge as an independent parameter. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    A versatile oxygenator and perfusion system for magnetic resonance studies (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 348-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: oxygenator ; NMR spectroscopy ; organ perfusion ; mammalian cell culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A compact, reusable membrane oxygenator has been constructed for the perfusion of cultured cells and isolated organs. While the oxygenator was designed to be compatible with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies, it can also be used for any experiment which requires warming and oxygenation of perfusates. For the NMR studies, the oxygenator can be positioned at the opening of the magnet bore which allows oxygenation and warming of the perfusate immediately prior to delivery to the tissue, therefore eliminating problems with heat or oxygen loss which may occur with the long perfusion lines. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260490302
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    Fluid shear stress induction of the transcriptional activator c-fos in human and bovine endothelial cells, HeLa, and Chinese hamster ovary cells (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 383-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: c-fos protein ; endothelium ; hemodynamics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The c-fos protein belongs to a family of transcriptional cofactors that can complex with proteins of the Jun family and activate mRNA transcription from gene promoters containing an activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding element. The shear stress inducibility of the c-fos protein was studied in human and animal cell lines of vastly different origins. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC, passage 2-14), HeLa cells, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were subjected to steady laminar shear stress using a parallel plate flow apparatus. After 1 h of flow exposure at 25 dyn/cm2, the c-fos levels in nuclei of shear stress HUVEC, BAEC, HeLa, and CHO were 5.4 ± 2.0 (n = 3), 2.25 ± 1.38 (n = 6), 2.14 ± 0.07 (n = 8), 1.92 ± 0.58 (n = 2) times higher, respectively, than in matched stationary controls. Flow exposure at 4 dyn/cm2 caused no enhancement of c-fos levels in any of the cell lines tested, but caused significant reduction in c-fos expression in the HeLa cells. The c-fos induction by shear stress could be blocked by pharmacological agents. For example, the flow induction of the c-fos protein levels was blocked by 50% with the preincubation of HUVEC with a protein kinase C inhibitor, H7 (10 μM) and blocked completely in HeLa cells preincubated with the phospholipase C inhibitor, neomycin (5 mM). The minimum time of shear stress exposure required to induce the c-fos protein expression in HeLa cells was found to be as low as 1 min. By Northern analysis, the c-fos mRNA levels were found to be elevated in BAEC, CHO, and HeLa cells exposed to 25 dyn/cm2 for 30 min. These studies indicate that c-fos induction is a consistent genetic response in a variety of mammalian cells that may alter cellular phenotype in mechanical environments. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Vancomycin production in batch and continuous culture (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 412-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Amycolatopsis orientalis ; vancomycin production ; chemostat culture ; phosphate inhibition ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Production of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin by two Amycolatopsis orientalis strains was examined in batch shake flask culture in a semidefined medium with peptone as the nitrogen source. Different growth and production profiles were observed with the two strains; specific production (Yp/x) was threefold higher with strain ATCC 19795 than with strain NCIMB 12945. A defined medium with amino acids as the nitrogen source was developed by use of the Plackett-Burman statistical screening method. This technique identified certain amino acids (glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and arginine) that gave significant increased specific production, whereas phosphate was identified as inhibitory for high specific vancomycin production. Experiments made with the improved medium and strain ATCC 19795 showed that vancomycin production kinetics were either growth dissociated or growth associated, depending on the amino acid concentration. In chemostat culture at a constant dilution rate (0.087 h-1), specific vancomycin production rate (qvancomycin) decreased linearly as the medium phosphate concentration was increased from 2 to 8 mM. In both phosphate and glucose limited chemostats, qvancomycin was a function of specific growth rate; the maximum value was observed at D = 0.087 h-1 (52% of the maximum specific growth rate). Under phosphate limited growth conditions, qvancomycin was threefold higher (0.37 mg/g dry weight/h) than under glucose limitation (0.12 mg/g dry weight/h). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    On-line monitoring of respiration in recombinant-baculovirus infected and uninfected insect cell bioreactor cultures (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 36-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: insect cell culture ; Sf-9 cells ; respiration ; bioreactor ; on-line monitoring ; baculovirus expression vector system ; recombinant proteins ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Respiration rates in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cell bioreactor cultures were successfully measured on-line using two methods: The O2 uptake rate (OUR) was determined using gas phase pO2 values imposed by a dissolved oxygen controller and the CO2 evolution rate (CER) was measured using an infrared detector. The measurement methods were accurate, reliable, and relatively inexpensive. The CER was routinely determined in bioreactor cultures used for the production of several recombinant proteins. Simple linear relationships between viable cell densities and both OUR and CER in exponentially growing cultures were used to predict viable cell density. Respiration measurements were also used to follow the progress of baculoviral infections in Sf-9 cultures. Infection led to increases in volumetric and per-cell respiration rates. The relationships between respiration and several other culture parameters, including viable cell density, cell protein, cell volume, glucose consumption, lactate production, viral titer, and recombinant β-galactosidase accumulation, were examined. The extent of the increase in CER following infection and the time postinfection at which maximum CER was attained were negatively correlated with the multiplicity of infection (MOI) at multiplicities below the level required to infect all the cells in a culture. Delays in the respiration peak related to the MOI employed were correlated with delays in the peak in recombinant protein accumulation. DO levels in the range 5-100% did not exert any major effects on viable cell densities, CER, or product titer in cultures infected with a baculovirus expressing recombinant β-galactosidase. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500101
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    Aggregation of ligand-modified liposomes by specific interactions with proteins. II: Biotinylated liposomes and antibiotin antibody (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 169-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: liposomes ; biotin ; aggregation kinetics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The aggregation of biotinylated phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) cross-linked by antibiotin IgG was studied experimentally and theoretically. The liposomes were either low density liposomes that contained 0.4 mol% biotinylated phospholipid (≈100 exposed biotin molecules per liposome), or high density liposomes that contained 2.7 mol% biotinylated phospholipid (≈1000 exposed biotin molecules per liposome). The solution turbidity and mean particle size measured by quasi-elastic light scattering (QLS) were monitored throughout the aggregation. Three different lots of antibiotin antibodies, each with different association constants and binding heterogeneities, were used. The antibody binding characteristics affected the aggregation rates. The aggregation kinetics were analyzed using a model based on the Smoluchowski theory of aggregation, fractal concepts of aggregate microstructure, and Rayleigh and Mie light scattering theory. The experimental conditions of liposome concentration, protein concentration, and ligand density under which aggregation occurred correlated well with calculated sticking probabilities based on isotherms describing the adsorption of antibiotin antibody to the liposomes. These results are compared with prior observations made when avidin was used as the cross-linking protein. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500201
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    Collagenase digestion of bone fragments in microgravity (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: microgravity ; bioprocessing ; sedimentation ; turbulence ; collagenase ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of a quiescent microgravity fluid environment on the activity of collagenase directed at demineralized bone fragments was investigated over a period of 10 days. Enzyme treatment resulted in greater mass loss in microgravity, with nearly three times the loss of mass during Space Shuttle mission STS-62 compared to the stationary ground control. Clinorotation enhanced the loss of mass relative to a stationary control, but this increase was still significantly less than the increase with exposure to microgravity. This suggests the detrimental influence of turbulence on the enzyme function and the benefit of using microgravity to provide both low turbulence and uniformity of unequally dense materials within the reaction chamber. The results are considered for their general applicability to a variety of bioprocessing applications that may be enhanced in microgravity. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500203
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    Mini-review: Mechanical factors affecting cartilage regeneration in vitro (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 430-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cartilage ; tissue regeneration ; chondrocytes ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the last 5 to 10 years, tissue engineering has revolutionized the way in which medical researchers and clinicians are thinking of and, in some cases, actually treating diseases involving tissue damage and destruction. One such disease, osteoarthritis, results from progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, which has a limited ability to repair itself. With tissue engineering, scientists are now able to regenerate cartilage in vitro from isolated mature chondrocytes. While the regeneration process is still not fully understood, enough has been learned that physicians are already implanting cultured chondrocytes into humans and other animals in the hopes of effecting joint repair. One aspect which has not been fully explored is the effect of mechanical stress on developing and implanted cartilage, especially over the long term. This article will review in brief what is now known about the mechanical factors affecting cartilage regeneration in vitro and what still remains to be determined for optimum tissue engineering of cartilage constructs. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Osteoblast migration on poly(α-hydroxy esters) (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 443-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: osteoblast ; migration ; poly(αhydroxy esters) ; poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) ; PLGA ; biodegradable polymers ; tissue engineering ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We investigated the migration of rat calvaria osteoblast populations on poly(α-hydroxy ester) films for up to 14 days to determine effects of substrate composition and culture conditions on the migratory characteristics of osteoblasts. Initial osteoblast culture conditions included cell colonies formed by seeding a high (84,000 cells/cm2) or low (42,000 cells/cm2) density of isolated osteoblasts on the polymer films, and bone tissue cultures formed by plating bone chips directly on the substrates. High density osteoblast colonies cultured and allowed to migrate and proliferate radially on 85:15 poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films, 75:25 PLGA films, and tissue culture polystyrene controls demonstrated that the copolymer ratio in the polymer films did not affect the rate of increase in substrate surface area (or culture area) covered by the growing cell colony. However, the rate of increase in culture area was dependent on the initial osteoblast seeding density. Initial cell colonies formed with a lower osteoblast seeding density on 75:25 PLGA resulted in a lower rate of increase in culture area, specifically 4.9 ± 0.3 mm2/day, versus 14.1 ± 0.7 mm2/day for colonies seeded with a higher density of cells on the same polymer films. The proliferation rate for osteoblasts in the high and low density seeded osteoblast colonies did not differ, whereas the proliferation rate for the osteoblasts arising from the bone chips was lower than either of these isolated cell colonies. Confocal and light microscopy revealed that the osteoblast migration occurred as a monolayer of individual osteoblasts and not a calcified tissue front. These results demonstrated that cell seeding conditions strongly affect the rates of osteoblast migration and proliferation on biodegradable poly(α-hydroxy esters). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Different measures of human hematopoietic cell culture performance are optimized under vastly different conditions (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 505-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bone marrow ; hematopoiesis ; perfusion ; culture optimization ; stroma ; stem cells ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hematopoiesis, the formation of mature blood cells from stem (LTC-IC) and progenitor (CFU-GM) cells in the bone marrow, is a complex tissue-forming process that leads to many important physiological functionalities. Consequently, a functioning ex vivo hematopoietic system has a variety of basic scientific and clinical uses. The design and operation of such a system presents the tissue engineer with challenges and choices. In this study, three culture variables were used to control ex vivo human hematopoiesis. Systematic variation of inoculum density (ID), medium exchange interval (MEI), and the use of preformed stroma (PFS) showed that (1) all three variables significantly influenced culture performance, (2) the three variables interacted strongly, and (3) the variables could be manipulated to achieve the optimization of different performance criteria. Donor-to-donor variability in culture performance was great at low ID but was minimized at higher ID. PFS had a large positive effect on cell and CFU-GM output at low ID, but had minimal effect at higher ID. In fact, PFS caused a decrease in LTC-IC output at high ID. The effects of PFS indicated that stromal cell elements became more limiting than proliferative cell elements as ID was reduced.In cultures without PFS, maximum cell output was obtained with high ID using a short MEI, whereas the greatest cell expansion ratio was obtained at low ID with an intermediate MEI. Maximum CFU-GM output was obtained from cultures with high ID using a short to intermediate MEI, whereas the greatest CFU-GM expansion ratio was obtained at intermediate ID with an intermediate MEI. The addition of PFS altered the locations of these maxima. In general, PFS moved the maxima to lower ID, and culture output became more sensitive to MEI. Therefore, the optimization of one performance criterion always resulted in a decline of the others. This study demonstrates that ex vivo tissue function is sensitive to many culture variables in an interactive fashion and that systematic multivariable studies are required to characterize tissue function. Once the effects of individual variables and their interactions are known, this knowledge can be used to optimize tissue performance with respect to desired criteria. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500501
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    Thermal stability studies of a globular protein in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) by 1H NMR (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 410-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lysozyme ; thermal stability ; 1H NMR ; conformational flexibility ; melting temperature ; PEG ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reversible folding destabilization of hen lysozyme has been confirmed by a melting temperature (Tm) decrease in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The percent denatured, extracted from the histidine 15 C2H (H15 C2H) native and denatured peak areas from 500-MHz one-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1D 1H NMR) spectra in D2O, was analyzed through denaturation temperatures at 0% and 20% (w/w) PEG 1000. The lysozyme (3.5 mM) Tm decreased by 4.2°C and 7.1°C in 20% (w/w) PEG 1000 at pH 3.8 and 3.0, respectively. The Tm decreased with increasing lysozyme concentration. Additionally, the temperature-induced resonance migrations of 17 protons from 8 residues indicate that the native lysozyme structure undergoes temperature-induced conformational changes. The changes were essentially identical in both 0% and 20% (w/w) PEG 1000 at both pH 3.0 and 3.8. This small, local restructuring of the hydrophobic box region may be a manifestation of temperature-dependent solution hydrophobicity, whereas active-site cleft fluctuations may be due to the inherent active-site flexibility. The lysozyme structure in PEG at 35°C was determined to be essentially native from the 1H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) fingerprint regions. Additionally, lysozyme chemical shifts, from 1D spectra, in PEG 200, 300, and 1000 at 35°C and various concentrations were essentially identical, further confirming that the conformation remains native in various PEG solutions. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Factors affecting cellulose hydrolysis and the potential of enzyme recycle to enhance the efficiency of an integrated wood to ethanol process (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 375-383 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cellulase ; enzyme recycling ; enzyme adsorption ; lignocellulosic hydrolysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Past technoeconomic modeling work has identified the relatively large contribution that enzymatic hydrolysis adds to the total cost of producing ethanol from lignocellulosic substrates. This cost was primarily due to the high concentration of enzyme and long incubation time that was required to obtain complete hydrolysis. Although enzyme and substrate concentration and end-product inhibition influenced the rate of hydrolysis, the effect was less pronounced during the initial stages of hydrolysis. During this time most of the cellulases were adsorbed onto the unhydrolyzed residue. By recycling the cellulases adsorbed to the residual substrate remaining after an initial 24 h, a high rate of hydrolysis, with low overall residence time and minimal cellulase input, could be achieved for several rounds of enzyme recycle. A comparison of the front end (pretreatment, fractionation, and hydrolysis) of a softwood/hardwood to ethanol process indicated that the lignin associated with the softwood-derived cellulose stream limited the number of times the cellulose containing residue could be recycled. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Sparging and agitation-induced injury of cultured animals cells: Do cell-to-bubble interactions in the bulk liquid injure cells? (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 399-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cell damage ; cell culture ; bubble aeration ; agitation ; bubble coalescence and breakup ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been established that the forces resulting from bubbles rupturing at the free air (gas)/liquid surface injure animal cells in agitated and/or sparged bioreactors. Although it has been suggested that bubble coalescence and breakup within agitated and sparged bioreactors (i.e., away from the free liquid surface) can be a source of cell injury as well, the evidence has been indirect. We have carried out experiments to examine this issue. The free air/liquid surface in a sparged and agitated bioractor was eliminated by completely filling the 2-L reactor and allowing sparged bubbles to escape through an outlet tube. Two identical bioreactors were run in parallel to make comparisons between cultures that were oxygenated via direct air sparging and the control culture in which silicone tubing was used for bubble-free oxygenation. Thus, cell damage from cell-to-bubble interactions due to processes (bubble coalescence and breakup) occurring in the bulk liquid could be isolated by eliminating damage due to bubbles rupturing at the free air/liquid surface of the bioreactor. We found that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells grown in medium that does not contain shear-protecting additives can be agitated at rates up to 600 rpm without being damaged extensively by cell-to bubble interactions in the bulk of the bioreactor. We verified this using both batch and high-density perfusion cultures. We tested two impeller designs (pitched blade and Rushton) and found them not to affect cell damage under similar operational conditions. Sparger location (above vs. below the impeller) had no effect on cell damage at higher agitation rates but may affect the injury process at lower agitation intensities (here, below 250 rpm). In the absence of a headspace, we found less cell damage at higher agitation intensities (400 and 600 rpm), and we suggest that this nonintuitive finding derives from the important effect of bubble size and foam stability on the cell damage process. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Modulation of the phosphate-starvation response in Escherichia coli by genetic manipulation of the polyphosphate pathways (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 434-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: polyphosphate ; Escherichia coli ; phosphate starvation ; gene expression ; heterologous ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of intracellular polyphosphate on the phosphate-starvation response in Escherichia coli was studied by genetically manipulating the intracellular polyphosphate levels and by performing phosphate shifts on the genetically engineered strains. Strains that produced large quantities of polyphosphate and were able to degrade it induced the phosphate-starvation response to a lesser extent than wild-type strains, whereas strains that were unable to degrade a large intracellular polyphosphate pool induced the phosphate-starvation response to a greater extent than wild-type strains. These results have important implications for expression of heterologous genes under control of the phoA promoter. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Effect of high shear on proteins (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 458-465 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: concentric-cylinder shear device ; rotor/stator homogenization ; shear ; shear rate ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear is present in almost all bioprocesses and high shear is associated with processes involving agitation and emulsification. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of high shear and high shear rate on proteins. Two concentric cylinder-based shear systems were used. One was a closed concentric-cylinder shear device (CCSD) and the other was a homogenizer with a rotor/stator assembly. Mathematical modeling of these systems allowed calculation of the shear rate and shear. The CCSD generated low shear rates (a few hundred s-1), whereas the homogenizer could generate very high shear rates (〉 105 s-1). High shear could be achieved in both systems by increasing the processing time. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) were used as the model proteins in this study. It was found that neither high shear nor high shear rate had a significant effect on protein aggregation. However, a lower melting temperature and enthalpy were detected for highly sheared rhGH by using scanning microcalorimetry, presumably due to some changes in protein's conformation. Also, SDS-PAGE indicated the presence of low molecular-weight fragments, suggesting that peptide bond breakage occurred due to high shear. rhDNase was relatively more stable than rhGH under high shear. No conformational changes and protein fragments were observed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Properties of two insect cell lines useful for the baculovirus expression system in serum-free culture (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 494-499 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cell metabolism ; baculovirus ; insect cells ; recombinant protein OSF-2 ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The properties of Sf9 and Tn5 insect cells were analyzed comparatively under serum-free culture conditions. Sf9 cells in SF900II medium apparently utilized sucrose as a primary nutrient both before and after virus infection, yielding small amounts of lactate and ammonia. Tn5 cells in Excell 401 medium consumed all the nutrients examined, including sucrose. The productivity of a recombinant glycoprotein, OSF-2, by Tn5 cells, was moderate in both monolayer and spinner cultures, but the ability to secrete it was compromised in the former case. Relative to the Tn5 cultures, Sf9 produced 30-fold more OSF-2 in either culture mode. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    NMR imaging of heavy metal absorption in alginate, immobilized cells, and kombu algal biosorbents (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 538-543 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: NMR imaging ; biosorption ; alginate ; shrinking core model ; Laminaria ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this contribution, an NMR imaging study of heavy metal absorption in alginate, immobilized-cell biosorbents, and kombu (Laminaria japonica) algal biomass is presented. This method provides the good possibility of directly monitoring the time evolution of the spatial distribution of the ions in the materials. From these results, we demonstrate that rare earth ions are absorbed with a steep reaction front that can be described very well with a modified shrinking core model, while copper ions are absorbed with a more diffuse front.
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    Enzymatic resolution of 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by enantioselective oxidation: Overcoming product inhibition by continuous extraction (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 544-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: oxidoreductase ; chiral alcohol ; racemic resolution ; membrane reactor ; continuous extraction ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxidations of alcohols by alcohol dehydrogenases often suffer from low conversions and slow reaction rates due to severe product inhibition. This can be overcome by continuous product extraction, because only the concentrations, but not the kinetic parameters, can be changed. As a consequence, it is favorable to apply a differential circulation reactor with continuous product extraction, where only a small amount of product is formed per cycle. The product is then directly extracted using a microporous hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane. This results in an increase of the relative activity of the dehydrogenase at a given conversion. The reaction investigated is the kinetic resolution of racemic 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH). The resulting oxidation product, 2-hydroxyacetophenone, causes a strong product inhibition. Additionally, it reacts in a chemical reaction with the cofactor lowering its active concentration. Because the GDH needs β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a cofactor, lactate dehydrogenase is used to regenerate NAD+ from NADH by reducing pyruvate to (L)-lactate. A conversion of 50% with respect to the racemate and an enantiomeric excess 〉99% of the (S)-enantiomer was reached.
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    Immobilization of DNA onto a polymer support and its potentiality as immunoadsorbent (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 581-590 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: microfiber ; graft polymerization ; DNA immobilization ; immunoadsorbent ; DNA ; anti-DNA antibody ; systemic lupus erythematosus ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilization of DNA to the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) microfibers with a high specific surface area of 0.83 m2/g was carried out to give the fiber surface an affinity for anti-DNA antibody. Following ozone oxidation, the microfibers were subjected to graft polymerization of monomers including acrylic acid, methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N-vinylformamide, and glycidyl methacrylate. Calf thymus DNA was immobilized to the grafted fiber surface through either covalent binding or polyion complexation with the grafted polymer chains. The highest surface density of DNA immobilized (0.6 μg/cm2) was obtained when DNA was immobilized through formation of phosphodiester linkage between the hydroxyl group of DNA and the phosphate group in grafted poly(methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate) using 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole, or through polyion complexation between the anionic DNA and the cationic grafted poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) chains. Batch adsorption of anti-DNA antibody to the grafted PET fibers with and without DNA immobilized on their surface was conducted with serum obtained from systemic lupus erythematosus model mice. The DNA-immobilized PET fibers exhibited a higher adsorption capacity and specificity than the others. In addition, the DNA-immobilized fibers effectively adsorbed human anti-DNA antibody.
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    Isolation of lysozyme on chitosan (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lysozyme has been immobilized on chitosan, a polyaminosaccharide, without using any intermediate reagent. The best pH conditions for operating the chitosan columns have been determined and the best eluting agent was found to be a 2% solution of propylamine. The lysozyme activity was determined after reacting lysozyme with the product of glycolchitin and Remazol Brilliant Blue R. The recovery of lysozyme from chicken egg white yields lysozyme with 55% activity.
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    Glucoamylase immobilized on chitin with glutaraldehyde (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 135-140 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    An approximate solution to the theoretical model of a submerged biological filter (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 151-156 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    A structured model of photosynthesis in anacystis nidulans (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 119-125 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Investigation of the unit operations involved in the continuous flow isolation of β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 159-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 1000 liter fermentor has been used to produce a continuous feed of Escherichia coli containing a high level of β-galactosidase. We have investigated the individual unit operations for the isolation of the enzyme: cell disruption, nucleic acid removal, protein precipitation, and solid-liquid separation after each stage. Using the information obtained we have been able to operate a semicontinuous process which when fully continuous would yield 100 g protein/hr, comprising 23% β-galactosidase.
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    Pectinolytic activity of Saccharomyces fragilis cultured in controlled environments (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 231-242 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Seven of 30 yeast stock cultures, covering nine genera, and 13 of 39 yeasts isolated from grapes gave positive reactions when screened for pectinolytic activity on pectin gel plates. The seven stock cultures covered six species and four genera. Only one of the yeasts, Saccharomyces fragilis Y49, excreted discernible pectinolytic activity into the fluid of shake flask cultures; the activity was partially constitutive and was repressed by high oxygen tensions.
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    Preparation and properties of proteases immobilized on anion exchange resin with glutaraldehyde (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1-15 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High activity alkaline protease was obtained when the enzyme was immobilized on Dowex MWA-1 (mesh 20-50) with 10% glutaraldehyde in chilled phosphate buffer (M/15, pH 6.5). Activity yields of the protease and rennet were 27 and 29, respectively. The highest activities appeared at 60°C, pH 10 for alkaline protease and 50°C, pH 4.0 for rennet. The properties of both proteases were not essentially changed by the immobilization except that the Km values of both enzymes were increased about tenfold as a result of immobilization. Both proteases in the immobilized state were more stable than those in the free state at 60°C. Other peptide hydrolases, β-galactosidase, invertase, and glucoamylase, were successfully immobilized with high activities, but lipase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and xanthine oxidase became inactive.
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    Water recycle in biomass production processes (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 73-85 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various aspects of process water recycle in a continuous flow fermentation process are analyzed. Simple mass balance equations in terms of product and feed components for a single-stage reactor producing biomass are developed. Constraints on the recycle ratio, imposed by the efficiency of the dewatering stage, are examined. The recycle analysis is extended using a kinetic growth model incorporating water soluble product formation and growth inhibition. The potential effect of recycle on substrate conversion and product accumulation is also examined and the concept of a critical recycle ratio in fermentation processes is developed.
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    Poly(methoxygalacturonide) lyase immobilized via titanium onto solid supports (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 95-106 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Poly(methoxygalacturonide) lyase (PMGL) (E.C. 4.2.2.10) was purified from a commercial preparation and immobilized by the metal link method. The properties of DEAE-cellulose-Ti-PMGL and of porous glass-Ti-PMGL were compared with those of the native enzyme; despite the presence of the metal and the heterogeneity of the substrate, pectin, typical substrate-enzyme-support interactions were demonstrated by shifts in pH optima and KM values. The possible industrial application of DEAE-cellulose-Ti-PMGL is discussed.
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    A new method for cell immobilization (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 127-134 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    A theoretical model for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 141-144 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Models for growth kinetics of yeast (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 301-303 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    rf-Diffusion kinetics in three-diffusion-layer localized enzyme systems (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 455-459 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Oil drop size and gas hold-up in an oil-water airlift system with motionless mixers (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 487-501 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The degree of emulsification, measured as surface area of oil generated, was studied. The effect of interfacial tension, volume fraction of oil, and power per unit volume on the Sauter mean diameter of the oil drops was determined in an airlift system with motionless mixers. A mathematical expression to predict the Sauter mean diameter was developed using regression techniques. From this equation another equation, which will predict the surface area of oil in terms of the same variables, was derived. The effects of water air surface tension and power per unit volume on the gas hold-up were obtained using similar techniques. The results show that the interfacial tension and the surface tension are important variables when hydrocarbon fermentations are carried out in airlift systems.
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    Large scale preparation of purified exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces strain R61 (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 577-587 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase that Streptomyces R61 excretes during growth has been produced in large fermentation units of 15 m3 total capacity. The yield from 15,000 liter culture filtrate was 1.080 g purified enzyme (92% purity) with a total recovery of 29% and at least a 2000-fold increased specific activity.
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    Shear deformation effects on enzyme catalysis: Preliminary experimental results on lactic dehydrogenase (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 605-610 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Optimum operating mode for a class of fermentation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 625-636 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with optimization of the operating mode of a fermentor. Combining the various modes of operation - batch, semibatch, and continuous - the operating pattern which maximizes the desired metabolic product in a single fermentor is determined by using Kelley's transformation method with Pontryagin's maximum principle. Kelley's transformation method is a device which avoids the singular situation which occurs when the usual procedure of selecting the optimal control function by the maximum principle breaks down. This is the case in the problem considered in this paper. For lysine fermentation, the best operating mode depends on the fermentor capacity and operating time. The results of this study are summarized thus: (i) when the operating time is “long enough,” optimal conditions require that continuous operation follows either semibatch and/or batch operation, and (ii) when the fermentor capacity becomes “large enough,” semibatch operation becomes important.
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    Measurement of fermentor aeration capacity by a fast-response oxygen electrode in medium-air dispersions (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    Mathematical modeling of lag phases in microbial growth (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 349-381 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a mathematical model of the lag phases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that incorporates the basic concepts previously presented in a two-stage deterministic model for the growth of this organism under conditions of oxygen excess with a sugar as the growth-limiting substrate. The model structure was suggested by an extensive investigation of the causes of the lag phases of S. cerevisiae which found that, in contrast to the traditionally accepted trends, the length of the lag phase was not inoculum-size dependent. This was consistent with other previously published work which suggested that a major factor in the length of the lag phases in S. cerevisiae was the need to synthesize adequate levels of glycolytic and respiratory enzymes. These suggestions were confirmed experimentally with lag-age data. Based on this conclusion a mathematical model was developed incorporating a description of the levels of glycolytic and respiratory enzymes and their effect on the growth rate and metabolism. This model was tested experimentally and the initial results indicate indicate that many aspects of the lag phase of this organism may be described mathematically. The experimental findings further support the concept of primary regulatory control proposed by Bijkerk and Hall.
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    Production of fructose syrups from inulin-containing plants (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 447-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200309
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    Comparison of the economics of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of newsprint (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 503-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to compare the process economics of making glucose from cellulose, a plant design is presented using acid hydrolysis which can be compared with a published design using enzyme hydrolysis. A common design basis is used; namely, an input capacity of 885 ton/day newsprint with a common technique of cost estimation. The cost of making glucose is in the range of 1.75 to 2.45 cents/lb, depending on the slurry concentration fed to the reactor for the acid hydrolysis. This cost range is less than the published estimate of 5.2 cents/lb for enzymatic hydrolysis.
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    Fungal cellulases as an aid for the saccharification of cassava (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 555-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Culture broths of cellulolytic fungi were used together with commercial amylases to enhance the saccharification of cassava starch slurry. It was found that the addition of appropriate concentration of the cellulases Trichoderma viride and a soil isolated Basidiomycete, increased both the rate of sugar formation and the degree of solubilization, and decreased the viscosity of the hydrolyzates. Owing to the improvement of the rheological properties of the must, and the additional sugar produced, an increased ethanol yield would be expected from the alcoholic fermentation of this hydrolyzate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200407
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    Effect of refiner defibrizing on the fermentability of ryegrass straw (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 567-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of two grinding methods, hammer milling and defibrizing by disk refining, on the fermentability of ryegrass straw were investigated. Disk refined or defibrized straw produced more sugar than hammer milled straw. Release of sugar was especially pronounced when H2SO4 was added to the straw during the defibrizing process. In vitro rumen digestibility was significantly higher (P 〈 0.1) for defibrized than for hammer milled straw. With semisolid culture the level of yeast growth was about three times as high on the defibrized as on hammer milled straw. A scanning electron micrograph revealed that defibrizing removed the waxy surface of the straw as well as separating fiber bundles, so that the surface area of the exposed fiber structure was increased.
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    Alkali treatment and fermentation of straw for animal feedContribution of the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Department of Microbiology. Technical Paper No. 4589, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1015-1026 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feed value of annual ryegrass straw was improved by treatment with various concentrations of NaOH or NH3 followed by fermentation of the treated straw with a mixed culture of Cellulomonas sp. and Alcaligenes faecalis. Laboratory feeding trials with voles showed that NaOH or NH3 treatment considerably increased the feed efficiency of straw, but apparently gave a poorly palatable product. Fermentation tended to decrease the in vitro rumen digestibility (IVRD) of alkali-treated straw. The fermentations were carried out aerobically on a semisolid straw matrix having 11-86% moisture. Treatment by both NaOH and NH3 increased the IVRD of straw. NH3 also increased the nitrogen content in straw. The optimum condition for alkaline treatment of the straw was 4-6% NaOH for 1 hr or with 3% NH3 for four weeks at room temperature. A minimum of 63% moisture was needed for significant fermentation of the straw. The combined effects of NaOH treatment and fermentation more than doubled crude protein, doubled crude fat, and increased IVRD by 75%. The NH3 plus fermentation treatment tripled crude protein, doubled crude fat, and increased IVRD by 60%. Acetic acid was the main volatile fatty acid in the fermented straw.
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    Influence of experimental conditions on the measurement of yeast concentrations in liquid hydrocarbon fermentations (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1097-1100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Effect of inoculum size on the aeration pattern of batch cultures of a fungal microorganism (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1045-1061 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trichoderma reesei QM 9123 has been grown in batch culture in a 10 liter stirred fermentor, at a temperature of 30°C and pH 4.0. The fermentor was operated at a single stirrer speed of 400 rpm and air rate of 1 v/v/m. The effect of four inoculum sizes (0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0%) on the growth pattern and the aeration profiles was examined. Logarithmic growth of the fungus was observed. The aeration profile changed with inoculum size and at 5.0%, it was found that the oxygen uptake rate was controlled by the oxygen supply rate, during which the oxygen tension was zero.
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    Specific growth rate measurement in an oxygen electrode chamber (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1101-1104 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Immobilized horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase: Effect of bicarbonate (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1125-1128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Biomethanation: Anaerobic fermentation of CO2, H2 and CO to methanePublication No. 3366 from the Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139 (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1153-1172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies to examine the microbial fermentation of coal gasification products (CO2, H2 and CO) to methane have been done with a mixed culture of anaerobic bacteria selected from an anaerobic sewage digestor. The specific rate of methane production at 37°C reached 25 mmol/g cell hr. The stoichiometry for methane production was 4 mmol H2/mol CO2. Cell recycle was used to increase the cell concentration from 2.5 to 8.3 g/liter; the volumetric rate of methane production ran from 1.3 to 4 liter/liter hr. The biogasification was also examined at elevated pressure (450 psi) and temperature to facilitate interfacing with a coal gasifier. At 60°C, the specific rate of methane production reached 50 mmol/g cell hr. Carbon monoxide utilization by the mixed culture of anaerobes and by a Rhodopseudomonas species was examined. Both cultures are able to carry out the shift conversion of CO and water to CO2 and hydrogen.
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    Toxic effects of fatty acids on yeast cells: Possible mechanisms of action (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1235-1247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As shown in a previous paper, threshold concentrations of lower and intermediate fatty acids inhibit the uptake of inorganic phosphate, growth, and cell division in yeast cells, This paper demonstrates that, apart from these effects, the acids cause an increase in the respiration quotient (RQ), inhibition of CO2 fixation, production of ethanol at the expense of anabolic processes, and inhibition of active amino acid transport in the yeast Candida utilis. On the other hand, the threshold concentrations have no effect on intracellular pH. The inhibition of the inorganic phosphate uptake cannot be the sole primary mode of action of fatty acids since the omission of inorganic phosphate in the incubation medium brings about an inhibition of anabolic processes that is lower than that brought about by fatty acids at concentrations still permitting some phosphate uptake, Although 2,4-dinitrophenol and caproic acid at low concentrations cause an analogous decrease in biomass yield, their combination does not bring about any marked increase in the effect. Considering the physicochemical properties of fatty acids and their preferential action on energy-requiring processes, one of the key sitesof action can be assumed to be the mitochondrial membrane. Fatty acids might inhibit the transport of anions, especially phosphate, across the membrane, and disturb the membrane potential by affecting the transport protons. The physicochemical properties of fatty acids may also give rise to their binding to other intracellular membranes and to a subsequent interference with the function of the corresponding organelles.
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    Chain-length distribution of starch hydrolyzate after α- or β-amylase action (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1303-1307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Immobilization of glucose isomerase to ion-exchange materials (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1377-1391 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose isomerase (D-xylose ketol-isomerase EC 5.3.1.5) from Bacillus Coagulans was partially purified and immobilized by adsorption to anion exchangers. The highest activities were obtained when the enzyme was adsorbed to DEAE-cellulose. On immobilization to DEAE-cellulose the measured optimum pH value for enzyme activity shifted from 7.2 to 6.8. There was no appreciable difference between the heat stabilities of soluble and immobilized enzyme. The Km app values for the immobilized enzyme were found to be 0.25M in the presence of 0.01M Mg2+ and 0.19M with 0.005M Mg2+, while those enzyme were 0.11 and 0.17M, re spectively. Under conditions of contimuous of D-glucose, a decrease of activity with time was observed, but this decrease was less at a low Mg2+ concentration and was affected by column geometry. There were no appreciable diffusional limitation effects in packed-bed columns.
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    Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized on inorganic supports: Stabilizing effect of bound protein (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1117-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    A new model to describe enzyme inactivation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1471-1477 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Method for determining the concentration of adsorbed protein and cell biomass in cellulose fermentations (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1501-1505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200917
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    Immobilized xanthine oxidase: Kinetics, (in)stability, and stabilization by coimmobilization with superoxide dismutase and catalase (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1507-1522 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Milk xanthine oxidase was immobilized by covalent attachment to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B and by adsorption to n-octylamine-substituted Sepharose 4B. The amounts of activity immobilized for the two preparations were 30 and 90%, respectively. The pH optima for free and adsorbed xanthine oxidase were at 8.6 and 8.2, respectively. Both free and immobilized xanthine oxidase show substrate inhibition. The apparent inhibition constant (Ki′) found for adsorbed xanthine oxidase with xanthine as substrate was higher than the Ki for the free enzyme, which was shown to be due to substrate diffusion limitation in the pores of the carrier beads (internal diffusion limitation). Higher substrate concentrations, as desirable for practical application in organic synthesis, can therefore be used with the immobilized enzyme without decreasing the rate. As a result of the internal diffusion limitation the apparent Michaelis constant (Km′) for adsorbed xanthine oxidase was also higher than the Km for the free enzyme. Immobilized xanthine oxidase was more stable than the free enzyme during storage at 4 and 30°C. Both forms rapidly lost activity during catalysis. The loss was proportional to the amount of substrate converted. Coimmobilization of xanthine oxidase with superoxide dismutase and catalase improved the operational stability, suggesting that O2- and H2O2 side-products of the enzymatic reaction were involved in the inactivation. Coimmobilization with albumin also had some stabilizing effect. Complete surrounding of xanthine oxidase by protein, however, by means of etrapment in a glutaraldehyde-crosslinked gelatin matrix, considerably enhanced the operational half-life. This system was less efficient than the Sepharose preparations either because much activity was lost during the immobilization procedure and/or because it had poor flow properties. Xanthine (15 mg)was converted by an adsorbed xanthine oxidase preparation and product (uric acid) was isolated in high yield (84%).
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    Application of mass and energy balance regularities in fermentation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1595-1621 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Material and energy balances for fermentation processes are developed based on the facts that the heat of reaction per electron transferred to oxygen for a wide variety of organic molecules, the number of available electrons per carbon atom in biomass, and the weight fraction carbon in biomass are relatively constant. Mass-energy balance equations are developed which relate the biomass energetic yield coefficient to sets of variables which may be determined experimentally. Organic substrate consumption, biomass production, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat evolution, and nitrogen consumption are considered as measured variables. Application of the balances using direct and indirect methods of yield coefficient estimation is illustrated using experimental results from the literature. Product formation is included in the balance equations and the effect of product formation on biomass yield estimates is examined. Application of mass-energy balances in the optimal operation of continuous single-cell protein production facilities is examined, and the variation of optimal operating conditions with changes in yield are illustrated for methanol as organic substrate.
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260200901
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    Design, construction, and operation of some all-glass pilot-plant fermetors (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1345-1375 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design, Construction, and operation of a 400 liter all-glass fermentor, made from industrial glass Components, is described in detail. Outline details are also given for 100 and liter vessels of similar construction. The performance of the 400 liter fermentor with a variety of organisms is discussed. Harvesting performance. Using a disk-stak centrifuge, is also described.
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    Potentiometric determination of coenzyme-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes with recycling of the coenzyme (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1407-1419 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By enzymatically establishing a rapid (essentially equilibrium) coupling of a redox coenzyme such as NAD with the components of the ferrocyanide-ferricyanide half-cell (e.g., using excess diaphorase) the half-cell potential can be used to monitor another enzymatic reaction involving the same coenzyme. This approach provides a general, rapid potentiometric method of assaying coenzyme-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes. We show that these assay systems can be designed for multiple turnover of coenzyme (in our case NAD) during a single assay thereby amplifying the rate of electromotive force (emf) change with a concomitant increase in sensitivity of enzyme assay. This allows the use of small concentrations of coenzyme and extension of the range of enzyme concentrations that may be assayed.
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    Microprocessor control of respiratory quotient (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1459-1463 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Kinetics of collagen-bound sorbitol dehydrogenase in the rotating membrane reactor: Opposite variations of affinity constants under diffusional limitations (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1785-1796 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sorbitol dehydrogenase was bound to the surface of acyl-azide-activated collagen membranes and its kinetics was investigated as a model of two-substrate or cofactor-requiring enzyme reactions. The study was performed with the “rotating membrane reactor” especially designed to obtain a precise variation of the external mass-transfer coefficient, and thus the direct visualization of diffusional effects on the bound enzyme behavior. Diffusional limitations for NADH were found to decrease the apparent affinity for NADH, but to increase the apparent affinity for fructose. Such opposite effects of diffusional limitations on apparent affinities are generally applicable to reactions involving two substrates or a substrate and a cofactor of widely different affinities.
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    Comments on “continuous culture of Candida lipolytica on n -hexadecane”J. R. Gutierrez and L. E. Erickson, preceding paper, Ref. 1. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1849-1850 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260201112
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    Modeling cell concentration in complex media (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1873-1881 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model that continuously predicts the concentration of microorganisms in complex medium fermentations is suggested. The model uses carbon dioxide evolution as its primary input and assumes that respiration activity can be differentiated into growth-related and maintenance-related functions. This model can be programmed on computer-coupled vessels and used to standardize on a physiological fermentation inoculum transfer time. The cell concentration estimate can also be used to calculate specific growth rate and can be combined with additional monitored information to calculate other important fermentation parameters such as specific oxygen uptake.
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    Laboratory-scale production of acetoin plus diacetyl by Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 27613 (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1895-1901 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conditions for the laboratory-scale production of acetoin plus diacetyl by Enterobacter Cloacae ATCC 27613 were studied. Thirty-five g acetoin plus diacetyl/50 g sucrose were obtained when fermentation was carried out in 2. 5 liter medium containing 12.5 g peptone and 12. 5 g yeast extract, at pH 7.0, in a 5 liter conical flask on a shaker (240rpm) at 28-30°C for 48 hr. Recovery of pure diacetyl was 85% of the total plus diacetyl.
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    Influence of manufacturing variables on the characteristics and effectiveness of chitosan products. II. Coagulation of activated sludge suspensions (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 1945-1955 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chitosan samples manufactured under different conditions were compared for effectiveness of coagulating an activated sludge suspension grown on vegetable canning wastes. Computer analysis of data from Buchner funnel filterability tests resulted in quadratic polynomial equations describing the response curves for volume of filtrate versus dosage, expressed as g/liter chitosan/100 g sludge suspended solids (SSS). The quotient of the filtrate volume and dosage at the inflection points of the equations obtained for 10 test samples and 1 commercial chitosan sample were compared to evaluate the response (effectiveness) per unit amount for each chitosan product. The product made by a standard procedure (deproteinated with 3% NaOH at 100°C for 1 hr, demineralized with 1N HCL at ambient temperature for 30 min, and deacetylated with 50% NaOH at 145-150°C under N2 for 5 or 15 min) gave the best performance as a coagulating agent for this activated sludge system. Other products, including the commercial preparation, required higher dosages to achieve the same effectiveness. Products deacetylated in the presence of sir rather than nitrogen decreased waste treatment effectiveness, which approximated the trends of reduced viscosity and molecular-weight distribution. The products containing minerals were less effective than products from which minerals had been removed prior to deacetylation, but they were more effective than the enzyme treated sample and the commercial product. In general, although chitosan products obtained after 15 min deacetylation were more effective than those receiving 5 min deacetylation, effectiveness did not correlate linearly with viscosity and molecular-weight distribution trends. However, chitosan products deacetylated for 15 min did show that the higher-molecular-weight products (0.65-1.1 × 106) were more effective coagulating agents for activated sludge than the manufactured product having the lowest molecular weight (0.47 × 106) and the commercial reference sample (0.56 × 106). Thus, higher values for molecular weight were predictive of greater effectiveness for coagulation of activated sludge suspensions.
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    JERMFERM: A fermentation process development game (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 20 (1978), S. 2011-2014 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Large-scale preparation of a lectin from sunn hemp seeds (Crotalaria juncea) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for large-scale preparation of a lectin from Crotalaria juncea seeds is described. The method involve fractionation by pH- and ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by biospecific affinity chromatography. The adsorbent used for the affinity chromatography was prepared by coupling galactose to Sepharose 6B activated with divinylsulfone. A comparison of different apparatus and techniques involved in the preparation is discussed. The yield and quality of the lectin prepared at a large scale were comparable with laboratory-scale preparation. From 50 kg Crotalaria juncea beans, 14.4 g Crotalaria lectin were obtained.
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    Model of growth and ergot alkaloid production by Claviceps purpurea (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 255-270 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A growth model for Claviceps purpurea in submerged batch culture is presented. In developing the model, the basic principles of the growth and the morphological properties of C. purpurea are considered. The growth of C. purpurea is assumed to occur in a three-step manner; the first step involves the assimilation and the growth of cells; the second one involves cell division, and the third one involves transformation of the mature cells to a state where they have no ability to divide but do have the ability to produce ergot alkaloids and then they gradually die. Inorganic phosphate is assumed to be the limiting substrate for the first and the second steps in conditions of carbon source being in excess. The model constants are determined by model simulation and graphical searching techniques to find the minimum value of the absolute difference between the experimental and the simulated curves for biomass, alkaloids, and sucrose.
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    Immobilization of β-galactosidase and other enzymes onto p-amino-carbanilated cellulose derivatives (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 311-321 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Galactosidase and other enzymes were immobilized on p-amino-carbanilated derivatives of cellulose and methylol cellulose using the diazo method and through glutaraldehyde. The optimum conditions for coupling cellulose tri-(p-amino-carbanilate) (CTAC) to β-galactosidase were established. The diazo coupling method with CTAC gave greater activity than with glutaraldehyde when coupled to β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). The stability of the CTAC-β-galactosidase system was examined. The disubstituted p-amino-carbanilate derivative (CDAC) gave a lower activity, whereas the methylol analog (MCTAC) gave slightly greater activity. The CTAC was also used to immobilize glucose oxidase, trypsin, pepsin, and papain.
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    Hydrophobic chromatography of β-galactosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 377-399 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrophobic interaction of β-galactosidase with Sepharose 4B substituted with 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine was studied in both batch and column experiments. The equilibrium and the binding rate constants were determined for different phosphate buffer concentrations. The equilibrium constants exhibit a hysteresis effect, i.e., desorption constants are less than adsorption constants, and the higher the ionic strength to start the desorption, the larger the effect. The rate data are not satisfactorily described by a simple reversible first-order model. The column chromatographic data are semiquantitatively described by a local equilibrium theory without axial dispersion or intraparticle diffusion.
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    Enzyme formation during solid-substrate fermentation in rotating vessels (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 411-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869 was cultured on the solid substrate, wheat bran, in a modified Rollacell apparatus to produce α-galactosidase and invertase. The swivel cap on the elongated bottle permits the introduction of air while the bottle rotates. Parameters of air flow rate (0.05-0.2 liter/kg/min), rpm (0.15-15 rpm), and weight of solids (150 and 300 g) were varied. At low air flow rates (0.05 liter/kg solid/min), α-galactosidase production was minimal independent of the rotation rate. At 0.15 rpm and 0.2 liter/kg solids/min air flow rate, invertase production ceased after five days; whereas α-galactosidase production continued. The modified Rollacell can be a useful apparatus for studying solid-substrate cultures.
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    Temperature and pH dependence of mold α-galactosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 505-518 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of temperature and pH on kinetic behavior of α-galactosidase of Mortierella vinacea was investigated on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG). A very unusual kinetic behavior was observed for the soluble α-galactosidase i.e., substrate inhibition diminished gradually with increasing temperature or near the neutral pH range, and the kinetics approached the ordinary Michaelis-Menten (MM) type. On the other hand, with decreasing temperature or in acidic pH range, substrate inhibition was accelerated. Therefore, Arrhenius plots based on the initial reaction rate did not give straight lines. Furthermore, the slope in the Arrhenius plot changed with substrate concentration, which would make the determination of a characteristic value using conventional methods meaningless. However, the Arrhenius plots of individual kinetic parameters in the rate equation resulted in straight lines in the temperature range 15 to 50°C. From this, the drastic change in kinetic behavior could be explained in connection with the temperature and pH dependence of kinetic parameters in the model. For mold pellets (whole-cell enzyme), however, the influence of temperature and pH was less apparent than that of soluble enzyme because of the limitation in intraparticle diffusion. By using the rate equation that was determined for soluble enzyme and the theoretically derived effectiveness factor, the overall reaction rate for mold pellets at various temperature and pH could be predicted to some extent.
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    Optimization of the production of progesterone 11α-hydroxylase by Rhizopus nigricans (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 555-570 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The progesterone 11α-hydroxylase of Rhizopus nigricans ATCC 6227b is an inducible enzyme system that is primarily induced by its substrate progesterone. Maximum induction was found at a progesterone concentration of 0.5 g/liter or above. Oxygen is the other substrate for the hydroxylation and this was found to have a major effect on the amounts of hydroxylase synthesized. Optimum induction of the hydroxylase in a fermentation with a 3.1 m/sec impeller tip speed was found to occur at a dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) of 10% of air saturation. The agitation rate also effects the amount of hydroxylase synthesized with an apparent maximum at 3.1 m/sec impeller tip speed. The DOT for a maximum hydroxylation rate was much higher than for enzyme synthesis so that it was preferable to increase the DOT after induction was completed.
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    Growth of yeast on n-alkanes. II. Batch experiments (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 615-637 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper the results of the Monte Carlo simulations as described in an earlier paper are compared with those of batch experiments. A number of batch experiments were carried out at a low inoculation rate so that only a fraction of the oil drops were inoculated. Under these conditions the effect of the segregation of the oil phase is more clearly demonstrated. Special attention is paid to the preparation of actively growing yeast cells with which the cultures is inoculated. Also a method is developed to estimate the amount of actively growing cells with which the culture is inoculated. The other parameters necessary for the Monte Carlo simulation are measured in separate experiments: the maximum growth rate of the cells, oil drop size, and the drop parameters. Finally the growth curves (measured in the batch experiments) are compared with those calculated with the Monte Carlo procedure. A good agreement is found.
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    Mechanism of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Effects of major structural features of cellulose on enzymatic hydrolysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 177-199 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis is affected by the structural features of cellulosic materials. It has been suggested that the crystallinity and surface area of cellulose fibers are the most important structural features in this regard. This study investigated in depth the relative effects of these two structural features upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and the change of the structural parameters of cellulose during the course of hydrolysis. It was found that the hydrolysis rate is mainly dependent upon the fine structural order of cellulose which can best be represented by the crystallinity rather than the simple surface area. Monitoring the changes in the structural parameters during the course of reaction showed that surface area is not a major limiting factor that slows hydrolysis in its late stages as has been suggested. This information concerning structural features is used to elucidate the mode of action of cellulase.
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    Simple device for the spectrophotometric assay of immobilized enzymesThis work was presented at the September 30, 1977 meeting of the New Mexico Academy of Science at Silver City, New Mexico. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 227-229 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Reactivation of “irreversibly” denaturated enzymes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220121
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    Growth energetics in the production of bacterial single cell protein from Methanol (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 353-362 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacteria grown on methanol exhibit a poor efficiency of energy conservation, which is mainly due to the low P/O ratio of 1 associated with methanol oxidation. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that a P/O ratio of at least 2 is possible for this step in substrate oxidation. This low efficiency of energy conservation is reflected in the yield values on methanol, which are very important in the consideration of biomass production from methanol. Unfortunately in continuous culture there is no obvious way to select for organisms with a greater efficiency of energy conservation.
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    Growth and anthocyanin production by carrot suspension cultures grown under chemostat conditions with phosphate as the limiting nutrient (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 337-352 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemostat cultures of carrot suspension cultures, where growth was limited by the concentration of phosphate in the input medium, were achieved by replacing a fixed proportion of the culture with fresh medium at daily intervals. In the range 0.05-0.30mM phosphate in the input medium and at a specific growth rate of 0.357 days-1, steady-state culture density but not anthocyanin in the cells was strictly proportional to the input phosphate concentration with no intercept. At a phosphate concentration of 0.10mM and growth rates from 0.105 to 0.430 days-1, the steady-state culture density could not be described by Monod's model of chemostat cultures, but could be described by Nyholm's model. The steady-state levels of anthocyanin were not strictly proportional to the steady-state biomass under all conditions, showing that anthocyanin production is not completely growth associated.
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    Growth kinetics under adenine-limiting conditions of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 401-410 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth kinetics of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain, was investigated under adenine-limiting conditions. The concentration of adenine (the limiting substrate for cell growth) in the culture filtrate remained constant during the stationary phase. In this phase, DNA turnover was active and the DNA content per cell was constant throughout the cultivation period. When cells were transferred to medium without adenine, the cell concentration began to decrease immediately and then reached a constant level due to the supply of adenine from lysing to growing cells. The rates of degradation of cells and DNA were both found to be 0.2 hr-1. An equation for cell growth in this pseudostationary phase was obtained by combining Contois' equation, in which the apparent saturation constant was a function of the cell concentration, with a term for cell degradation. This equation satisfactorily expressed the feature of cell growth and adenine consumption by B. subtilis KYA 741 under adenine-limiting conditions.
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    Enzymatic biosynthesis of cephalexin (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1237-1247 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction kinetics of the enzymatic of cephalexin from 7-aminodea-cetoxy cephalosporanic acid and phenylglycine methylester was studied using the synthesizing enzyme obtained from Xanthomonas citri. The activation energy, Km value for 7-aminodeacetoxy cephalosporanic acid and phenylglycine methylester, and Ki value for phenylglycine methylester were determined as 8.63 kcal/mol, 3.7mM, 14.5mM, and 70mM, respectively. The enzyme was found to be constitutive and susceptible to deactivation.
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    Introduction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1295-1296 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220702
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    Estimation of diffusion coefficients of proteins (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 947-955 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation for estimating the diffusion coefficients of protein molecules is presented. The correlation is based upon literature values of the protein diffusion coefficients and molal volumes for 143 proteins. The correlation can be used for the estimation of diffusion coefficients using only molecular weight. Accuracy is such that a linear regression on 301 proteins showed 75% of the diffusion coefficients estimated fell within 20% of the experimental values. The relationship between this correlation, the Stokes-Einstein equation, and the Wilke-Chang correlation is discussed.
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    Surface aeration in a small, agitated, and sparged vessel (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 981-993 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a recent publication, a technique was outlined for measuring surface aeration rates in an agitated vessels while sparging, and it was shown that surface aeration rates fall rapidly with increasing sparge rates. That work was conducted in a 0.61 m diam vessels. The work reported here was done in a small vessel (0.22 m diam) where surface aeration has been reported to be of particular significance. In general, the results obtained in the small vessel confirmed those in the large one and in addition were generally in good agreement with those recently published elsewhere for an almost identical geometry. For typical practical power inputs and sparge rates, the rate of surface aeration was never more than 20% of the sparge rate and generally less than 5%. These results indicate that surface aeration is of considerably less importance than has generally been believed following the findings of workers who estimated its effect by comparing KLa values under unsparged conditions with those when sparging.
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    Enhancement of cellulose accessibility and enzymatic hydrolysis by simultaneous wet milling (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1025-1036 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown that the rate of enzymatic saccharification of cellulosic materials including “pure” cellulose (Whatman CF-11 cellulose), newsprint, lignocellulose (prehydrolyzed to remove hemicelluloses), and wood can be substantially increased by simultaneous wet milling. An enhanced hydrolysis rate was sustained above that observed for ball milling: providing a more extensive saccharification. The cellulosic substrates were wet milled with a variety of grinding elements, such as sand, glass beads, and stainless-steel beads, agitated in a shaker bath. Simultaneous hydrolysis was achieved with a 2% substrate slurry in a 0.1M acetate buffer at 45°C and pH 5. The effectiveness of this process was dependent upon the lignified matrix of the cellulose microfibrils, the grinding elements, and the oscillation frequency of the shaker bath. Wet milling “pure” cellulose for 48 hr, with 3.5 mm glass beads and 200 oscillations/min (opm), yielded 1031 mg reducing sugar/g substrates (93% saccharification) as compared to 483 mg (44%) for the ball-milled sample and 253 mg (23%) for the unmilled material. With the lignified substrates stainless-steel beads (3.5 mm) were more effective than glass. For lignocellulose 529 mg sugar/g substrate (93% saccharification) could be obtained by wet milling with cellulase for 24 hr. This was about three times greater than that of the ball milled (169 mg, 30%) and 10 times greater than that of the unmilled (52 mg, 9%) substrates. The method was also effective for wood particles (60 mesh) giving 143 mg sugar/g wood (approximately 38% saccharification) in 48 hr, whereas the ball-milled sample gave only 79 mg (21%) and the unmlilled substrate 38 mg (10%). These observations can be explained on the basis of the current crystalline theory for the morphology of the cellulosic microfibrils. The advantage of wet milling and simultaneous hydrolysis apparently depends on a continuous generation of accessible sites and sustained rapid hydrolysis rate as the saccharification proceeds, where in the pretreated substrates the hydrolysis rate slow down as the active sites are reduced.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220511
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220601
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  • 96
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    Purification and immobilization of Aspergillus niger β-xylosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1127-1142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Xylosidase from a commercial Aspergillus niger preparation was purified by differential ammonium sulfate precipitation and either gel permeation or cation exchange chromatography, giving 16-fold purification in 32% yield for the first technique or 27-fold purification in 19% yield for the second. The second method in addition almost completely removed interfering β-glucosidase activity. Enzymes prepared by this method was immobilized to 10 different carriers, but only when it was bound to alumina with TiCl4 and to alkylamine porous silica with glutaraldehyde were substantial efficiencies and stabilities achieved. With alumina, the variation of activation procedure, amount of β-xylosidase offered, and activation solution composition yielded maximum activities of over 40 U/g with approximately 70% immobilization efficiency. Variation of binding pH and incubation time led to a maximum immobilized activity of 1.3 U/g with 78% immobilization efficiency on silica.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220603
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    Immobilized yeast cells with methanol oxidase activity: Preparation and enzymatic properties (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1155-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cells form the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (ATCC 26012) were successfully immobilized by entrapment in a polyacrylamide gel. The resulting gel showed high methanol oxidase activity especially after treatment with a detergent (CTAB). The enzymatic properties of the gel-entrapped cell were not very different from that of the soluble enzyme except that no inhibition was observed at high methanol concentration. In continuous reactors, the gel-entrapped cells showed a much higher stability than other enzyme preparations. The inactivation mechanism was investigated and proved to be the oxidation of essential SH group(s) of the methanol oxidase molecule by hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with β-mercaptoethanol prevented inactivation or regenerated activity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220605
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  • 98
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    Polymethylglutamate as a new matrix for covalently immobilized enzymes: Preparation and properties of urease and uricase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1225-1235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polymethylglutamate (PMG), a synthetic polypeptide, was used as a new carrier to immobilize urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) by the azide method. The enzymes could be immobilized onto PMG in various forms, such as film, fiber, coating on various beads, and a silicon tube. The retained activities of the immobilized enzymes were excellent (more than 95%), therefore it was possible to immobilized almost all activities of the enzymes added in the coupling mixtures. Heat stabilities of the resulting immobilized enzymes were markedly improved, while the optimal pH and Km values remained almost unchanged. The urease immobilized on the PMG-coated glass beads packed in a column, was found to retain its activity more than 80% of the initial value, even after the occasional use for a year. In view of the improved retained activities and stabilities of the immobilized enzymes, PMG may therefore be a very versatile matrix for the immobilized enzymes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220609
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    Microcalorimetry of microorganism metabolism of monosaccharides and simple aromatic compounds (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1249-1269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat conduction solution enable rapid determination of the heats of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of substrate by microorganisms. Aliquots of 1.0 ml cell suspension, 5 × 109 cell/ml, were mixed with a few dozen nmol substrate contained in 0.5 ml, under a controlled atmosphere of air, O2, or N2. At these substrate concentration, with adapted microorganisms, metabolism and its heat generation are usually complete within 300 to 600 sec. The raw data yield ΔHapp values. The ΔHapp were determined in the range 0.001 to 0.010% substrate, and extrapolated (limit substrate concentration →0), to yield Δ0H̄, the limiting differential molar heat of metabolism. The Δ0H̄ values express the heat generated when there is rapid metabolism but little new growth, minimal contribution by H+ transfer from metabolites, and maintenance of aerobicity or anaerobicity as specified. Escherichiacoli B/5 was used for aerobic and anaerobic combustion of eight sugars. Pseudomonas multivorans, and an Acinetobacter, strain B-1, were used for aerobic metabolism of benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and a methylnaphthalene. The larger heats of combustion of the hydrocarbons enable the use of aqueous solutions of hydrocarbons well below their solubility limits. The quotient Δ0H̄/n (n = atoms carbon/molecule substrate) varies from (-)36 to (-)67 kcal/mol carbon for the sugars. The most reduced sugar yields the largest exothermic heats. The quotient varies from (-)27 to (-)81 kcal/mol carbon for the aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparison of the calorimetric heats of metabolism of those from total aerobic combustion in aquo (where available) give measure of the efficiencies with which the heat contents of the aqueous substrate are used by the bacteria.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220611
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    Bacillus sphaericus for the control of mosquitoes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1335-1355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From 1972 to 1977 a large laboratory effort was devoted to determining data on efficacy, safety, environmental impact (on nontarget organisms), and some preliminary field work using several isolates of Bacillus sphaericus. The B. sphaericus strains were found to be specific in their mosquito larvicidal activity, not causing mammalian toxicity nor apparent perturbation of the environment. During this period several fermentation and industrialization problems were investigated so that by 1978, using new strains and cultures, it was possible to have prepared kilogram amounts of an active dry stable powder, of strain 1593, for field evaluation. These field evolution. These field evaluations are presently still in progress. Control has been seen particularly against Culex, Anopheles, and Psorophora species, with some what less control aganst Aedes species. Unlike the agriculturally oriented Bacillus thuringiensis candidates, B. sphaericus bacterial cell, which is digested in the larval midgut (within a peritrophic membrane), releasing a toxin as early as 15 min after ingestion. Subsequent death of the larva ensues. Recent evidence suggests that applied B. sphaericus powder will survive in aquatic situations (ditches, ponds, and tree holes) for at least nine month. Comparisons of the B. sphaeicus strains with recently isolated strains of B. thuringiensis (var. israelensis), the latter being particularly active against Aedes species, indicates that they may be useful complements of each other in overall mosquito control strategies. The recent isolation of several new strains of B. thuringiensis, from WHO-CCBC accessions from Roumania, indicate that although the B. thuringiensis isolate is a rare event when compared to the occurrence of B. sphaericus isolates (they usually occur together in accessions from which B. thuringiensis is isolated), several new useful strains of B. thuringiensis should be anticipated. The longevity of the B. thuringiensis strains in the wild has not yet been investigated.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220705
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