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  • 1
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    Transonic/supersonic inlet R and D past, present, and future (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2004-10-07
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA Lewis Research Center Inlet Workshop; p 427-480
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  • 2
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    Kerogen structures in recently-deposited algal mats at Laguna Mormona, Baja California: A model system for the determination of kerogen structures in ancient sediments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-02-28
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 29 p
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Comments on wind-tunnel-flight correlations for the F-8 supercritical wing configurations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2004-12-03
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 111-120
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  • 4
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    Experience with the inversion of Nimbus 4 BUV measurements to retrieve the ozone profile (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: The relative merits of pressure increment and partial derivative formulations of the ozone inversion problem are discussed briefly. The height range of validity of the retrieved ozone profile and the effects of adding wavelengths to or of dropping wave-length from the inversion system are indicated. Illustrative results are presented for profiles retrieved from BUV data using Backus-Gilbert, minimum information (Twomey), and quasi-optimum procedures.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 577-597
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  • 5
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    The inversion of stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles from spacecraft solar extinction measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: The inversions of multi-channel solar extinction measurements have been analyzed for the 0.35-1.0 micron wavelength region to retrieve stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles using both the constrained linear inversion scheme and the iterative scheme. The inversions of the multi-wavelength solar extinction data obtained from spacecraft have been analyzed based on the inversion of computer simulated data using various atmospheric models with differing amounts of aerosol and ozone in the stratosphere. The sensitivities of the inversion schemes to different experimental errors are discussed in terms of accuracy and resolution of the retrieved profiles.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 505-527
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  • 6
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    Application of modified Twomey techniques to invert lidar angular scatter and solar extinction data for determining aerosol size distributions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Polarization properties of the angularly scattered laser light from a volume of air are used to determine the size distribution of the aerosol particles within the volume by the use of appropriate inversion techniques. Similar techniques are employed to determine a mean size distribution of the particulates within a vertical column through the atmosphere from determinations of the aerosol optical depth as a function of wavelength. In both of these examples, a modification of an inversion technique originally described by Twomey has been employed. Details of this method are presented as well as results from actual measurements employing bistatic lidar and solar radiometer.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 469-503
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  • 7
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    Application of statistical inversion to ground-based microwave remote sensing of temperature and water vapor profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Surface-based observations of downwelling microwave thermal emission are related to temperature and humidity profiles via a standard integral equation of radiative transfer. Both in clear and in cloudy atmospheres, statistical inversion techniques are used to retrieve profiles from a data vector of brightness observations and surface meteorological constraints. For the clear case, accuracy predictions and profile retrievals are illustrated for: (1) single frequency angular scanned data; (2) multi-frequency angular scanned data; and (3) multi-frequency zenith data. For the last case predicted and achieved accuracies were compared in a recently conducted radiometric experiment. Retrievals of cloud contaminated radiometric data are elaborated.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 395-427
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  • 8
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    Comparison of linear inversion methods by examination of the duality between iterative and inverse matrix methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Linear numerical inversion methods applied to atmospheric remote sounding generally can be categorized in two ways: (1) iterative, and (2) inverse matrix methods. However, these two categories are not unrelated; a duality exists between them. In other words, given an iterative scheme, a corresponding inverse matrix method exists, and conversely. This duality concept is developed for the more familiar linear methods. The iterative duals are compared with the classical linear iterative approaches and their differences analyzed. The importance of the initial profile in all methods is stressed. Calculations using simulated data are made to compare accuracies and to examine the dependence of the solution on the initial profile.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 325-360
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  • 9
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    Analytic model approach to the inversion of scattering data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: An analytic model approach is applied to several simple atmospheric inversion problems. This method gives a sharp determination of aerosol size distribution parameters. It is shown that this analytic approach, together with ground level point sampling data measurements, can be used to infer information on the tropospheric ozone profile.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 297-324
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  • 10
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    Inversion of infrared limb emission measurements for temperature and trace gas concentrations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Limb emission measurements are characterized by sharp weighting functions at high altitudes, and for temperature determinations, strongly nonlinear dependence of the weighting function on the temperature. Several methods for inverting this type of measurement have been described and used, including iterative, statistical, nonlinear and approximate direct approaches. These approaches are described and advantages and disadvantages of each are outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 195-216
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  • 11
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    Inverse solution of the pseudoscalar transfer equation through nonlinear matrix inversion (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Nonlinear matrix inversion operators have been developed which, applied to observed radiances, infer maximal information regarding atmospheric scattering parameters and vertical distribution of radiant sources and sinks. The algorithm has the attractive feature of noise discrimination, attributing instrumental errors to extra-atmospheric sources.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 139-153
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  • 12
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    Backus-Gilbert theory and its application to retrieval of ozone and temperature profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: The inversion method provides a quantitative evaluation of the trade-off between vertical resolution of a retrieved profile and formal root-mean-square (rms) error due to measurement noise propagation. The problem of retrieving the top-side ozone profile from backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measurements is considered. For measurements of the type currently being obtained with the Nimbus 4 and AE-E BUV experiments, it is found that a vertical resolution of approximately 0.75 scale height can be achieved for a formal volume mixing ratio profile error of 10%. Other examples include treatments of the retrieval of temperature profiles from measurements in the 15 micron CO2 absorption band for both the terrestrial and Martian atmospheres. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of retrieving temperature profiles of the Jovian planets from measurements in the far infrared pressure induced H2 lines to be obtained from the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn fly-by missions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 155-193
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  • 13
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    Statistical principles of inversion theory (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Statistical methods are used to deal with the inverse problem of radiative transfer. All the available information about an unknown profile can be expressed in the form of values of functions of that profile and error estimates of these values. Estimation theory shows how these values are combined to give an estimate of the unknown profile and its error covariance. Many inversion methods are expressed in this form, although the error estimate is not usually carried out. Practical applications are described, both for inversion of individual profiles, and the global analysis of satellite data.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 117-138
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  • 14
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    Some aspects of the inversion problem in remote sensing (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Several commonly used methods for inversion--constrained linear inversion, synthesis (Backus-Gilbert) methods and nonlinear iterative techniques for the Chahine type--are discussed. It is demonstrated that a very close connection exists between Backus-Gilbert solutions and those given by constrained linear inversion. A number of examples of the application of such methods are presented, showing that resolution is not greatly different for quite different algorithms, a result quite in accord with general theoretical considerations: more resolution can be achieved at the expense of introducing greater a priori bias in the procedure.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 41-65
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  • 15
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    Review of radiative transfer methods in scattering atmospheres (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: The radiative transfer in a scattering plane-parallel atmosphere is discussed, considering the exact analytical, the computational and the approximate methods. Some results of numerical comparisons are given. Finally, the difficulties of realistic atmospheric models are emphasized.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 21-40
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  • 16
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    Hybrid methods are helpful (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Multiple scattering problems in a plane layer often permit the convenient use of different methods joined together. Sample numerical results to illustrate this point refer to X- and Y-functions, asymptotic fitting, the small-loss approximations, polarization in high orders, and photon path distribution.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 1-19
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  • 17
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    Flow phenomena peculiar to calculation of compressible turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Calculation procedures for compressible turbulent boundary layers were based upon techniques, modeling constants, etc., developed originally for the low speed case. Significant differences and new or altered physics which occur in the compressible case were considered, as compared with the low speed situation. Possible pitfalls and sources of inaccuracy in the calculations were indicated.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 9-46
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  • 18
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Determinations of tracking station locations and the gravitational constant of the earth, based on Doppler-tracking data from lunar and planetary spacecraft are presented. Two-way Doppler data obtained by the Deep Space Network of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) were used. The Deep Space Station instrumentation that JPL employed is described. How the stations were located is detailed, and the data used are discussed. Results are given together with an analysis of the errors.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 249-292
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  • 19
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) space research program was directed toward modeling the gravitational field of the earth from an analysis of the Doppler shifts on the transmitted frequencies of the satellites as obtained by the tracking stations. Emphasis is on the satellites involved and the methods used in accomplishing this aim.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 89-138
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  • 20
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    Aircraft (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The physical principles of flight, and the consideration of atmospheric composition and aerodynamic forces in the design and construction of various types of aircraft are discussed. Flight characteristics are described for helicopters, rotary-wing aircraft, short and vertical takeoff aircraft, and tailess or variable geometry wing aircraft. Flow characteristics at various speeds are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Soviet Aircraft and Rockets (NASA-TT-F-770); p 24-80
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  • 21
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    Summary of calculation procedures for nonsimilar two- and three-dimensional compressible turbulent boundary layers (finite difference, finite element and weighted residual methods), appendix (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: This numerical prediction summary indicates the wide variety of such procedures which are available. Most procedures have detailed user manuals, and in many cases the codes are available. Many of the special effects treated by various methods (such as nonequilibrium or equilibrium chemistry, transition, roughness etc.) are indicated.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 69-78
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  • 22
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    Calculation of three-dimensional compressible turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: From comparisons of high speed data with low speed closure procedures using variable mean density, there does not appear to be any appreciable influence of compressibility upon turbulent shear stress modeling in compressible turbulent boundary layers, even for extreme cases such as Mach 14 to 20 with a change in density across the layer of up to a factor of 100. Other evidence of apparent lack of compressibility caused new physics which may alter the shear stress for the compressible boundary layer cases including: (1) fluctuation Mach number was generally less than 1; (2) the shear stress distribution through the boundary layer was not a function of Mach number for zero pressure gradient flows; (3) the Morkovin hypothesis was valid up to Mach 5 (based on fluctuation data); (4) profile N power was not a function of Mach number, at least up to Mach 10; and (5) the nondimensional burst period was approximately the same as that for low speed.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 47-68
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  • 23
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    Equations and closure methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Basic differential equations governing compressible turbulent boundary layer flow are reviewed, including conservation of mass and energy, momentum equations derived from Navier-Stokes equations, and equations of state. Closure procedures were broken down into: (1) simple or zeroth-order methods, (2) first-order or mean field closure methods, and (3) second-order or mean turbulence field methods.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Calculation Methods for Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers, 1976; p 6-8
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  • 24
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    Introduction: National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Background for the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP) is presented. An historical summary of the program and its technical structure is given. The technical structure of the program is described in enough detail that the reader can relate the work of the individual contributors to each other and to the NGSP.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 3-85
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  • 25
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The major accomplishments of the GEOS-B, C-band systems project is assessed. The project objectives are given, namely: (1) primary objectives that must be met for project success; (2) secondary objectives that were sufficiently important to warrant serious consideration; and (3) other objectives that were important to the project and for which additional effort would be desirable. The primary objectives are presented and discussed in detail.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 487-524
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  • 26
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Equipment and techniques were evaluated operationally, by the Department of Defense, during the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP). The theory, instrumentation, and data reduction methods used are described. Results obtained during the NGSP are given.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 139-245
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  • 27
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    Stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The reported discussion is concerned with longitudinal waves associated with electron motions. These waves are easily stimulated in the ionosphere by rocket- and satellite-borne RF sounders. Most of the observations of stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere are based on ionograms obtained from the sounders carried on board five satellites, including Explorer 20, Alouette 1 and 2, and ISIS 1 and 2. The majority of the observations can be explained by considering the propagation of the sounder-stimulated plasma waves. Attention is given to aspects of plasma wave dispersion, linear phenomena, plasma wave instabilities and nonlinear phenomena, unexplained phenomena, diagnostic applications, geophysical and astrophysical applications, and a number of experiments planned for the future.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Radio Science; 12; Nov
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  • 28
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    Rare earth and trace element geochemistry of a fragment of Jurassic seafloor, Point Sal, California (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Rocks from an ophiolite suite once on the seafloor were analyzed for rare earth elements (REE), Sc, Co, Na2O, Cr, Zn and FeO. Strontium isotope exchange noted in some of the lavas is attributed to basalt-seawater interaction; the Ce abundance in smectite- and zeolite-bearing lavas may also be due to prolonged exposure to seawater. The higher grades of metamorphic rock, however, show no variation from the usual flat or slightly light REE depleted profiles. Plutonic igneous rock, all light REE depleted, have total REE abundances varying by a factor of 100 between the dunites and diorites. In order of decreasing REE abundance are hornblende, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, orthopyroxene and olivine. Calculations of REE contents of liquids in equilibrium with early cumulative clinopyroxenes suggest that the parent to the stratiform sequence was more depleted in light REE than the parent to the lava pile.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 41; Oct. 197
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  • 29
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    Computer simulation of earthquakes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: In a computer simulation study of earthquakes a seismically active strike slip fault is represented by coupled mechanical blocks which are driven by a moving plate and which slide on a friction surface. Elastic forces and time independent friction are used to generate main shock events, while viscoelastic forces and time dependent friction add aftershock features. The study reveals that the size, length, and time and place of event occurrence are strongly influenced by the magnitude and degree of homogeneity in the elastic, viscous, and friction parameters of the fault region. For example, periodically reoccurring similar events are observed in simulations with near-homogeneous parameters along the fault, whereas seismic gaps are a common feature of simulations employing large variations in the fault parameters. The study also reveals correlations between strain energy release and fault length and average displacement and between main shock and aftershock displacements.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 10
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  • 30
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    The 1976 Standard Atmosphere and its relationship to earlier standards (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, representing a mid-latitude atmosphere for moderate solar activity, is compared to earlier standards. For heights of 51 km and below, this standard is identical with its immediate predecessor, the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere. When the density-height profile of each of five earlier model atmospheres is compared with that of the 1976 standard, an oscillation of this parameter around the currently accepted average value is observed, which is partly the result of true density changes related to the 11-year cycle of solar activity and partly the result of earlier uncertainties. The development of knowledge is also elucidated by comparing the temperature-height profiles of each of the important standards used during the preceding century. Number densities of each of six atmospheric species computed for the 1976 U.S. standard are compared over the height region of 0 to 1000 km.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 31
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    A global thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data MSIS. I - N2 density and temperature (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Measurements of neutral nitrogen density from mass spectrometers on five satellites (AE-B, Ogo 6, San Marco 3, Aeros A, and AE-C) and neutral temperatures inferred from incoherent scatter measurements at four ground stations are combined to produce a model of thermospheric neutral temperatures and nitrogen densities similar to the Ogo 6 empirical model (Hedin et al., 1974). This global model is designated MSIS (mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter). The global average temperature, the annual temperature variation, lower bound density, and lower bound temperature are discussed. The data set covers the time period from the end of 1965 to mid-1975 and also a wide range of solar activities. Diurnal and semidiurnal variations in lower bound density and temperature are considered, as is magnetic activity.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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    Lowest-order average effect of turbulence on atmospheric profiles derived from radio occultation (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Turbulence in planetary atmospheres and ionospheres causes changes in angles of refraction of radio waves used in occultation experiments. Atmospheric temperature and pressure profiles, and ionospheric electron concentration profiles, derived from radio occultation measurements of Doppler frequency contain errors due to such angular offsets. The lowest-order average errors are derived from a geometrical-optics treatment of the radio-wave phase advance caused by the addition of uniform turbulence to an initially homogeneous medium. It is concluded that the average profile errors are small and that precise Doppler frequency measurements at two or more wavelengths could be used to help determine characteristics of the turbulence, as well as accuracy limits and possible correction terms for the profiles. However, a more detailed study of both frequency and intensity characteristics in radio and optical occultation measurements of turbulent planetary atmospheres and ionospheres is required to realize the full potential of such measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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    Observations of the mid-latitude lower ionosphere in winter (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Rocket observations of the lower ionosphere in the winter of 1971 at two locations show differences of electron density which are attributed to enhancements of nitric oxide and energetic electron fluxes precipitated into the mesosphere during the poststorm phase of a geomagnetic storm. Electron density distributions were observed above Wallops Island, Virginia, and Keweenaw, Michigan, larger values occurring at Keweenaw. Energetic electron fluxes were greater at Keweenaw (L = 3.9) than at Wallops Island (L = 2.5). While particle ionization was the dominant factor in establishing the electron density during one measurement at Keweenaw, particles were not present two days earlier, even though the electron density distribution was significantly larger than that observed at Wallops Island on both occasions. An accompanying ion composition profile measured at Keweenaw during the earlier flight showed NO(+) to be the dominant ion to 76 km, where the concentration of hydrated ions H3O(+).(H2O)n, exceeded that of NO(+).
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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    Large-scale electric fields in the earth's magnetosphere (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Studies of the earth's magnetosphere have indicated that a large-scale electric field E plays a central role in its electrodynamics and in the flow and acceleration of charged particles there; while many observations relevant to E have accumulated, quite a few basic problems involving the origin and structure of this field remain unsolved. The ultimate source of E is presumably the flow of the solar wind past the earth, but the mechanism by which E arises is still unclear, and several independent sources may contribute to it, some of them being of a rather transient nature. This review attempts to sum up the main observed facts and theoretical concepts related to E.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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    Theoretical aspects of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric heights (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A simple semiquantitative model is presented which allows analytic solutions of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric heights. This model is based on perturbation approximation and mode separation. The effects of viscosity and heat conduction are parameterized by Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling. Because of this simplicity, one gains a clear physical insight into basic features of atmospheric wave propagation. In particular, we discuss the meridional structures of pressure and horizontal wind (the solutions of Laplace's equation) and their modification due to dissipative effects at thermospheric heights. Furthermore, we solve the equations governing the height structure of the wave modes and arrive at a very simple asymptotic solution valid in the upper part of the thermosphere. That 'system transfer function' of the thermosphere allows one to estimate immediately the reaction of the thermospheric wave mode parameters such as pressure, temperature, and winds to an external heat source of arbitrary temporal and spatial distribution. Finally, the diffusion effects of the minor constituents due to the global wind circulation are discussed, and some results of numerical calculations are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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    Variational electric fields at low latitudes and their relation to spread-F and plasma irregularities (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: In situ measurements of variational electric fields at low latitudes, taken by OGO 6 satellite instruments, are analyzed. The observations are compared with other data on F region and spread-F structures. Conformity of the electric field fluctuations with the overall picture of low-latitude irregularities is examined empirically and theoretically, and candidate processes for generation of the observed irregularities are considered. Three distinct types of irregularities are delineated and compared.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Mar. 197
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    Three-dimensional low Reynolds number flows with a free surface (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The two-dimensional leveling problem (Degani, Gutfinger, 1976) is extended to three dimensions in the case where the flow Re number is very low and attention is paid to the free surface boundary condition with surface tension effects included. The no-slip boundary condition on the wall is observed. The numerical solution falls back on the Marker and Cell (MAC) method (Harlow and Welch, 1965) with the computation region divided into a finite number of stationary rectangular cells (or boxes in the 3-D case) and fluid flow traverses the cells (or boxes).
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Journal of Computational Physics; 24; May 1977
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    The N.A.S.A. earth and ocean dynamics programme (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Practical applications of NASA space systems, science, and technology to the study of oceans and solid earth are discussed. Goals involving earth dynamics include earthquake hazard assessment and alleviation, and global surveying and mapping, while goals involving ocean dynamics include the determination of ocean currents and circulation, and the monitoring of ocean surface conditions. Satellites used to obtain data are described, and projects such as the study of open ocean tides and earth motion determination are reviewed, with consideration given to the techniques (e.g., laser ranging, satellite-to-satellite track) used in these studies. Several physical phenomena, the extent to which they presently can be measured, and possible future requirements for more accurate measurements are examined.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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    Polar motion and earth tides from laser tracking (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper discusses techniques available for measuring polar motion, earth rotation and earth tides with laser tracking of satellites. In a discussion of future prospects, it is noted that when the Laser Geodynamics Satellite is launched, a network of laser stations is projected to be able to achieve better than 10 cm from each coordinate from less than one day of tracking.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 40
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    Probing the earth's gravity field by means of satellite-to-satellite tracking (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Two satellite-to-satellite tracking (sst) tests are described in detail: (1) the ATS-6/Geos-3 and (2) the ATS-6/Apollo-Soyuz experiment. The main purpose of these two experiments was to track via ATS-6 the Geos-3, as well as the Apollo-Soyuz and to use these tracking data to determine both of the orbits at the same time, each of the orbits alone, and to test the two sst links to study local gravity anomalies. A second purpose was to test communications, command and data transmission from the ground via ATS-6 to these spacecraft and back again to the ground.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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    Pulsating aurora induced by upper atmospheric barium releases (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper reports the apparent generation of pulsating aurora by explosive releases of barium vapor near 250 km altitude. This effect occurred only when the explosions were in the path of precipitating electrons associated with the visible aurora. Each explosive charge was a standard 1.5 kg thermite mixture of Ba and CuO with an excess of Ba metal which was vaporized and dispersed by the thermite explosion. Traces of Sr, Na, and Li were added to some of the charges, and monitoring was achieved by ground-based spectrophotometric observations. On March 28, 1976, an increase in emission at 5577 A and at 4278 A was observed in association with the first two bursts, these emissions pulsating with roughly a 10 sec period for approximately 60 to 100 sec after the burst.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature; 267; May 12
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  • 42
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    Observation of neutral winds during an equatorial electrojet (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The vertical profile of the horizontal wind in a strong equatorial electrojet is distinctly different from profiles observed previously at other times and locations. The zonal wind speed is small and varies slowly with altitude, whereas the meridional component manifests a cross-equatorial oscillation with altitude which may result from a unique interaction of the ionized and neutral motions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Feb. 197
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    Intercomparison of neutral composition measurements from the satellite Esro 4, Aeros A, Aeros B, and Atmosphere Explorer C (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Number-density data obtained at orbital 'crossover' points with the neutral-gas mass spectrometers aboard the Esro 4, Aeros A, AE-C, and Aeros B satellites are intercompared. All the mass spectrometers were designed to measure the ambient number densities of atomic oxygen, molecular nitrogen, helium, and argon. It is found that the agreement for N2 and O is satisfactory within the experimental errors and that the He measurements exhibit unexpectedly large discrepancies far outside the error range. Calibration and instrument sources of error are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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  • 44
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    Numerical solution for subcritical flows by a transonic integral equation method (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The method presented makes use of a division of the region of integration into closed rectangular elements. The velocity is taken to be constant in each element. The integral equation is reduced to a matrix equation which can be solved by an appropriate iteration approach. The derivation and solution of the matrix equation are discussed and the matrix elements are considered. The described concepts were implemented for a nonlifting parabolic-arc airfoil.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 15; Mar. 197
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  • 45
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    Laser-induced fluorescence of CN/X2 Sigma +/ produced by photolysis of C2N2 at 160 nm (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper reports laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the initial product state distributions of CN(X2 Sigma +) produced during the photolysis of C2N2 at a wavelength of 160 nm. The parent molecules were photodissociated by an argon flash lamp, and saturated solutions of BBD in p-dioxane were used as a laser dye to produce radiation that excited CN radicals in the (upsilon-double-prime, N-prime) vibrational-rotational sublevels of the X state to the B-state sublevels. Spectral-line identification is discussed along with the observed rotational, electronic, and vibrational energy partitionings. The effect of added buffer gas (N2 or He) on the observed product state distributions is examined in order to monitor collisional energy transfer from CN(A2 Pi, upsilon = 0) to CN(X2 Sigma +, upsilon-double-prime = 4). It is found that both buffer gases produce population inversion between the upsilon-double-prime = 4 and upsilon-double-prime = 3 levels of the X state.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Chemical Physics; 66; Mar. 1
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    Physics of magnetospheric substorms (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Magnetosphere substorm physics are updated in the monograph. Major topics include: (1) open magnetosphere and the auroral oval; (2) auroras and auroral particles; (3) plasma distribution in the magnetosphere; (4) magnetosphere responses to interplanetary disturbances; (5) magnetospheric substorms and magnetotail phenomena; (6) magnetospheric currents, plasma injection, plasmasphere disturbances; and (7) magnetospheric substorms and solar-terrestrial relations. Other topics covered include: open field lines and the open magnetosphere, field-aligned currents, auroral particles and atmospheric emissions, plasma mantle, plasma sheet, radiation belts, magnetic flux transfer to the magnetotail, polar cap phenomena, substorm parameters, thinning of the plasma sheet, auroral electrojets, diurnal variations and dawn-dusk asymmetry of particle distributions, and instabilities.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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    On high-latitude convection field inhomogeneities, parallel electric fields and inverted-V precipitation events (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A simple model of a static electric field with a component parallel to the magnetic field is proposed for calculating the electric field and current distributions at various altitudes when the horizontal distribution of the convection electric field is given at a certain altitude above the auroral ionosphere. The model is shown to be compatible with satellite observations of inverted-V electron precipitation structures and associated irregularities in the convection electric field.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science; 25; Jan. 197
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    The storm-time equatorial electrojet (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A Petrel rocket carrying a double cell rubidium magnetometer was launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station during the early main phase of a magnetic storm. No ionospheric currents associated with the storm were observed, and the large field depression at the flight time must therefore be attributed to currents at higher altitudes. The equatorial enhancement of ionospheric magnetic storm currents, predicted on the basis of theory and earlier ground data, was not observed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Jan. 197
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    The 5-day wave and ionospheric absorption (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: In a previous paper, Fraser and Thorpe (1976) indicated that the average partial-coherence spectra for three summers and the average for three winters at a southern mid-latitude site had a dominant peak at a period of about six days. This peak in coherence between absorption and temperature is anomalous, and the present paper explains how some of the unexpected coherence features can be explained by the five-day wave described by Geisler and Dickinson (1976) and whose existence in the upper stratosphere was discussed by Rodgers (1976).
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Jan. 197
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    Geopotential resonances on Vanguard orbits (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Since their establishment in 1959 the orbits of Vanguard 3 (1959-7A) and the Vanguard 2 rocket (1959-2B) have been slowly contracting through at least five strong resonances of eleventh order. Tracking with Baker-Nunn cameras and the U.S. Navy space surveillance (radio interferometer) system over a 14-year period has revealed resonant fluctuations on them of up to 0.035 deg in inclination (peak to peak). Six geopotential terms (lumped coefficients) of eleventh order and three of twenty-second order have been measured by using orbit inclinations derived from this tracking record. The terms of eleventh order are significantly smaller than is predicted by Kaula's rule. (The lumped coefficients are sensitive to geopotential effects as high as thirty-seventh degree.) These observed terms are compatible with a recent 27-satellite geopotential solution (GEM 7) whose formal coefficent errors are increased by a factor of 3.3.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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    Improvement in the geopotential derived from satellite and surface data /Gem 7 and 8/ (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A refinement has been obtained in the earth's gravitational field by using satellite and surface data. In addition to a more complete treatment of data previously employed on 27 satellites, the new satellite solution Gem 7 (Goddard Earth Model 7) includes 64,000 laser measurements taken on seven satellites. Gem 7, containing 400 harmonic terms, is complete through degree and order 16. The companion solution Gem 8 combines the same satellite data as Gem 7 with surface gravimetry over 39% of the earth. Gem 8 is complete to degree and order 25. Extensive tests on data independent of the solution show that the undulations of the geoidal surface computed by Gem 7 have an accuracy of about 2.5 m (rms). The overall accuracy of the geoid calculated by Gem 8 is estimated to be about 4 m (rms). The new combination solution is the first to show signs of 'convection rolls' in the upper mantle below the Pacific Ocean.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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    Solar wind plasma injection at the dayside magnetospheric cusp (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Two mechanisms have been proposed for solar wind particle injection at the dayside magnetospheric cusps: magnetic merging and cross-field diffusion. These two mechanisms are experimentally distinguishable in that they produce different latitudinal distributions of particles penetrating to the low-altitude cusp. An examination of proton and electron measurements obtained by the AE-C satellite in the low-altitude dayside cusp reveals evidence of both types of injection processes. A majority of the injection events, especially the more intense fluxes, are best explained by a merging injection model in which cusp particles are confined to the poleward side of the last closed field line and have a characteristic energy that decreases with increasing latitudinal distance from the last closed field line. Less frequent and less intense injection events are better explained in terms of a diffusive injection of cusp particles onto closed dayside field lines with a characteristic energy that increases with increasing latitudinal distance from the last closed field line. Although diffusion appears to be quantitatively less important than merging in terms of the instantaneous particle injection rate, cross-field diffusion nevertheless appears to proceed at an unexpectedly fast rate, possibly exceeding the Bohm diffusion limit.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 1
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    Variations in eddy diffusion and associated transport processes (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient constitutes a momentum source. This variation near the turbopause affects both the composition and the wind and temperature fields of the thermosphere. Two types of calculations are carried out, for horizontal winds considered self-consistently in a three-dimensional dynamic model and horizontal winds artificially suppressed to simulate a one-dimensional model. Momentum transfer associated with variations in eddy diffusion coefficients represents the source function in the analysis presented. It is shown that for long-term variations in the thermosphere, the compositional dependence on variations in eddy diffusion coefficients can be entirely different in one and three dimensional models with horizontal winds included. Horizontal winds can greatly reduce the effects of eddy diffusion in general and the ratio between He and O amplitudes in particular.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Jan. 197
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    Derivation of an integral equation for transonic flows (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: It is noted that the nonlinear partial differential equation for the perturbation velocity potential and boundary conditions describing steady inviscid compressible transonic flow past a thin two-dimensional airfoil can be transformed into a singular integrodifferential equation and that differentiation of the latter yields an integral equation. Two forms of this integral equation currently exist: one for the singularity that is enclosed in an infinitely long strip of vanishing thickness and the other for the singularity that is enclosed in a vanishing circle. In the present article, a more general integral equation is derived by enclosing the singularity in a vanishing rectangular cavity of arbitrary aspect ratio. The two existing forms of this equation are deduced as special cases distinguished by the respective values for the aspect ratio (infinity for the first form and unity for the second).
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 15; Feb. 197
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    Optical constants of ammonium sulfate in the infrared (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The infrared spectral reflectance at near normal incidence has been measured for 3.2 M, 2.4 M, and 1.6 M solutions of ammonium sulfate, an aerosol abundant in the stratosphere and also present in the troposphere. Kramers-Kronig analysis was used to determine values of the refractive and absorption indices from the measured spectral reflectance. A synthetic spectrum of crystalline ammonium sulfate was obtained by extrapolation of the absorption index obtained for the solution to the absorber number densities of the NH4 and SO4 ions characteristic of the crystal.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Optical Society of America; vol. 67
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    Simultaneous in situ magnetospheric and ionospheric detection of detached plasmas (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: On January 19, 1972, in situ measurements by Explorer 45, orbiting in the magnetosphere near the equatorial plane, and ISIS 2, in a circular polar orbit at 1400 km, simultaneously detected patches of enhanced ionization outside the main body of the plasmasphere. The magnetospheric plasma region extended between (geomagnetic latitude) L values 3.4-4.8 and the ionospheric electron density enhancement extended between L values 3.6-4.4. The two plasma features were detected near 22 hours magnetic local time (MLT). Based on a number of observations, it is inferred that the plasma density enhancement persisted for more than 5 hours and extended over at least 2 hours in MLT near L = 5. These results provide experimental evidence that some detached magnetospheric plasma regions are signatures of a flux tube containing enhanced ionization throughout a volume extending from the topside ionosphere out to the equator.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Sept
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    Flow characteristics in an expansion tunnel as inferred from velocity measurements (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A photoionization technique was used to study flow characteristics in an expansion tunnel. Vertical surveys of the axial component of flow velocity just downstream from the nozzle exit were obtained, and estimates of freestream density were inferred from the velocity measurement technique. The pitot pressure was measured and compared to the average axial component of velocity as a function of time for the two cases when air and CO2 were used as test gases. Vertical velocity and static density profiles at the nozzle exit are presented for the case when CO2 was used as test gas. Experimental results were used to determine the diameter and uniformity of the test core at the nozzle exit and the duration of the quasi-steady flow period. These data are relevant to evaluation of the suitability of operating an expansion tube as an expansion tunnel. The expansion tunnel is an expansion tube with a conical nozzle positioned at the exit of the acceleration section, so that nozzle entrance flow conditions are hypersonic and characterized by hypervelocity.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 15; Sept
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    Electric and magnetic fields in the high-latitude magnetosphere (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The configuration of high-latitude electric and magnetic fields is reviewed. Various results suggest that high-latitude magnetic field lines from the outermost regions of the dayside magnetosphere converge toward a point near the noon meridian. Plasma flows, the midday cusp, and a dawn-dusk electric field across the polar cap are characterized. The electric fields associated with plasma flows produce Hall currents on the polar cap which vary with sector structure. Some evidence indicates that polar cap convection may reverse during intervals of strong northward interplanetary field. It is concluded that most observations are consistent with an open field magnetosphere model.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; Aug. 197
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    Reduction and treatment of magnetic anomalies of crustal origin in satellite data (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The problem of proper reduction and treatment of the residual total magnetic field observed on satellite orbits is studied. The reduction procedure used for Pogo satellite data is reviewed, and a procedure is presented for reducing the residual total field observed on satellite orbits to a spherical surface. Several examples based on selected models are provided to demonstrate the accuracy of the formulas developed for continuation of the satellite data from an irregular to a spherical surface. This procedure is tested on a set of Pogo data covering the area that contains the Bangui magnetic anomaly in central Africa. A technique is also given for determining the field components on a spherical surface and calculating the total field in any fixed direction of the geomagnetic field.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Aug. 10
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    Terrestrial kilometric radiation. III - Average spectral properties (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The spectral properties of terrestrial kilometric radiation (TKR) derived from observations made during radio-astronomy experiments on board the Imp 6 and Radio Astronomy Explorer 2 spacecraft are studied. As viewed from near the equatorial plane, TKR is most intense and most often observed in the 2100-2400 LT zone and is rarely seen in the 0900-1200 LT zone. The absolute flux levels in the 100- to 600-kHz TKR band increase significantly with increasing substorm activity as inferred from the auroral electrojet index (AE). In the late-evening sector the median power increases by about 3 orders of magnitude between quiet periods (AE less than 75 gammas) and disturbed periods (AE above 200 gammas). The peak flux density usually occurs near 250 kHz, although the frequency of the peak in the flux spectrum appears to vary inversely with AE from a maximum near 300 kHz during very quiet times to a minimum below 200 kHz during very disturbed times. The half-power bandwidth is typically 100% of the peak frequency. The variation of TKR flux density with apparent source altitude indicates that source strength decreases more rapidly than the inverse square of distance.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Aug. 1
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    Observations of neutral composition and related ionospheric variations during a magnetic storm in February 1974 (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The neutral-atmosphere composition experiment on Atmosphere Explorer C measured N2, O, Ar, and He densities during a magnetic storm at altitudes down to about 160 km. At latitudes above 45 deg N, N2 and Ar densities generally increase during the storm, while He and O densities decrease. Below 45 deg N all densities tend to increase during the storm. The density increases at perigee indicate that density- or temperature-profile changes are taking place below 160 km. The return to prestorm conditions is very slow, demonstrating the integrating effect of the atmospheric response. A recent theoretical model incorporating thermospheric circulation and diffusion effects reproduces the longitudinally averaged data, including latitude trends and the asymmetry about the storm maximum. Comparison with the mass-spectrometer and incoherent-scatter empirical model shows qualitative agreement with latitude trends but not with storm asymmetry, while the earlier J71 model based on total mass density is not in agreement with observed latitudinal trends. A close correlation is found between in situ O/N2 measurements and in situ and ground-based ionosonde measurements of electron density.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Aug. 1
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    Solar proton event - Influence on stratospheric ozone (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Large-scale reductions in the ozone content of the middle and upper stratosphere over the polar cap regions were associated with the major solar proton event of 4 August 1972. This reduction, which was determined from measurements with the backscattered ultraviolet experiment on the Nimbus 4 satellite, is interpreted as being due to the catalytic destruction of ozone by odd-nitrogen compounds (NOx) produced by the event.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Science; 197; Aug. 26
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    Kinetic theory analysis of rarefied gas flow through finite length slots (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A kinetic-theory analysis is made of the flow of a rarefied monatomic gas through a two-dimensional slot connecting two reservoirs. Numerical solutions are obtained by the moment and discrete-ordinate methods. The former method portrays the transition-regime characteristics well but has limitations in the free-molecule regime. The latter method gives accurate results in the free-molecule and slip regimes and bolsters confidence in the accuracy of the transition-regime results. The numerical solution for the mass flux through the slot agrees well with an approximate analytical solution of the moment equations for length-to-width ratios from 6 to 0.5, pressure ratios from 0.8 to 0.1, and Knudsen numbers from 5 to 0.5.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Physics of Fluids; 20; June 197
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    Low Reynolds number flow past a blunt axisymmetric body at angle of attack (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Low Reynolds number flow of an ideal gas over a blunt axisymmetric body of large half-angle at small angles of attack is investigated, for the case of laminar hypersonic flow. Time-varying viscous shock layer equations describing the flowfield are obtained from the full Navier-Stokes system by keeping terms to second order in the inverse square root of Re in both viscous and inviscid regions; the equations are valid for moderate to high Re. Drag, skin friction, and heating rates were obtained at small (or zero) angles of attack. Conditions experienced by planetary entry probes during the high-altitude (early) legs of an atmospheric entry trajectory are pertinent to the problem.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 15; Aug. 197
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    Model of climate evolution based on continental drift and polar wandering (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The thermodynamic meteorologic model of Adem is used to trace the evolution of climate from Triassic to present time by applying it to changing geography as described by continental drift and polar wandering. Results show that the gross changes of climate in the Northern Hemisphere can be fully explained by the strong cooling in high latitudes as continents moved poleward. High-latitude mean temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere dropped below the freezing point 10 to 15 m.y. ago, thereby accounting for the late Cenozoic glacial age. Computed meridional temperature gradients for the Northern Hemisphere steepened from 20 to 40 C over the 200-m.y. period, an effect caused primarily by the high-latitude temperature decrease. The primary result of the work is that the cooling that has occurred since the warm Mesozoic period and has culminated in glaciation is explainable wholly by terrestrial processes.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geological Society of America; vol. 88
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  • 66
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    Diurnal variations in the thermosphere. II - Temperature, composition, and winds (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The fundamental diurnal component of temperature, composition and wind fields is discussed for the thermosphere, the results delineated in terms of energy sources in the lower atmosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere, illustrating their relative significance. The diurnal component in the composition of H, He, O, O2 and Ar has been analyzed in terms of effects from thermal expansion in diffusive equilibrium and transport processes associated with chemistry, wind circulation, exospheric flow and escape. Next to thermal expansion, wind-induced diffusion is the single most important process; it dominates the diurnal variations of He and prevails in the variations of O, O2 and Ar below 200 km.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; July 1
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    Very-high-resolution far-infrared measurements of atmospheric emission from aircraft (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Instrument problems and technical results are discussed for an experiment in which an absolute spectrometric radiometer was flown aboard a NASA aircraft at altitudes of 33,000 to 41,000 ft to measure atmospheric emission in the spectral range from 5 to 40 kaysers with a resolution of about 0.03 kayser apodized. The instrument used was actually a polarizing interferometer, and the atmosphere was observed at fixed zenith angles constant to within plus or minus 0.1 deg. The only problem noted was the spoilage of some interferograms by spikes due to electrical interference from the aircraft radio transmission system. A spectrum of the atmospheric-emission brightness temperature obtained with real-time calibration is examined, and the spectral resolution, S/N ratio, and total instrument efficiency are evaluated. The experimental S/N ratio is estimated to be between 40 and 100.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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    Spherical asymmetry in thermospheric magnetic storms (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: It is suggested that spherical asymmetries in heat-input distribution during magnetic storms could be important in moving the center of thermospheric circulation toward the equator. Circumstantial evidence from neutral-composition data obtained by two satellites during a series of strong geomagnetic substorms is shown to suggest a pronounced hemispherical asymmetry in magnetic-storm-related energy deposition and to support the circulation concept. Ground-based observations of the F2 peak density in both hemispheres are used to complement the composition data and to confirm the concept of hemispherical asymmetry. The composition data are analyzed quantitatively on the basis of a linear circulation model for the cases of a zero heat source in the Northern Hemisphere, factor-of-two differences between the heat sources in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and identical heat sources in both hemispheres. The results are found to be in qualitative agreement with the suggestion of pronounced asymmetry in thermospheric circulation.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Planetary and Space Science; 25; July 197
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    Evaluation of flight spoilers for vortex alleviation (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper describes the facilities and test procedures used in a series of wind-tunnel and full-scale flight investigations of the effectiveness of flight spoilers currently existing on wide-bodied transport jet aircraft when used as trailing vortex hazard alleviation devices. Examples of the results of such studies include the variation of trailing wing rolling-moment coefficient with downstream distance behind a B-747 airplane model with various segments of its flight spoilers deflected 45 deg, and comparisons with models without spoilers deflected. It is concluded that the existing flight spoilers on the B-747 are effective as trailing vortex attenuators.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Aug. 197
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    The effect of ablation injection on radiative and convective heating (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A viscous shock-layer analysis for calculating high energy equilibrium flow fields about blunt axisymmetric bodies is applied to the problem of massive ablation injection with radiation transport. A nongray radiation model is used that accounts for both line and continuum radiation. The solution method is direct and provides both stagnation and downstream solutions. Results for shock heated air show that phenolic-nylon injection is substantially more effective in reducing the wall radiant flux than air injection. Also, for large included body angles, the wall radiative flux and the coupled phenolic-nylon injection rate do not continue to decrease with increasing distance downstream.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
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    Auroral vector electric field and particle comparisons. I - Preliminary convection topology (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Data obtained by Polar 3, launched from northern Norway January 27, 1974, are interpreted. The rocket, which traversed nearly 3 deg of latitude, crossed over a stable IBC II auroral arc in the positive bay region and continued north to a convection boundary which has been identified as the Harang discontinuity. Measurements of the complete electric field vector, of energetic electrons, and of auroral emissions were used to study the convection topology in the premagnetic midnight region. The inverted V nature of the electron precipitations at the convection boundary, compared with the lack of such structure over the arc which was within the positive bay region, is thought to indicate that auroral arcs are likely to be associated with inverted V type precipitation only at or poleward of convection boundaries and their eddy structures.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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    Auroral vector electric field and particle comparisons. II - Electrodynamics of an arc (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper reports the results of energetic auroral electron and vector electric field measurements taken near and above a discrete auroral form and discusses their electrodynamic implications. Height-integrated Hall and Pedersen conductivities are computed in a quantitative fashion along the rocket payload trajectory. These conductivities, together with the electric fields, are used to describe the local auroral electrojet current system and to demonstrate an inverse relationship between the local electric field intensity and the height-integrated Pedersen conductivity. An analysis is presented of the divergence of both the electric field and the horizontal current as an effort to infer space charge densities and magnetic-field-aligned electrical currents near an auroral arc.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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    Comment on 'Drag coefficient of spheres in continuum and rarefied flows' (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A paper by Henderson (1976) provides a method of predicting experimental sphere drag data. This approach uses two equations for the drag coefficient, one for relative Mach number less than one, one for relative Mach number greater than 1.75. For relative Mach numbers between these limits a linear interpolation procedure is followed. In a comment on this paper, it is claimed, on the basis of comparing predictions with experimental results, that a method proposed by Walsh (1975) gives better predictions of the drag coefficient for relative Mach numbers less than 1.75, provided that a modification of the procedure is made for relative Mach numbers less than 0.1. For values over 1.75, both methods are considered equally accurate. In a reply to this comment, it is agreed that the Walsh method is more accurate when Reynolds numbers are within a range between 20 and 200, and Mach numbers are between 0.5 and 1.25. Presumed errors and possible limitations in the Walsh procedure for predicting drag coefficients are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 15; June 197
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    Empirical models of high-latitude electric fields (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Observational models of high-latitude dawn-dusk electric fields, quantitatively based on Ogo 6 measurements, are presented for the two Northern Hemisphere (summer) distributions that occur, respectively, when the interplanetary magnetic field is in the -Y or +Y hemisphere in solar ecliptic coordinates. Both models are representative of conditions which produce magnetic disturbance levels corresponding to Kp of approximately 3. Model cross sections are also given for two selected time periods when the fields were exceptionally weak or strong and were accompanied by magnetic conditions corresponding to Kp of zero or AE of about 1000, respectively. An attempt is made to construct convection patterns resembling the original idealizations of Axford and Hines (1961) in order to obtain convective continuity within the observed boundaries. Since the result is not realistic in representing observations near the Harang discontinuity in the nightside auroral belt, the pattern is modified to fit typical conditions near that discontinuity.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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    Effects of soft electron precipitation on the distribution of vibrational energy of N2 (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper investigates the direct effect of soft electron precipitation on the nitrogen vibrational distribution and on the rate coefficient for the ion-atom interchange reaction between O(+) and N2, using a spectrum of the precipitating electrons characteristic of the dayside cusp region. Substantial increases in the nitrogen vibrational temperature and in the rate of the O(+) destruction reaction do not occur unless the flux of incident electrons is as large as 1 trillion per sq cm/sec. For such large fluxes, departures of the vibrational distribution from a Boltzmann distribution have a significant effect on the rate coefficient. Incident fluxes less than 100 billion per sq cm/sec, such as are usually observed, have little direct effect on nitrogen vibration, although the indirect effect resulting from enhanced electron temperatures might be important.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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    One-dimensional models (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The current status of predictions by one dimensional models is reported. The following items are discussed: (1) model mechanics; (2) the parametric simulation of vertical transport, the effects of diurnally varying reactants; and (3) molecular multiple scattering. Possible sinks for chlorofluoromethanes is discussed as well as the uncertanties involved on making predictions of stratospheric ozone change.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Chlorofluoromethanes and the Stratosphere; p 133-195
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    Vortex lattice prediction of subsonic aerodynamics of hypersonic vehicle concepts (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The vortex lattice method introduced by Lamar and Gloss (1975) was applied to the prediction of subsonic aerodynamic characteristics of hypersonic body-wing configurations. The reliability of the method was assessed through comparison of the calculated and observed aerodynamic performances of two National Hypersonic Flight Research Facility craft at Mach 0.2. The investigation indicated that a vortex lattice model involving 120 or more panel elements can give good results for the lift and induced drag coefficients of the craft, as well as for the pitching moment at angles of attack below 10 to 15 deg. Automated processes for calculating the local slopes of mean-camber surfaces may also render the method suitable for use in preliminary design phases.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Oct. 197
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    Cooling effectiveness of slot injection into a turbulent boundary layer (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The cooling effectiveness of injection through multiple flush slots at an angle of 10 deg was studied experimentally in a wind tunnel. Air was injected from one to four slots into a turbulent Mach 6 boundary layer. The slot mass flow ratio is defined, and data which describe the dependence of the cooling effectiveness on the slot mass flow ratio are presented. Experimental values are indicated graphically for various cases of single and multiple slot injection, where the total mass injection (i.e., the sum of flow rates from each slot) is the same for each case. The results show that, for a given coolant mass flow rate, thermal protection over the maximum surface area can be accomplished best by injecting the coolant flow through multiple slots.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 15; Sept
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    Effective cross sections and rate constants for predissociation of ClO in the earth's atmosphere (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 18; Aug. 197
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    A global thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data MSIS. II - Composition (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Measurements of O, He, and Ar from neutral gas mass spectrometers on four satellites (Ogo 6, San Marco 3, Aeros A, and AEC-C) and inferred oxygen and hydrogen densities from an ion mass spectrometer on AE-C have been combined with a neutral temperature and nitrogen density model to produce a global model of thermospheric composition in terms of inferred variations at 120 km. The data set covers the time period from mid-1969 to mid-1975. The MSIS (mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data) model is compared with the Ogo 6 model (Hedin et al., 1974). Ar variations at 120 km tend to be in phase with temperature variations and inverse to the He, O, and H variations.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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    The plasmapause revisited (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A statistical investigation is conducted concerning the plasmapause behavior observed from Explorer 45 during various levels of magnetic activity. Aspects of data handling are reported and the implications of a constant density level for a plasmapause definition are discussed. The average local time dependence of the gradient saturation events and the sharp saturation events detected on Explorer 45 is shown with the aid of graphs. Other graphs show the results of the statistical processing operations. The significance of the obtained data is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Apr. 1
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    Daytime chemistry of NO/+/ from Atmosphere Explorer-C measurements (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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    Terrestrial kilometric radiation. II - Emission from the magnetospheric cusp and dayside magnetosheath (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Measurements of the location of sources of terrestrial kilometric radiation obtained with the lunar-orbiting Radio Astronomy Explorer 2 satellite have revealed a class of emission associated with the cusp and dayside magnetosheath. At frequencies near 250 kHz, this emission is observed at radial distances between 2 and 20 earth radii at magnetic latitudes of 75 to 80 deg and is most often detected during periods of auroral activity and southward orientation of the interplanetary magnetic-field vertical component. During very disturbed times, the emission at the lowest frequencies (below about 200 kHz) appears to come from the dayside magnetosheath at distances of at least 12 earth radii. Whenever the geomagnetic dipole is tilted significantly with respect to the ecliptic pole, the cusp emission is confined to the hemisphere containing the subsolar point. The measurements also suggest that the region of cusp emission is rather narrowly confined in longitude to within a few hours of the noon meridian.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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    Electron and ion temperatures - A comparison of ground-based incoherent scatter and AE-C satellite measurements (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The paper presents the results of comparisons of AE-C electron temperature of the ionosphere determined from the cylindrical electrostatic probe and the ion temperature of the ionosphere determined from the planar retarding potential analyzer with electron and ion temperatures determined from four incoherent scatter facilities: Arecibo, St. Santin, Millstone Hill, and Chatanika. Good agreement was obtained between the in situ and remote measurements of electron and ion temperatures. Longitudinal variations are found to be very important in the comparison of electron temperatures at some locations.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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    Measurements and analysis of ozone variations (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The techniques that were used for total ozone and vertical distribution including measurement accuracy and precision are briefly discussed. A description of data availability is provided, and sample total ozone and stratospheric data are presented to illustrate the trends that were deduced from the data.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Chlorofluoromethanes and the Stratosphere; p 51-88
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    Laboratory measurements (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A compilation of chemical and photochemical data that are relevant to stratospheric modeling is presented. There are three broad categories of data: (1) rate constants for chemical reactions, including temperature and pressure dependencies along with product distributions; (2) absorption cross sections, photodissociation quantum yield, and photolysis; (3) heterogeneous chemical processes.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Chlorofluoromethanes and the Stratosphere; p 1-50
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  • 87
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    Characteristics of first order shock induced magnetic transitions in iron and discrimination from TRM (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Reflected light microscopy provides information on first-order shock transitions in iron and iron-nickel and permits discrimination of microstructures due to shock transitions from those imparted by thermal transitions. In addition, thin-foil electron microscopy is used to characterize magnetic transitions in fine-particle iron. First-order magnetic phase changes, such as that from the antiferromagnetic face centered cubic state to the ferromagnetic body centered cubic state, are studied with the aim of calibrating the shock and thermal mechanisms of magnetization in iron with a particle size range between 250 and 1200 A. The efficiency of remanence due to shock transition is also estimated.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 88
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    Effect of compliant wall motion on turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A critical analysis of available compliant wall data which indicated drag reduction under turbulent boundary layers is presented. Detailed structural dynamic calculations suggest that the surfaces responded in a resonant, rather than a compliant, manner. Alternate explanations are given for drag reductions observed in two classes of experiments: (1) flexible pipe flows and (2) water-backed membranes in air. Analysis indicates that the wall motion for the remaining data is typified by short wavelengths in agreement with the requirements of a possible compliant wall drag reduction mechanism recently suggested by Langley.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 89
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    An implicit-iterative solution of the heat conduction equation with a radiation boundary condition (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: For the problem of predicting one-dimensional heat transfer between conducting and radiating mediums by an implicit finite difference method, four different formulations were used to approximate the surface radiation boundary condition while retaining an implicit formulation for the interior temperature nodes. These formulations are an explicit boundary condition, a linearized boundary condition, an iterative boundary condition, and a semi-iterative boundary method. The results of these methods in predicting surface temperature on the space shuttle orbiter thermal protection system model under a variety of heating rates were compared. The iterative technique caused the surface temperature to be bounded at each step. While the linearized and explicit methods were generally more efficient, the iterative and semi-iterative techniques provided a realistic surface temperature response without requiring step size control techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering; 11; 10, 1; 1977
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  • 90
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    Wall cooling effects on hypersonic transitional/turbulent boundary layers at high Reynolds numbers (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The characteristics of a thick hypersonic boundary layer turbulent for a length of 175 cm on a 4 deg sharp wedge were measured. The resulting boundary layer was free from transverse curvature effects and only mildly affected by upstream history effects caused by pressure and wall temperature gradients. Heat-transfer distributions were used to locate regions of laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow at an edge unit Reynolds number of 470,000 cm at wall-to-total temperature ratios from about 0.3 to 1. Wall cooling had little effect on the location of the transition region. Pitot and total temperature profiles and skin-friction measurements were obtained at several locations along the model longitudinal centerline. Mixing length and turbulent Prandtl number distributions were derived from the fully turbulent mean profiles.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 15; Oct. 197
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  • 91
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    Numerical turbulence modeling (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-05-19
    Beschreibung: The underlying bases and developments in two techniques of detailed turbulence modeling are described where the flow is treated in the Eulerian sense, and one technique where the Lagrangian motions of vortices are followed. First, a technique is described for solving the single-point statistically averaged conservation equations. The Reynolds stresses that appear in these equations are evaluated by solving supplemental differential equations which contain terms that are modeled. A sequence of increasingly complex, but also increasingly general, modeling equations is described and computations based on these equations are compared with experimental data. The hierarchy of models described terminates with equations for the individual components of the Reynolds stress tensor. The second Eulerian technique approach to turbulence modeling is the direct numerical simulation of turbulent fields. In this approach, all three dimensional eddies between a predetermined range of sizes are computed in time within a specified volume of flow. Present day computers require a tradeoff between the size of the volume that can be considered and the degree of resolution of the turbulent eddies. Techniques of modeling the smallest eddies are described that permit enlarging the volume, or Reynolds number, that can be considered.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: AGARD Computational Fluid Dyn.; 37 p
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  • 92
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    Planetary ionospheres (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: An analogy is drawn between the Eath's ionosphere and the existence of ionospheres around other planets or natural satellites. An ionosphere is defined as a series of layers (D, E, E1, F2) and their characteristics are discussed. Emphasis is on the role of solar wind impacting with the potential ionosphere and the subsequent chemical and diffusion processes that can be observed. Data from the MARINER and PIONEER space programs are cited concerning measured electron density and ionospheric refractivity of extraterrestrial ionospheres, then an attempt is made to model these atmospheres based on Earth ionosphere theory.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Max-Planck Inst. fuer Aeronomie Speeches and Lectures delivered on the Occasion of Prof. Dieminger's Retirement; p 91-99
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  • 93
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    Convection pattern and stress system under the African plate (1977)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Studies on tectonic forces from satellite-derived gravity data have revealed a subcrustal stress system which provides a unifying mechanism for uplift, depression, rifting, plate motion and ore formation in Africa. The subcrustal stresses are due to mantle convection. Seismicity, volcanicity and kimberlite magmatism in Africa and the development of the African tectonic and magnetic features are explained in terms of this single stress system. The tensional stress fields in the crust exerted by the upwelling mantle flows are shown to be regions of structural kinship characterized by major concentration of mineral deposits. It is probable that the space techniques are capable of detecting and determining the tectonic forces in the crust of Africa.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors; 15; 1, Se; Sept
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  • 94
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    On estimating gravity anomalies - A comparison of least squares collocation with conventional least squares techniques (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The least squares collocation algorithm for estimating gravity anomalies from geodetic data is shown to be an application of the well known regression equations which provide the mean and covariance of a random vector (gravity anomalies) given a realization of a correlated random vector (geodetic data). It is also shown that the collocation solution for gravity anomalies is equivalent to the conventional least-squares-Stokes' function solution when the conventional solution utilizes properly weighted zero a priori estimates. The mathematical and physical assumptions underlying the least squares collocation estimator are described.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Bulletin Geodesique; 51; 2, 19; 1977
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  • 95
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    Determination of diurnal average photodissociation rates (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The calculation of diurnal average photolysis rates in models of planetary atmospheres can be done efficiently and easily by utilizing the results of empirical numerical fitting procedures. Analytic expressions are given for the ratio of the diurnal average differential photolysis rate to that at noon, as a function of optical depth, latitude and solar declination. The accuracy is better than + or - 6% for all altitudes, all seasons of the year and latitudes up to 60 deg.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 96
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    Prediction of outer layer mixing lengths in turbulent boundary layers (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Predictions of mixing length by Pletcher's (1976) method (using a two-layer eddy viscosity model for a turbulent boundary layer at low Reynolds numbers) are compared to some values derived from turbulent boundary-layer profiles by other authors. The model is incorporated into a finite-difference scheme, to accurately predict low Reynolds number skin friction in supersonic flow.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: AIAA Journal; 15; Apr. 197
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  • 97
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    Application of the method of integral relations to laminar boundary layers in three dimensions (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The method of integral relations is extended to general three-dimensional compressible laminar boundary layer flows. The transformation employed to transform the basic three-dimensional compressible boundary layer equations into quasi-incompressible form is an extension of the Howarth transformation. The resulting system of differential equations is integrated numerically by the method of integral relations as proposed by Dorodnitsyn. To demonstrate the accuracy of the method, it is applied to calculation of the parabolic flow over a flat plate and the boundary flow over an infinite yawed cylinder, for which solutions are known. It is then applied to the flow over a flat plate disturbed by a cylinder normal to the plate, for which a finite-difference solution is available for comparison. It is finally applied to calculating the crossflow velocity variation for supersonic flow over a swept wedge.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
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  • 98
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    A novel concept for subsonic inlet boundary-layer control (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A self-bleeding method for boundary layer control is described and tested for a subsonic inlet designed to operate in the flowfield generated by high angles of attack. Naturally occurring surface static pressure gradients are used to remove the boundary layer from a separation-prone region of the inlet and to reinject it at a less critical location with a net performance gain. The results suggest that this self-bleeding method for boundary-layer control might be successfully applied to other inlets operating at extreme aerodynamic conditions.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Apr. 197
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  • 99
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    Significance of large-scale circulation in magnetic storm characteristics with application to AE-C neutral composition data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Theoretical analysis of a magnetic storm in February 1974 leads to the following conclusions: (1) Wind-induced diffusion leads to depletion of O and He and enhancements of Ar at high latitudes. (2) The same process increases O and He and decreases Ar at low latitudes. (3) There is substantial agreement between theory and neutral composition data from the AE-C closed source neutral mass spectrometer; the low-latitude enhancements of O and He, in magnitude comparable to or even larger than those of N2 and Ar, are observed, which is characteristic for the circulation mechanism. (4) To achieve agreement with the composition measurements, a heat input rate of 1.7 ergs/sq cm s is required above 120 km. (5) Changes in the neutral composition associated with the annual variations have significant effects on the magnetic storm dynamics.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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    Mach 6 flowfield survey at the engine inlet of a research airplane (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: A flowfield survey was conducted to better define the nature of vehicle forebody flowfield at the inlet location of an airframe-integrated scramjet engine mounted on the lower surface of a high-speed research airplane to be air launched from a B-52 and rocket boosted to Mach 6. The tests were conducted on a 1/30-scale brass model in a Mach-6 20-in. wind tunnel at Reynolds number of 11,200,000 based on distance to engine inlet. Boundary layer profiles at five spanwise locations indicate that the boundary layer in the area of the forebody centerline is more than twice as thick as the boundary layer at three outboard stations. It is shown that the cold streak found in heating contours on the centerline of the forebody is caused by a thickening of the boundary layer on the centerline, and that this thickening decreases with angle of attack.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Apr. 197
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