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  • Articles  (1,226)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (511)
  • 1975-1979  (715)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 115-130 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The investigation of the convergence properties of matrix iterative processes usually involves test matrices of high order. This fact may prohibit an analytic approach to the problem. In this paper a method is presented which converts the multidimensional test procedure into a scalar one. The method is presented in conjunction with the problem of matrix orthogonalization which exists in Strapdown Inertial Navigation. Three examples are presented in which the convergence of matrix orthogonalization techniques is investigated. The examples demonstrate the use of the unidimensional convergence test in determining the order of the processes and in finding sufficient conditions for convergence. Numerical results are presented.
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  • 2
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 194-198 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper contains an algorithm for the ordering of elements in the finite element method, which can be utilized in the Non-assembly Method of the author and in the Frontal Solution Method of B. M. Irons.
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  • 3
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 231-246 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on a generalized complementary energy principle the derivation of the element matrices is presented for calculation of natural frequencies. The degrees-of-freedom are not defined on nodal points but in an abstract way. No restrictions about the number of interpolation functions in the interior and at the boundaries of the element have been introduced. The exact solution of the discretized element equations leads to the dynamic stiffness matrix while the approximate solution results in a linear eigenvalue problem. Plate bending problems are used to study the convergence of frequencies depending on the degrees of interpolation functions within the element and on its boundaries and on the number of elements.
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  • 4
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 247-267 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Block-Stodola eigensolution method is presented for large algebraic eigensystems of the form AU = λBU where A is real but non-symmetric. The steps in this method parallel those of a previous technique for the case when both A and B were real and symmetric. The essence of the technique is simultaneous iteration using a group of trial vectors instead of only one vector as is the case in the classical Stodola-Vianello iteration method. The problem is then transformed into a subspace where a direct solution of the reduced algebraic eigenvalue problem is sought. The main advantage is the significant reduction of computational effort in extracting a subset of eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors. Theorems from linear algebra serve to underlie the basis of the present technique. Complex eigendata that emerge during iteration can be handled without doubling the size of the problem. Higher order eigenvalue problems are reducible to first order form for which this technique is applicable. The treatment of the quadratic eigenvalue problem illustrates the details of this extension.
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  • 5
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 377-382 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 6
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 393-395 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 7
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 404-405 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 8
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 411-417 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We suggest an exercise which illustrates many of the fundamental ideas of finite elements, and is nevertheless easily programmed and quickly solved. It is governed by a partial differential equation on a circular region, but by maintaining symmetry the stiffness matrix becomes small and tridiagonal. The accuracy of linear elements can be studied in detail, and a straightforward extension leads to the eigenvalue problem, elements of higher degree, numerical integration, isoparametric elements, and a simple example in plasticity.
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  • 9
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 469-480 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A novel method is proposed for the numerical computation of Fourier coefficients in the range of higher frequencies for which hitherto no practical method was available. The accuracy of the results obtained by application of this method is discussed, and bounds of a correction term are determined accordingly. An example from the field of Diesel engine research is given, and the computed spectrum is compared with the spectrum recorded by an electronic harmonic analyzer.
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  • 10
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 11
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 204-207 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 269-287 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element formulations based on the Galerkin and variational principles have been developed for the self-adjoint and non-self-adjoint problems represented respectively by the flow and convective-dispersion equations in the cylindrical polar system of co-ordinates. The formulation based on the variational principle is shown to be restricted to dispersion-dominant transports only. The Galerkin method is demonstrated to be more versatile and free from convergence and stability problems. The computational scheme based on the Galerkin principle is shown to be equally valid for both convection and dispersion dominant transports. The numerical results obtained are verified with known analytical solutions. It is concluded that the suggested scheme can be used in solving a variety of field problems involving groundwater dispersion.
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 579-591 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The indirect design problem for compressible fluid flow in a channel determines the physical shape of the channel from the prescribed flow on the channel boundary. In this paper, a global variational method for the solution of this problem is described.The non-linear equations are solved by iteration; at each step of this iteration the solution to the equations (which are now linear) is found by a global variational method. The variational method differs from conventional methods in that the trial function does not satisfy the prescribed boundary conditions, but the method reproduces the conditions on the boundary.Results are presented for various physical quantities associated with the channel.Some comments are made on the extensions of these methods to supersonic flow and to the realistic cascade design problem.
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 605-605 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 15
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 611-622 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A complete analytical analysis of three-dimensional, quadratic displacement tetrahedron elements is presented. The results show that the element stiffness can readily be obtained from the much simpler stiffness matrix of the linear displacement element. Thus, the task of obtaining the matrix of the quadratic displacement element is, in effect, reduced to finding that of the linear displacement element.The analysis has been made possible only by using a symbolic manipulation language (PL/I-FORMAC) on a computer. A rather general program for computer-aided basic element analysis is presented. It seems that the extremely effective tool of symbolic manipulation has hardly been used until now in mechanics.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 407-407 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A direct numerical method is presented for the solution of classes of non-linear, singular Volterra integral and integro-differential equations of the types where y is the unknown and the Fs and Gs are given but to a large extent arbitrary functions of their arguments. The adaptation of the method to other equations, in particular with different kernels, is immediate.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 817-832 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An interative approach is proposed for the numerical analysis of elastic-plastic continua. This approach gives after convergence an implicit scheme of integration of the evolution problem, and is concerned with elastic-perfectly plastic materials and with hardening standard materials. Under a generalized assumption of positive hardening, the proof of convergence of the iterative solutions is given. Some numerical examples by the finite element method are also discussed.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 875-881 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An elasto-plastic finite element small displacement procedure to predict the behaviour of structures under cyclic loads is presented. The solution combines incremental procedure with correction for equilibrium and iterative scheme. Applications are made for a rectangular strip and a notched bar under cyclic axial loads. Flow theory of plasticity with either isotropic hardening or kinematic linear hardening is used.
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 771-796 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The objective of the paper is a survey and classification of available numerical methods for boundary value problems with an emphasis on two point boundary value problems. In the paper a general two point boundary value problem is stated first and later available numerical methods are classified into five main groups according to their approach in numerical solution. In the next sections of the paper, each of these main groups are described and appropriate subgroups are defined and discussed.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 945-962 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A two-dimensional isoparametric Hermitian element is investigated for use in potential field problems with irregular geometry. Nodal degrees-of-freedom are the potential, the gradients in the directions normal and tangential to the element sides, and the twist. In applying the isoparametric principle a simple approximation is used which in general guarantees C1 continuity only at the element corners. The present version is restricted to 90-degree interior angles.The element is applied in the Galerkin solution of the steady-state continuity equation and several examples are presented. It is found that in cases where the potential field is simple but the element is strongly distorted, gradients obtained from the Hermite are not as accurate as those from the Lagrange-type cubic element having the same number of degrees-of-freedom. When the potential field is complex and the distortion is small, the Hermitian gradients are comparable to those of the Lagrange cubic; with increasing distortion they are comparable at the boundaries but less so in the interior. The errors in the potentials themselves are very similar, both elements giving a high degree of accuracy.Since all of its degrees-of-freedom are shared by four elements in the interior of a grid, the Hermite element is approximately 20 per cent more efficient than the Lagrange cubic for all but the smallest grids. Also, since the Hermite uses fewer nodes, data handling is greatly reduced. The element appears to be attractive at least in the area of groundwater flow.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1005-1027 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Optimization techniques are applied to the design of both hydrodynamic journal and tilting pad thrust bearings. Fletcher's adaptation of Davidon's gradient search method is further modified to deal with non-linear constraints in journal bearing design. A form of the Sequential Simplex is used for tilting pad thrust bearings. Penalty functions and variable transformations are used in both cases. Composite objective functions are included and the effect of weighting on each component of the composite function is investigated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 623-640 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for the minimum weight optimum design of laminated fibre composite plates, subject to multiple inplane loading conditions, which includes stiffness, strength and elastic stability constraints. The buckling analysis is based on an equivalent orthotropic plate approach leading to two uncoupled eigenproblems per load condition. Overall computational efficiency is achieved by using constraint deletion techniques in conjunction with Taylor series approximations for the constraints retained. The optimization algorithm used, namely the method of inscribed hyperspheres, is a sequence of linear programs technique which exhibits rapid convergence in this application. Several example problems are given to demonstrate that the method presented offers an efficient and practical optimum design procedure for the fundamental and recurring problem treated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 709-728 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The penalty function approach has been recently formalized as a general technique for adjoining constraint conditions to algebraic equation systems resulting from variational discretization of boundary value problems by finite difference or finite element techniques. This paper studies the numerical behaviour of the penalty function method for the special case of individual equation constraints imposed on a symmetric system of linear algebraic equations. Constraint representation and computational roundoff error components are distinguished and asymptotically characterized in terms of the penalty function weight coefficients. On the basis of this study, practical rules for the automatic assignment of values to those coefficients within the linear equation solver are proposed. Numerical problems encountered in the case of more general constraints are briefly discussed, and procedures for circumventing such difficulties are suggested.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 756-758 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 766-767 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 770-770 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1107-1115 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on the Lagrange multiplier's concept, a superposition method of analytical and finite element solutions has been developed to solve efficiently various non-linear and/or time-dependent problems in structural mechanics. According to the theory, the transient creep behaviour of a cantilever beam is analysed as an expository example.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1198-1198 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 883-895 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The analysis of stresses and deformations in concrete structures subjected to temperature gradients is described. As a result of the spatial variation of temperature, the creep compliance is a function of position. Previous work has shown that the constitutive equations for concrete creep can be expressed in a form which is invariable although ageing is included in the analysis. Thus viscoelastic methods can be used and correspondence principles can be developed; emphasis is placed in the present work on those which are based on the Laplace transform. A particular form is described, in which replacement of the elastic modulus by a function of the transformed creep compliance gives transformed values of stress; these values are easily obtained numerically by the finite element method using elastic analyses. The transformed values of stress are then expressed as approximate functions of the transformed creep compliance; inversion of the ensuing functions gives the stress as an approximate function of time. Two applications are given; the first considers a simple axially loaded column with reinforcement and the second deals with a thick cylinder subjected to a temperature gradient.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 908-910 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 933-943 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The problem of heat conduction in a multiphase medium is a free boundary problem in which the free boundary is the phase transition line. The solution to this problem is highly irregular in that the temperature gradient is discontinuous at the free boundary. Two-dimensional, discontinuous, space-time finite elements are introduced to obtain a finite element, free boundary formulation for this problem. The jump in heat flux and position of the phase transition line become dependent variables in the finite element model. The resulting models give accurate results while allowing the calculation of free boundary problems with a fixed finite element mesh.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 975-993 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Formulated in the hodograph plane, the bi-dimensional flow of a perfect fluid past a symmetric body leads to an elliptic variational inequality. By this way we show the existence of a one-parameter family of solutions. Furthermore the study gives us a simple and effective method for calculating the solutions. The results obtained with some typical profiles are given and compared with previous works.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 995-1003 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper the geometric stiffness matrices of a 12 degree-of-freedom rectangular element based on a fully compatible displacement field are developed for the first time and used to solve the elastic stability problem of rectangular plates under combined in-plane forces.The rapid convergence of buckling solutions based on the derived geometric stiffness matrices is demonstrated for plates with various boundary and loading conditions. Comparison of results shows that the present conforming element gives in all cases better results than the well known 12 degree-of-freedom non-conforming rectangular element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1044-1048 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite difference approximation for the equilibrium equation of a thin, laterally loaded, elastic plate of variable stiffness is developed; it uses plate stiffnesses at node points and at points midway between the nodes of the rectangular grids. Displacement and moment results using this operator and an alternate one are compared.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1056-1056 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1067-1081 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Existing theory is assembled to give a method which needs only the core of a mini-computer to calculate the eigenvalues of large rigidly jointed plane frames with certainty, the eigenvalues being natural frequencies and critical load factors in free vibration and buckling problems, respectively. The method is illustrated by annotated listings of vibration and buckling programs, each involving under two hundred Fortran statements and with low number storage requirements (see Table I). The use of the programs as ‘black boxes’ is fully explained, with illustrative examples.The member theory used is the ‘exact’ classical Bernoulli-Euler uniform member theory. Possible applications include: evaluation of answers from approximate methods; calculation of critical loads for substitution in the modified Merchant-Rankine formula to estimate collapse loads of frames; and calculation of shifts in natural frequencies caused by structural damage, in connection with structural integrity monitoring of inaccessible structures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1155-1174 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The convergence properties of several non-linear solution procedures were examined with respect to the accelerated flow of a fluid in a converging channel (the Hamel problem), using two different finite element computer programs with different elemental construction. The Reynolds number varied from that for creeping flow to 1088 without exceeding the radius of convergence. Special attention was given to the successive substitution and Newton-Raphson solution algorithms, with a significant advantage in rate of convergence noted for the latter.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1579-1592 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper presents an unconditionally stable explicit algorithm for the direct integration of the structural dynamic equations of motion. The algorithm is restricted to a diagonal mass matrix and positive definite symmetric stiffness and damping matrices. The algorithm is based on splitting the stiffness and damping matrices into strictly lower and upper trangular form. Unconditional stability is proven, but only for the undamped case and a completely symmetric splitting of the stiffness matrix. An alternate splitting method is also presented and numerical examples indicate superior performance over the symmetric splitting, but only a conditional stability. A spring-mass-dashpot model is used to illustrate the algorithm.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1627-1630 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1621-1626 
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    Notes: Using a finite element method, a value of 13.2 per cent is obtained for the die swell of a highly-viscous Newtonian fluid flowing at very low Reynolds number from a circular tube of constant radius. The same method is then used to obtain die swell values for a variety of axisymmetric tube exits. It is found that, in general, conical constrictions at or near the tube exit result in a decrease in die swell, while conical expansions increase the die swell.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1261-1269 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The non-linear steady state response of structures with curvature is investigated through the expository example of a shallow circular arch. A consistent mass finite element formulation is employed to derive the governing non-linear differential equations.These equations are solved by assuming a single mode expansion reducing the governing equations to the single degree-of-freedom Duffing's equation with a quadratic term. The non-symmetric amplitude-frequency curve is derived and compared with results previously obtained by direct integration of the equations of motion.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1329-1333 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Temperature load on a shell is usually represented as initial strains in the tangent plane directions of the shell, since strains in shell surface normal directions are neglected. It is shown, however, that this simplification may give rise to significant errors for thick curved shell elements. A procedure to overcome this problem is presented. In particular the eight-node subparametric thick shell element is considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 1879-1892 
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    Notes: An iterative method for numerically solving the time independent Navier-Stokes equations for viscous compressible flows is presented. The method is based upon partial application of the Gauss-Seidel principle in block form to the systems of the non-linear algebraic equations which arise in construction of finite element (Galerkin) models approximating solutions of fluid dynamic problems. The C0-cubic element on triangles is employed for function approximation. Computational results for a free shear flow at Re = 1000 indicate significant achievement of economy in iterative convergence rate over finite element and finite difference models which employ the customary time dependent equations and symptotic time marching procedure to steady solution. Numerical results are in excellent agreement with those obtained for the same test problem employing time marching finite element and finite difference solution techniques.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 59-65 
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    Notes: This note presents the closed form equations for the stiffness terms in the elastic-plastic stiffness matrix for axisymmetric finite elements. The element considered is a triangular ring element characterized by linear displacement relationships and an averaged state of stress. The physical law is modelled by the incremental theory of plasticity utilizing the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule and von-Mises Yield Criterion. Results are presented comparing stiffness terms as computed by numerical integration to those computed from the closed form equations. Significant errors in stiffness terms arising from numerical integration are observed for axisymmetric elements located near the line of axial symmetry as a result of the logarithmic nature of some of the stiffness terms.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 85-92 
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    Notes: The compressible potential flow on a blade-to-blade surface of a turbomachine is analysed using the Thomas algorithm. The numerical properties of resulting non-linear simultaneous equations are studied with respect to grid aspect ratios and convergence. The heuristic approach has established which are the important factors that affect the flow solution in typical blade-to-blade configurations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 93-99 
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    Notes: This note describes improvements to the Suhara-Fukuda method for generating a triangular finite element network. These are based on the use of a node generation procedure which distributes nodes is a regular pattern across the network area and is sufficiently flexible to permit any variation in element density. Because of the regular node distribution, poorly shaped elements will not arise and so the procedure for connecting the nodes to form elements can be simplified. Examples of networks generaed in this way are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 183-185 
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    Notes: In a recent paper, Dr. Frind has formulated a two-dimensional isoparametric finite element based upon the Hermite bicubic interpolation scheme. The present discussion focuses upon certain simplifications in the derivation which appear to have diminished the accuracy of the resulting element, and suggests a simpler approach to the element formulation. This author agrees strongly with Dr. Frind's recommendation of the Hermite parametric element as an efficient and useful tool for general field problems; the present comments are offered to point out that, in fact, the accuracy comparisons presented by Dr. Frind are biased against the Hermite finite element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1-10 
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    Notes: A numerical technique for solving unsteady gas dynamic equations is presented. The technique is based on least squares finite element concepts with elements that are constructed in both space and time. Both linear and quadratic interpolation is used on individual elements. The technique is tested against a problem whose solution is known so that numerical accuracy can be ascertained.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 47-57 
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    Notes: A viscous approximation for steady creeping flow is extended to include the effect of elastic strains. Two examples are presented which illustrate both the method and the need for including elastic strains in the analysis of steady-state visco-plastic flows.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 101-114 
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    Notes: A finite element formulation for large elasto-plastic deformation of polycrystalline materials is proposed in incremental form. The effect of rotation of crystal axes besides usual element rotaion is taken into account. Some numerical considerations on polycrystalline plasticity (i.e. stress-strain curves for several proportional loadings, effect of change of loading path on stress-strain curve, subsequent yield loci for uniaxial and equi-biaxial loadings and so forth) are given for the case of small deformation by using a plate model which consists of 121 square FCC crystals.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 382-383 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 405-414 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 453-469 
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    Notes: A least squares method is presented for computing approximate solutions of indefinite partial differential equations of the mixed type such as those that arise in connection with transonic flutter analysis. The mehod retains the advantages of finite difference schemes namely simplicity and sparsity of the resulting matrix system. However, it offers some great advantages over finite difference schemes. First, the method is insensitive to the value of the forcing frequency i.e., the resulting matrix system is always symmetric and positive definite,. As a result, iterative methods may be successfully employed to solve the matrix system, thus taking full advantage of the sparsity. Furthermore, the method is insensitive to the type of the partial differential equation, i.e., the computational algorithm is the same in elliptic and hyperbolic regions. In this work the method is formulated and numerical results for model problems are presented. Some theoretical aspects of least squares approximations are also discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1-11 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The distribution of the first-passage time is of decisive importance in lift (elevator) design. It yields the easure of performance of the system, the expected number of stops, the interval (i. e. time elapsed between two successive departures from a given floor) and many other parameters and factors determining the required number of lifts in a building. The derivation is based on the transition probability matrix of the operation policy, and consists in solving a system of linear equations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 55-62 
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    Notes: Fourier analysis of numerical accuracy has traditionally concentrated on the propagation behaviour of various methods. When systems of equations in more than one unknown are involved, analysis of propagation accuracy alone is shown to be incomplete. A distribution factor is introduced to complement the Fourier analysis in these cases, and application of the concept to two problems commonly encountered in the water resources field is demonstrated. The distribution factor is shown to provide important information which cannot be obtained from the customary analysis of propagation accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1375-1382 
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    Notes: An optimal steady-state control problem governed by an elliptic state equation is solved by several finite element methods. Finite element discretizations are applied to different variational formulations of the problem yielding accurate numerical results as compared with the given analytical solution. It is sated that, for minimum computational effort and high accuracy, ‘mixed’ finite elements requiring only C° continuity, and approximating the control and state functions simultaneously are better suited to similar ‘fourth order’ problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1367-1373 
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    Notes: A recent paper by Donald Gignac describes some difficulties with a certain matrix eigenvalue problem. This paper shows that the difficulties result from the naturue of the matrix itself. Quantities called condition numbers, which measure the sensitivity of the eigenvalues, are computed, and numerical results given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1383-1397 
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    Notes: The boundary-integral equation medthod is particularly well suited for solution of stress concentration and elastic fracture mechanics problems. The method was not previously applicable to anisotropic three dimensional problems because no efficient technique existed for calculation of the required point load solution for an infinite body. A technique has been developed to evaluate numerically the anisotropic point load soultions, and used to generate data bases for various materials. An intrpolation technique is used to evaluate the point load solutions efficiently within a higher order boundary-intgral equation code. The effectiveness of the technique is verified by solution of problems involving both uniaxial stress states and stress concentrations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 177-188 
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    Notes: A simple approximation by nonconforming finite elements is presented that passes the patch test of Irons and Strang but does not yield approximate solutions converging to the solution of the given boundary value problem. It is constructed from continuous piecewise linear functions perturbed by step functions. Further, strange convergence properties of such approximations are explained in all details because they may be typical for the behaviour of nonconforming finite elements violating the basic precondition for convergence.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 209-223 
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    Notes: The solution of incompressible, viscous flow problems using the primitive variable finite element approach is formulated in a coherent and physically reasoned exposition. In particular, it is shown that terms associated with changes in momentum caused by lack of mass conservation should logically be included in the governing equations. Previous formulations have not considered this possibility. Numerical results are presented to show the effect of inclusion of these extra terms; however, it is concluded from the numerical results for the specific case which was tested that there is no obvious benefit obtained by including these terms.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 237-247 
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    Notes: A dual load method of truss analysis is presented that allows highly nonlinear member behaviour to be followed. In particular, a brittle type of strut behaviour is considered. The method assumes that the inelastic strut response is known and that piecewise linearization of the behaviour is acceptable. An example is given to illustrate the type of problem that can be handled. The example involves negative stiffness of the members and consequently attention must be given to the equation solving procedure for the structure. A comparison is made with some observed test results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 291-295 
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    Notes: A numerical Laplace transform inversion technique is described, which is a modification of the inversion method using an exponential series representation. By adding an auxiliary function and using Erdélyi's inversion formula, the proposed technique provides the inverse approximation with improved accuracy near t = 0. Numerical illustrations shows that this procedure also works in cases when the original method of schapery fails to give satisfactory results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 308-318 
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    Notes: A new method for interpolating in triangles is described. Bivariate cubic polynomials are utilized to define an interpolant which assumes arbitrary position and slope on the entire boundary of a triangular domain. Some examples and applications are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1473-1477 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 351-360 
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    Notes: Numerical convergence of first- and second-order plate-bending elements is investigated. Using iso-parametric formulation, general bilinear and biquadratic quadrilaterals, with the three moment components and the transverse deflection as dependent variables, are obtained. The same elements are also used as degenerate triangles by collapsing one side. A constant bending moment patch test, applied numerically to the elements, indicated poor performance for linear triangles, while the bilinear, quadratic and biquadratic elements behaved well, with exact results in uniform meshes. Further numerical examples showed the same general trend as the patch test. Although bilinear, quadratic and biquadratic elements were always able to yield the correct solutions with mesh refinements, the linear triangles were in general unable to do so.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 381-404 
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    Notes: The complete two-dimensional partial differential equations for developing laminar flow in a circular tube have been treated by a finite difference analysis. Property variation with temperature, especially that of viscosity, is allowed for in a flexible manner. The continuity and momentum equations, and then the energy equations, are solved by direct elimination at each axial step, and marching procedure used in the axial direction. A new technique is that the stepwise energy balance is rigidly satisfied throughout by using it as a constituent equation in place of the ‘explicit’ wall thermal boundary condition normally used.The analysis predicts the complete developing hydrodynamic and thermal fields, together with friction factors and heat transfer coefficients. It has been tested for a range of fluid velocity and thermal boundary conditions and for various fluids, including high viscosity oils, water and air.Data for constant wall heat flux have already been published. 1,2 Predictions for constant wall temperature presented here are for forced and combined convection and are compared with experimental data of Test3 and Zeldin and Schmidt4.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 464-469 
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    Notes: A numerical method for solving two-point boundary value problems associated with systems of first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations is described. It needs four function evaluations at each point and is of order h6, where h is the space chop. Results of computational experiments, which include perturbation of the initial conditions, comparing this method with other known methods are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 470-476 
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    Notes: An algorithm is given to discretize a polygon or curved surface into triangular arrays. The method first involves the manual division of the array into quadrilaterals with specified numbers on rows and columns. The individual points are then filled in automatically and elements are automatically generated. A point of particular importance is that the number of columns or rows may be made to change. A subroutine is given to perform this task.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 483-494 
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    Notes: An approximate analysis method for calculating local and system geometric imperfection influences on the displacements, stresses and buckling load of imperfect truss structures, is developed. The structural response, as a function of the design variables, is expressed in this approximate analysis which is much faster and cheaper than the ‘accurate’ analysis. The accurate analysis for a particular design is used as a base for each approximate analysis which then gives the response information needed for other designs in the neighbourhood about the base point design. Comparison of the approximate behaviour predictions with accurate results based on the more refined analysis methods shows that the quality of the proposed approximate analysis procedure is adequate for guiding a structural design procedure. It is evident that the approximate analysis is capable of describing the nonlinear behaviour of the structure, but when nonlinearity increases, the quality of the approximate analysis tends to deteriorate.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 575-582 
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    Notes: The usual linear shape function for approximating axial displacement in beam finite elements used as eccentric stiffeners leads to an inconsistency which can result in large errors in the deflection of plates or composite beams. The introduction of an additional degree-of-freedom for these elements circumvents this problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 639-648 
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    Notes: A boundary-location method is developed for finite element simulation of steady, two-dimensional flows of Newtonian liquid with free boundaries. In the method, boundary shape and position and the velocity and pressure fields are determined simultaneously. Inertial, viscous, gravitational, and surface tension effects are included in the development. The complete set of nonlinear finite element equations is solved by a modified frontal method combined with Newton-Raphson iteration to speed convergence. The finite element used to illustrate the method approximates the pressure as a piecewise constant function and the velocity and free boundaries as piecewise linear functions. Example calculations for flow from a slit show that the method can be effective.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 685-699 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The choice on an efficient direct integration procedure for linear structural dynamic equations of motion is discussed. It is suggested that as accuracy parameter the truncation error on the exponential terms contained in the modal contributions of the exact solution be assumed. This error does not always coincide with the local truncation error. These considerations were used to design an unconditionally stable one-step method whose accuracy is 0(h4). Numerical comparisons with some well-known integration schemes showed the efficiency of the proposed method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 713-731 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a generalized method which generates linear, triangular, quadrilateral and pentahedral elements for the finite element method. Depending on geometrical and material variations, the region to be discretized is manually divided into blocks such as lines, triangles, quadrilaterals, pentahedrons and hexahedrons in several appropriate co-ordinate systems. However, no connectivity information of the adjacent blocks is required by the user as input. The continuity of the generated nodal co-ordinates and element configurations at the block interface are automatically maintained to describe the geometry of structures, no matter how these five types of blocks are connected. Furthermore, a mesh grading algorithm which generates reliable mesh grade distributions in the interior of the triangular and quadrilateral blocks is established corresponding to the arbitrarily defined subdivision numbers for each edge line of blocks. This algorithm is extended to the mesh grading in the interior of the hexahedral and pentahedral blocks. Element numbers are also renumbered in this scheme, in addition to node numbers, in order to increase the computational efficiency of the global matrix assembly. Additional facilities, i.e. loading data generation, boundary condition data generation and so on, are also discussed. An illustrative and a practical example are given to demonstrate the capabilities of this scheme.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 773-778 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The shape functions of serendipity rectangular elements had originally to be found by inspection. More recently an algorithm has been developed to formalize the construction of these shape functions. Here a simple expression is found for the interpolation function of the most general serendipity element. The shape functions can be derived immediately.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1659-1666 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1635-1650 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A diagonal lumped mas formulation with non-zero inertia terms is presented for Ahmad's general shell element. The effect of co-ordinate transformation of the mas matrix is demonstrated. Due to arbitray co-ordinate transformation on nodal variables, the diagonal lumped mas matrix becomes a banded matrix of half bandwidth three. It is shown that with some approximations this matrix can be made diagnoal without effecting the results appreciably. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the formulation. Similar lumped mass matrix formulation is also given for axisymmetric shell elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1651-1657 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Procedure is presented for generating a class of conformal mappings useful in the formulation of finite-difference problems involving curved boundaries. The method provides a systematic approach that is capable, in principle, of reducing the geometry to a nearly-rectangular domain for a wide variety of partical problems. The introduction of sheared co-ordinates in this computational domain then provides for solution of the problem in a nearly-orthogonal (in fact, nearly-conformal) co-ordinate system, with its boundaries corresponding to co-ordinate lines. The method is based upon the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation and is quite simple to apply. Several examples illustrating the types of geometries which can be treated in this manner are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1667-1676 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a thin plate element formulated along parallel lines to the general three-dimensional Semiloof shell element. This plate version possesses only one half of the total number of degrees-of-freedom of the shell element and has the advantqage that the formulation of the strains and other terms is very much simplified. The element is first assessed in static situations and then its performance in the solution of eigenvalue problems is considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 955-980 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A series of finite element algorithms for the calculation of the post-buckling behaviour of structures are proposed. The algorithms represent a finite element implementation of a variational principle for nonlinear eigenvalue problems. Incremental amplitude solution schemes are defined. Numerical results are presented for the post-buckling behaviour of specific structures with linear and nonlinear pre-buckling states.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1041-1052 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 935-942 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1697-1704 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper analyses the oscillatory nature of central difference approximations to the heat transport equation when convection is the important mechanism of heat transport. The effects of three different boundary conditions, various heat source profiles, the Peclet Number and the parity of the number of meshes on the amplitudes of these oscillations are described. A boundary condition is presented which suppresses the oscillations to insignificant amplitudes in the one-dimensional situation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 991-1020 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents isoparametric formulation for the three-dimensional transition finite elements. The transition finite elements are necessary for applications requiring the use of three-dimensional isoparametric solid elements and the curved shell elements. These elements provide proper connections between the two portions of the structure modelled with three-dimensional solids and the curved shell elements. The element properties are derived and presented in detail. Numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate the accuracy and the applications of such elements in three-dimensional stress analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1261-1278 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A hybrid-stress element is developed for the analysis of thin and moderately thick plates. The independent transverse displacement and rotations are interpolated by the 12-node cubic Serendipity shape functions. All components of stress are included and 36β stress assumption is used. The element stiffness possesses correct rank and numerical results indicate that the element does not lock in the thin-plate limit. Results obtained using the present element are compared with those obtained using a 12-node assumed-displacement based Mindlin plate element with reduced integration; the present hybrid-stress element is shown to yield superior accuracy for all cases considered. In addition, the accuracy of the present element is compared against that of analogous 4-node and 8-node hybrid-stress Mindlin plate elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1280-1280 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1083-1094 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the solution of the three-dimensional potential problem for electromagnetic river gauging. It extends previous ideas of joining finite elements in an interior region to one infinite external element treated by the boundary integral method1,2 to this case where there are two external infinite elements representing the river and the ground. The boundary continuity conditions on the infinite river-ground interface, as well as the internal-external interfaces, are dealt with by introducing a variational principle with relaxed continuity requirement3.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1764-1771 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Upwinded parabolic and cubic elements are derived on a uniform grid of size h for the finite element Galerkin method applied to the solution of the model conduction-convection problem εu″  -  Ku′ = 0, ε, K 〉 0, subject to the boundary conditions u(0) = 1, u (1) = 0. Extension of the results to more complicated problems is indicated. Finally numerical results are given comparing some of the methods derived for a range of L(=Kh/2ε), the grid Peclet number.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1107-1107 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1129-1148 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1113-1127 
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    Notes: Various boundary methods are considered for the numerical solution of the linear wave equation. The solution in the interior region is obtained using the Lax-Wendroff method. The theory of Gustafsson, Kreiss and Sundström is used to establish stability and the theory of Sköllermo is used to compare the accuracies of the various methods. The accuracy predictions are compared with computed results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1161-1175 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The technique of fixed-interface modal synthesis used to solve large structural eigenvalue problems is extended to fluid-structure eigenvalue problems with a view to efficient solution of problems involving localized modifications. Three cases are considered: namely, those fluid or fluid-structure vibration problems directly analogous to the structural case; the modification of the fluid model of a structure enclosing a compressible fluid; and the modification of fluid and structural models of a structure enclosing an incompressible fluid. Examples of the three cases are given, as are estimates of the computation that can be saved when using the methods to avoid resolving modified eigenvalue problems. It is also shown that the hard-walled modes of a fluid enclosure can be used to modify the incompressible-fluid modes of the fluid-structure system to account for a degree of compressibility in the fluid. An example and computation estimates are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1819-1839 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The present paper describes a hybrid stress finite element formulation for geometrically non-linear analysis of thin shell structures. The element properties are derived from an incremental form of Hellinger-Reissner's variational principle in which all quantities are referred to the current configuration of the shell. From this multi-field variational principle, a hybrid stress finite element model is derived using standard matrix notation. Very simple flat triangular and quadrilateral elements are employed in the present study. The resulting non-linear equations are solved by applying the load in finite increments and restoring equilibrium by Newton-Raphson iteratioin. Numerical examples presented in the paper include complete snap-through buckling of cylindrical and spherical shells. It turns out that the present procedure is computationally efficient and accurate for non-linear shell problems of high complexity.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1239-1260 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The assumed-stress hybrid finite element model is examined for application to the bending analysis of thin plates. A hybrid-stress functional is defined by using a Mindlin-type displacement assumption and including all components of stress. The Euler equations and matrix formulation corresponding to this functional are examined to assess the effects of plate thickness, and a rationale is presented for the selection of stress assumptions so that locking is avoided in the thin plate limit. To illustrate these concepts, a series of linear displacement quadrilateral elements are derived and tested, and the best of these elements is identified for suggested implementation in general-purpose computer programs.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1315-1324 
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    Notes: An algorithm is presented for reducing the frontwidth of finite element meshes. The technique takes an arbitrary input scheme and reorders the elements so as to reduce the frontwidth. A number of examples are presented to demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1335-1341 
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    Notes: This review attempts to place in perspective the wide variety of computer methods which are available for constructing irregular computational grids. Several different approaches exist for each aspect of the construction task: creation of the points, recognition of neighbouring points that define grid elements, enumeration of the points with indices, optimization of the positions of the points for computational advantage, and variation of point density throughout the grid.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1381-1393 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method is used to analyse heat and mass transfer problems in porous media, in which the thermophysical properties are allowed to vary as functions of temperature and moisture. An example is given of the application of the method to the problem of timber drying.
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