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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (69)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 317-326 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum spp. ; Globodera rostochiensis ; G. pallida ; biology ; pathotypes ; damage ; resistance ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A description of the biology of potato cyst nematodes,Globodera rostochiensis andG. pallida, and symptom development in potato crops is presented. This is followed by an overview of resistance and tolerance research and an explanation of how resistance derived fromSolanum andigena was deployed in integrated control schemes on sandy and sandy peat soils in the north-east of The Netherlands. The frequent use of this resistance source resulted in the predominance of ‘new’ pathotypes ofG. rostochiensis and ofG. pallida. The ability of the cyst nematodes to respond to new types of resistance with new pathotypes makes the search and breeding for resistance a continuing process. The absence of tolerance in exS. vernei (VTn)2 62-33-3 cultivars showed that resistance, if it is to be of use in severely infested fields, must be combined with an appreciable level of tolerance.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: antibiosis ; antixenosis ; Solanum sparsipilum ; S. pinnatisectum ; S. berthaultii ; glandular trichomes ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four introductions ofSolanum berthaultii wild species and sevenS. tuberosumxS. berthaultii hybrids were evaluated by antibiosis and antixenosis laboratory tests with potato tuber moth. Some morphological and chemical traits related to the trichomes were analysed. Two clones of the wild speciesS. sparsipilum and five ofS. pinnatisectum, characterised by high tuber resistance, were tested for leaf resistance, both by antibiosis and antixenosis assays. The genotypes with high density of trichomes A and with high exudate PPO activity, showed a moderate negative effect on pupal weight and fecundity in the antibiosis tests. Trichomes B exudate showed a strong repulsive effect on oviposition of adult in the antixenosis tests. TheS. pinnatisectum clones revealed a good leaf resistance level, whereas theS. sparsipilum clones showed lower levels of antibiosis and antixenosis.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: common scab ; Streptomyces scabies ; potato ; genotype ; resistance ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Knollen wurden auf ihre Anfälligkeit für Flachschorf bestimmt, indem der Bedeckungsgrad geschätzt und der schlimmste Schorftyp auf den einzelnen Knollen notiert wurden. Der Bedeckungsgrad wurde anhand einer Skala bestimmt, wobei 0=kein Schorf, 1=bis zu 10% der Oberfläche von Schorf befallen und jede weitere Einheit eine Zunahme von 10% bedeuten. Der Schorftyp wurde anhand einer Skala von 0–5 bonitiert: 0 = keine Schorfarten, 1 = wenig, oberflächliche Läsionen, 2 = gross, oberflächliche Läsionen, 3 = gross, rauhe Läsionen, 4 = grosse Läsionen, entweder aufgeworfen oder flachnarbig, 5 = grosse Läsionen, tiefnarbig. Die Mittelwerte für die Parzellen wurden errechnet. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem mit Flachschort befallenen Umfang der Knollenoberfläche und der Schwere des Schorftypes wurde untersucht, indem für acht Versuche an zwei Orten über zwei Vegetationsperioden (Abb. 1) Regressionen für den Umfang pro Typ errechnet und die Homogenität der Regressionen durch Varianzanalysen (Tabelle 1) verglichen wurden. Alle Regressionskoeffizienten waren hoch signifikant und wichen nicht signifikant voneinander ab. Die Tatsache, dass der Schorfbefall sich im gleichen Mass wie der Schorftyp verändert, weist darauf hin, dass — innerhalb der untersuchten Population von Genotypen — die Resistenz der Kartoffel gegen das Eindringen von sich entwickelnden Lentizellen und die Besiedlung von Knollengewebe eng zusammenhängen. Die Interaktion des Kartoffelgenotyps mit der Umwelt kann manchmal Knollen mit nur wenigen, tiefen Läsionen, wie im Versuch mit frühen Sorten in Trumpington 1975 (Abb. 11), oder mit zahlreichen oberflächlichen Schorfen, wie im Versuch mit mittelfrühen bis mittelspäten Sorten in Trumpington 1976 (Abb. 17), bewirken. Es ist daher nicht angezeigt, nur aufgrund des Vorhandenseins von oberflächlichen oder normalen Schorfen eine Auslese auf Resistenz oder Anfälligkeit zu treffen. Obwohl alle Regressionskoeffizienten hoch signifikant waren, gab es doch einzelne Abweichungen von den Regressionslinien. Ein Beispiel ist der in Abb. 15,6 mit × bezeichnete Klon, der eine kleinere Befallsfläche aufwies als 1976 an beiden Orten zu erwarten gewesen wäre.
    Abstract: Résumé On a étudié la sensibilité des tubercules à la gale commune par estimation de la surface atteinte et par notation du type de gale le plus grave sur chaque tubercule. On a établi une échelle de 1 à 10 en fonction du degré d'attaque, ou 0=pas de gale, 1=jusqu'à 10% de la surface atteinte. A chaque unité supplémentaire correspond une augmentation de 10%. Une échelle de 0 à 5 a été utilisée pour le type de gale; 0=pas de gale, 1=petites lésions superficielles, 2=grandes lésions superficielles, 3=grandes lésions rugueuses, 4=grandes lésions en relief ou en creux peu profonds, 5=grandes lésions en creux profonds. On a calculé des moyennes pour chaque parcelle. La relation entre la surface du tubercule couvert de lésions et la sévérité du type de gale a été examinée par calculs de régressions entre ces deux facteurs à partir de huit essais situés à deux endroits durant deux saisons (fig. 1) et par un test d'homogénéité des coefficients de régression par analyse de variance (tableau 1). Tous les coefficients de régression ont été hautement significatifs sans être différents de manière significative entre eux. Le fait que la surface des lésions change de manière uniforme à l'intérieur de la population des génotypes testés, conduit l'auteur à penser que la résistance des pommes de terre à la pénétration par les lenticules formées et la colonisation des tissue du tubercule sont intimement liées. L'interaction entre le génotype et l'environnement peut quelquefois produire des tubercules ayant seulement quelques lésions profondes, comme cela s'est produit dans l'essai récolté tôt de Trumpington en 1975 (fig. 11), où de nombreuses lésions superficielles, comme pour l'essai de Trumpington en 1976 (fig. 17) récolté plus tardivement. Par conséquent, dans le cadre d'un programme de sélection, il est insuffisant de classer des plantes résistantes ou sensibles uniquement à partir de gales respectivement superficielles ou normales. Bien que tous les coefficients de régression soient hautement significatifs il y a des déviations individuelles à partir des courbes de régression. Un exemple est donné par le clone marqué d'une croix (×) dans la fig. 15,6 lequel avait une surface atteinte plus petite que ce que l'on pouvait expecter pour les deux endroits en 1976.
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the area of tuber surface covered with lesions of common scab and the severity of the scab type was examined by calculating regressions of cover on type for eight trials at two sites over two seasons. All the regression coefficients were highly significant and did not differ significantly from each other. This suggests that resistance to penetration and to colonization of tubers by the parasite are closely related. Differences in the position of regression lines were probably due to local environmental conditions. The interaction of the potato genotype with the environment can result in relatively few severe scabs or many superficial scabs.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: geminiviruses ; beet curly top virus ; DI DNA ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Beet curly top virus (BCTV) infection is associated with the de novo synthesis of a heterogeneous population of subgenomic viral DNAs. Nicotiana benthamiana plants transformed with a partial repeat of one such subgenomic DNA remained susceptible to infection but produced ameliorated symptoms when agroinoculated with BCTV. Symptom amelioration is associated with the mobilization of subgenomic DNA from the integrated copy. In an attempt to improve the resistance, N. benthamiana has been transformed with a partial repeat of a much smaller subgenomic DNA. However, transgenic plants showed almost no resistance although subgenomic DNA was mobilised from the host genome. To further understand the molecular basis of the interference phenomenon, we compared the ability of BCTV to replicate and accumulate in leaf discs derived from resistant and non-resistant transgenic plants. Both subgenomic DNAs were able to interfere with virus replication but only in case of resistant plants the DI DNA efficiently suppressed viral accumulation.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 653-665 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: avoidance ; Melampsora pinitorqua ; path coefficient analysis ; Pinus pinaster ; resistance ; rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data collected in a three-year field experiment on infection and damage by Melampsora pinitorqua on maritime pines showing contrasting growth were analysed by means of path analysis. The severity of infection in 2 year-old pines could be mainly explained by the amount of susceptible tissues (elongating shoots). In contrast, two years later, ‘intrinsic susceptibility’, i.e. expressed after inoculation, was shown to have the most important direct effect on the amount of infection. Intrinsic susceptibility could be satisfactorily assessed by artificial inoculations on excised shoots under controlled conditions. Shoot potassium and phosphorous contents were shown to have marked positive effects on susceptibility. The hypothesis of an age effect on the relative importance of different resistance mechanisms, i.e. avoidance and active resistance, in maritime pine interaction with twisting rust is discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: breeding ; Dianthus caryophullus ; Fusarium oxysporum ; pectic enzymes ; phytoalexins ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Carnation cultivars with different levels of partial resistance were inoculated with race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and monitored for accumulation of host phytoalexins, fungal escape from compartmentalization, production of fungal pectin-degrading enzymes and development of external disease symptoms. Accumulation of phytoalexins, assessed after 10 days in the first 5 cm above the inoculation site, was weakly (methoxydianthramide S) or not (hydroxydianthalexin B) correlated with resistance levels after 12 weeks. Fungal escape from compartmentalization, assessed after 3 weeks as percentages colonized plants at 8 cm above the inoculation site, was highly correlated with expression of susceptibility after 12 weeks. Polygalacturonase (PG) activity, assessed after 4 weeks in the first 5 cm above the inoculation site, was highly correlated to final disease development. Linear increases in disease severity were accompanied by quadratic increases in PG activity. In contrast to water-treated plants, that lacked any PG activity, inoculated plants contained two main groups of fungal PGs, the dominant forms of which had estimated pI values of 7.0 and minimally 9.5, respectively. Compared to those of the first group, enzymes of the second group were produced only in trace amounts in liquid media containing pectin or polygalacturonate as sole source of carbon. On these media, the fungus also produced a pectin methyl esterase (PME) with an estimated pI of 9.3. Besides PMEs of host origin, inoculated plants of susceptible cultivars contained the fungal PME while no more than traces were found in resistant ones. Assessment of phytoalexin production by the host during defense responses cannot replace monitoring of external symptoms as a resistance test. Assessment of fungal growth, whether by reisolations above the compartmentalization area or by measurement of PG activity, provides a both rapid and reliable prediction of disease development.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 89 (1983), S. 275-281 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: interspecific and intraspecific hybrids ; grafting experiments ; N gene ; resistance ; temperature effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Screening for the pathogenesis-related (b) protein patterns of 11Nicotiana species and 30N. tabacum varieties has revealed both inter- and intraspecific variability and 7 different b-proteins (b0, b1, b1′, b1″, b2, b3 and b4) have been clearly defined. Their genetic determinants are sexually transmitted independently of theN gene conferring resistance to TMV, and a monogenic inheritance has been demonstrated for one of them (b1′). Grafting experiments have revealed the existence of a species-aspecific ‘mobile compound’ responsible for the expression of the b-protein genes, the production of which is probably under the control of theN gene. Among the 5 intraspecific and 6 interspecific hybrids studied, one of them, theN. glutinosa x N. debneyi together with its amphidiploid, synthesizes b-protein (b1″) in a constituve way and possesses a high level of resistance to necrosis-inducing viruses. The amphidiploid is able to transfer these two properties to otherNicotianae not only by crossing but also by grafting; it therefore appears to permanently synthesize the ‘mobile compounds’. Furthermore, the hypersensitive reaction to TMV in these hybrids is only completely broken down at 35 °C, whereas this normally occurs at 30 °C in plants with theN gene.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 75-79 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; Pyrenochaeta lycopersici ; brown root rot ; corky root ; grey sterile fungus ; resistance ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tomato accessions (Lycopersicon sp.), along with commercial cultivars and breeding lines were grown in a field infested with the brown root rot (BRR) organism, Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and evaluated for resistance. Three L. esculentum Mill. accessions, P.I. 260397, P.I. 262906 and P.I. 203231, were resistant and were used as male parents in crosses designed to transfer resistance to tomatoes of fresh market type. Through analysis of parental generations and F1 and F2 progenies from three crosses the heritability of resistance in the broad sense was estimated to range from 25 to 43 percent. The minimum number of genes influencing resistance was estimated to be from 4 to 8.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Tulipa ; tulip ; Fusarium oxysporum ; Fusarium bulb rot ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fusarium bulb rot is a serious tulip disease. Breeding for resistance may contribute considerably to a solution of the problem. It has been demonstrated that juvenile and adult bulbs of the same cultivars in Fusarium contaminated soil showed good agreement in degree of resistance. From an incomplete diallel cross of these cultivars second-year bulblets of 62 progenies were planted in both contaminated and non-contaminated soil. The percentages of non-diseased bulbs harvested provided a criterion for resistance. The analysis of combining ability for the degree of resistance revealed that both the mean square of GCA and that of SCA were significant. The relative magnitudes of the GCA and SCA mean squares suggest that resistance is governed primarily by additive gene action. The GCA of individual parents could be estimated and tested. In general it corresponded with their phenotypic behaviour.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 461-464 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; stem rust ; resistance ; inheritance ; monsomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetics of rust resistance against stem rust race 122 in ‘Chhoti Lerma’ was studied both by conventional and aneuploid analysis. Observations on F1, F2 and F2 backcross progenies revealed the operation of two recessive genes, controlling resistance in ‘Chhoti Lerma’. Monosomic analysis confirmed the operation of two recessive genes conferring resistance to race 122 located on chromosomes 1D and 7D. A minor gene or modifier was also located on chromosome 1B. This was concluded from the fact that F2 of mono's x ‘Chhoti Lerma’ exhibited skewness in favour of resistant plants.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cicer arietinum L. ; early-wilting ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris ; late-wilting ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences in time of wilting of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in response to Race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, are confirmed. C-104 wilts later than JG-62 and the difference in time of wilting appears to be inherited as a single gene with early wilting partially dominant to late wilting. Considered in relation to earlier studies, the observations indicate that at least two genes are involved in the inheritance of resistance in chickpea to Race 1 and offer an explanation for previous difficulties in interpreting the inheritance of resistance.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Tulipa ; tulip ; Fusarium oxysporum ; Fusarium bulbrot ; resistance ; pre-selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In this third paper results are given regarding the resistance in adult bulbs of progenies from the incomplete diallel cross of cultivars described in paper 2. It appeared that the resistance in adult bulbs corresponded with the resistance found earlier in juvenile bulbs. Both for juvenile and adult progenies, resistance proved to be mainly determined by additive gene action; GCA's of individual parents of the adult progenies showed good agreement with those found for juvenile ones, indicating that early selection for Fusarium resistance is very effective.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 649-657 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Coffea spp. ; coffee ; coffee leaf rust ; Hemileia vastatrix ; resistance ; heterogeneous reaction type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Incomplete resistance of the hybrid coffee population Icatu to race II of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) was studied in the field, greenhouse and laboratory. The resistance components observed were: latency period (LP), lesion density (LD), sporulating lesion density (LSD) and relative sporulation lesion efficiency (RSLE=100. SLD/LD). RSLE is an indicator for the heterogeneity of the reaction. Disease score in the field was highly correlated with RSLE, less with LP and SLD, and not with LD. LP was highly correlated with RSLE. A new rust race (Is. 2), isolated in the field from Icatu in 1979, was more virulent than race II on some resistant, moderately resistant or moderately susceptible genotypes. This indicates that incomplete resistance, at different levels, can be race specific. Resistance was affected by leaf age and light intensity. Inheritance studies suggest that incomplete resistance in Icatu might be related to major genes, the effectiveness of which may depend on gene dose and genetic background. It is concluded that selection for incomplete resistance to coffee leaf rust in Icatu may not lead to durable resistance.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Allium cepa ; Allium porrum ; leeks ; onions ; resistance ; Sclerotium cepivorum ; screening method ; white rot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method has been developed to screen onion and leek seedlings under controlled conditions for resistance to white rot. Considerable differences in resistance were found between cultivars of onions and leek respectively. The highest resistance levels were observed in the onion cultivars Beth Alpha and Pukekohe Longkeeper and in the leek cultivars Batina, Carentan and Elephant.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cicer arietinum ; chickpea ; early-wilting ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris ; late-wilting ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tests of parents and F1, F2 and F3 generations of crosses of JG-62 (early-rilting) and C-104 (late-wilting) with resistant cultivars provide further evidence that resistance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to Race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris is controlled by at least two genes, both of which must be present in homozygous recessive form for complete resistance. Singly, one of the genes delays wilting, as in C.104. The second has not yet been isolated but crosses of resistant parents with JG-62 suggest that it operates in similar fashion.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 911-917 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Potatoes ; Solanum vernei ; potato cyst-nematodes ; Globodera rostochiensis ; G. pallida ; resistance ; virulence ; major genes ; pathotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Selection of potato cyst-nematode populations of several pathotypes on resistant Solanum vernei hybrids resulted in increased virulence in some populations. This increase is believed to be due to the selection of specific virulence genes in each population gene pool. Resistance based on S. vernei is race specific and its life in the field will probably be finite. Populations of Globodera pallida are conventionally classified into different pathotypes according to their response on resistant test plants. However, populations of the same pathotype did not all behave identically. Such variation of virulence within a pathotype suggests different complements and frequencies of genes for virulence. Many field populations may not fit simply into the current pathotype scheme but no alternative is at present available.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Truticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer wheat ; Erysiphe graminis tritici ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; Israel ; germplasm ; wheat ; collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The reactions of 233 Triticum dicoccoides acessions, collected at 10 sites in Israel and elsewhere, to infection with cultures of Erysiphe graminis tritici, were determined. The reactions indicated that the number of sources of resistance to E. graminis tritici which can be obtained from T. dicoccoides plants growing wild in Israel and elsewhere is almost unlimited. One hundred and fourteen or 49% of the accessions were resistant, and 137 or 59% of the accessions were resistant or moderately resistant to infection with four cultures of E. graminis tritici which possess the virulence genes corresponding to most of the identified resistance genes in wheat. Accessions collected at sites with marginal habitats where T. dicoccoides grows poorly and has lower grain weight, were more susceptible than were accessions collected at sites with an optimal habitat for growth of T. dicoccoides. The results agreed with those in a previous study with Hordeum spontaneum, and indicate that to obtain H. spontaneum or T. dicoccoides accessions with the highest level of resistance to the powdery mildew pathogens, plants should be collected at sites in ecological and geographic regions where those two species occupy optimum habitats and are exposed to the powdery mildew pathogens.
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  • 18
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus ; okra ; Amrasca biguttula biguttula ; jassid ; resistance ; gene effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The resistance to cotton jassid in okra was found controlled by dominant genes. Both additive and dominance gene effects were significant but both additive gene effects and dominance x dominance type of interactions appear to be more important than other effects. The former could be exploited for developing genotypes resistant to jassids in okra.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Pisum sativum ; pea ; Ascochyta pinodella ; pea blight ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pea blight caused by Assochyta pinodella does considerable damage to the pea crop every year. To ascertain the inheritance of resistance to pea blight and incorporate resistance in the commercial cultivars, crosses were made between Kinnauri resistant to pea blight and four highly susceptible commercial pea cultivars — Bonneville, Lincoln, GC 141 and Sel. 18. Studies of the F1's, F2's, back crosses and F3's indicated that Kinnauri carries a dominant gene imparting resistance to pea blight.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; ryegrass mosaic virus ; resistance ; virus strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The extreme resistance to ryegrass mosaic virus (RMV) of a clone of Lolium perenne L. was due to a combination of two distinct types of resistance: resistance to infection and resistance to multiplication and movement of virus within the plant. Resistance to infection was quantitatively inherited and highly effective against three strains of RMV, while resistance to multiplication and movement was controlled by two complementary recessive genes and was effective against only two of the three RMV strains.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; common wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; resistance ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three lines derived from the old ‘dirty’ Dutch land variety Gelderse Ris were resistant against race 66(70)EO(16) of yellow rust. It was found that this resistance was conditioned by one recessive gene provisionally coded yrGR.
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  • 22
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 583-586 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Potatoes ; Solanum vernei ; Globodera pallida ; potato cyst-nematode ; resistance ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper re-examines the data in support of recent findings by Turner et al. (1984), that selection for virulence in Globodera pallida takes place on Solanum vernei hybrids. It is concluded that there are a number of factors that must be taken into account and that these data must be interpreted with caution.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca ; lettuce ; Myzus persicae ; leaf aphid ; resistance ; honeydew production ; instant bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A reliable impression of the resistance of lettuce plants to the leaf aphid Myzus persicae can be obtained via aphid honeydew production. Under controlled temperatures, the number of honeydew droplets produced by these aphids per plant in 180 minutes with five plants per genotype offers a good criterion of this resistance.
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  • 24
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    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cicer arietinum ; chickpea ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri ; wilt ; screening ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A total of 1915 Kabuli chickpea lines were screened in a wilt sick plot containing Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri race 0 at Béja, Tunisia. Complete resistance was found in 110 lines and this result was confirmed by a laboratory screening method. Principal components analysis showed that 〉 80% of the variation of the resistant lines was explained by hundred seed weight and days to maturity. Cluster analysis divided the resistant lines into four groups: 21 had high seed weight (48.25 ± 3.81 g) and early maturity (95.09 ± 2.50 d), 24 had high seed weight (46.84 ± 2.10 g) and late maturity (117.00 d), 34 had low seed weight (22.35 ± 4.72 g) and early maturity (92.97 ± 3.97 d) and 31 had low seed weight (19.62 ± 5.37 g) and late maturity (112.09 ± 4.51 d).
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  • 25
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    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agropyron ; Elymus ; Fusarium head blight ; scab ; resistance ; genetic resources ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four species of indigenous Japanese Agropyron, namely, Elymus humidus Osada (= Agropyron humidum), E. tsukushiensis Honda var. transiens (= A. tsukushiense), E. racemifer Tsvel. (= A. ciliare) and A. mayebaranum var. intermedium Hatusima were collected and evaluated for their resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) after inoculation with a conidial suspension of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe at the flowering stage. The resistance to penetration of FHB and to fungal invasion of rachis internodes was evaluated in each accession in a comparison with six wheat cultivars. The results demonstrated that AG.91-35 of E. humidus and AG.91-24 of E. racemifer had higher resistance to penetration than the resistant wheat cultivars Nobeokabouzu-komugi and Sumai 3, respectively. All accessions of indigenous Japanese species of Agropyron examined, with the exception A. mayebaranum, had a statisticallysimilar resistance to invasion, which was the same as that of Nobeokabouzu-komugi or Sumai 3. In all accessions of E. humidus, with only one exception, no spread of the fungus from the infected spikelets to the rachis internodes was detected at all. The possible application of the strains of Agropyron as genetic resources for development of resistance to FHB in wheat is discussed.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cajanus Cajan ; inheritance ; isolates ; pigeonpea ; resistance ; sterility mosaic ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the inheritance of resistance to two isolates of the sterility mosaic pathogen, in three crosses of pigeonpea, involving resistant (ICP 7035, ICP 7349 and ICP 8850) and susceptible (ICP 8863) lines. Observations of F1 and F2 plants were explained on the basis of two independent non-allelic recessive genes for the less virulent, old Patancheru isolate (isolate 1). The backcrosses corroborated the segregation pattern observed in the F2 generation. For the more virulent, new Patancheru isolate (isolate 2), differential behavior of the F1’s was observed. Resistance was dominant in two crosses (ICP 7035 X ICP 8863 and ICP 7349 X ICP 8863), and susceptibility in the other cross (ICP 8850 X ICP 8863). The disease reaction for isolate 2, appeared to be governed by a single gene with three alleles, with one resistance allele exhibiting dominance and the other being recessive, over the allele for susceptibility. Monogenic inheritance of resistance to both isolates was noticed in the cross ICP 8850 X ICP 8863.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biotype ; control method ; cowpea ; inheritance ; resistance ; Striga gesnerioides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot and laboratory experiments were performed in order to elucidate the genetics of resistance of three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) resistant sources to two biotypes of the parasitic weed Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke (witchweed). B301, Suvita-2 and IT82D-849 were crossed to susceptible cultivars. Roots of each plant of parental, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 populations were washed free of soil and examined closely for S. gesnerioides attachment. Data on resistant and susceptible cowpea plants were analyzed using the chi-square test to ascertain the goodness of fit to different genetic ratios. Segregation patterns indicate monogenic dominant inheritance of resistance to both S. gesnerioides biotypes in B301. Suvita-2, which is susceptible to the biotype from Maradi, Niger, showed segregation patterns that indicate monogenic dominant inheritance of resistance to S. gesnerioides biotype from Cinzana, Mali. Results also indicate monogenic dominant inheritance of resistance to S. gesnerioides biotype from Cinzana in IT82D-849. However, the inheritance of resistance to the biotype from Maradi would be monogenic and recessive in this line. These results suggest that the resistance of all three sources would be easy to transfer to promising breeding lines.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cowpea severe mosaic virus ; genetics ; selection ; screening ; resistance ; tolerance ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations of four resistant × susceptible crosses and three resistant × resistant crosses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) were screened for resistance to cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), in an insect protected screen house. The segregation ratio, at maturity, showed a 63 susceptible : 1 resistant ratio in the F2 generation indicating that resistance is governed by three major genes. The backcross tests and the F3 test confirmed this. The intermediate levels of symptoms observed in the F1 generation and the progression of symptom expression in the F2 generation suggested that resistance is gene dosage dependent. The genetic basis of immunity, tolerance, high level of resistance is discussed based on the three gene model. Delayed symptom expression was evident in genotypes with one or two susceptible alleles. The implications of delayed expression of symptoms in selection and breeding for resistance to CPSMV are discussed.
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  • 29
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    Plant and soil 192 (1997), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; callose ; protoplasts ; resistance ; toxicity ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The screening of 37 Zea mays L. cultivars in nutrient solution using root elongation (24 h) as a parameter showed large genotypic differences in Al resistance among the genetic material evaluated. Callose concentrations in root tips were closely and positively related to Al-induced inhibition of root elongation. Therefore, Al-induced callose formation in root tips appears to be an excellent indicator of Al injury and can be used as a selection criteria for Al sensitivity. In contrast, aluminium concentrations in root tips were not related to Al-induced inhibition of root elongation, nor to Al-induced callose formation. Callose formation was also induced by short-term A1 treatment in root tip protoplasts, and the response of protoplasts clearly reflected the cultivar-specific response to Al of intact roots. This indicates that in maize, Al sensitivity is expressed on the protoplast level.
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  • 30
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    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 197-209 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbohydrate ; Disease ; resistance ; Hormones ; Micronutrients ; Phosphate ; Physiology ; VA mycorrhizae ; Water uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fungi of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae colonize considerable portions of the root system and in spite of the carbon drain they impose on the host plant, their presence within the root tissues can positively influence several aspects of the host plant's physiology. In the majority of cases, improved phosphate uptake is the primary cause of growth and yield enhancements in the mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal roots have different phosphate absorption kinetics and lower threshold values than nonmycorrhizal roots. The external hyphae developing around mycorrhizae explore a large volume of soil and absorb available phosphate beyond the depletion zone at the root surface. Phosphate accumulating in the external fungal hyphae is translocated to the internal mycelium by a well-developed transport system and transferred to the host tissues mainly across the intracellular arbuscules. Certain specialized enzyme activities are specifically associated with this alternative pathway of phosphate nutrition in mycorrhizal plants. Improved phosphate nutrition is not always sufficient to explain the observed effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on the host plant's physiology.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris ; common bean ; Phaseolus coccineus ; runner bean ; Colletotrichum lindemuthianum ; anthracnose ; resistance ; physiological races
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The utilization of American and European bean cultivars as host differentials for distinction of races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum has been discussed. The new race occurring at Ebnet. Germany, since 1973 is named ‘kappa’. It broke down resistance derived from the Are gene originating from Cornell 49–242. Resistance to this kappa race appeared to be present in some European and Asiatic bean cultivars as well as in some American bean accessions.
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  • 32
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barely ; Hordeum vulgare ; powdery mildew ; Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei ; resistance ; resistance genes ; genes for resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten barley mutants and five Ethiopian barley lines representing 11 independently arisen powdery mildew resistance genes in the ml-o locus were tested at the seedling stage to cultures of the powdery mildew fungus from Europe, Israel, USA. Canada, and Japan. They were resistant with infection type 0/(4) in all tests. They were also resistant to field populations of the pathogen when scored in disease nurseries at more than 78 locations in 29 countries in Europe, the Near East, North and South America. New Zealand, and Japan. This indicates that the 11 genes confer the same, world-wide spectrum of powdery mildew resistance. They have no effect on several other barley diseases such as stripe rust and leaf rust.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Tulipa ; tulip ; Fusarium oxysporum ; resistance ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fusarium oxysporum causes the most serious fungus disease in tulip. Breeding for resistant cultivars may considerably contribute to a solution of the problem. Bulbs of various cultivars planted in contaminated soil showed important and significant differences in resistance. Inoculation trials in the field and in the glasshouse have led to recommendations for the screening of juvenile and adult bulbs.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Interspecific hybridization ; resistance ; potato leafroll ; virus ; non-tuberous Solanum species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The results of extensive crosses between the non-tuberous species Solanum brevidens and S. etuberosum on the one hand and ten tuber-bearing Solanum species on the other are presented. Three crosses gave rise to viable progeny. Two progenies consisted of diploid plants only of the strictly self-incompatible species of the mother parent. One cross, viz. S. etuberosum × S. pinnatisectum, produced highly vigorous but fully male sterile F1 hybrids. It is suggested that this hybrid together with those between the tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, and S, pennellii and S. lycopersicoides constitute piers of a bridge between tomato and potato species which in the future might enable gene transfer between these two crops via their wild relatives. However, such idea has to be treated with all proper reserve. The production of this new hybrid is the first step in making accessible to potato breeding the valuable genes which have been detected in S. brevidens and S. etuberosum, viz. the genes for high resistance to frost, leafroll and Y-virus.
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  • 35
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 531-532 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Linum usitatissimum L. ; linseed ; Oidium lini ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Resistance to powdery mildew (Oidium lini) in each of the four linseed cultivars, viz., LC 216, LC 255, LC 256 and LC 269 was found to be conditioned by one dominant gene. Crosses between the resistant parents indicated that the same gene was present in all the cultivars and is designated as Ol.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum ; tobacco ; haploids ; doubled haploids ; tobacco mosaic virus ; potato virus Y ; root knot nematode ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for producing large numbers of haploid plantlets from anthers of a flue-cured tobacco hybrid with monogenic resistance to tobacco mosaic virus, (TMV), potato virus Y (PVY) and root knot (RK), respectively. Additional details are given on colchicine treatment for converting haploids to doubled haploids (DH's) and on the frequency of spontaneous DH's among untreated plantlets. Disparate genetic ratios of TMV-resistant to TMV-susceptible plants were obtained among colchicine-treated haploid plantlets, induced DH's and untreated haploids when compared with F2 and BC1 progenies. Haploids (gametes) with the gene for TMV resistance occurred more frequently than expected and plantlets with the gene for RK resistance occurred less frequenctly than expected. Transmission of the gene for PVY resistance differed only slightly from Mendelian expectations. These unexpected ratios, in addition to the frequent occurrence of plastid chimeras among anther-derived plantlets, strengthened our conviction that haploidy is somehow associated with mutation.
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  • 37
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 625-637 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Coffee leaf rust ; Coffea arabica ; coffee ; Hemileia vastatrix ; resistance ; components of resistance ; leaf retention period ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation for incomplete resistance to coffee leaf rust was studied in Coffea arabica. Disease level in the field was scored by a 0 to 9 scale. Components of resistance observed in laboratory and greenhouse tests were latency period (LP), lesion density (LD) and leaf retention period (LRP). LRP determines the duration of sporulation. Lines of ‘Mundo Novo’ and ‘Catuai’ showed relatively small but significant differences for disease level in the field. Heritibility was low (0.31) and part of the variance (34%) was explainable by a significant correlation between disease level and yielding capacity of the lines. The high susceptibility of ‘Ibaarê’, in comparison to other cultivars, was best explained by longer LRP values for ‘Ibaarê’. Also its LP was generally shorter than that of other cultivars. Among coffee accessions from Ethiopia great variation was observed for disease level in the field. A significant part of the variance (35%) was explained by differences in yielding capacity. Variation for resistance components was observed between accessions, tested in the greenhouse and laboratory. However, results of the two tests were inconsistent. Transgressive segragation for incomplete resistance was observed in F2 populations of the cross between Agaro C1164–19 and ‘Catuai’, tested in the laboratory and greenhouse. Resistance was expressed by a longer LP, a lower LD, a certain percentage of non-sporulating lesions and, in some populations, by early necrosis of lesions. Prospects for breeding for incomplete resistance to H. vastatrix in C. arabica are discussed. Factors which may hamper selection progress are: a) the positive correlation between yield and disease level in the field, b) the relative small genetic variation for incomplete resistance among C. arabica cultivars and productive breeding lines, and c) inconsistency of results between resistance tests.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca virosa ; Leaf aphids ; Nasonovia ribis-nigri ; resistance ; inheritance ; multiple allelism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six almost completely resistant (CR) accessions of L. virosa and one partially resistant (PR) accession of this species were intercrossed to investigate the inheritance of resistance and the location of the resistance genes. The CR in all accessions appeared to be governed by one (incompletely) dominant allele designated as Nr and the PR and possibly susceptibility (S) too by a recessive allele nr. The alleles for CR, PR and S were present on one and the same locus. It is still uncertain whether the alleles for CR in the various accessions are different, the same applies for the alleles for PR and S.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Rubus idaeus ; red raspberry ; Botrytis cinerea ; Didymella applanata ; inheritance ; resistance ; spur blight ; Rubus coreanus ; Rubus pileatus ; Rubus occidentalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Didymella applanata was studied both in a half diallel cross which involved resistant parents derived from red raspberry cv. Chief and a third backcross hybrid of Rubus occidentalis, and in backcrosses to raspberry of R. pileatus and R. coreanus hybrids. Resistances in the diallel were inherited additively with no interactions. The levels of resistance in the backcrosses were much higher than in the diallel and indicated good prospects for obtaining cultivars with very high levels of resistance. The resistances to the two diseases were highly correlated in progenies derived from each resistance source and, with the possible exception of resistance derived from R. coreanus, there was no evidence that resistance to one disease segregated independently of resistance to the other.
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  • 40
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Avena ; BYDV ; barley yellow dwarf ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The barley yellow dwarf virus resistance level was evaluated in acessions of most species of the genus Avena. Highest levels of resistance were found in A. sterilis and A. occidentalis. High resistance levels were also found in A. barbata, A. fatua, A. hybrida, A. macrostachya, diploid A. nuda and A. strigosa. Results are discussed in relation to breeding for resistance.
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  • 41
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cucumis melo ; muskmelon ; resistance ; zucchini yellow mosaic virus ; genetics ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus has been found in the muskmelon line ‘PI 414723’ from India. This resistance is effective against the ZYMV strains E15 and 1318 belonging respectively to the NF and F pathotypes. Resistance to E15 (no vein clearing and yellowing symptoms) is governed by one dominant gene (symbol Zym) according to segregations observed in F1, F2 and BC1 progenies. This gene is epistatic dominant over Fn, which induces wilting and necrosis after inoculation with F pathotype. Linkage studies suggest that Zym inherits independently from Fom-1, Fom-2, Vat, Wmv and Fn but is linked with a (13.1 ±2.4 units).
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  • 42
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 897-901 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; scald ; field reaction ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A 0–4 scoring system to quantify scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) infection is suggested. Scores 1, 2, 3 and 4 allocated to represent 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and 4/4 of the crop canopy scalded are easy to comprehend and intermediate scores e.g. 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 give it the breadth of a quantitative scale. Scores on a large number of lines showed a high degree of repeatability and were found to be highly correlated with the log transformed values of the actual leaf area damage. Although it was suggested that predictions of leaf area damage at scores 3–4 should be applied with caution, broad generalization of the scores in discriminating the amount of disease were shown to be soundly based and offered plant breeders a tool to standardize the evaluation of scald resistance in field plots on a large scale with this quick and reliable scoring system.
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  • 43
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    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 327-330 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: amphiploids ; Karnal bunt ; resistance ; Tilletia indica ; tritordeum ; Hordeum chilense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Reactions of Hordeum chilense accessions H1 and H7 and their amphiploids, HT8, HT9 and HT28 (named as tritordeum) alongwith wheat lines, T22, T24 and T59 used in their synthesis, were studied for resistance to the Karnal bunt pathogen (Tilletia indica) of wheat. Both the accessions of H. chilense and one tritordeum line, HT8, were rated as highly resistant with zero co-efficient of infection, whereas the other two tritordeum lines HT28 and HT9 were rated as moderately susceptible and susceptible with 5.2 and 10.5 co-efficients of infection, respectively, compared to reaction of the wheat lines involved in their synthesis. Karnal bunt infection was maximum on the susceptible wheat cultivar WL-711 with 24.3 co-efficient of infection. All the wheat lines involved in the synthesis of amphiploids were susceptible to Karnal bunt except, T59 (Triticum sphaerococcum) (6X), which showed a moderate level of resistance.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: head scab ; resistance ; Triticeae ; Fusarium graminearum ; ecological conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 1507 accessions from 93 species of 18 genera in Triticeae were screened for resistance to initial infection and resistance to pathogen spread with multi-floret and single-floret injection inoculation methods respectively. The accessions with high resistance were mainly found in perennial genera: Roegneria, Hystrix, Agropyron, Kengyilia and Elymus. Based on differences in resistance, 18 genera screened in Triticeae could be classified into five groups. The species with high resistance were mainly distributed in humid ecological environments.
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  • 45
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    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 353-360 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; powdery mildew ; Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici ; resistance ; suppression ; segregation distortion ; wheat ; rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The location of wheat gene Pm8 for resistance to powdery mildew in the 1RS chromosome segment derived from cereal rye cultivar Petkus was confirmed. There was reduced transmission of the 1BL.1RS chromosome relative to its wheat homologue in four of the five crosses examined. Pm8 was not expressed in some wheat cultivars and selections which possessed the 1RS chromosome identified by the presence of relevant genes for resistance to the three rusts, due to the presence of a dominant suppressor gene(s) in the wheat genome. The frequency of suppression in 1BL.1RS wheats from Mexico was significantly higher than in a group of wheats (both local and exotic) introduced from China and was probably much higher than in European wheats.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Allium porrum ; autotetraploidy ; introgression ; Phytophthora porri ; resistance ; screening methods ; leek
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new screening method was developed to evaluate resistance of leek (Allium porrum) to Phytophthora porri, based on inoculation by 24 h-immersion of leek plantlets in the 3–6 leaf stage in a suspension of ca. 100 zoospores.ml-1. The immersion test was used for identifying new sources of resistance and to determine the genetic basis of resistance. Within winter leek, five resistance classes were defined on the basis of average field scores of 21 plants. Clones from these plants were tested with the immersion technique. The average scores per resistance class in immersion and field tests were significantly correlated (P〈0.01). The correlation of single-date field scores with the immersion test scores was better in the second half of the epidemic season. A selection experiment yielded a strong response to selection for resistance (53–97%) but no response to selection for susceptibility. This may indicate that resistance is due to few recessive genes in the studied winter leek. Crosses between landraces and winter leek were analyzed by means of F2 (selfed F1) and BC1, progenies. This analysis indicated the presence of few loci with dominant genes for resistance in accession CGN 873243, and additive polygenes in accession Pl 368351.
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  • 47
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    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum ; Fusarium graminearum ; resistance ; head scab ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Multi-floret and single-floret injection inoculation methods were used to test 1076 accessions of Triticum for resistance to initial infection and resistance to pathogen spread within spike tissue respectively. The data obtained between years or inoculation dates were comparatively similar and were little influenced by climatic factors, especially humid condition. All the tested materials uniformly exhibited susceptibility to initial infection, but there were great differences in resistance to spread among species or cultivars. The diploid and tetraploid wheats were severely susceptible. Only 30 genotypes of common wheat of T. aestivum concv. vulgare showed high resistance to spread. The highest frequency of high spread resistance existed in these landraces which were distributed in Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu provinces and Shanghai City, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces ranked second. The majority of wheat landraces from Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi Province and Beijing City showed susceptibility or high susceptibility. No resistance was found in Tibetian wheats.
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  • 48
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    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 69-73 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: foxtail millet ; herbicide ; resistance ; interspecific hybridization ; sethoxydim ; inheritance ; Setaria italica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interspecific hybridization between foxtail millet cultivars (Setaria italica) and a green foxtail (S. viridis) resistant to the herbicide sethoxydim were undertaken to breed foxtail millet for improved herbicide resistance. Parents, reciprocal F1 hybrids, F2 selfed derived populations and BC1 backcross progeny were produced and analysed for mortality and fresh weight over a range of dosages. All resistant progeny were 700 times more resistant than susceptible cultivars and was symptom free under current field dosages. Segregations of resistant and susceptible progeny (3:1 in F2 and 1:1 in BC1) were not dependent upon dosage. Heterozygous individuals displayed the same magnitude of resistance as homozygous plants at twelve times the recommended field dosage. Results suggested that sethoxydim resistance in foxtail millet was controlled by a single, completely dominant, nuclear gene.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; plant age ; leaf position ; reproduction ; resistance ; cucumber ; western flower thrips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) accessions, previously selected for low levels of damage after infestation with Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), were tested for resistance against F. occidentalis in a no-choice greenhouse experiment at the mature plant stage. The three accessions showed a strong reduction in thrips damage compared to the susceptible control. The effects of leaf position and plant age of the four cucumber accessions on the reproduction of F. occidentalis were determined in a leaf disc assay. Leaf position had a significant effect on thrips reproduction, whereas plant age, within the test range, had not. In general, reproduction was higher on young leaves. Reproduction as measured on leaf discs from certain leaf positions was strongly correlated with resistance of mature plants in the greenhouse, and can therefore be used as a quick test to screen cucumber accessions for resistance against thrips.
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  • 50
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 44 (1997), S. 271-275 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Cucumis spp. ; germplasm evaluation ; wild progenitors ; Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans ; artificial inoculation ; seedlings ; necrotization ; resistance ; gene centers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under controlled inoculation, a set of 49 accessions belonging to 16 wild species and varieties of the genus Cucumis was tested for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. There was no complete resistance to this pathogen in Cucumis accessions, but limited necrotization of leaves was observed in four accessions (C. africanus (PI 203974), C. anguria var. longipes (CUC 28/1974), C. melo subsp. conomon Baj-Gua (CUM 238/1974), C. zeyheri (PI 299572)). There were some quantitative differences between Cucumis accessions in disease symptom development.
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  • 51
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 44 (1997), S. 439-445 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Germplasm ; Meloidogyne ssp. ; red clover ; resistance ; root-knot nematode ; Trifolium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A germplasm collection of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and seven related species was evaluated in greenhouse tests for resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, M. hapla Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and M. Javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Plants were rated for root galling severity and nematode egg production at eight weeks after inoculation with 1500 nematode eggs. A resistance index, RI = √(gall2; + egg2;), was generated to assess the plants' reaction to nematode infection as immune, highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, intermediate, moderately susceptible, susceptible, or highly susceptible. More than 98% of red clover accessions were intermediately to highly susceptible to all four root-knot nematode species. Only one accession, PI 271627 introduced from India, had a moderate resistance level to the four nematodes tested. About one third of the T. medium accessions were resistant or highly resistant to M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica whereas more than 50% of the T. alpestre accessions were highly resistant or immune to all four nematodes species. Genetic factors for resistance to root-knot nematode could be introduced into T. pratense through interspecific hybridization with T. medium and/or T. alpestre
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  • 52
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 44 (1997), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Fusarium graminearum ; resistance ; Roegneria ; scab ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 71 accessions from 13 Roegneria species were evaluated for resistance to wheat scab. The results showed that 31 of the 71 accessions possessed high resistance (HR) to initial infection and high resistance (HR) to pathogen spread. The disease spread from inoculated floret to head rachis was not observed, and the incidence of head infection were lower under natural than under artificial inoculation conditions. The intergeneric hybrid F1 of Roegneria tsukushiensis (Honda) B.R. Lu, Yen et J.L. Yang. var. transiens (Hack.) B.R. Lu, Yen et J.L. Yang × Hordeum vulgare Linn. exhibited resistance (R) to pathogen invasion and high resistance (HR) to spread. Therefore, Roegneria could be used as scab resistant resources in cereal breeding. In addition, the relatioship between its resistance and ecological environments where Roegneria was distributed was discussed in this paper.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; cucumber ; resistance ; downy mildew ; Pseudoperonospora cubensis ; powdery mildew ; Sphaerotheca fuliginea ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Among the genes for resistance against Sphaerotheca fuliginea, the gene s for resistance of the hypocotyl is linked to or identical with gene p for resistance to Pseudoperonospora cubensis. This gene s is present in the cultivars Ashley, Poinsett, Natsufushinari, Pixie, Taipei and in accessions PI 179676. PI 212233 and PI 234517. Although gene s initially brings about some resistance of the true leaf, it appears that when s is present. other genes are necessary for complete resistance to S. fuliginea.
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  • 54
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 837-841 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Rust diseases ; Italian ryegrass ; Lolium multiflorum ; resistance ; physiologic specialization. spore yields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cultures of crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda) from a mixed uredospore population obtained from plants in 16 localities in England and Wales were multiplied on four of 10 initially resistant clones of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Only two of the four cultures were found to be most pathogenic on the clones on which they had been multiplied. One clone became very susceptible to its own culture but the other became only moderately susceptible. Clone/culture interactions occurred which were not obviously related to the clone of origin of the culture. Thus, there was considerable genetic diversity in the crop which would tend to limit the multiplication of new races. There was a strong correlation between visual score for susceptiblity and uredospore production, showing the value of visual scores for resistance breeding.
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  • 55
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    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ; genetic resources ; Hordeum vulgare ; recurrent selection ; resistance ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A total of 4,681 accessions of Hordeum vulgare landrace material from Ethiopia, East Mediterranean, Near East, Nepal and China were sown in the field and subjected to the natural powdery mildew epidemic in Denmark. Apparently resistant accessions were selected. Selfed progeny from them were retested and reselected in subsequent years at four locations in Denmark. Finally, 16 promising donors of resistance were retained. They were characterized in the field and tested in the seedling stage for reaction to up to 72 different isolates of the powdery mildew fungus. The absence of the corresponding virulences in the Danish airborne powdery mildew population was ascertained in five years. The resistances in the 16 donors are apparently mutually different and from known sources of powdery mildew resistance in barley.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: arabica coffee ; coffee berry disease ; marker ; random amplified polymorphic DNA ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) in Arabica coffee is controlled by at least three genes which are present in the varieties Hibrido de Timor (T gene), Catimor (T gene), Rume Sudan (R and k genes) and K7 (k gene). Hibrido de Timor, Catimor and Rume Sudan are genetically distant from most of the commercial cultivars, and the utilisation of molecular markers would greatly improve the efficiency of breeding programmes concerned with CBD resistance. The objectives of the present work were therefore: (1) to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers associated with CBD resistance and (2) to identify markers which could be used to select against the genetic background of the resistance donors. Identification of RAPD markers was carried out in three steps. The first step involved the comparison of the RAPD profiles between the susceptible cultivars and the resistant donors. This was followed by comparison of the RAPD profiles between resistant and susceptible types of each donor variety. The final step involved assay of the resistance markers in the first and the second backcrosses between these donors and the recurrent parent. High genetic variability was demonstrated in Catimor, and to some extent in Rume Sudan. Three RAPD markers were shown to be closely associated to the T gene. Attempts to identify markers associated with the R and k genes were less rewarding. The implications of the current observations in relation to breeding for CBD resistance in Arabica coffee are discussed.
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  • 57
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    Euphytica 98 (1997), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis ; lentil ; resistance ; vascular wilt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Host-plant resistance is the best means to control the key disease of lentil-vascular wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyder & Hansen f.sp. lentis Vasudeva and Srinivasan. Systematic screening for resistance to lentil wilt was initiated in the field in 1993, in a wilt-sick plot in North Syria, with a core collection of 577 germplasm accessions from 33 countries. A subset (88 accessions) of mostly resistant accessions was re-screened in 1994. The most resistant accessions came from Chile, Egypt, India, Iran and Romania. Variation among accessions in the temporal pattern of wilting was analyzed. The limited wilting in resistant accessions followed a linear model through time, whereas the pattern for susceptible accessions was better described with an exponential model. This temporal variation emphasizes the need for repeated scoring during screening for resistance to lentil vascular wilt to identify ‘late-wilters’. To overcome spatial variation in inoculum density, the efficacy of using wilt scores from a systematically-repeated susceptible control in covariate analysis was tested. Covariance analysis significantly improved overall screening by 3% in 1993, but the improvement was non-significant in 1994. The results emphasize the relative uniformity of disease pressure in the wilt-sick plot and suggest that covariance analysis of a systematically arranged control will be of greater benefit in land which is less uniformly infected.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; wild species ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici ; resistance ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wild Lycopersicon accessions were screened for resistance to the Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) race 1 and race 2. In total, four isolates of each race were used. Among 17 accessions of six Lycopersicon species tested, a wide genetic variation for wilt resistance was observed. Most accessions were highly susceptible, some showed intermediate resistance, but one accession of L. cheesmanii (G1.1615 = PI 266375) and two accessions of L. chilense (G1.1556 and G1.1558) were highly resistant to Fol races 1 and 2. The resistance in the latter three accessions equalled or was higher than the resistance determined by the known I-genes, that have been widely used in breeding programmes. These newly found resistant accessions provide breeders with more opportunities for Fusarium disease resistance and may contribute to our understanding of Fusarium disease resistance gene organisation and evolution.
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  • 59
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    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; barley leaf rust ; Puccinia hordei ; scald ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; earliness ; landraces ; leafiness ; plant height ; partial resistance ; resistance ; 1000 grain weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Up to 100 single plant derived lines of 18 barley landraces, collected from 18 localities of six barley growing regions of Ethiopia were studied for two years at Holetta, Ethiopia for variation in five quantitative traits; scald severity, earliness, plant height, 1000 grain weight, and leafiness. The relative latent period in the adult plant stage to barley leaf rust, a good measure for partial resistance, was assessed on the landrace lines at Wageningen, The Netherlands. The observed variation between and within landraces was very large for all traits. The magnitude of variation was so large that most, if not all, plants within a landrace had a different genotype. The landraces also varied in the degree of variation. Some landraces, 1726 and 3288 for instance, were more variable for most or all traits than other landraces such as 208925 and 212938. Days to heading and scald severity were significantly (P = 0.01) correlated with altitude, r being 0.66 and - 0.65, respectively. Resistance to scald and leafiness also increased with altitude. On average landraces became later, more resistant to scald and more leafy the higher the altitude of collection. This associated complex of traits could be an adaptation to the wetter and cooler conditions at higher altitudes.
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  • 60
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 861-864 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; cucumber ; Didymella bryoniae ; gummy stem blight ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A start was made with breeding for resistance to gummy stem blight in cucumber. A method has been development for screening plants in a young stage. Using this method a distinct level of resistance was found in plants of Leningradsky, Wjarnikovsky,a P.I. entry from Birma, Rheinische Vorgebirge and a P.I.entry from Turkey. Lines developed from this material show a higher level of resistance than Dutch slicing and pickling cucumber varieties.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; tomato ; Phytophthora nicotianae var.nicotianae ; foot and root rot ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Different levels of resistance to foot and root rot caused by P. nicotianae var. nicotianae were found, with the highest level in four American lines. The resistance of these lines depends on one incompletely dominant major gene.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; gene cluster ; potyvirus ; zucchini yellow mosaic virus ; Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inbred lines derived from the Chinese cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivar, ‘Taichung Mou Gua’ (TMG), have been shown to be resistant to several potyviruses including: zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), zucchini yellow fleck virus (ZYFV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and the watermelon strain of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W). Recently, an additional virus that infects cucurbits, the Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV), has been determined to be a distinct member of the potyvirus group. This study demonstrates that TMG-1 possesses resistance to MWMV. Rub or aphid inoculated TMG-1 seedlings remain free of symptoms. Progeny analyses of the F1, F2 and backcross generations show that resistance to MWMV is conferred by a single recessive gene (proposed designation, mwm). Sequential inoculation of progeny possessing resistance to ZYMV followed by MWMV (or MWMV followed by ZYMV) and analysis of F3 families derived from F2 individuals selected for resistance to ZYMV indicate that both resistances are conferred by the same gene, or two tightly linked genes.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: banana ; Musa spp. ; Mycosphaerella fijiensis ; black leaf streak ; resistance ; selection ; toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The results of our experiments suggest that toxin(s) of Mycosphaerella fijiensis would be involved neither in infection initiation, nor in the hypersensitive reaction in highly resistant cultivars but could serve at most as secondary determinant of the pathogenicity, contributing to the lesion expansion in cultivars exhibiting partial resistance to Black Leaf Streak disease. Moreover, the effects of toxin(s) on chlorophyll fluorescence, as well as preliminary electron microscopy observation, suggest that chloroplasts could be a precocious site of action of the toxin(s). Therefore, in vitro heterotrophic tissues would not be a suitable target to perform the screening with such toxin(s). The prospects and limitations of M. fijiensis toxin(s) for screening banana for resistance to Black Sigatoka are highlighted.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Avena sativa ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; oat cultivars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Common oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars and breeding lines grown in Western Europe and North America were tested against twelve Erysiphe graminis f. sp. avenae mildew isolates collected in Germany and Denmark. These isolates were selected for their ability to produce differential response patterns permitting characterization of five oat mildew resistance (OMR) groups. From a total of 259 cultivars and lines tested 173 accessions showed susceptible responses, 48 accessions were characterized by susceptible or intermediate responses and 38 accessions revealed isolate-specific resistance response patterns. Eight cultivars and lines had resistance patterns of OMR group 1, six cultivars of OMR group 2, and eleven cultivars of OMR group 3. Two cultivars, each possessed resistance patterns corresponding to OMR groups 1 + 3 and 2 + 3 in combination, respectively. Three cultivars exhibited the response pattern of OMR group 3 in association with an additional unknown resistance. Eight cultivars and lines showed a resistance response pattern not yet detected in the documented OMR groups.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; net blotch ; Drechslera teres ; Pyrenophora teres ; virulence ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six Swedish and one Canadian single spore isolate of Drechslera teres f. teres were used to screen 109 barley lines for disease resistance and to select a differential set of barley lines for use in assessing pathogen virulence. A large variation for net blotch resistance was found among the 109 barley lines which were classified into four groups, those showing: 1) only resistant reactions; 2) differential reactions; 3) only intermediate reactions and 4) only susceptible reactions. The European commercial varieties included, showed susceptibility to all Swedish isolates, but a few were resistant to the Canadian isolate. The 18- member differential set separated 25 Swedish and two Canadian isolates of D. teres into 14 pathotypes, three of which made up 59% of the isolates. Only one barley differential (CI 9776) was resistant to all net form isolates. Host selection on the pathogen seems to be present as all six isolates obtained from cv. Golf belonged to the same pathotype and 4 of 5 isolates from cv. Karin shared the same virulence pattern. The net form of net blotch (D. teres f. teres) predominated in the sampled regions and only one of 26 Swedish isolates was of the spot form (D. teres f. maculata).
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Fusarium head blight ; mycotoxins ; plant breeding ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Twelve barley genotypes were inoculated with two F. graminearum isolates of different chemotype I1 #148 (producing nivalenol/deoxynivalenol) and I2 #108 (deoxynivalenol/acetyldeoxynivalenol). For both I1 and I2 isolates, respectively, reductions (%) in number of kernels head-1 10.6 and 14.3; yield 39.6 and 35.7; weight of 1000 kernels 36.9 and 23.2 were observed in inoculated plants from control values. Chemical analysis revealed the presence (average concentration mg kg-1) of deoxynivalenol (1.3) and nivalenol (3.2) in kernels of all genotypes inoculated with the I1 isolate, and zearalenone (0.2) in three samples. After inoculation with the I2 isolate, deoxynivalenol (37.8) and zearalenone (0.4) were found in kernels of all genotypes, while 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, respectively, were determined in five and four samples only. No significant correlation between examined characteristics was found for either the I1 or I2 isolate. The results obtained contribute information on the accumulation of toxins in cereal grain inoculated with F. graminearum isolates of different chemotypes.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Brassica campestris ; Plasmodiophora brassicae ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Kiemplanten van een vatbare en een resistente variëteit vanBrassica campestris var.rapa werden geïnoculeerd met een suspensie van rustsporen vanPlasmodiophora brassicae. De rustsporen waren afkomstig uit verouderd ziek callusweefsel. Elektronenmicroscopisch onderzoek werd verricht aan de cortex van de hoofdwortel van vatbare planten in de periode die vooraf gaat aan de ontwikkeling van ziektesymptomen (10–13 dagen na inoculatie). Tien dagen na inoculatie werden amoebe-achtige structuren in de cortex gevonden (Fig. 1–4). Herhaaldelijk werden gaten in de celwand van de cortex gevonden (Fig. 5). De waardplantkern en kernlichaampje vertoonden een hypertrofische reactie terwijl de tonoplast vaak kapot was (Fig. 3). Deze resultaten vormen een aanwijzing dat de parasiet in de vorm van een amoebe door de celwand dringt en de celinhoud van de cortex verstoort. Dertien dagen na inoculatie werden de eerste secondaire plasmodiën in het binnenste gedeelte van de cortex of in de mergstraalcellen van de hoofdwortel gevonden (Fig. 6). Vanaf dat moment traden de typische knolvoetsymptomen op. Uit elektronen-microscopisch onderzoek van de resistente variëteit bleek dat negen dagen na inoculatie zoösporangien en secondaire zoösporen aanwezig waren in de wortelharen van de zijwortels (Fig. 7–9). Twee tot vier dagen later werden een groot aantal dode waardplantcellen in de buitenste cortexcellen van de hoofdwortel gevonden, terwijl het binnenste gedeelte van de cortex geen veranderingen vertoonde (Fig. 10 en 11). Deze resultaten wijzen er op dat in de resistente variëteit een overgevoeligheidsreactie in de cortex opgetreden is waardoor verdere groei vanPlasmodiophora brassicae verhinderd werd.
    Notes: Abstract The cortex of the roots of a susceptible and a resistant variety ofBrassica campestris var.rapa infected with sterile resting spores ofPlasmodiophora brassicae from senescent callus was studied at a stage prior to disease symptom development. Electron micrographs show the presence of amoeboid structures within the cortical cells of the susceptible variety 10 days after inoculation. Cell wall perforations, hypertrophied host cell nuclei, nucleoli and broken tonoplasts were frequently found in the susceptible variety. It has been concluded that amoeboid structures of the parasite penetrate the cell wall and disrupt the cortical cells. Electron micrographs of the resistant variety show the presence of zoosporangia with secondary zoospores in the root hairs nine days after inoculation. Two to four days later a large number of dead host cells can be observed in the outer cortical layer of the resistant variety, whereas no apparent changes are found in the inner cortex. The results suggest the occurrence of a hypersensitive host reaction which terminates further growth ofPlasmodiophora brassicae.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: minor root pathogens ; oxidative stress ; peroxidation of membrane lipids ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the nutrient solution oxygenation on the growth of tomato plants and colonization of plant roots by Pythium F707, an isolate with filamentous non-inflated sporangia, were investigated under hydroponic conditions. Lipoperoxidation was also estimated determining lipoxygenase activity and conjugated dienes. Tomato plants were grown under either a high (11-14%; Air treatment), a moderate (5.8-7%; Control) or a low (0.8-1.5%; Nitrogen treatment) oxygen concentration and inoculated or not with the pathogen. The high oxygen treatment resulted in a marked increase in plant growth, as measured by shoot and root weights. Root and top weights were about the same in the nitrogen-treated plants and the controls. In these treatments, plants started showing typical symptoms of root decay and infection within 6 days after inoculation with Pythium F, while highly oxygenated plants remained healthy throughout the experiment and showed a significant decrease in root colonization by the pathogen, as estimated by the immunoenzymatic staining procedure and isolation of thalles on selective medium. Nitrogen-treated plants and controls produced higher amounts of conjugated dienes and revealed increased lipoxygenase activities in comparison with highly oxygenated plants. These differences were more pronounced after inoculation with the pathogen. Our data suggest that increases in lipoxygenase activity detected in the present study in tomato roots grown under oxygen stress and inoculated with Pythium F may lead to degradation and disorganization of membrane lipids. That disorganization may facilitate root colonization by the pathogen and appearance of decay.
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  • 69
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    European journal of plant pathology 89 (1983), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: pathogenesis ; stress ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The main properties of ‘pathogenesis-related’ proteins induced inNicotiana species during hypersensitive reactions to different pathogens, as well as by chemical or physical treatments, are listed. These properties are compared with those of similar protein compounds occurring in other plant species in similar circumstances. The plants include cucumber, cowpea,Gomphrena globosa kidney bean,Gynura aurantiaca, tomato, potato, citron and celery. Similarities with other proteins normally occurring in plants, such as proteinase inhibitors, are considered. Analogies and differences with proteins induced in plants by environmental stresses, and with the ‘antiviral factors’ and the ‘inhibitor of viral replication’ occurring inNicotiana species are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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