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  • Chemical Engineering  (766)
  • 1975-1979  (766)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1979  (430)
  • 1977  (336)
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  • 1975-1979  (766)
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equilibria of reactions catalyzed by acetate kinase and adenylate kinase were studied experimentally and theoretically. Nucleotide conversions in excess of 90% were obtained with reactants (acetyl phosphate and one nucleotide) in stoichiometric proportion for ATP regeneration from either ADP via acetate kinase or AMP via the coupled enzyme system. Observed equilibrium constants, measured as a function of [Mg2+] at pH 7.4, ranged from about 1 to 9 for the reaction catalyzed by adenylate kinase and from about 50 to 400 for the reaction catalyzed by acetate kinase. These results agreed well with prediction of a theoretical model for the multiple equilibria between all species present in solution. Theoretical calculations showed that magnesium ion complexes and totally dissociated anions are the predominant species in solution at \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$p{\rm H}\tilde 〉 7{\rm and}[{\rm Mg}^{2 + } ]\tilde 〉 10^{ - 3} {\rm M}$\end{document}.
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  • 2
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 116-117 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 3
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 118-120 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 134-134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 5
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 144-160 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A group contribution molecular model is developed for the thermodynamic properties of polar and nonpolar liquids and their solutions, including energy of vaporization, ρVT relations, excess properties, and activity coefficients. The model is based on the cell theory in which the repulsive forces of molecules are expressed with a modified cell partition function derived from the Carnahan-Starling equation of state for hard spheres. The attractive forces are made up of group pair interaction contributions. Group and interaction properties have been determined for methyl, methylene, hydroxyl, and carbonyl. Extensive comparisons are made of predictions of the model with data for pure liquids and their solutions.
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  • 6
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diffusional mass transfer across membranes with uniform but low pore densities was studied experimentally as a function of stirring rate and pore area fraction. The results were analyzed in terms of a stagnant film boundary-layer model specially formulated for a heterogeneous membrane containing discrete pores. The overall membrane diffusional resistance is linearly related to the inverse of the pore area fraction of the membranes for a constant stirring rate. An equivalent boundary-layer thickness can be defined which is independent of membrane properties but a unique function of stirrer speed. These experimental boundary-layer thicknesses are greater by a factor of 3 than those predicted by a published Sherwood number correlation determined for homogeneous surfaces, but the stirring rate dependence is in excellent agreement with this same correlation.
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  • 7
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 192-202 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a suspension of fine solid particles in a gaseous medium flows through a fibrous filter, particles deposit on the fibers forming chainlike agglomerates known as dendrites. This deposition pattern is responsible for the intrinsically transient behavior of the filter, leading to drastic increases of the filtration efficiency and of the pressure drop. Related phenomena are observed when aerosols flow through other types of porous media (for example, granular beds), or next to duct walls, around immersed objects, etc. A theoretical model of the particle dendrite growth was proposed recently by Payatakes and Tien. Here a revised and generalized version of that model is developed. The following major revisions are made: allowance is made for collisions with a particle in a given dendrite layer that lead to retension in the same layer, radial as well as angular contributions to deposition are considered, and the dendrite layer adjacent to the collector is allowed to contain more than one particle. These changes lead to a substantially more realistic theoretical model. Expressions for the transient behavior of a filter of differential thickness are obtained, based entirely on first principles. These, as it has been shown in a previous publication, can be used to predict the dynamic behavior of a macroscopic fibrous filter. The use and behavior of this model is demonstrated in the simple case of deposition by pure interception. The present treatment of deposition by pure interception is more rigorous than and supersedes that adopted in previous works.
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  • 9
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Spin line tension, diameter attenuation, and the onset of the draw resonance instability are determined for a viscoelastic polymer melt, taking into account the changes in physical properties resulting from cooling of the filament. The theory predicts the experimentally observed stabilization of very short and very long filaments.
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  • 10
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 48-56 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas holdup and the ratio of the turbulent regime mechanical power consumed in aerated compared to that in nonaerated aqueous phases were measured in two laboratory sized tanks. Standard six-blade turbine (D/T = 1/3), six-blade paddle (D/T = 1/3), and four-blade paddle (D/T = 2/3) impellers were used over a wide range of impeller rotational speed and gas sparging rate. For all systems, the power ratio results were found to fit a semitheoretical correlation (derived from dimensional analysis) involving the impeller Weber number, the aeration number, and the ratio of dispersion and liquid densities. Empirical correlations for gas holdup in water, aqueous solutions of nonelectrolytes, and an aqueous electrolyte solution are given. The overall results lead to the conclusion that power ratio and gas holdup correlations are highly specific to a particular impeller type and are also dependent on the tank size and the liquid phase physicochemical properties.
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  • 11
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 380-382 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 12
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 390-393 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 13
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 400-401 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 405-406 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 15
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 208-210 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cycles in particle size and slurry density were experimentally observed in a mixed suspension, potassium chloride crystallizer equipped with a fines dissolver and having nonrepresentative product withdrawal. Cycling behavior was achieved with a product crystal elutriator but was also observed with changes in the orientation of the product removal tube, indicating that instability was induced by product classification. Simulation of the unstable runs with a dynamic model showed crystal size distribution (CSD) limit cycles of similar period using nucleation kinetics and process conditions measured experimentally. The computer simulation showed no tendency towards cycling for the stable runs.
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  • 17
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 460-468 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer was operated with and without continuous fines segregation and destruction. Predicted improvements in product-crystal size were observed. By carefully representing the crystallizer flow pattern, quantitative agreement of crystal size distribution with prediction was achieved.
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  • 18
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 477-482 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The experimental work reported here gives hydrate forming conditions in the water liquid-hydrocarbon liquid-hydrate region for five mixtures of methane and n-butane. Data available in the literature were used to establish the parameters in a computer program for predicting hydrate forming conditions in condensed systems. The method is shown to be reliable for several systems of widely variable composition.
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 529-538 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous studies of copper-ion catalyzed ascorbic acid autoxidation have indicated zero-order, first-order, or Michaelis-Menten dependence of rate on ascorbic acid or copper concentrations and first- or half-order dependence on oxygen concentration. A simple mathematical model of gas-liquid mass transfer with liquid phase reaction accounts for the various behaviors. Use of an experimental technique that eliminates the mass transfer step shows that the oxidation rate dependence is first order in copper, half order in oxygen, and Michaelis-Menten in ascorbic acid concentrations.
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  • 20
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 520-528 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is assumed that for pulverized fuel, the weight fraction W with a size larger than x can be expressed as W = exp(-bxn). This paper describes the theoretical development and experimental evaluation using pulverized anthracite burning at 30 lb/hr of a method of predicting the combustion rate of a pulverized fuel from the constants b and n in the above equation.
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  • 21
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 592-596 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 362-375 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methanol is overviewed from the standpoint of history: how the history relates to the present and how it could relate to the future. The overview includes ingredients (fuels, catalysts, etc.), synthesis gas generating procedures, processing techniques, and equipment and other considerations for the present and the near and more distant term future.
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 695-701 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A semicontinuous pH parametric pump for separating proteins was experimentally investigated using the model system haemoglobin and albumin on a Sephadex ion exchanger. The pump considered had a center feed between an enriching column and a stripping column and was operated batchwise during upflow and continuously during downflow. Various factors affecting separations were examined. It was shown that parametric pumping is capable of separating proteins with high separation factors.
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 722-725 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The collapse of a single spherical gas bubble within a large body of fluid creates a uniaxial elongational flow in the surrounding fluid. Collapse under constant bubble pressure is observed to produce nearly constant strain rate kinematics. If the steady state stress at the bubble/fluid boundary could be measured, it would be possible to estimate the elongational viscosity of the fluid.Unfortunatley the experiment does not yield the desired stress data, except in the special case of the Newtonian fluid. We are led to define an apparent elongational viscosity, and for specific constitutive models we can evaluate the deviation between the apparent and true viscosity. The experimental and theoretical work indicate that the apparent elongational viscosity provides a good estimate of true elongational viscosity for the tow viscoelastic solutions studied so far.
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  • 25
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 765-768 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 772-772 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 774-776 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 28
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 794-804 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Models have been formulated and analyzed for photosynthesis by algae in turbulent, channel flow. Analytical and computational for results for different stochastic, kinematic models of algal motion have been obtained for two different rate mechanisms. The results indicate that turbulent mixing can achieve an increase in the rates and efficiencies of photosynthesis by realizing the intermittency effects. Optimum levels of turbulence are shown to exist in turbulent channel flow for the mass cultivation of algae. The methodology of this paper is relevant to photochemical reactions in general.
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 493-500 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Completely developed and entry region mass transfer rates in turbulent pipe flow of drag reducing polymer solutions were studied experimentally using electrochemical techniques. The percent change in the fully developed mass transfer rate at a given volumetric flow was found to be greater than the percent change in the pressure gradient. The data are interpreted by using the law of the wall, valid for Newtonian fluids at large Schmidt numbers, whereby K+ is related to Sc-0.74. The proportionality constant is correlated with percent drag reduction and is found to decrease with increasing drag reduction. The use of an analogy between momentum and mass transfer predicts a somewhat greater mass transfer reduction than was observed.
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 538-544 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of absorption of pure sulfur dioxide into aqueous sodium bisulfite, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulfite solutions with and without a surface active agent were measured at 25°C using a liquid jet column. For the sulfur dioxide-sodium hydroxide system, the rate of absorption into the solution without surface active agent was higher than that into the solution with surface active agent, indicating the existence of the interfacial turbulence. The absorption rates obtained for the present system under the conditions of no interfacial turbulence were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions based on the penetration theory.
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  • 31
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 558-567 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general flow model is developed which is discrete both in time and space. The stirred-tank network model (continuous time compartmental model) is summarized and compared with the discrete flow model. Efficient methods for model fitting are given and demonstrated with numerical examples.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 816-822 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Process synthesis involves manipulation of the process arrangement, while studying the variables of each arrangement, to arrive at the optimal process. If each process arrangement is treated as a discrete variable, process synthesis becomes a mixed integer optimization problem. This paper examines the synthesis of heat exchanger networks using the adaptive random search procedure, which can be used to search continuous and discrete independent variables simultaneously. The means of handling the heat exchanger arrangement as a discrete variable is discussed, and the incorporation of various synthesis heuristics is presented. The results of synthesis of 2 × 2, 2 × 3, and 3 × 3 networks are presented and compared with other methods of synthesis.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 851-859 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cross flow/electrifiltration process combines migration of particles in the presence of electrical and shear fields to increase filtration rates. A mathematical model and the experimental data are presented for both a kaolin clay suspension and an oil in water chemically stabilized emulsion. When the filter is operated in a regime above the critical voltage, filtration rate-electric field strength dependence becomes linear, and both electroosmosis in the filtration medium and electrophoresis in the liquid film are the controlling mechanisms of transport. Both experimental data and the mathematical model indicate that the fluid circulation rate tangential to the filtration media does not necessarily increase filtration rate depending on the regime of operation. The model is used in conjunction with the experimental data to separate the liquid film resistance adjacent to the filter cake which is determined by fluid shear and electric field from the cake and filter medium resistances which are influenced by electroosmosis.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 658-666 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The plex data structure is proposed for use in an advanced computing system to model chemical processes. The plex is shown to permit increased modularity and flexibility over systems with dimensioned array structures. Two methods are suggested to create and operate upon the plex: the problem oriented language and the problem oriented calling programs. The concept of a routing plex is introduced as a means for specifying the path of calculations when building block routines call upon other routines and choices exist at each level.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 958-958 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 948-951 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A class of dynamic model approximation techniques based on a frequency domain Taylor series expansion is presented. These methods yield low-order models and are analytical rather than computational in nature; that is, one can retain important parameters (which may be time varying) from the original model in functional form in the low-order model. This feature is very attractive for on-line updating of the simplified model and subsequent control of the process. An example for a tenth-order original model has shown that the analytical low-order models provide excellent approximations to the step response of the original system.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for estimating mutual diffusion coefficients for polymer-solvent systems are reviewed. Procedures are recommended for the determination of the temperature, concentration, and molecular weight dependences of diffusivities both for dilute and concentrated solutions.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microscopic observations and Coulter counter measurements of the secondary nuclei produced when a parent crystal of potash alum was contacted with a solid rod suggest that these nuclei are born by an attrition mechanism which appears to be dependent on the growth rate of the crystal. The nuclei can be up to 50 μm in size. The nuclei smaller than about 4 μm are relatively insensitive to supersaturation, whereas the number greater than about 4 μm is approximately linear in supersaturation.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 87-100 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation of two arrangements of multistage adsorption beds, parallel and series, was analyzed, and the optimal design problem of minimizing the capital and operating costs of the multistage adsorption bed systems was formulated. Solution of the optimization problem was obtained by using the Fibonacci search scheme. For the purpose of the study, data on the adsorption of liquid on activated carbon were taken from the literature for both single solute and multisolute adsorption systems and was used to derive the expressions for adsorption rate and the equilibrium relationship. Details of the performance of the optimally designed multistage adsorption bed systems are presented in terms of the physical and design parameters.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 122-131 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for predicting absorption rates for liquid layers flowing along a wall. It is based on results presently available in the literature as well as on the results of studies we recently carried out on the rate of oxygen absorption from a flowing air stream into water layers on the bottom of a horizontal enclosed channel and on the inside of a vertical pipe. Absorption measurements can be interpreted by assuming that the process is controlled by eddies whose length and velocity are characterized by bulk turbulence properties and that in a region of thickness δ close to the interface the turbulence is dampened by viscosity.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 160-170 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of new solid/liquid separation processes, such as solids removal from oil and certain tertiary oil recovery techniques, can be evaluated by a thermodynamic stability analysis of possible liquid-liquid-particle configurations. The thermodynamic stability and hence feasibility of two possible liquid-liquid-particle separation process is predicted by use of a free energy analysis. Stability is shown to depend primarily on droplet/particle size ratio (n) and three phase contact angle (θ). Stability criteria are presented which can be applied to many particle and liquid separation processes.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 183-185 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 192-196 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 208-208 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 240-246 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase, annular flow of gases and non-Newtonian liquids through horizontal pipes is modeled, and a prediction method for pressure drop and gas volume fraction is proposed. The prediction method consists of a modification, based upon shear rate dependence of the apparent viscosity of the liquid phase, of Lockhart-Martinelli correlations for Newtonian liquids. The model applies to the case of laminar flow of the annular liquid film. Experimental data, obtained with several aqueous polymer solutions and air, agree closely with predicted values of pressure drop and void fraction.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 266-272 
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    Notes: The kinetics of step polymerization involving a monomer with unequal reactivities has been obtained. The polydisperity index (PDI) has also been calculated both as a function of conversion and the initial stoichiometric ratio. It has been shown that the usually assumed maximum value of 2 for PDI can lead to erroneous molecular weight.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 320-327 
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    Notes: Continuous pH parametric pumping separations of a haemoglobin-albumin-CM Sepharose system were experimentally investigated. The parapump has a feed containing the protein mixture to be separated, introduced alternately to the top and bottom of the chromatographic column. The top and bottom products are withdrawn from the apparatus, respectively, during the bottom and top feed. It is shown that under certain conditions the pH driven parametric pump has the capacity for removal of protein components from one product fraction and large enrichment in the other fraction. Moreover, the continuous process can be operated with a large feed throughput.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 359-362 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 368-370 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 382-383 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 382-382 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 383-383 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 188-190 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 200-201 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 209-219 
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    Notes: A study is made of the structure and properties of material balance simulation problems, and a technique is developed for their efficient solution. The method requires neither simultaneous solution of all balance equations nor iterative convergence methods. Instead, for each stream mixing point in the flow sheet, a vector balance equation is developed which contains as unknowns only mixer output streams. This unique set of vector equations is sequenced for solution by using precedence ordering and substitution techniques. It is shown that only as many vector equations need to be solved simultaneously as there are streams which would require iteration in the conventional sequential approach. Once the mixer output streams are calculated, the remaining intermediate process streams are evaluated directly with no further equation solving. Computational results are presented showing the efficiency of the method.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 246-258 
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    Notes: Motionless mixers are well suited to augment heat transfer and to provide a uniform thermal environment in laminar flow reactors. Heat transfer performance can be characterized with the Nusselt number, while the degree of thermal homogeneity can be characterized using the thermal time distribution which is the nonisothermal analogue of the residence time distribution. Theoretical results, calculations, and design strategies are presented for a variety of mixer types including flow inverters as well as the more common flow dividers. Two-channel, partial flow inversion is an excellent, near optimal, strategy for cooling or other situations such as polymerizations which give elongated velocity profiles. For flattened velocity profiles, perfect mixing can sometimes give better results. In practice, however, partial inverters can be expected to outperform those motionless mixers which are primarily flow dividers.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 258-266 
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    Notes: The equation of motion for the two phase flow within a bubble column, operated within the recirculation flow regime, has been solved, and the profile of liquid flow has been determined. Nicklin's relation for the bubble flow regime has been extended to the recirculation flow regime.Data analysis shows that the mean slip velocity between bubble and liquid is approximately constant and that the kinematic turbulent viscosity increases rapidly with increasing diameter of the column. These observations lead to the conclusion that scale-up has but little influence upon the mean gas holdup.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 289-297 
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    Notes: Mathematical methods employed recently in a theoretical study by Uppal et al. (1974) are applied to the second-order homogeneous reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrogen peroxide and are combined with experimental investigations of that reaction using a nonadiabatic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A complete portrayal of the expected behavior of that reaction system is presented in parameter space. Some new experimental studies of reactor instabilities are presented and linked to that portrayal. Close agreement is shown between theoretical predictions and experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 538-542 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 549-551 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 557-558 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 600-609 
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    Notes: Mathematical modeling of a periodically cycled plate column has been completed by using a liquid bypass model to describe nonideal liquid draining. A numerical solution over a wide range of parameters provides a closed envelope of feasible solutions. A region of this envelope encloses favorable operating values of the parameters, while the other region is unfavorable. Measurements of the parameters for nonideal liquid draining in a 600 mm diameter column fitted with sieve plates lead to predictions of only small improvements in separation performance. Modifications to the column intervals are required to move the parameters into a more favorable position in the solution envelope.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 645-653 
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    Notes: A general treatment of fugacities of liquid mixtures yields the proper thermodynamic functions for dealing with nonidealities of liquid phases in equilibrium with vapor mixtures for systems containing supercritical components. The activity coefficients of the supercritical components may be based on standard state fugacities for the hypothetical pure liquids or on Henry's constants. A comparison of the rigorous thermodynamic equations which apply to the liquid phase for the two alternatives shows that they are equivalent.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 686-697 
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    Notes: This paper considers the transfer of mass or heat between a fluid and a small amplitude solid wavy surface. A periodic variation of the transfer rate can occur because of wave induced variations of the normal convective flow and of the properties of the turbulence. Solutions of the mass balance equations are presented for the laminar flow at a large Schmidt number or Prandtl number and for turbulent flow at large and small wave numbers. For turbulent flows at intermediate wave numbers, the prediction is limited by inadequacies of present theories that model the wave induced variation in the turbulent diffusion of heat or mass. In order to provide guidance for this modeling, new measurements on the variation of the mass transfer rate along a solid wavy surface are presented for a Schmidt number of 729. An analogy between momentum and mass transfer is explored as a means for evaluating the turbulent diffusion terms.The amplitude of the function describing the mass transfer variation is found to decrease with decreasing wave number and the phase to increase with decreasing wave number. The phase angle and the amplitude of the variation in the mass transfer rate relative to the average mass transfer rate are insensitive to changes in Schmidt number or Prandtl number. For turbulent flows, the phase change can be large enough that the maximum in the mass transfer rate can exist somewhere in the trough of the wave. This result is of considerable significance in interpreting wavelike dissolution patterns.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 716-717 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 763-773 
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    Notes: A theoretical and experimental analysis of self-inducting turbo aerator performance was carried out based on the theory of water jet injector operation. It was shown that the aerator's injection coefficient is completely determined by only two dimensionless groups, CH and EuG, between which there is a single valued dependence on whose basis generalization of experimental data is possible. An analytical expression for the optimality criterion or aerator performance index, accounting for aerator gas capacity, power consumption, and submergence, has been obtained in terms of CH and EuG with only one adjustable parameter. From the above two dependencies, a methodology was developed for determining optimal operating conditions, by means of which all the data necessary for the optimal design can be obtained from the results of bench scale experiment.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 773-781 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of seven coals of different ranks and from various locations were heated in air under relatively mild conditions to measure the rates of oxidation and the production of carbonic gases in the effluent stream. The gas flow rate, coal particle size, and reactor temperature were changed as independent variables. Each sample was exposed for from 6 to 9 hr under atmospheric pressure at temperatures in the range of 200° to 250°C. The results show two kinds of rate behavior depending primarily on the relative porosity of the coal under study. The small pore coals followed the expectations of the earlier Kam-Hixson-Perlmutter (KHP) model, but the large pore coals gave rates sensitive to transport effects. Correlations were also obtained on the ratio of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide produced and on the relationship between the carbon content of an exposed coal and its heating value.
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    Notes: The semi-empirical Pitzer equation for modeling equilibrium in aqueous electrolyte systems has been extended in a thermodynamically consistent manner to allow for molecular as well as ionic solutes. Under limiting conditions, the extended model reduces to the well-known Setschenow equation for the salting out effect of molecular solutes. To test the validity of the model, correlations of vapor-liquid equilibrium data were carried out for three systems: the hydrochloric acid aqueous solution at 298.15°K and concentrations up to 18 molal; the NH3-CO2 aqueous solution studied by Van Krevelen et al. (1949) at 293.15°K; and the K2CO3-CO2 aqueous solution of the Hot Carbonate Process with temperatures from 343.15°K to 413.15°K and concentrations up to 40 weight percent equivalent potassium carbonate. The success of the correlations suggests the validity of the model for aqueous electrolyte systems of industrial interest.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 839-843 
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    Notes: Carbon dioxide and hydrogen will react over iron at 800° to 1 000°K and 1 bar pressure yielding water, carbon monoxide, methane, and carbon. In addition, iron oxides and carbides form during reaction. Phase diagrams are used to analyze this complex reaction system. Data are presented which suggest that the formation of magnetite (Fe3O4) or wustite (FexO) inhibits carbon formation. The water yield thus observed is limited by the time dependent iron-iron oxide-gas equilibrium. Preliminary data also suggest that the formation of carbides has little effect on water yield.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 843-855 
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    Notes: Drag coefficient and relative motion correlations for dispersed two-phase flows of bubbles, drops, and particles were developed from simple similarity criteria and a mixture viscosity model. The results are compared with a number of experimental data, and satisfactory agreements are obtained at wide ranges of the particle concentration and Reynolds number. Characteristics differences between fluid particle systems and solid particle systems at higher Reynolds numbers or at higher concentration regimes were successfully predicted by the model. Results showed that the drag law in various dispersed two-phase flows could be put on a general and unified base by the present method.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 863-872 
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    Notes: The operation of a periodically forced chemostat (CSTR) in which two microbial populations compete for the same nutrient has been examined. Easily implemented criteria for the stability of the resulting cycles have been obtained, using the Floquet stability theory. After examining several possibilities it was found that stable periodic trajectories of coexistence can be achieved: (a) when the dilution rate of the chemostat is properly varied in a periodic manner between two values so chosen that the growth of one population is favored by the first and the growth of the other population is favored by the second, (b) when a certain percentage of biomass and growing medium is harvested periodically from the chemostat, and (c) when both the dilution rate and the concentration of the substrate in the feed are varied simultaneously and in a periodic manner.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 893-895 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 895-899 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 903-905 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 906-906 
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 900-903 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study concerns the determination of stagnation point and minimum pressure point film thicknesses when a vertical flat plate is withdrawn from a reservoir containing non-Newtonian liquids. Upon consideration of three types of liquids, namely, Ellis, power law, and Bingham liquids, it has been found that stagnation point or minimum pressure point film thickness is a function of two parameters, one characterizing the liquid and the other representing parallel flow film thickness. It has also been shown that in the case of power law liquids, both the stagnation point and minimum pressure point exist, while in the case of Bingham liquids, the existence of one or both the points for a given nondimensional parallel flow film thickness depends upon the value of the Bingham number. Furthermore, it has been found that there may be situations when both the points can coincide; for example, in the case of Newtonian liquids, the two points coincide if the parallel flow film thickness is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt {2 - \sqrt 3 } $\end{document}.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 907-908 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 85
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 909-909 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 910-911 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 931-938 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An empirical correlation for calculating third virial coefficients of nonpolar gases is developed in agreement with the corresponding states theorem. This equation requires the use of a third parameter which can be estimated from molecular parameters. The method is reliable, even for systems where no experimental data are available. The extension to mixtures involves one interaction constant for all possible binary sets.
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 913-930 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three modes or types of sedimentation are recognized in flocculent suspensions: Clarification, in which floccules are separated and settle independently; zone settling, in which floccules are incorporated into some solids structure so that all are constrained to subside at more or less the same rate; and compression or compaction, in which the solids structure is strong enough to exhibit a compressive yield value. Current models for sedimentation in the three modes are reviewed, with particular emphasis on their use and reliability (or lack of it) for sedimentation basin design. Most models of thickening presented in the literature derive from a basic partial differential equation for force balance. Models differ in which terms of the equation are disregarded. Several of the theories of compaction are essentially equivalent solutions for the same model, but with different sets of independent variables.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 938-948 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements were made of the drag coefficients of smooth solid particles moving singly through still air at Reynolds numbers in the range of 103 to 104. Spheres were observed during acceleration, deceleration and at terminal velocity. Discs were tested during acceleration and at steady velocity. Other particles in the shapes of discs, circular cylinders and rectangular parallelepipeds were tested at steady velocity in their preferred and, in some cases, non-preferred orientations. The effects of non-steady velocity and of particle form were determined. An unexpected influence of particle density was observed for some of the particles.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 948-958 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Secondary nucleation kinetics for potash alum in draft-tube baffled crystallizers have been determined from steady state crystal size distributions measured down to about 5 μm. Differences in nucleation rates were found for crystallizers of similar geometry but different capacity. Models relating the frequency of crystal/propeller collisions to crystallizer geometry and operating parameters were compared. In general, these successfully accounted for the observed differences in nucleation rates.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 966-975 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas-phase diffusivities for high boiling point organics in common gases are determined by evaporating a single submicron aerosol droplet of the organic species, while it is suspended in an electric field in the path of a polarized laser beam. The droplet size is measured as a function of time by using Mie theory to determine the size from the light scattering data of intensity versus angle. In addition to diffusivities, the Lennard-Jones molecular interaction potential parameter, ∊ii, and the collision diameter σii, are found, by applying the molecular theory of gases to interpret the evaporation rate data. Results are compared with available empirical and semi-theoretical correlations for diffusivities and Lennard-Jones parameters. The low vapor pressure organics used here are dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and the carrier gases are helium, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 984-991 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed for a fluidized bed reactor with the dense phase region treated by conventional two-phase models. Conversion in the freeboard is obtained based on particle trajectories predicted from drag considerations. The model is applied to an industrial-scale catalytic cracking regenerator. It is shown that the freeboard region can have an important influence on the overall conversion in the unit.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 991-999 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several methods are reviewed for determining compositions in multiphase, reacting mixtures at equilibrium. Wolfe's quadratic programming algorithm is applied and results compared with the Rand method (Dluzniewski and Adler 1972), NASA method (Gordon and McBride 1971) and the George et al. (1976) implementation of Powell's method. For poor guesses in compositions, local and constrained minima in Gibbs free energy may arise, giving incorrect phase distributions.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper shows how the rigorous critical state criterion enunciated by Willard Gibbs can be used with a recently formulated two-parameter equation of state to obtain an analytical solution to the problem of predicting the critical properties of defined multicomponent mixtures. Comparisons are made between predicted and experimental values for several systems containing paraffin hydrocarbons and related materials.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 185-191 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The geometrical parameters of injection devices are shown to have almost no effect on the resulting two-phase flow, while they influence the pressure drop owing to its formation. The predominant hydrodynamic parameter is the ratio of the mean superficial velocities. A simplified analysis leads to good agreement with experimental results. The different causes of pressure drops are quantified.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 232-243 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pressure drop correlations for flow of slurries in pipelines were developed for each of the following four flow regimes: flow with a stationary bed, saltation flow, heterogeneous flow, and homogeneous flow. A total number of 2 848 data points, comprised of 1 912 collected from the published literature together with 936 taken using our own test pipelines and relating to ranges of the pertinent variables extensive enough to span all four flow regimes were used as the basis of these correlations. Also, these data were used in developing an associated quantitative regime delineation scheme. The correlations provide an improved predictive capability over previously available procedures and are also broader in scope. The delineation procedure developed here permits straightforward classification of the data according to the flow regime prevailing, and it is moreover inclusive of all the data and is self-consistent.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 275-285 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Necessary and sufficient conditions for intrinsically stable equilibrium in a multiphase, multicomponent body are developed with interfacial effects taken into full account. There is a limiting criterion for intrinsic stability that must be satisfied within every phase, and there is another limiting criterion that must be satisfied on every phase interface. The limits of intrinsic stability for a multiphase, multicomponent body are defined by the failure either of the first criterion within one of the phases or of the second criterion on one of the phase interfaces.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 294-303 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New and extensive experimental data on the rate of growth of ice crystals in the a axis direction in quiescent and slow flowing subcooled pure water show conclusively that thermal natural convection is an important heat transfer mechanism controlling the growth rate. At zero and low forced velocities, steady growth is observed only when the crystals grow horizontally or upward. Steady downward growth does not occur in quiescent water. This is consistent with the physical properties of water and the phenomenon of thermal natural convection.Growth rates at high water flow rates vary as the square root of the forced velocity and the 3/2 power of the subcooling and follow the theory of Fernandez and Barduhn (1967) with the ice-water interfacial energy set at 52 mJ/m2 (52 erg/cm2).
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