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  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (220)
  • 1977  (220)
  • 1
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    Flow phenomena peculiar to calculation of compressible turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Calculation procedures for compressible turbulent boundary layers were based upon techniques, modeling constants, etc., developed originally for the low speed case. Significant differences and new or altered physics which occur in the compressible case were considered, as compared with the low speed situation. Possible pitfalls and sources of inaccuracy in the calculations were indicated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 9-46
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  • 2
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    Summary of calculation procedures for nonsimilar two- and three-dimensional compressible turbulent boundary layers (finite difference, finite element and weighted residual methods), appendix (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: This numerical prediction summary indicates the wide variety of such procedures which are available. Most procedures have detailed user manuals, and in many cases the codes are available. Many of the special effects treated by various methods (such as nonequilibrium or equilibrium chemistry, transition, roughness etc.) are indicated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 69-78
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  • 3
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    Calculation of three-dimensional compressible turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: From comparisons of high speed data with low speed closure procedures using variable mean density, there does not appear to be any appreciable influence of compressibility upon turbulent shear stress modeling in compressible turbulent boundary layers, even for extreme cases such as Mach 14 to 20 with a change in density across the layer of up to a factor of 100. Other evidence of apparent lack of compressibility caused new physics which may alter the shear stress for the compressible boundary layer cases including: (1) fluctuation Mach number was generally less than 1; (2) the shear stress distribution through the boundary layer was not a function of Mach number for zero pressure gradient flows; (3) the Morkovin hypothesis was valid up to Mach 5 (based on fluctuation data); (4) profile N power was not a function of Mach number, at least up to Mach 10; and (5) the nondimensional burst period was approximately the same as that for low speed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 47-68
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  • 4
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    Equations and closure methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Basic differential equations governing compressible turbulent boundary layer flow are reviewed, including conservation of mass and energy, momentum equations derived from Navier-Stokes equations, and equations of state. Closure procedures were broken down into: (1) simple or zeroth-order methods, (2) first-order or mean field closure methods, and (3) second-order or mean turbulence field methods.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 6-8
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  • 5
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    Three-dimensional low Reynolds number flows with a free surface (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The two-dimensional leveling problem (Degani, Gutfinger, 1976) is extended to three dimensions in the case where the flow Re number is very low and attention is paid to the free surface boundary condition with surface tension effects included. The no-slip boundary condition on the wall is observed. The numerical solution falls back on the Marker and Cell (MAC) method (Harlow and Welch, 1965) with the computation region divided into a finite number of stationary rectangular cells (or boxes in the 3-D case) and fluid flow traverses the cells (or boxes).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics; 24; May 1977
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  • 6
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    Kinetic theory analysis of rarefied gas flow through finite length slots (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A kinetic-theory analysis is made of the flow of a rarefied monatomic gas through a two-dimensional slot connecting two reservoirs. Numerical solutions are obtained by the moment and discrete-ordinate methods. The former method portrays the transition-regime characteristics well but has limitations in the free-molecule regime. The latter method gives accurate results in the free-molecule and slip regimes and bolsters confidence in the accuracy of the transition-regime results. The numerical solution for the mass flux through the slot agrees well with an approximate analytical solution of the moment equations for length-to-width ratios from 6 to 0.5, pressure ratios from 0.8 to 0.1, and Knudsen numbers from 5 to 0.5.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 20; June 197
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  • 7
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    Effect of compliant wall motion on turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A critical analysis of available compliant wall data which indicated drag reduction under turbulent boundary layers is presented. Detailed structural dynamic calculations suggest that the surfaces responded in a resonant, rather than a compliant, manner. Alternate explanations are given for drag reductions observed in two classes of experiments: (1) flexible pipe flows and (2) water-backed membranes in air. Analysis indicates that the wall motion for the remaining data is typified by short wavelengths in agreement with the requirements of a possible compliant wall drag reduction mechanism recently suggested by Langley.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 8
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    An implicit-iterative solution of the heat conduction equation with a radiation boundary condition (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: For the problem of predicting one-dimensional heat transfer between conducting and radiating mediums by an implicit finite difference method, four different formulations were used to approximate the surface radiation boundary condition while retaining an implicit formulation for the interior temperature nodes. These formulations are an explicit boundary condition, a linearized boundary condition, an iterative boundary condition, and a semi-iterative boundary method. The results of these methods in predicting surface temperature on the space shuttle orbiter thermal protection system model under a variety of heating rates were compared. The iterative technique caused the surface temperature to be bounded at each step. While the linearized and explicit methods were generally more efficient, the iterative and semi-iterative techniques provided a realistic surface temperature response without requiring step size control techniques.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering; 11; 10, 1; 1977
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  • 9
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    Numerical turbulence modeling (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-19
    Description: The underlying bases and developments in two techniques of detailed turbulence modeling are described where the flow is treated in the Eulerian sense, and one technique where the Lagrangian motions of vortices are followed. First, a technique is described for solving the single-point statistically averaged conservation equations. The Reynolds stresses that appear in these equations are evaluated by solving supplemental differential equations which contain terms that are modeled. A sequence of increasingly complex, but also increasingly general, modeling equations is described and computations based on these equations are compared with experimental data. The hierarchy of models described terminates with equations for the individual components of the Reynolds stress tensor. The second Eulerian technique approach to turbulence modeling is the direct numerical simulation of turbulent fields. In this approach, all three dimensional eddies between a predetermined range of sizes are computed in time within a specified volume of flow. Present day computers require a tradeoff between the size of the volume that can be considered and the degree of resolution of the turbulent eddies. Techniques of modeling the smallest eddies are described that permit enlarging the volume, or Reynolds number, that can be considered.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AGARD Computational Fluid Dyn.; 37 p
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  • 10
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    Prediction of outer layer mixing lengths in turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Predictions of mixing length by Pletcher's (1976) method (using a two-layer eddy viscosity model for a turbulent boundary layer at low Reynolds numbers) are compared to some values derived from turbulent boundary-layer profiles by other authors. The model is incorporated into a finite-difference scheme, to accurately predict low Reynolds number skin friction in supersonic flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Apr. 197
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  • 11
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    Hot-wire anemometry in transonic flow (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of hot-wire anemometry for obtaining fluctuating data in transonic flows has been evaluated. From hot-wire heat loss correlations based on previous transonic data, the sensitivity coefficients for velocity, density, and total temperature fluctuations have been calculated for a wide range of test conditions and sensor parameters. For sensor Reynolds number greater than 20 and high sensor overheat ratios, the velocity sensitivity remains independent of Mach number and equal to the density sensitivity. These conditions were verified by comparisons of predicted sensitivities with those from recent direct calibrations in transonic flows. Based on these results, techniques are presented to obtain meaningful measurements of fluctuating velocity, density, and Reynolds shear stress using hot-wire and hot-film anemometers. Example of these measurements are presented for two transonic boundary layers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Mar. 197
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  • 12
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    A block iterative finite element algorithm for numerical solution of the steady-state, compressible Navier-Stokes equations (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An iterative method for numerically solving the time independent Navier-Stokes equations for viscous compressible flows is presented. The method is based upon partial application of the Gauss-Seidel principle in block form to the systems of the nonlinear algebraic equations which arise in construction of finite element (Galerkin) models approximating solutions of fluid dynamic problems. The continuous cubic element on triangles is employed for function approximation. Computational results for a free shear flow at Re = 1000 indicate significant achievement of economy in iterative convergence rate over finite element and finite difference models which employ the customary time dependent equations and symptotic time marching procedure to steady solution. Numerical results are in excellent agreement with those obtained for the same test problem employing time marching finite element and finite difference solution techniques.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering; 11; 12, 1; 1977
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  • 13
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    Condensation heat transfer in rotating heat pipes in the presence of a non-condensable gas (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of condensation problems in rotating heat pipes containing vapors with different concentrations of non-condensable gases is given. In situations such as this, temperature and concentration gradients are set up in the vapor-gas mixture. There is a transport of mass due to temperature gradients accompanied by an energy transport phenomena due to a concentration gradient. A Nusselt type analysis is not suited to this type of problem; however, a boundary layer type approach has successfully been used to analyze stationary condensation systems with non-condensable gases present. The present boundary layer analysis is presented for condensation processes on the inside of a rotating heat pipe in the presence of non-condensable gases.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Revue Roumaine des Sciences Techniques; vol. 22
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  • 14
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    Revised international representations for the viscosity of water and steam and new representations for the surface tension of water (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 15
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    Monte Carlo turbulence simulation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes turbulence simulation experiments based on the principles of control system theory, that is, the construction of a system characterized by a system function such that upon exciting the system with prescribed noise processes the output of the system is a realization of a random processing the desired statistical attributes of turbulence. An experimental autocorrelation of Jimsphere measurements of wind velocity was approximated to simulate turbulent wind. From the approximate autocorrelation function, the required system function is obtained, and a discrete time system is designed. Another method of simulation is to solve the convolution integral by filter techniques. Other methods include discrete Fourier simulation and self-similar simulation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 16
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    Turbulence processes and simple closure schemes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The problem of closure in turbulence in the case of two-point correlations resides in the existence of two unknowns E and W, the energy spectrum function and the transfer function, respectively, in the spectrum equation. In the case of weak turbulence, W is negligible. In case of higher correlations, closure can be effective by neglecting the inertia term in the highest order term used. Specifying a certain number of spectra at an initial time is also a way of getting around the closure problem. A simple case of turbulent shear flow is then considered, where two-point correlation equations are used and the velocity is broken into mean and fluctuating components. This yields a differential equation for the energy spectrum, the three terms of which are the energy spectrum, production term and dissipation term. They are plotted for a particular time. Similar analyses and comparisons with experiment are made for pipe and boundary layer flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 17
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    Evaluation of thermal soak times (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A mathematical model for the heat transfer within the electronics package of a Chaparral missile was performed. The Grashof number for this configuration was less than 2000 which indicated that the primary mode of heat transfer was conduction. The Vodicka theory for heat conduction in laminated composite media was utilized to obtain the solution for the model.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Ninth Conf. on Space Simulation; p 435-441
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  • 18
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    Application of an electron beam facility for heat transfer measurements in capillary tubes (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A unique method was developed for the determination of heat transfer coefficients for water flowing through capillary tubes using a rastered electron beam heater. Heat flux levels of 150 and 500 watts/sq cm were provided on the top surface of four square tubes. Temperature gradient along the tube length and mass flow rates versus pressure drop were measured.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Ninth Conf. on Space Simulation; p 377-391
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  • 19
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    Precision temperature gradient measurements on window glass (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Surface temperature gradients were measured with miniature thermocouples installed in a 58.5 cm (23-inch) square window. Test measurements at 25 locations were made under vacuum and with the window operating in radiant heat transfer mode. The analysis of thermocouple design and installation is presented along with a lead wire routing scheme to allow for both differential and absolute temperature measurements while using a minimum number of signal feedthru paths through the test chamber wall. Typical test data and operational precautions are presented along with the accuracy analysis for installation effects and measurement effects to support differential temperature measurement precision values of + or - 0.06 C RMS + or - 0.1 F RMS).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Ninth Conf. on Space Simulation; p 5-14
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  • 20
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    Gravity flow rate of solids through orifices and pipes (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Lock-hopper systems are the most common means for feeding solids to and from coal conversion reactor vessels. The rate at which crushed solids flow by gravity through the vertical pipes and valves in lock-hopper systems affects the size of pipes and valves needed to meet the solids-handling requirements of the coal conversion process. Methods used to predict flow rates are described and compared with experimental data. Preliminary indications are that solids-handling systems for coal conversion processes are over-designed by a factor of 2 or 3.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Conf. on Coal Feeding Systems; p 519-536
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  • 21
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    Progress in the development of a Mach 5 quiet tunnel (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Various techniques to control and reduce radiated noise and the application of these techniques to a 1/2-water Mach 5 quiet tunnel are reviewed. Measurements in a small scale nozzle have shown that the upstream part of the supersonic wall boundary layer could be maintained laminar up to Reynolds numbers of nearly 4 x 1 million based on the test region length upstream of the nozzle exit. Turbulent noise levels in this test region were then reduced by an order of magnitude. To maintain low noise levels at higher Reynolds numbers, laminar flow noise shields are required. Data are presented for shields that consist of small diameter rods alined nearly parallel to the entrance flow with small gaps between the rods for boundary layer suction. Analysis and data presented on the noise shielding and reflection characteristics of flat plates and a rod-wall test panel indicate that freestream turbulent noise can be reduced by 70 to 90 deg at high Reynolds numbers. Performance estimates for the 1/2-meter tunnel are based on these results.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AGARD Laminar-Turbulent Transition; 14 p
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  • 22
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    Behavior of fluids in a weightless environment (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Fluid behavior in a low-g environment is controlled primarily by surface tension forces. Certain fluid and system characteristics determine the magnitude of these forces for both a free liquid surface and liquid in contact with a solid. These characteristics, including surface tension, wettability or contact angle, system geometry, and the relationships governing their interaction, are discussed. Various aspects of fluid behavior in a low-g environment are then presented. This includes the formation of static interface shapes, oscillation and rotation of drops, coalescence, the formation of foams, tendency for cavitation, and diffusion in liquids which were observed during the Skylab fluid mechanics science demonstrations. Liquid reorientation and capillary pumping to establish equilibrium configurations for various system geometries, observed during various free-fall (drop-tower) low-g tests, are also presented. Several passive low-g fluid storage and transfer systems are discussed. These systems use surface tension forces to control the liquid/vapor interface and provide gas-free liquid transfer and liquid-free vapor venting.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Bioprocessing in Space; p 37-52
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  • 23
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    The calculation of the mass moment of inertia of a fluid in a rotating rectangular tank (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This analysis calculated the mass moment of inertia of a nonviscous fluid in a slowly rotating rectangular tank. Given the dimensions of the tank in the x, y, and z coordinates, the axis of rotation, the percentage of the tank occupied by the fluid, and angle of rotation, an algorithm was written that could calculate the mass moment of inertia of the fluid. While not included in this paper, the change in the mass moment of inertia of the fluid could then be used to calculate the force exerted by the fluid on the container wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-197777 , NAS 1.26:197777
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  • 24
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    Pressure and heating-rate distributions on a corrugated surface in a supersonic turbulent boundary layer (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Drag and heating rates on wavy surfaces typical of current corrugated plate designs for thermal protection systems were determined experimentally. Pressure-distribution, heating-rate, and oil-flow tests were conducted in the Langley Unitary Plan wind tunnel at Mach numbers of 2.4 and 4.5 with the corrugated surface exposed to both thick and thin turbulent boundary layers. Tests were conducted with the corrugations at cross-flow angles from 0 deg to 90 deg to the flow. Results show that for cross-flow angles of 30 deg or less, the pressure drag coefficients are less than the local flat-plate skin-friction coefficients and are not significantly affected by Mach number, Reynolds number, or boundary-layer thickness over the ranges investigated. For cross-flow angles greater than 30 deg, the drag coefficients increase significantly with cross-flow angle and moderately with Reynolds number. Increasing the Mach number causes a significant reduction in the pressure drag. The average and peak heating penalties due to the corrugated surface are small for cross-flow angles of 10 deg or less but are significantly higher for the larger cross-flow angles.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TP-1024 , L-11732 , NAS 1.60:1024
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  • 25
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    Evolution of weak disturbances in inert binary mixtures (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The evolution of weak disturbances in inert binary mixtures is determined for the one-dimensional piston problem. The interaction of the dissipative and nonlinear mechanisms is described by Burgers' equation. The binary mixture diffusion mechanisms enter as an additive term in an effective diffusivity. Results for the impulsive motion of a piston moving into an ambient medium and the sinusoidally oscillating piston are used to illustrate the results and elucidate the incorrect behavior pertaining to the associated linear theory.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-80925 , SU-JIAA-TR-6
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  • 26
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    On the theory of solitary Rossby waves (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The evolution of long, finite amplitude Rossby waves in a horizontally sheared zonal current is studied. The wave evolution is described by the Korteweg-de Vries equation or the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation depending on the atmospheric stratification. In either case, the cross-stream modal structure of these waves is given by the long-wave limit of the neutral eigensolutions of the barotropic stability equation. Both non-singular and singular eigensolutions are considered and the appropriate analysis is developed to yield a uniformly valid description of the motion in the critical-layer region where the wave speed matches the flow velocity. The analysis demonstrates that coherent, propagating, eddy structures can exist in stable shear flows and that these eddies have peculiar interaction properties quite distinct from the traditional views of turbulent motion.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 82; Oct. 14
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  • 27
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    Mathematical and computational studies of the stability of axisymmetric annular capillary free surfaces (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Of principal interest is the stability of a perfectly wetting liquid in an inverted, vertical, right circular-cylindrical container having a concave spheroidal bottom. The mathematical conditions that the contained liquid be in stable static equilibrium are derived, including those for the limiting case of zero contact angle. Based on these results, a computational investigation is carried out for a particular container that is used for the storage of liquid fuels in NASA Centaur space vehicles, for which the axial ratio of the container bottom is 0.724. It is found that for perfectly wetting liquids the qualitative nature of the onset of instability changes at a critical liquid volume, which for the Centaur fuel tank corresponds to a mean fill level of approximately 0.503 times the tank's radius. Small-amplitude periodic sloshing modes for this tank were calculated; oscillation frequencies or growth rates are given for several Bond numbers and liquid volumes, for normal modes having up to six angular nodes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-135346 , UCID-3983 , DOE/NASA/7405-78/2
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  • 28
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    Mathematical and computational studies of equilibrium capillary free surfaces (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of several independent studies are presented. The general question is considered of whether a wetting liquid always rises higher in a small capillary tube than in a larger one, when both are dipped vertically into an infinite reservoir. An analytical investigation is initiated to determine the qualitative behavior of the family of solutions of the equilibrium capillary free-surface equation that correspond to rotationally symmetric pendent liquid drops and the relationship of these solutions to the singular solution, which corresponds to an infinite spike of liquid extending downward to infinity. The block successive overrelaxation-Newton method and the generalized conjugate gradient method are investigated for solving the capillary equation on a uniform square mesh in a square domain, including the case for which the solution is unbounded at the corners. Capillary surfaces are calculated on the ellipse, on a circle with reentrant notches, and on other irregularly shaped domains using JASON, a general purpose program for solving nonlinear elliptic equations on a nonuniform quadrilaterial mesh. Analytical estimates for the nonexistence of solutions of the equilibrium capillary free-surface equation on the ellipse in zero gravity are evaluated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-135345 , UCID-3982 , DOE/NASA/7405-78/1
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  • 29
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    Thermal barrier coating system (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A coating system which contains a bond coating and a thermal barrier coating is applied to metal surfaces such as turbine blades and provides both low thermal conductivity and improved adherence when exposed to high temperature gases or liquids. The bond coating contains NiCrAlY and the thermal barrier coating contains a reflective oxide. The reflective oxides ZrO2-Y2O3 and ZrO2-MgO have demonstrated significant utility in high temperature turbine applications.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 30
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    Supercritical oxygen heat transfer (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Heat transfer to supercritical oxygen was experimentally measured in electrical heated tubes. Experimental data were obtained for pressures ranging from 17 to 34.5 MPa (2460 to 5000 psia), and heat fluxes from 2 to 90 million w/sq cm (1.2 to 55 Btu/(sq in. sec)). Bulk temperatures ranged from 96 to 217 K (173 to 391 R). Experimental data obtained by other investigators were added to this to increase the range of pressure down to 2 MPa (290 psia) and increase the range of bulk temperature up to 566 K (1019 R). From this compilation of experimental data a correlating equation was developed which predicts over 95% of the experimental data within + or - 30%.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-135339
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    Accelerated life tests of specimen heat pipe from Communication Technology Satellite (CTS) project (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A gas-loaded variable conductance heat pipe of stainless steel with methanol working fluid identical to one now on the CTS satellite was life tested in the laboratory at accelerated conditions for 14 200 hours, equivalent to about 70 000 hours at flight conditions. The noncondensible gas inventory increased about 20 percent over the original charge. The observed gas increase is estimated to increase operating temperature by about 2.2 C, insufficient to harm the electronic gear cooled by the heat pipes in the satellite. Tests of maximum heat input against evaporator elevation agree well with the manufacturer's predictions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-73846 , E-9433
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    Two-Phase Working Fluids for the Temperature Range 50 to 350 C (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The decomposition and corrosion of two-phase heat transfer liquids and metal envelopes have been investigated on the basis of molecular bond strengths and chemical thermodynamics. Potentially stable heat transfer fluids for the temperature range 100 C to 350 C have been identified, and reflux heat pipes tests initiated with 10 fluids and carbon steel and aluminum envelopes to experimentally establish corrosion behavior and noncondensable gas generation rates.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-135255
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  • 33
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    Numerical solution of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations using density gradients as additional dependent variables (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Numerical solution of two dimensional, time dependent, compressible viscous Navier-Stokes equations about arbitrary bodies was treated using density gradients as additional dependent variables. Thus, six dependent variables were computed with the SOR iteration method. Besides formulation for pressure gradient terms, a formulation for computing the body density was presented. To approximate the governing equations, an implicit finite difference method was employed. In computing the solution for the flow about a circular cylinder, a problem arose near the wall at both stagnation points. Thus, computations with various conditions were tried to examine the problem. Also, computations with and without formulations are compared. The flow variables were computed on 37 by 40 field first, then on an 81 by 40 field.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-155563
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  • 34
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    Axially grooved heat pipe study (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A technology evaluation study on axially grooved heat pipes is presented. The state-of-the-art is reviewed and present and future requirements are identified. Analytical models, the Groove Analysis Program (GAP) and a closed form solution, were developed to facilitate parametric performance evaluations. GAP provides a numerical solution of the differential equations which govern the hydrodynamic flow. The model accounts for liquid recession, liquid/vapor shear interaction, puddle flow as well as laminar and turbulent vapor flow conditions. The closed form solution was developed to reduce computation time and complexity in parametric evaluations. It is applicable to laminar and ideal charge conditions, liquid/vapor shear interaction, and an empirical liquid flow factor which accounts for groove geometry and liquid recession effects. The validity of the closed form solution is verified by comparison with GAP predictions and measured data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-156678 , BK012-1009
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    Environment effects from SRB exhaust effluents: Technique development and preliminary assessment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Techniques to determine the environmental effects from the space shuttle SRB (Solid Rocket Booster) exhaust effluents are used to perform a preliminary climatological assessment. The exhaust effluent chemistry study was performed and the exhaust effluent species were determined. A reasonable exhaust particle size distribution is constructed for use in nozzle analyses and for the deposition model. The preliminary assessment is used to identify problems that are associated with the full-scale assessment; therefore, these preliminary air quality results are used with caution in drawing conclusion regarding the environmental effects of the space shuttle exhaust effluents.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-2923 , M-236
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  • 36
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    The momentum transfer of incompressible turbulent separated flow due to cavities with steps (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental study was conducted using a plate test bed having a turbulent boundary layer to determine the momentum transfer to the faces of step/cavity combinations on the plate. Experimental data were obtained from configurations including an isolated configuration and an array of blocks in tile patterns. A momentum transfer correlation model of pressure forces on an isolated step/cavity was developed with experimental results to relate flow and geometry parameters. Results of the experiments reveal that isolated step/cavity excrecences do not have a unique and unifying parameter group due in part to cavity depth effects and in part to width parameter scale effects. Drag predictions for tile patterns by a kinetic pressure empirical method predict experimental results well. Trends were not, however, predicted by a method of variable roughness density phenomenology.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-151590 , TEES-1086-TR-77-02
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  • 37
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    Dynamic response of some tentative compliant wall structures to convected turbulence fields (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Some tentative compliant wall structures designed for possible skin friction drag reduction are investigated. Among the structural models considered is a ribbed membrane backed by polyurethane or PVS plastisol. This model is simplified as a beam placed on a viscoelastic foundation as well as on a set of evenly spaced supports. The total length of the beam may be either finite or infinite, and the supports may be either rigid or elastic. Another structural model considered is a membrane mounted over a series of pretensioned wires, also evenly spaced, and the entire membrane is backed by an air cavity. The forcing pressure field is idealized as a frozen random pattern convected downstream at a characteristic velocity. The results are given in terms of the frequency response functions of the system, the spectral density of the structural motion, and the spectral density of the boundary layer pressure including the effect of structural motion. These results are used in a parametric study of structural configurations capable of generating favorable wave lengths, wave amplitudes, and wave speeds in the structural motion for potential drag reduction.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-2909
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  • 38
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    A design handbook for phase change thermal control and energy storage devices (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Comprehensive survey is given of the thermal aspects of phase change material devices. Fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer within the phase change device are discussed. Performance in zero-g and one-g fields are examined as it relates to such a device. Computer models for phase change materials, with metal fillers, undergoing conductive and convective processes are detailed. Using these models, extensive parametric data are presented for a hypothetical configuration with a rectangular phase change housing, using straight fins as the filler, and paraffin as the phase change material. These data are generated over a range of realistic sizes, material properties, and thermal boundary conditions. A number of illustrative examples are given to demonstrate use of the parametric data. Also, a complete listing of phase change material property data are reproduced herein as an aid to the reader.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TP-1074 , M-230
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  • 39
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    CAVE: A computer code for two-dimensional transient heating analysis of conceptual thermal protection systems for hypersonic vehicles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A digital computer code CAVE (Conduction Analysis Via Eigenvalues), which finds application in the analysis of two dimensional transient heating of hypersonic vehicles is described. The CAVE is written in FORTRAN 4 and is operational on both IBM 360-67 and CDC 6600 computers. The method of solution is a hybrid analytical numerical technique that is inherently stable permitting large time steps even with the best of conductors having the finest of mesh size. The aerodynamic heating boundary conditions are calculated by the code based on the input flight trajectory or can optionally be calculated external to the code and then entered as input data. The code computes the network conduction and convection links, as well as capacitance values, given basic geometrical and mesh sizes, for four generations (leading edges, cooled panels, X-24C structure and slabs). Input and output formats are presented and explained. Sample problems are included. A brief summary of the hybrid analytical-numerical technique, which utilizes eigenvalues (thermal frequencies) and eigenvectors (thermal mode vectors) is given along with aerodynamic heating equations that have been incorporated in the code and flow charts.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-2897
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  • 40
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    Nonparallel stability of boundary layers with pressure gradients and suction (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analysis is presented for the linear nonparallel stability of boundary layer flows with pressure gradients and suction. The effect of the boundary layer growth is included by using the method of multiple scales. The present analysis is compared with those of Bouthier and Gaster and the roles of the different definitions of the amplification rates are discussed. The results of these theories are compared with experimental data for the Blasius boundary layer. Calculations are presented for stability characteristics of boundary layers with pressure gradients and nonsimilar suction distributions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AGARD Laminar-Turbulent Transition; 21 p
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  • 41
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    The SRB heat shield: Aeroelastic stability during reentry (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Wind tunnel tests of a 3% scale model of the aft portion of the SRB equipped with partially scaled heat shields were conducted for the purpose of measuring fluctuating pressure levels in the aft skirt region. During these tests, the heat shields were observed to oscillate violently, the oscillations in some instances causing the heat shields to fail. High speed films taken during the tests reveal a regular pattern of waves in the fabric starting near the flow stagnation point and progressing around both sides of the annulus. The amplitude of the waves was too great, and their pattern too regular, for them to be attributed to the fluctuating pressure levels measured during the tests. The cause of the oscillations observed in the model heat shields, and whether or not similar oscillations will occur in the full scale SRB heat shield during reentry were investigated. Suggestions for modifying the heat shield so as to avoid the oscillations are provided, and recommendations are made for a program of vibration and wind tunnel tests of reduced-scale aeroelastic models of the heat shield.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-150479 , BBN-3532
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  • 42
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    Transition Prediction and Linear Stability Theory (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Linear stability theory is used in computing the amplitude ratio for other than two-dimensional instability waves. The wave motion is obtained from the ray equations of kinematic wave theory, and the amplitude ratio by simply integrating the spatial amplification rate of the parallel flow theory along a ray. Both the temporal and spatial theories are examined for two- and three-dimensional incompressible and two-dimensional compressible boundary layers. The dispersion relation is most directly obtained with the temporal theory, but the magnitude and direction of the group velocity have to be computed to give the spatial amplification rate, and then only approximately. The spatial theory gives the spatial amplification rate directly, but only after the direction of the group velocity is known. Transition prediction methods, divided into amplitude-density and amplitude methods, are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AGARD Laminar-Turbulent Transition; 22 p
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  • 43
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    Standardization of computational experiments in unsteady turbulent boundary-layer flow (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Numerical experiments are proposed as standard cases to be computed by all who plan to analyze unsteady turbulent boundary layer behavior. In this way, differences between the results obtained by various methods can be compared in a completely defined environment. The test cases range in difficulty from time relaxation study of the steady flow on a flat plate to the analysis of unsteady reversed flow. Initial and boundary conditions are fully defined for each case and representative outputs are presented. It is recommended that tabulated samples of computations of these test cases be published in a compendium of results.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-78445 , A-7230
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  • 44
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    Single-node orbit analsyis with radiation heat transfer only (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The steady-state temperature of a single node which dissipates energy by radiation only is discussed for a nontime varying thermal environment. Relationships are developed to illustrate how shields can be utilized to represent a louver system. A computer program is presented which can assess periodic temperature characteristics of a single node in a time varying thermal environment having energy dissipation by radiation only. The computer program performs thermal orbital analysis for five combinations of plate, shields, and louvers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-78142
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    Effects of film injection angle on turbine vane cooling (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Film ejection from discrete holes in the suction surface of a turbine vane was studied for hole axes (1) slanted 30 deg to the surface in the streamwise direction and (2) slanted 30 deg to the surface and 45 deg from the streamwise direction toward the hub. The holes were near the throat area in a five-row staggered array with 8-diameter spacing. Mass flux ratios were as high as 1.2. The data were obtained in an annular sector cascade at conditions where both the ratio of the boundary layer momentum thickness-to-hole diameter and the momentum thickness Reynolds number were typical of an advanced turbofan engine at both takeoff and cruise. Wall temperatures were measured downstream of each of the rows of holes. Results of this study are expressed as a comparison of cooling effectiveness between the in-line angle injection and the compound-angle injection as a function of mass flux ratio. These heat transfer results are also compared with the results of a referenced flow visualization study. Also included is a closed-form analytical solution for temperature within the film cooled wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TP-1095 , E-9254
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  • 46
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    Finite element analysis of aeroacoustic jet-flap flows (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computational analysis was performed on the steady, turbulent aerodynamic flowfields associated with a jet-blown flap. For regions devoid of flow separation, a parabolic approximation to the governing time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations was applied. Numerical results are presented for the symmetry plane flow of a slot-nozzle planar jet flap geometry, including prediction of flowfield evolution within the secondary mixing region immediately downstream of the trailing edge. Using a two equation turbulence kinetic energy closure model, rapid generation and decay of large spatial gradients in mean and correlated fluctuating velocity components within the immediate wake region were predicted. Modifications to the turbulent flow structure, as induced by porous surface treatment of the flap, were evaluated. The recirculating flow within a representative discrete slot in the surface was evaluated, using the two dimensional, time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-2931 , COMOC-76TR-1.2
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    An experimental investigation of boundary layer and crossflow characteristics of the Ames 2 by 2 foot and 11 by 11 foot transonic wind-tunnel walls (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The boundary layer and crossflow characteristics of 2- by 2-foot and 11- by 11-foot transonic wind-tunnel wall configurations have been studied for Mach numbers ranging from 0.5 to 1.2 and for various crossflow to free stream unit mass flow ratios. For the 2- by 2-ft and 11- by 11-ft wall configurations, these ratios ranged from 0 to 0.12 and from 0 to 0.07, respectively. Most notably, for both wall configurations, the pressure-drop coefficient across the wall was nonlinear with mass flow and invariant with Mach number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-73257 , A-7098
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    Parametric Performance of a Spiral-Artery, Liquid-Trap-Diode Heat Pipe (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A series of parametric investigations are described which determine the effect of various fluid charges on the performance of a 0.635-cm-diam spiral-artery, liquid-trap diode in both the forward and reverse modes. Specific parameters such as forward- and reverse-mode conductances, shutdown times and energies, and recovery to forward-model operation, are evaluated for ethane as a working fluid in the temperature range 170 K to 220 K. Results indicate that the heat pipe will not reliably start up in the forward mode. However, startup can be initiated when preceded by a diode reversal. Also included are data which show the susceptibility of the diode to fluid charge and tilt. The optimum fluid charge was found to be 2.67 g and transport capability at this charge was in excess of 1200 W-cm at 200 K. The diode in the reverse mode exhibited a rapid shutdown (within 9 min) with a shutdown energy of 1150 J (0.32 Wh).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-78448 , A-7255
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    An ILLIAC program for the numerical simulation of homogeneous incompressible turbulence (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An algorithm and ILLIAC computer program, developed for the simulation of homogeneous incompressible turbulence in the presence of an applied mean strain, are described. The turbulence field is represented spatially by a truncated triple Fourier series (spectral method) and followed in time using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. These include: (1) transformation of variables suggested by Taylor's sudden-distortion theory; (2) implicit viscous diffusion by use of an integrating factor; (3) implicit pressure calculation suggested by Taylor's sudden-distortion theory, and (4) inexpensive control of aliasing by random and phased coordinate shifts.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-73203 , A-6899
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  • 50
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    A solution to the Navier-Stokes equations based upon the Newton Kantorovich method (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An implicit finite difference scheme based on the Newton-Kantorovich technique was developed for the numerical solution of the nonsteady, incompressible, two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in conservation-law form. The algorithm was second-order-time accurate, noniterative with regard to the nonlinear terms in the vorticity transport equation except at the earliest few time steps, and spatially factored. Numerical results were obtained with the technique for a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 15. Results indicate that the technique is in excellent agreement with other numerical techniques for all geometries and Reynolds numbers investigated, and indicates a potential for significant reduction in computation time over current iterative techniques.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-78437 , A-7212
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    Water impact shock test system (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The basic objective was to design, manufacture, and install a shock test system which, in part, would have the ability to subject test articles weighing up to 1,000 pounds to both half sine and/or full sine pulses having peak levels of up to 50 G's with half sine pulse durations of 100 milliseconds or full sine period duration of 200 milliseconds. The tolerances associated with the aforementioned pulses were +20% and -10% for the peak levels and plus or minus 10% for the pulse durations. The subject shock test system was to be capable of accepting test article sizes of up to 4 feet by 4 feet mounting surface by 4 feet in length.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-150473
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    Numerical methods for inviscid/viscous flows (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study of numerical schemes for solving viscous fluid flow problems with sizable regions of predominantly inviscid flow is presented. Difficulties associated with the familiar central difference approach for such problems were analyzed and alternative finite difference approaches employing windward concepts are presented. In addition, difference relations based on exponential operators were developed. All such schemes were demonstrated and evaluated through application to the case of Falkner Skan flow with blowing - a problem in which a sizable region of predominantly inviscid flow develops near the injection surface that traditionally causes numerical difficulty.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-155328 , AFL-77-9-34
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    Stability analysis for laminar flow control, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The basic equations for the stability analysis of flow over three dimensional swept wings are developed and numerical methods for their solution are surveyed. The equations for nonlinear stability analysis of three dimensional disturbances in compressible, three dimensional, nonparallel flows are given. Efficient and accurate numerical methods for the solution of the equations of stability theory were surveyed and analyzed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-2910 , CHI-2
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    Prediction of compliant wall drag reduction, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Computer codes developed to test Bushnell's compliant wall drag reduction model are discussed. One code computes the evolution of mean velocity profiles during the period between bursts as forced by an imposed large-scale pressure pulse due to earlier bursts. Another code computes the local stability characteristics of these computed profiles. The programs use Chebyshev polynomials to resolve the normal boundary layer (y) direction and a staggered grid of mesh points to resolve the x direction. Typically, 257 grid points and 33 Chebyshev polynomials are used in the computations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-2911
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    Viscous effects in tube flow initiated by an expansion wave (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An examination is made of the effect of the turbulent boundary layer on the uniformity of the flow initiated by a nonsteady expansion wave traveling in a long, constant-area tube. Closed-form expressions for the flow perturbations first are obtained from the linearized equations of motion. Measured static pressure histories for both lowand high-tube Mach numbers are used for comparison. Detailed discussions of the limitations of the linearized model and its extension to high-tube Mach numbers are given. Agreement is shown between a modified version of the linearized model and the experimental results. A model of viscous nonsteady pipe flow is used to explain the nonlinear pressure decay observed at very large length-to-diameter ratios.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Dec. 197
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    Slender streams with gravity - Outer asymptotic expansions. I, II (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The steady, three-dimensional, potential flow (neglecting surface tension) of a slender stream of fluid in the presence of gravity is considered and a description is presented of the first part of an asymptotic theory of such a flow. The theory will provide the ingredients for the construction of the solution to many flow problems involving slender streams. The flows and their boundaries are represented as asymptotic power series in the slenderness ratio of the stream. Attention is given to the formulation of the outer expansion problems, first approximations for a jet, a first approximation for pipe flow, and a first approximation for channel flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 20; Oct. 197
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    CTS TEP thermal anomalies: Heat pipe system performance (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A part of the investigation is summarized of the thermal anomalies of the transmitter experiment package (TEP) on the Communications Technology Satellite (CTS) which were observed on four occasions in 1977. Specifically, the possible failure modes of the variable conductance heat pipe system (VCHPS) used for principal thermal control of the high-power traveling wave tube in the TEP are considered. Further, the investigation examines how those malfunctions may have given rise to the TEP thermal anomalies. Using CTS flight data information, ground test results, analysis conclusions, and other relevant information, the investigation concentrated on artery depriming as the most likely VCHPS failure mode. Included in the study as possible depriming mechanisms were freezing of the working fluid, Marangoni flow, and gas evolution within the arteries. The report concludes that while depriming of the heat pipe arteries is consistent with the bulk of the observed data, the factors which cause the arteries to deprime have yet to be identified.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-159413
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    Study of a high performance evaporative heat transfer surface (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An evaporative surface is described for heat pipes and other two-phase heat transfer applications that consists of a hybrid composition of V-grooves and capillary wicking. Characteristics of the surface include both a high heat transfer coefficient and high heat flux capability relative to conventional open-faced screw thread surfaces. With a groove density of 12.6 cm/1 and ammonia working fluid, heat transfer coefficients in the range of 1 to 2 W/sq cm have been measured along with maximum heat flux densities in excess of 20 W/sq cm. A peak heat transfer coefficient in excess of 2.3 W/sq cm was measured with a 37.8 cm/1 hybrid surface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-152008
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    Advanced spacecraft thermal control techniques (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The problems of rejecting large amounts of heat from spacecraft were studied. Shuttle Space Laboratory heat rejection uses 1 kW for pumps and fans for every 5 kW (thermal) heat rejection. This is rather inefficient, and for future programs more efficient methods were examined. Two advanced systems were studied and compared to the present pumped-loop system. The advanced concepts are the air-cooled semipassive system, which features rejection of a large percentage of the load through the outer skin, and the heat pipe system, which incorporates heat pipes for every thermal control function.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-78134
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    Passage of a weak vortex sheet through an oblique shock (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The two-dimensional problem of the passage of a free vortex sheet of weak strength through an oblique shock wave of finite strength is investigated. Conditions are established which define the changes of the strength and shape of the vortex sheet after its passage through the shock wave in terms of the shock strength and the angle between the shock wave and the vortex sheet.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Virginia Journal of Science; 28; 4, 19
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    Polynomial interpolation methods for viscous flow calculations (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Higher-order collocation procedures which result in block-tridiagonal matrix systems are derived from (1) Taylor series expansions and from (2) polynomial interpolation, and the relationships between the two formulations, called respectively Hermite and spline collocation, are investigated. A Hermite block-tridiagonal system for a nonuniform mesh is derived, and the Hermite approach is extended in order to develop a variable-mesh sixth-order block-tridiagonal procedure. It is shown that all results obtained by Hermite development can be recovered by appropriate spline polynomial interpolation. The additional boundary conditions required for these higher-order procedures are also given. Comparative solutions using second-order accurate finite difference and spline and Hermite formulations are presented for the boundary layer on a flat plate, boundary layers with uniform and variable mass transfer, and the viscous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations describing flow in a driven cavity.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AD-A053059 , AFOSR-78-0540TR , Journal of Computational Physics; 24; July 197
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    Turbulent plane Couette flow using probability distribution functions (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A numerical scheme employing a combination of the discrete ordinate method and finite differences is developed for solving the one-dimensional form of Lundgren's (1967) model equation for turbulent plane Couette flow. The approach used requires no a priori assumption about the form of the turbulent distribution function, and the numerical solution is obtained directly from the governing differential equations. Two different types of boundary conditions (zero-gradient and Chapman-Enskog) for the distribution function are evaluated by comparing the numerical results with experimental data. It is found that: (1) the present approach gives convergent and stable results over a wide range of Reynolds numbers; (2) Lundgren's equation yields results that compare well with experimental data for mean velocity and skin friction in the case of simple Couette flow; (3) the zero-gradient boundary condition leads to a logarithmic flow profile; and (4) the Chapman-Enskog boundary condition provides very good agreement with experimental data when applied within the near-wall region.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 20; Apr. 197
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  • 63
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    Turbulent diffusion from a quasi-kinematical point of view (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An estimate for the coefficient of self-diffusion can be derived whenever the Eulerian velocity spectrum is known. The result is more general than those previously obtained. A comparison is made with computed test-particle diffusion in an inviscid two-dimensional Navier-Stokes fluid.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 20; Jan. 197
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    Convection phenomena of importance for materials processing in space (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The basic aspects of convection processes are delineated. It is shown that even in weak gravitational fields buoyancy can induce fluid motion. Furthermore, at reduced gravity, other nongravity forces such as surface or interfacial tensions, g jitter, thermal volume expansions, density differences due to phase changes, and magnetic and electric fields can induce fluid motions. The types of flows possible with these various driving forces are described, and criteria for determining the extent and nature of the resulting flows and heat transfer are presented. The different physical mechanisms that can occur separately and in combination are indicated, and the present state of knowledge of each of the phenomena is outlined. Specific research problems are described for many of the types of convection that are necessary to obtain greater understanding of their implications for space processing.
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  • 65
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    Calculation of unsteady two-dimensional laminar and turbulent boundary layers with fluctuations in external velocity (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A numerical method is proposed for calculating unsteady two-dimensional laminar and turbulent boundary layers with allowance for fluctuations in external flow velocity. An eddy-viscosity formulation is used to model the Reynolds shear stress term appropriate to turbulent flow, and the governing boundary layer equations are solved by a two-point finite-difference scheme. For illustration, the method is applied to the calculation of the phase angles between the shear stress at the wall and an oscillating external laminar boundary layer on a flat plate. The effectiveness of the method (for engineering purposes) is demonstrated by comparing calculations for turbulent flows with experimental data.
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    Measurements in the turbulent boundary layer with slot injection of helium (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Hot-wire anemometry and digital techniques are used to develop time series for the streamwise and transverse velocity components and for the mass fraction of helium in the low-speed turbulent boundary layer of air involving the slot injection of helium. Profiles are developed at several streamwise stations. In the present contribution the data are presented principally in terms of conventional, unconditioned averages. It is found that the mean velocity and concentration profiles develop in the downstream direction in the expected fashion but that the intensities of the velocity, concentration, and density fluctuations increase sharply downstream of the slot and peak in the region where the mixing region from the splitter plate impinges on the wall. Close to the wall where the helium concentration is relatively high counterfluxes of helium are found.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 20; Feb. 197
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  • 67
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    Instrument concept for geophysical fluid flow experiments on the first spacelab mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A concept is provided for a geophysical fluid flow cell (GFFC) and sufficient detail is given to allow the start of a design effort. A brief background of the scientific studies to be conducted with the GFFC and its theoretical basis for operation are also included.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-78127
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    NASTRAN thermal analyzer: Theory and application including a guide to modeling engineering problems, volume 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The NASTRAN Thermal Analyzer Manual describes the fundamental and theoretical treatment of the finite element method, with emphasis on the derivations of the constituent matrices of different elements and solution algorithms. Necessary information and data relating to the practical applications of engineering modeling are included.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3503
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  • 69
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    Dynamic pressure studies (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects on dynamic pressure by errors in viscous interaction of air, navigation filter errors, and wind errors were investigated. Results are summarized in tabular from.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-151356 , ISC-12603 , LEC-10264
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  • 70
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    Numerical solutions of single-mode convection equations (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the Boussinesq approximation, single-mode equations describing thermal convection are constructed by expanding the fluctuating velocity and temperature fields in a complete set of functions (or planforms) of the horizontal coordinates and retaining just one term. Numerical solutions of the single-mode equations are investigated, chief consideration being given to hexagonal planforms. Extensive surveys of steady solutions are presented for various Rayleigh numbers, Prandtl numbers, and horizontal wavenumbers. The dependences on Rayleigh number and Prandtl number at very large Rayleigh number are in satisfactory agreement with the results of asymptotic expansions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 79; Jan. 20
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  • 71
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    Downstream boundary conditions for viscous flow problems (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The problem of the specification of artificial outflow conditions in flow problems is studied. It is shown that for transport type equations incorrect outflow conditions will adversely affect the solution only in a small region near the outflow boundary, while for elliptic equations, e.g. those governing the streamfunction or pressure, a correct boundary specification is essential. In addition, integral outflow boundary conditions for fluid dynamical problems are considered. It is shown that such conditions are well posed, and their effect on the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations is also considered.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computers and Mathematics with Applications; 3; 1, 19; 1977
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    Liquid jet impingement normal to a disk in zero gravity (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The free surface shapes of circular liquid jets impinging normal to sharp-edged disks in zero gravity are determined. Zero gravity drop tower experiments yielded three distinct flow patterns that were classified in terms of the relative effects of surface tension and inertial forces. An order of magnitude analysis was conducted that indicated regions where viscous forces were not significant in the computation of free surface shapes. The free surface analysis was simplified by transforming the governing potential flow equations and boundary conditions into the inverse plane, where the stream function and velocity potential became the coordinates. The resulting nonlinear equations were solved by standard finite difference methods, and comparisons were made with the experimental data for the inertia dominated regime.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TP-1017 , E-8668
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  • 73
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    A generalized orthogonal coordinate system for describing families of axisymmetric and two-dimensional bodies (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A generalized curvilinear orthogonal coordinate system is presented which can be used for approximating various axisymmetric and two-dimensional body shapes of interest to aerodynamicists. Such body shapes include spheres, ellipses, spherically capped cones, flat-faced cylinders with rounded corners, circular disks, and planetary probe vehicles. A set of transformation equations is also developed whereby a uniform velocity field approaching a body at any angle of attack can be resolved in the transformed coordinate system. The Navier-Stokes equations are written in terms of a generalized orthogonal coordinate system to show the resultant complexity of the governing equations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3468 , L-11175
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    Surface heat flux determination: An analytical and experimental study using a single embedded thermocouple (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A numerical method by which data from a single embedded thermocouple can be used to predict the transient thermal environment for both high- and low-conductivity materials is described. The results of an investigation performed to verify the method clearly demonstrate that accurate, transient, surface heating conditions can be obtained from a thermocouple l.016 centimeters from the heating surface in a low-conductivity material. Space shuttle orbiter thermal protection system materials having temperature- and pressure-dependent properties, and typical orbiter entry heating conditions were used to verify the accuracy of the analytical procedure. Analytically generated, as well as experimental, data were used to compare predicted and measured surface temperatures.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-58204
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    Interactive calculation procedure for supersonic flows (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An interactive procedure was developed for supersonic viscous flows that can be used for either two-dimensional or axisymmetric configurations. The procedure is directed to supersonic internal flows as well as those supersonic external flows that require consideration of mutual interaction between the outer flow and the boundary layer flow. The flow field is divided into two regions: an inner region which is highly viscous and mostly subsonic and an outer region where the flow is supersonic and in which viscous effects are small but not negligible. For the outer region a numerical solution is obtained by applying the method of characteristics to a system of equations which includes viscous and conduction transport terms only normal to the streamlines. The inner region is treated by a system of equations of the boundary layer type that includes higher order effects such as longitudinal and transverse curvature and normal pressure gradients. These equations are coupled and solved simultaneously in the physical coordinates by using an implicit finite difference scheme. This system can also be used to calculate laminar and turbulent boundary layers using a scalar eddy viscosity concept.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73653 , FTAS/TR-76-125
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    HP-9825A calculator programs for plotting orbiter RCS jet dynamic pressure contours (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Computer programs which generate displays of the dynamic pressure fields generated by orbiter RCS thruster firings are described. The programs can be used to generate dynamic contours for an isolated RCS jet and to superimpose the plume contours for specific jets or jet clusters on front and side views of the orbiter profile.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-151335 , TRW-28415-H004-RO-00
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    Evaluation of subgrid-scale turbulence models using a fully simulated turbulent flow (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An exact turbulent flow field was calculated on a three-dimensional grid with 64 points on a side. The flow simulates grid-generated turbulence from wind tunnel experiments. In this simulation, the grid spacing is small enough to include essentially all of the viscous energy dissipation, and the box is large enough to contain the largest eddy in the flow. The method is limited to low-turbulence Reynolds numbers, in our case R sub lambda = 36.6. To complete the calculation using a reasonable amount of computer time with reasonable accuracy, a third-order time-integration scheme was developed which runs at about the same speed as a simple first-order scheme. It obtains this accuracy by saving the velocity field and its first-time derivative at each time step. Fourth-order accurate space-differencing is used.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-152642 , SU-TF-9
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    Equilibrium chemical reaction of supersonic hydrogen-air jets (the ALMA computer program) (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The ALMA (axi-symmetrical lateral momentum analyzer) program is concerned with the computation of two dimensional coaxial jets with large lateral pressure gradients. The jets may be free or confined, laminar or turbulent, reacting or non-reacting. Reaction chemistry is equilibrium.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-2725
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    Turbulence modeling for compressible flows (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Material prepared for a course on Applications and Fundamentals of Turbulence given at the University of Tennessee Space Institute, January 10 and 11, 1977, is presented. A complete concept of turbulence modeling is described, and examples of progess for its use in computational aerodynimics are given. Modeling concepts, experiments, and computations using the concepts are reviewed in a manner that provides an up-to-date statement on the status of this problem for compressible flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73188 , A-6849
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    Friction factor for isothermal and nonisothermal flow through porous media (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements were performed to determine the pressure drops for gaseous flow through porous materials of different microstructures, porosities, and thickness under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions at various temperature levels. Results were satisfactorily correlated by a simple equation relating the friction factor to the Reynolds number and porosities.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Disrupted states of vortex flow and vortex breakdown (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Flow visualization studies and laser Doppler anemometer measurements on swirling water flows reveal six distinct types of very large amplitude disturbance modes of the vortex core. Three, 'axisymmetric' and spiral vortex breakdowns, and the 'double helix,' have been described by others. A definite order of evolution in parameter space (Reynolds number and circulations) occurs, and is described. Puzzling responses of the axisymmetric and spiral vortex breakdowns to imposed flow transients reported previously are confirmed here, and are traced to the shedding of starting and stopping vortices from swirl vanes. Conclusions bearing upon the validity of some theories of vortex breakdown are possible from the data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 20; Sept
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    Application of the wavenumber jump condition to the normal and oblique interaction of a plane acoustic wave and a plane shock (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The kinematics of normal and oblique interactions between a plane acoustic wave and a plane shock wave are investigated separately using an approach whereby the shock is considered as a sharp discontinuity surface separating two half-spaces, so that the dispersion relation on either side of the shock and the wavenumber jump condition across a discontinuity surface completely specify the kinematics of the problem in the whole space independently of the acoustic-field dynamics. The normal interaction is analyzed for a stationary shock, and the spectral change of the incident wave is investigated. The normal interaction is then examined for the case of a shock wave traveling into an ambient region where an acoustic disturbance is propagating in the opposite direction. Detailed attention is given to the consequences of the existence of a critical shock speed above which the frequency of the transmitted wave becomes negative. Finally, the oblique interaction with a fixed shock is considered, and the existence and nature of the transmitted wave is investigated, particularly as a function of the angle of incidence.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration; 53; Aug. 8
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    Generator of droplet tracers for holographic flow visualization in water tunnels (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Design of a tracer-particle generator for use in holographic flow visualization of complex flow fields is discussed. Desired characteristics of the tracer particles, including a size range of 20 to 200 microns, a spherical shape to facilitate focusing of holograms, and a fluid density near that of ambient particles, are reviewed; a particle injection rate of 100 to 1000 per sec in water tunnels with flow velocities between one and 10 meters per sec is also desirable. The operation of the particle generator, which produces uniform droplets with the specified optical properties, is described.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Aug. 197
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    Motion of near-neutrally buoyant tracers in vortical flows (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analysis of the motion of particles of arbitrary density and size in solid body and potential vortex flows is presented. The study provides a basis for precise, quantitative reduction of tracer-particle visualization of such flows in water tunnels.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 20; Sept
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    An experimental investigation of a three-dimensional wall jet (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental investigation of the effects of a curved and flat wall surface on the flow development of an axisymmetric jet exhausting into a moving airstream has been made. Of primary concern was the comparison of the one-point statistical properties of the unconfined jet to the quantities measured in the flows over a flat plate and a curved wall surface. Quantities measured in this investigation included mean velocities in all three directions, turbulent intensities, autocorrelations, power spectral densities, and intermittencies. The investigation was confined to the near field of the turbulent jet. The curved wall (flap) was found to have a very large effect on both the mean velocity and the turbulent velocity components of the flowfield. The potential core region of the jet was found to break up most rapidly for the flow over the flap. A laser-Doppler velocimeter, using a phase locked-loop processor, was used to make the desired velocity field measurements. To determine the intermittency profiles, a laser light scattering technique was employed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Aug. 197
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    A length-scale model for developing turbulent flow in a rectangular duct (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A three-dimensional mixing length model is proposed for modeling local Reynolds stress behavior in rectangular ducts of arbitrary aspect ratio. The model is applicable to both developing and fully-developed flows, and can be applied to other 90-degree corner flows with mild streamwise pressure gradients. Comparisons between theory and experiment show that all components of the Reynolds stress tensor are modeled reasonably well, both in the vicinity of a corner and in two-dimensional regions away from the corner.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME PAPER 77-FE-4
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    Atomization of water jets and sheets in axial and swirling airflows (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Axial and swirling airflows were used to break up water jets and sheets into sprays of droplets to determine the overall effects of orifice diameter, weight flow of air, and the use of an air swirler on fineness of atomization as characterized by mean drop size. A scanning radiometer was used to determine the mean drop diameter of each spray. Swirling airflows were produced with an axial combustor, 70 deg blake angle, air swirling. Water jets were injected axially upstream, axially downstream and cross stream into the airflow. In addition, pressure atomizing fuel nozzles which produced a sheet and ligament type of breakup were investigated. Increasing the weight flow rate of air or the use of an air swirling markedly reduced the spray mean drop size.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-79043 , E-9847 , Ann. Intern. Gas Turbine Conf.; Mar 11, 1979 - Mar 15, 1979; San Diego, CA; United States
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    Modeling of pressure spectra in a turbulent shear flow (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The development of the pressure spectrum has been followed from its separation into turbulent-turbulent and turbulent-mean square contributions to a unified spectral model. The model is obtained by Fourier transforming the integral solution to Poisson's equation for an isotropic, homogeneous, constant mean shear flow. The variations in the asymptotic form for the mean-shear spectrum is discussed. It is noted that the spectra are associated with the particular velocity field selected, and that by an appropriate choice of spectral forms, the mean-square pressure of the flow may be calculated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America; Jun 06, 1977 - Jun 10, 1977; State College, PA
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    Calculation of turbulent boundary layers with tangential slot injection (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Paper describes a numerical calculation scheme for tangential slot injection (wall-wake) flows; application of the scheme over a wide range of flow conditions indicates increased accuracy compared to previous work. Predictions from the numerical code were in good agreement with experiment (velocity profile, skin-friction, and effectiveness data) for low- and high-speed flows. To achieve improved accuracy, modifications in the turbulence modeling, compared to previous research, were necessary for the imbedded shear layer region in the near field and for the wall region near shear layer impingement. Anomalous behavior was noted for far field experimental velocity profiles in low-speed flow when the slot-to-free stream velocity ratio was near one
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME PAPER 77-WA/HT-29 , American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting; Nov 27, 1977 - Dec 02, 1977; Atlanta, GA
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    Interacting turbulent boundary layer over a wavy wall (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper is concerned with the two-dimensional supersonic flow of a thick turbulent boundary layer over a train of relatively small wave-like protuberances. The flow conditions and the geometry are such that there exists a strong interaction between the viscous and inviscid flow. The problem cannot be solved without inclusion of interaction effects due to the occurrence of the separation singularity in classical boundary layer methods. Here the interacting boundary layer equations are solved numerically using a time-like relaxation method with turbulence effects represented by the inclusion of the eddy viscosity model of Cebeci and Smith. Results are presented for flow over a train of up to six waves for Mach numbers of 2.5 and 3.5, Reynolds numbers of 10,000,000/m and 32,000,000/m, and wall temperature ratios of 0.4 and 0.8. Limited comparisons with independent experimental and analytical results are also given.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME PAPER 77-WA/HT-28 , American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting; Nov 27, 1977 - Dec 02, 1977; Atlanta, GA
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  • 91
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    On the localness of the spectral energy transfer in turbulence (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data for the energy transfer function are used to estimate the degree of localness of energy transfer in homogeneous turbulence. It is found that in regions where the energy which enters a wavenumber band is greater than the energy leaving, much of the energy entering the band is produced by wavenumbers an order of magnitude smaller. Thus for both low and high Reynolds numbers, spectral energy transfer is nonlocal. The tendency of the energy to jump between separated wavenumber regions agrees with the theory that turbulence forms concentrated regions of large velocity gradients. It is also felt that the universal equilibrium theory may be applicable if the Reynolds number of the turbulence is very high.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Anniversary Meeting of the Fluid Mechanics Division; Nov 21, 1977 - Nov 23, 1977; Bethlehem, PA
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  • 92
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    Boiling incipience and convective boiling of neon and nitrogen (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Forced convection and subcooled boiling heat transfer data for liquid nitrogen and liquid neon were obtained in support of a design study for a 30 tesla cryomagnet cooled by forced convection of liquid neon. This design precludes nucleate boiling in the flow channels as they are too small to handle vapor flow. Consequently, it was necessary to determine boiling incipience under the operating conditions of the magnet system. The cryogen data obtained over a range of system pressures, fluid flow rates, and applied heat fluxes were used to develop correlations for predicting boiling incipience and convective boiling heat transfer coefficients in uniformly heated flow channels. The accuracy of the correlating equations was then evaluated. A technique was also developed to calculate the position of boiling incipience in a uniformly heated flow channel. Comparisons made with the experimental data showed a prediction accuracy of plus or minus 15 percent
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Cryogenic Engineering Conference; Aug 02, 1977 - Aug 05, 1977; Boulder, CO
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  • 93
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    Two phase choke flow in tubes with very large L/D (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Two phase and gaseous choked flow data for fluid nitrogen were obtained for a test section which was a long constant area duct of 16 200 L/D with a diverging diffuser attached to the exit. Flow rate data were taken along five isotherms (reduced temperature of 0.81, 0.96, 1.06, 1.12, and 2.34) for reduced pressures to 3. The flow rate data were mapped in the usual manner using stagnation conditions at the inlet mixing chamber upstream of the entrance length. The results are predictable by a two-phase homogeneous equilibrium choking flow model which includes wall fraction. A simplified theory which in essence decouples the long tube region from the high acceleration choking region also appears to predict the data reasonably well, but about 15 percent low.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Cryogenic Engineering Conference; Aug 02, 1977 - Aug 05, 1977; Boulder, CO
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  • 94
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    Effect of ice contamination on liquid-nitrogen drops in film boiling (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Previously reported vaporization time data of liquid nitrogen drops in film boiling on a flat plate are about 30 percent shorter than predicted from standard laminar film boiling theory. This theory, however, had been found to successfully correlate the data for conventional fluids such as water, ethanol, benzene, or carbon tetrachloride. This paper presents experimental evidence that some of the discrepancy for cryogenic fluids results from ice contamination due to condensation. The data indicate a fairly linear decrease in droplet evaporation time with the diameter of the ice crystal residue. After correcting the raw data for ice contamination along with convection, a comparison of theory with experiment shows good agreement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Cryogenic Engineering Conference; Aug 02, 1977 - Aug 05, 1977; Boulder, CO
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  • 95
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    Effect of airstream velocity on mean drop diameters of water sprays produced by pressure and air atomizing nozzles (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A scanning radiometer was used to determine the effect of airstream velocity on the mean drop diameter of water sprays produced by pressure atomizing and air atomizing fuel nozzles used in previous combustion studies. Increasing airstream velocity from 23 to 53.4 meters per second reduced the Sauter mean diameter by approximately 50 percent with both types of fuel nozzles. The use of a sonic cup attached to the tip of an air assist nozzle reduced the Sauter mean diameter by approximately 40 percent. Test conditions included airstream velocities of 23 to 53.4 meters per second at 293 K and atmospheric pressure.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-73740 , E-9304 , Winter Ann. Meeting; Nov 27, 1977 - Dec 02, 1977; Atlanta, GA; United States
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  • 96
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    Thermally Driven Oscillations and Wave Motion of a Liquid Drop (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In the state of Leidenfrost boiling, liquid drops are observed to vibrate in a variety of modal patterns. Theories are presented which predict the frequency of oscillation and show that the observed model patterns of drops correspond to the minimum energy oscillatory excitation state. High-speed photographic techniques were used to record these motions and substantiate the theories. An incipient temperature was also found for water drops in film boiling below which free oscillations do not exist. In addition to these oscillations, photographic sequences are presented which show that wave motion can exist along the circumference of the drop. Following the study of free oscillations, the system was mounted on a shaker table and the drop subjected to a range of forced frequencies and accelerations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73625 , E-9117 , Natl. Heat Transfer Conf.; Aug 14, 1977 - Aug 17, 1977; Salt Lake City, UT; United States
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  • 97
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    Estimating surface temperature in forced convection nucleate boiling: A simplified method (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During a test program to investigate low-cycle thermal fatigue, 21 of 22 cylindrical test sections of a cylindrical rocket thrust chamber were thermally cycled to failure. Cylinder liners were fabricated from OFHC copper, Amzirc, and NARloy-Z. The cylinders were fabricated by milling cooling channels into the liner and closing out the backside with electrodeposited copper. The tests were conducted at a chamber pressure of 4.14 MN/sq m (600 psia) and an oxidant-fuel ratio of 6.0 using hydrogen-oxygen as propellants. The average throat heat flux was 54 MW/sq m (33 Btu/sq in./sec). All of the failures were characterized by a thinning of the cooling channel wall and eventual failure by tensile rupture. The 1/2-hard Amzirc material showed little improvement in cyclic life when compared with OFHC copper; while the NARloy-Z and aged Amzirc materials had the best cyclic life characteristics. One OFHC copper cylinder was thermall cycled 2044 times at a steady-state hot-gas-side wall temperature of 514 K (925 R) without failing.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73688 , E-9223 , 1977 Cryogenic Engr. Conf.; Aug 02, 1977 - Aug 05, 1977; Boulder, CO; United States
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  • 98
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    Numerical simulation of transition to turbulence (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The purpose of the present study is the numerical simulation of transition to turbulence in a boundary layer. Starting from a three-dimensional disturbance, the evolution of the Navier-Stokes solution until breakdown is followed. Qualitative comparison with available experimental observations is carried out.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics; Oct 11, 1977 - Oct 13, 1977; Cologne; Germany
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  • 99
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    Estimating surface temperature in forced convection nucleate boiling - A simplified method (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A simplified expression to estimate surface temperatures in forced convection boiling was developed using a liquid nitrogen data base. Using the principal of corresponding states and the Kutateladze relation for maximum pool boiling heat flux, the expression was normalized for use with other fluids. The expression was applied also to neon and water. For the neon data base, the agreement was acceptable with the exclusion of one set suspected to be in the transition boiling regime. For the water data base at reduced pressure greater than 0.05 the agreement is generally good. At lower reduced pressures, the water data scatter and the calculated temperature becomes a function of flow rate.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Cryogenic Engineering Conference; Aug 02, 1977 - Aug 05, 1977; Boulder, CO
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  • 100
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    Influence of transverse surface waves on turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Wavy wall experiments using solid waves and progressive waves have been reported. For this paper, the major effects of waviness of the wall on the flow are identified as due to oscillatory curvature (convex-concavity) and oscillatory acceleration/deceleration of the flow, which imposes a highly nonequilibrium influence upon the turbulence structure. The theoretical analysis in this presentation takes into account proper turbulence modeling (including the nonequilibrium effects) for the wavy wall problem. The analysis proceeds in three stages: (1) inviscid solution for induced pressure due to the physical wall, (2) solution of a turbulent boundary layer with pressure gradients and curvature effects in the modeling from which the profile correction is computed, and (3) induced pressure computations for the corrected profile. The phase shift of pressure perturbations with respect to the physical wall can be predicted, and pressure drag and skin friction drag can be estimated, with nonlinear viscous effects included. Comparison of the theoretical estimates with experimental data are also presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Biennial Symposium on Turbulence in Liquids; Oct 02, 1977 - Oct 04, 1977; Rolla, MO
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