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  • Other Sources  (301)
  • SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER  (163)
  • 42.75
  • Animals
  • BSSA
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1975-1979  (301)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1930-1934
  • 1976  (301)
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Source
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  • 1975-1979  (301)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1930-1934
Year
  • 1
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    Dynamics of an expanding circular fault (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., San Francisco, Pergamon, vol. 66, no. 5496, pp. 639-666, pp. B05315, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: SModelling ; Source mechanics ; Source ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    An analysis of tidal strain observations from the United States of America II. The inhomogeneous tide (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., San Francisco, Pergamon, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1821-1846, pp. 1246
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Earth tides ; TIDES ; Inhomogeneity ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    The mechanics of locating earthquakes (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Tulsa, 3-4, vol. 66, no. 3-4, pp. 173-187, pp. B09405, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location ; AUD ; Hypocenter determination ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Time-domain determination of earthquake fault parameters from short-period P-waves (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Roma, Polish Geothermal Association, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 1459-1484, pp. B05406, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: High frequency ... ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Responsibilities in earthquake prediction (1976)
    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Tokyo, Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 2069-2074, pp. 8043
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; ethics ; Seismology ; society ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    The effect of tectonic stress release on explosion P-wave signatures (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Hannover, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 66, no. 40, pp. 1441-1457, pp. L08305
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Nuclear explosion ; Stress ; P-waves ; Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Seismicity of northern Anatolia (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., London, Geological Society, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 843-868, pp. L24307, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Turkey ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Simplified procedures for estimating the fundamental period of a soil profile (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Amsterdam, Academic Press (Elsevier), vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 1293-1321, pp. 2486, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Site amplification ; Spectrum ; method ; noksp ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    A two-dimensional analysis of surface deformation due to dip-slip faulting (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Heidelberg, 1, vol. 66, no. 4-5, pp. 667-675, pp. B01401, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Elasticity ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    Scaling relations for earthquake source parameters and magnitudes (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Regensburg, Inst. Electrical & Electronics Engineers, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1501-1523, pp. TC5001, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Magnitude ; Source ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 11
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    Body force equivalents for stress-drop seismic sources (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Regensburg, Inst. Electrical & Electronics Engineers, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1801-1804, pp. TC5001, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Body waves ; Stress drop ; Elasticity ; Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 12
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    Abnormal seismology (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Warszawa, Elsevier, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 617-623, pp. 2091, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 13
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    Inversion of the body waves from the Borrego Mountain earthquake to the source mechanism (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Hannover, FU Berlin, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1485-1499, pp. 5091692, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Inversion ; Body waves ; Earthquake ; Source ; Source parameters ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 14
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    Seismic characteristics of southeast Missouri as indicated by a regional telemetered microearthquake array (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Houston, Akademie-Verlag, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1953-1964, pp. L08310, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Seismology ; Teleseismic events ; Seismic arrays ; Schafer ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 15
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    A portable digital seismic recorder with event recording capability (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., New York, Scientific American, vol. 66, no. Nov., pp. 979-985, pp. B10302, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Seismology ; Instruments ; Detectors ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 16
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    Preliminary empirical model for scaling Fourier amplitude spectra of strong ground acceleration in terms of earthquake magnitude, source-to-station distance and recording site conditions (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Warszawa, EGS, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 1343-1373, pp. 1089, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Site amplification ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Spectrum ; Strong motions ; Magnitude ; Attenuation ; Modelling ; noksp ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 17
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    Automatic seismic array and network detection (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Hannover, Elsevier, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 1375-1380, pp. L15S14, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Detectors ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; ARRAY ; Seismic networks ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 18
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    A computer program for the application Zoeppritz's amplitude equations and Knott's energy equations (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Corvallis, x + 406 pp., Oregon State University Press, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 1881-1885, pp. L13610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: EDV ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; Amplitude ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Reflectivity ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 19
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    Nonlinear effects in thermal stress analysis of a solid propellant rocket motor (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Direct characterization procedures were used to determine the relaxation modulus as a function of time, temperature, and state of strain. Using the quasi-elastic method of linearviscoelasticity, these properties were employed in a finite element computer code to analyze a thick-walled, nonlinear viscoelastic cylinder in the state of plane strain bonded to a thin (but stiff) elastic casing and subjected to slow thermal cooling. The viscoelastic solution is then expressed as a sequence of elastic finite element solutions. The strain-dependent character of the relaxation modulus is included by replacing the single relaxation curve used in the linear viscoelastic theory by a family of relaxation functions obtained at various strain levels. These functions may be regarded as a collection of stress histories or responses to specific loads (in this case, step strains) with which the cooldown solution is made to agree by iterations on the modulus and strain level.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 111-135
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  • 20
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    The plume impingement test program at AEDC utilizing the S-2 ullage motors (November 1973), section 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Proposed experiments for analyzing rocket plumes are reported. Two groups of experiments were studied: (1) those that would help define some of the parameters that characterize the plume and (2) those that would enable evaluation of some of the contamination effects of the plume environment on various items of interest. The items investigated, the purpose of the investigation, are given in tabular form.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: The Effects of Solid Rocket Motor Effluents on Selected Surfaces and Solid Particle Size, Distribution, and Composition for Simulated Shuttle Booster Separation Motors; p 12-95
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  • 21
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    The small motor plume/material impingement test program at MSFC utilizing nine different propellant formulations (April and May 1974), section 2 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The relative effects of several candidate SSRM propellant formulations and their plume impingement effects on HRSI and RCC materials were evaluated. Nine solid propellant formulations were tested. The selected propellant matrix allowed an evaluation of propellants with and without metal additives, with and without burning rate catalyst, and low (approximately 1927 C) and high (approximately 2649 C) combustion temperatures. Motors were fired at a simulated SRB staging altitude of 3.96 km (130,000 ft) (nominal). The altitude pressure was predicted to drop approximately 0.6 km (20,000 ft) during a motor firing. All motors were loaded with 1.8 to 2.3 kg (4 to 5 lb) of propellant and burned for approximately 2 s.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: The Effects of Solid Rocket Motor Effluents on Selected Surfaces and Solid Particle Size, Distribution, and Composition for Simulated Shuttle Booster Separation Motors; p 96-151
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  • 22
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    The large motor plume/material impingement test program at AEDC utilizing the four selected propellants from the small motor tests at MSFC (July, August, and September 1974), section 3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Efforts made to determine the vulnerability of Orbiter and ET materials located at various positions within exhaust plumes from test SSRM's using four different propellant formulations are discussed. Data also cover the effect on TPS materials from a single SSRM plume and dual SSRM plumes, and definitions of test SSRM plume environment at material specimen locations.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: The Effects of Solid Rocket Motor Effluents on Selected Surfaces and Solid Particle Size, Distribution, and Composition for Simulated Shuttle Booster Separation Motors; p 152-203
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  • 23
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    Gamma rays, cosmic rays and galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Working primarily from the recent SAS-2 observations of galactic gamma rays, the relation of these observations to the large scale distribution of cosmic rays and interstellar gas in the galaxy is reviewed and reexamined. Starting with a discussion of production rates, the case for pion decay being the predominant production mechanism in the galactic disk above 100 MeV is reestablished and it is also pointed out that Compton gamma rays can be a significant source. To facilitate discussion, the concepts of four distinct galactic regions are defined, viz. the nebulodisk, ectodisk, radiodisk and exodisk. Bremsstrahlung and pion decay gamma rays are associated with the first two (primarily the first) regions, and Compton gamma rays and synchrotron radiation are associated with the latter two regions. On a large scale, the cosmic rays, interstellar gas (primarily H2 clouds in the inner galaxy) and gamma ray emissivity all peak in a region between 5 and 6 kpc from the galactic center. This correlation is related to correlation with other population I phenomena and is discussed in terms of the density wave concept of galactic structure. The singular nature of the HI distribution appears to follow the supernova remnant and pulsar distributions in the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 357-391
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  • 24
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    The non-thermal radiation in the galaxy (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The distribution of nonthermal emissivity with height z above the galactic plane is examined. The main result is that recent observations of the distribution of brightness at intermediate latitudes in the galaxy and of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 indicate that the emissivity extends to heights of several kpc perpendicular to the plane. The relationship between the nonthermal emissivity and the neutral gas is also studied. In several galaxies the angular distributions of neutral hydrogen and nonthermal emission are roughly coextensive and show similar features such as spiral structure. If radio galaxies and normal galaxies with strong nuclear radio sources are excluded, there appears to be a proportionality between their total HI content and their nonthermal radio luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 206-221
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  • 25
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    Gamma rays and supernova explosions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The detection of gamma rays from supernovae will provide interesting tests of current theory. Some current ideas on the expected gamma ray flux, as modified by recent theoretical results are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 289-298
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  • 26
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    COS-B observations of localised sources of gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In October 1975 the high energy gamma ray flux from the Vela pulsar was measured by COS-B to be 1.6 to 2.1 times higher than the flux measured by SAS-2 in 1973. The existence is confirmed of a second region of enhanced radiation in the galactic anticenter in addition to that from the Crab pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 45A-51
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  • 27
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results, 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Continuing analysis of the data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma-ray experiment has produced an improved picture of the sky at photon energies above 35 MeV. On a large scale, the diffuse emission from the galactic plane is the dominant feature observed by SAS-2. This galactic plane emission is most intense between galactic longitude 310 and 45 deg, corresponding to a region within 7kpc of the galactic center. Within the high-intensity region, SAS-2 observes peaks around galactic longitudes 315 deg, 330 deg, 345 deg, 0 deg, and 35 deg. These peaks appear to be correlated with such galactic features and components as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, magnetic fields, cosmic ray concentrations, and photon fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 1-11C
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  • 28
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    Extreme ultraviolet survey experiment MA-083 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A grazing incidence telescope sensitive to radiation in the 5- to 100-nanometer band was flown in the Apollo service module. On 10 nighttime revolutions, the command and service module was maneuvered to point the instrument at 30 different stellar targets for periods of 1 to 20 minutes, thus constituting the first sensitive search for extreme ultraviolet radiation from nonsolar sources. Several hours of supplementary data were also obtained during nighttime orbits when other experiments in the scientific instrument module bay were operating. Preliminary analysis of a small fraction of the total data indicates the definite detection of a strong source of extreme ultraviolet radiation during observations made during revolution 109. The source is located in Coma Berencies. The suggested optical identification is the white dwarf HZ 43. If this association is correct, the star has the highest temperature of any known white dwarf. Regardless of the optical identification, however, this object is the first nonsolar source to be detected in the extreme ultraviolet band.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 16 p
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  • 29
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    Cosmic X-ray observations with OSO-8 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The GSFC Cosmic X-ray Spectroscopy experiment aboard OSO-8 has operated successfully since launch providing spectral and temporal data on X-ray sources in tha energy range 2-60 keV. Analysis of quick look data shows a variety of spectral features, some stable, others variable, which will increase understanding of the nature of individual sources. In particular, observed emission and absorption features that can be attributed to iron will result in abundance measures of this important element in sources such as some X-ray binaries, the supernova remnant Cas A, and the nucleus of the galaxy Cen A.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 67-79
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  • 30
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    Cosmic ray propagation and containment (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The cosmic rays, an active gaseous component of the disk of the galaxy, are considered along with their propagation and containment as a part of the general dynamics of the disk. The sources of cosmic rays are a matter of speculation. The disk is inflated by the cosmic ray gas pressure comparable to the magnetic pressure, but the rate of inflation is unknown. The time spent by the individual cosmic ray particles in the disk is inversely proportional to the cosmic ray production rate. It is evident from the decay of Be(1c) that the cosmic rays circulate through a volume of space perhaps ten times the thickness of the gaseous disk, suggesting a magnetic halo extending out approximately 1 kpc from either face of the disk. The cosmic rays may be responsible for the halo by inflating the magnetic fields of the disk. Extension of the fields to 1 kpc would imply a high production rate and short life of cosmic rays in the dense gaseous disk of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 320-340
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  • 31
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    Low and medium energy galactic gamma-ray observations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Observation of 0.2-100 MeV diffuse gamma radiation emitted from the Galaxy can provide information on the intensities of 5-50 MeV/nucleon cosmic-rays and 50 MeV electrons in interstellar space. Recent measurements of gamma-rays emitted from the galactic center region provide evidence for a diffuse continuum between 10 and 100 MeV. The intensities of the recently reported nuclear line gamma rays, also observed in the direction of the galactic center, require the presence of intense fluxes of low-energy cosmic-rays in the inner Galaxy if the gamma-rays are produced on a galactic scale. Current detection techniques for 0.1-100 MeV gamma-ray measurements are summarized and their capabilities for measuring the diffuse galactic emission are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center. The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 65-83
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  • 32
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    Crystal activation experiment MA-151 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The crystal activation experiment consisted of two sample packages that were flown in the command module and returned to earth for analysis of the radioactivity induced in them during the flight. The objective of the experiment was to define the background caused by detector activation that interferes when gamma radiation is measured in the 0.02- to 10-megaelectronvolt range from earth orbit. Preliminary results show that the activation of the NaI(Tl) crystal was a factor of 3 below that from a similar measurement on Apollo 17. The identification of certain species and the level of activation observed show an important contribution from the interactions of thermal and energetic neutrons produced as secondaries in the spacecraft. That the activation was reduced by only a factor of 3 compared with the Apollo 17 experiment, despite the geomagnetically shielded orbit, possibly indicates more efficient secondary neutron production by the more energetic cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 10 p
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  • 33
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    Gamma rays and large scale galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Many theoretical models were developed in an attempt to explain the spatial structure in the observed emission which results from interactions of energetic cosmic rays with the interstellar gas. The peaks in the observed distribution are remarkably well correlated with longitudes corresponding to tangential directions to known spiral arm features. Based on theoretical and experimental arguments, it is assumed that on the scale of galactic arms the cosmic rays are more intense where the mass of the gas to which they are coupled is greatest. Refining this model with the results of recent surveys of the interstellar gas, a good fit to the observations is obtained whether the cosmic rays are confined to the spiral arms in the disk or are more evenly confined as in a flat halo model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 341-354
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  • 34
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    The time structure of the gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High resolution data on the pulsed gamma ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars are presented. The light curves of these two pulsars at gamma ray energies show striking similarities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 52-64
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  • 35
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    Preliminary Results from the European Space Agency's COS-B satellite for gamma-ray astronomy (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV. Its objectives are to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive to X-rays of 2-12 Kev. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 23-38
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  • 36
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    Soft X-ray observation experiment MA-048 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Soft X-ray Experiment was designed to observe celestial X-ray sources in the energy range from 0.1 to 10 kiloelectronvolts. The instrument that was used in the experiment obtained energy and fast timing data to characterize both the spectrum and the variability of known X-ray sources. Data were obtained on approximately 12 sources. During the mission, the instrument developed an intermittent high voltage discharge problem that resulted in the loss of approximately 75 percent of the anticipated data, including the scans intended for mapping of the low energy diffuse X-ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 11 p
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  • 37
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results. 2. Localized sources (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Gamma-ray emission was detected from the radio pulsars PSR1818-04 and PSR1747-46, in addition to the previously reported gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars. Since the Crab pulsar is the only one observed in the optical and X-ray bands, these gamma-ray observations suggest a uniquely gamma-ray phenomenon occurring in a fraction of the radio pulsars. Using distance estimates it is found that PSR1818-04 has a gamma-ray luminosity comparable to that of the Crab pulsar, while the luminosities of PSR1747-46 and the Vela pulsar are approximately an order of magnitude lower. This survey of SAS-2 data for pulsar correlations has also yielded upper limits to gamma-ray luminosity for 71 other radio pulsars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 12-22
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    COS-B observations of the high energy gamma radiation from the galactic disc (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: During the first months of operation, COS-B has observed galactic high energy gamma rays from the galactic disc. In the galactic center and Vela regions the disc emission distribution was measured. From these data the existence of a local ( 1 kpc) and a distant ( 3 kpc) emitting region is apparent in the general direction of the inner galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 39-44
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  • 39
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    Interstellar helium flow experiment MA-088 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Interstellar Helium Glow Experiment (MA-088) studied the motion of helium in the local interstellar medium as that medium passed through the solar system to determine several poorly known properties of the local interstellar gas. The instrument used was a photometer sensitive to two solar extreme ultraviolet spectral lines that are resonantly scattered by helium gas. The instrument surveyed the entire celestial sphere during a series of slow, rolling maneuvers by the Apollo spacecraft. The equipment operated properly, and usable data were obtained.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 15 p
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  • 40
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    Whence cometh /and goeth/ Jupiter's high energy electrons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Jupiter's decimetric emission is universally identified as synchrotron radiation from about 10 MeV electrons. These electrons radiate away their energy in a few months and hence must be continuously replaced. A theory in which electrons are injected at Jupiter's magnetopause and radially diffuse toward the planetary surface, gaining energy in the process is summarized. The radial diffusion coefficient in the inner magnetosphere is determined. This diffusion coefficient, which also holds for protons, is sufficiently small that the inner Galilean satellites can wipe out large fractions of the incoming proton and electron fluxes. The reduction of the proton flux is extremely important to the survival of the Pioneer experimental payloads.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 41
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    Scintillating plastic fibers as light pipes for a cosmic ray hodoscope: Feasibility calculations and measured attenuation characteristics (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A candidate hodoscope uses arrays of scintillator fibers, followed by an image intensifier and imaging system such as that proposed for the X-ray shadowgraph. A literature search was performed to ascertain the experience of other workers with hodoscopes using this or similar principles. Calculations were performed to determine the feasibility of candidate systems and some laboratory experiments were performed to attempt to check these numbers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 45-58
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  • 42
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    Local and large scale galactic gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study of the gas-to-dust ratio suggests that interstellar reddening may provide an accurate way of assessing column densities in various directions in the Galaxy. A gamma ray intensity of 7.25 x 10 to the -5th E sub B-V photon/sq cm/s/sterad is predicted for regions of the Galaxy where the medium cosmic ray density is equal to that observed close to the sun. It is found that in the longitude range of about 0-180 degrees, the large scale cosmic ray distribution producing the gamma rays follows that of extreme population I stars put in evidence by giant H II regions, and that of molecular hydrogen traced by carbon monoxide emission. The gamma-ray production exhibits a maximum at R roughly equal to 5 kpc, and practically vanishes at R not less than 11 kpc, beyond the location of the outermost H II regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 50; 2, Ju; July 197
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  • 43
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    Electrons in a closed galaxy model of cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper considers the consistency of positrons and electrons with a propagation model in which the cosmic rays are stopped by nuclear collisions or energy losses before they can escape from the Galaxy (the closed-galaxy model). The fact that no inconsistency is found between the predictions and the data implies that the protons which produce the positrons by nuclear reactions could have their origin in a large number of distant sources, as opposed to the heavier nuclei which in this model come from a more limited set of sources. The closed-galaxy model predicts steep electron and positron spectra at high energies. None of these are inconsistent with present measurements; but future measurements of the spectrum of high-energy positrons could provide a definite test for the model. The closed-galaxy model also predicts that the interstellar electron intensity below a few GeV is larger than that implied by other models. The consequence of this result is that electron bremsstrahlung is responsible for about 50% of the galactic gamma-ray emission at photon energies greater than 100 MeV
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 45; Nov. 197
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  • 44
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    Large area ion chambers for a high energy cosmic ray experiment (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High resolution measurement of the iron group nuclei was performed with the intention of determining individual abundances in the cosmic ray flux at the earth of particles with z = 22 to 30. Of the three types of dE/dx detectors used in the experiment, pulse ion chambers, Cerenkov radiators and scintillators, the first has the best z resolution over a wide range of particle z and energy. The plastic scintillators define the particle acceptance cone of the telescope while the Cerenkov detector aids in rejection of low energy particle background and measurement of particle velocity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 1-44
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  • 45
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    Measurement of the primary cosmic electron spectrum from 10 to about 250 GeV (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intensity and energy spectrum of primary cosmic electrons from 10 to about 250 GeV have been studied by using balloon-borne detectors. The detectors were large-area ionization calorimeters which sampled showering particles frequently and demonstrated an energy resolution of about 7% in calibration tests. On one of the flights a time-of-flight system and detectors to sample the lateral properties of showers were used to examine and to test background rejection. The results of the balloon flights from Alamogordo, N. Mex., in 1970 and Cape Girardeau, Mo., in 1972 indicated that the primary cosmic ray electron differential energy spectrum exhibits no change of slope in the energy range measured and is well represented by a power law. The results indicate that the cosmic electron spectrum is steeper than the cosmic ray proton spectrum. It is shown that these data are consistent with the leakage lifetime model for the propagation of cosmic electrons in the galaxy, although other more complex models cannot be excluded on the basis of these data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Aug. 1
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  • 46
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    Solar modulation and a galactic origin for the anomalous component observed in low-energy cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The current theory of solar modulation can be used to argue that the cosmic-ray component at low energies, which is observed to have an anomalous composition, is not of galactic origin, i.e., it is not a component of the galactic cosmic-ray flux. The current theory predicts, from quite general considerations, that an unreasonably large intensity of cosmic rays, by many orders of magnitude, would be required in the interstellar medium to account for the observed fluxes. Conceivably, the current modulation theory could be modified so that only reasonable interstellar fluxes are predicted. One such modification involves an unusual scheme for particle diffusion in the interplanetary medium. Particles are assumed to diffuse not as a result of their own motion among small-scale irregularities in the magnetic field, but rather in a process in which they are trapped between time-varying constrictions in the large-scale field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 206; May 15
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  • 47
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    Photonuclear interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and their astrophysical consequences (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented for detailed Monte Carlo calculations of the interaction histories of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei with intergalactic radiation fields, using improved estimates of these fields and empirical determinations of photonuclear cross sections, including multinuclear disintegrations for nuclei up to Fe-56. Intergalactic and galactic energy-loss rates and nucleon-loss rates for nuclei up to Fe-56 are also given. Astrophysical implications are discussed in terms of expected features in the cosmic-ray spectrum between 10 to the 18th and 10 to the 21st power eV for the universal and supercluster origin hypotheses. The results of these calculations indicate that ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays cannot be universal in origin regardless of whether they are protons or nuclei. Both the supercluster and galactic origin hypotheses, however, are possible regardless of nuclear composition.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; Apr. 15
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  • 48
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    Three-dimensional interplanetary stream magnetism and energetic particle motion (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cosmic rays interact with mesoscale configurations of the interplanetary magnetic field. A technique is presented for calculating such configurations in the inner solar system, which are due to streams and source conditions near the sun, and maps of magnetic field are constructed for some plausible stream and source conditions. One effect of these mesoscale configurations on galactic cosmic rays is shown to be an out-of-the-ecliptic gradient drift sufficient to explain Forbush decreases. The effects on solar energetic particles include small polar drifts due to the field gradients and a possibly large modification of the time-intensity profiles and anisotropy characteristics due to the formation of mirror configurations in space. If a diffusion model is applicable to solar particles, the true diffusion coefficient will be masked by the effects of streams. A conceptual model which incorporates these ideas and those of several other models is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
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  • 49
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    Monte Carlo investigation of thrust imbalance of solid rocket motor pairs (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Monte Carlo method of statistical analysis is used to investigate the theoretical thrust imbalance of pairs of solid rocket motors (SRMs) firing in parallel. Sets of the significant variables are selected using a random sampling technique and the imbalance calculated for a large number of motor pairs using a simplified, but comprehensive, model of the internal ballistics. The treatment of burning surface geometry allows for the variations in the ovality and alignment of the motor case and mandrel as well as those arising from differences in the basic size dimensions and propellant properties. The analysis is used to predict the thrust-time characteristics of 130 randomly selected pairs of Titan IIIC SRMs. A statistical comparison of the results with test data for 20 pairs shows the theory underpredicts the standard deviation in maximum thrust imbalance by 20% with variability in burning times matched within 2%. The range in thrust imbalance of Space Shuttle type SRM pairs is also estimated using applicable tolerances and variabilities and a correction factor based on the Titan IIIC analysis.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 13; Apr. 197
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  • 50
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    The interplanetary acceleration of energetic nucleons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Corotating proton and electron streams are the dominant type of low-energy (i.e., 0.1-10 MeV per nucleon) particle event observed at 1 AU. The radial dependence of these events has been studied between 1 and 4 AU using essentially identical low-energy detector systems on IMP-7, Pioneer-10, and Pioneer-11. It had been expected that at a given energy, the intensity of these streams would decrease rapidly with heliocentric distance due to the effects of interplanetary adiabatic deceleration. Instead, it is observed that from event to event, the intensity either remains roughly constant or increases significantly (more than an order of magnitude) between 1 and 4 AU. It appears that interplanetary acceleration processes are the most plausible explanation. Several possible acceleration models are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
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  • 51
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    Evaluation of clad scintillating light pipes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Arrays of fibers made of scintillating material were used as position-sensitive detectors or hodoscopes for beam-finding at ion accelerators. Experiments were made with alpha's from an Am241 source incident upon one end of the fiber, the other end being viewed with a photomultiplier tube. The scintillation light was not detected in any of the fibers tested beyond about 5 cm. The effective useful lengths for detection of relativistic heavy ions were given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 59-63
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  • 52
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    High temperature reformation of aluminum and chlorine compounds behind the Mach disk of a solid-fuel rocket exhaust (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Chemical reactions expected to occur among the constituents of solid-fuel rocket engine effluents in the hot region behind a Mach disk are analyzed theoretically. With the use of a rocket plume model that assumes the flow to be separated in the base region, and a chemical reaction scheme that includes evaporation of alumina and the associated reactions of 17 gas species, the reformation of the effluent is calculated. It is shown that AlClO and AlOH are produced in exchange for a corresponding reduction in the amounts of HCl and Al2O3. For the case of the space shuttle booster engines, up to 2% of the original mass of the rocket fuel can possibly be converted to these two new species and deposited in the atmosphere between the altitudes of 10 and 40 km. No adverse effects on the atmospheric environment are anticipated with the addition of these two new species.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 10; 9, 19; 1976
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  • 53
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    Significance of medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy in the study of cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper examines the medium-energy (about 10-30 MeV) galactic gamma-ray radiation from primary and secondary electrons and calculates the expected gamma-ray distribution for the specific model of Bignami et al. (1975) on the assumption that the cosmic rays are correlated with the matter on the scale of galactic arms. The energy spectrum typical of regions near the galactic center indicates a dramatic shift from a predominantly cosmic-ray nucleonic mechanism at higher energies to a cosmic-ray electron mechanism at the lower energies. This provides a most important and direct means of probing the cosmic-ray electrons as a function of galactic position by making gamma-ray observations in the few to 40 MeV energy range. Medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy is shown to be a valuable tool in galactic research.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 208; Aug. 15
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  • 54
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    Advances in gamma-ray burst astronomy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper reviews the current status of observational research into the highly puzzling problem of cosmic gamma-ray bursts. Up to now there is no convincing temporal or spatial correlation with any known celestial processes or objects. The typical burst source strength is somewhere between 10 to the 26th power ergs and 10 to the 52nd power ergs. A list of 39 confirmed and 9 unconfirmed cosmic gamma-ray bursts observed by satellite is given, showing times of occurrence and in some cases, the size in erg per square centimeter. Several approaches to the problem of source object identification are discussed: (1) accumulation of observation statistics with their present poor resolution and research for correlative phenomena, (2) mapping out celestial source distributions with moderate resolution in order to search for galactic or other anisotropies in direction or to look for repeating source regions, and (3) very high-accuracy localization of the source directions of one or several bursts in order to pinpoint a tiny fraction of the celestial sphere for correlative radio, optical and X-ray studies. Planned future instrumentation for deep space probes and multiple-balloon studies is described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 55
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    A nonlinear theory of cosmic-ray pitch-angle diffusion in homogeneous magnetostatic turbulence (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A plasma strong turbulence, weak coupling, theory is applied to the problem of cosmic-ray pitch-angle scattering in magnetostatic turbulence. The theory used is a rigorous generalization of Weinstock's 'resonance broadening' theory and contains no ad hoc approximations. A detailed calculation is presented for a model of 'slab' turbulence with an exponential correlation function. The results agree well with numerical simulations. The rigidity dependence of the pitch-angle scattering coefficient differs from that found by previous researchers. The differences result from an inadequate treatment of particle trajectories near 90 deg pitch angle in earlier work.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 204; Mar. 15
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  • 56
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    Cosmic-ray positron and negatron spectra between 20 and 800 MeV measured in 1974 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The flux density of cosmic-ray positrons and electrons was measured by a balloon-borne spark chamber magnetic spectrometer in two flights in an attempt to study the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. The total electron flux was found to be about 0.03/cu m/s/sr/MeV between 70 and 800 MeV and to increase toward lower energies, while the positron flux decreased sharply toward lower energies from about 0.008/cu m/s/sr/MeV at 650 MeV and only upper limits were obtained for positrons below 200 MeV. At energies above 180 MeV, the spherically symmetrical Fokker-Planck equation with a diffusion coefficient proportional to the particle rigidity provided a reasonable fit to both positron and total electron data, while at energies below 180 MeV, the data were consistent with a continuation of the same diffusion coefficient and local source of electrons, or a change in the diffusion coefficient to a constant value.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 204; Mar. 15
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  • 57
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    Ionising flux of cosmic background radiation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The indirect method of estimating the diffuse metagalactic flux of ionizing radiation proposed by Sunyaev (1969) is reconsidered in the light of further studies of the interaction of this radiation with galactic gas. An upper limit is derived for the intensity of the metagalactic background radiation to which the neutral interstellar medium is exposed. This limit on the ionizing radiation flux severely restricts the emission from a galactic corona containing gas in the temperature range 100,000 to 1,000,000 K. An upper limit of 10 to the 29.2 erg/sec/Hz is obtained for the mean luminosity radiated by a quasar in the energy band 40-170 eV. The 21-cm observations examined indicate that further than about 30 kpc from the center of the galaxy self-shielding by H II is possible only when the critical metagalactic ionizing flux is not exceeded.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 260; Apr. 8
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  • 58
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    Solar-cosmic-ray variability (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 81-86
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  • 59
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    Flow field for an underexpanded, supersonic nozzle exhausting into an expansive launch tube (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Static pressure distributions along the launcher wall and pitot pressure measurements from the annular region between the rocket and the launcher were made as an underexpanded supersonic nozzle exhausted into an expansive launch tube. The flow remained supersonic along the entire length of the launcher for all nozzle locations studied.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 4; p 1665-1671
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  • 60
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    Cosmic ray modulation in three dimensions (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief critique of spherically symmetric conventional modulation theory is supplied. Estimates are made of the cosmic ray intensity at high solar latitudes. Direct evidence for significant off-ecliptic cosmic ray gradients is reviewed in support of the requirement for an off-ecliptic spacecraft mission. The possibility of measuring the galactic spectrum is discussed. The effect of interplanetary magnetic fields on cosmic ray motion is examined, and calculations (Fokker-Planck equation) are shown.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 210-230
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  • 61
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    Modulation of trapped energetic electrons at 6.6 earth radii by the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energetic (energies greater than 1.6 and 3.9 MeV) trapped electron fluxes observed at the synchronous altitude during 1974 and 1975 by an experiment aboard ATS-6 exhibit a modulation in intensity which is correlated with the passage of sector-structure boundaries of the interplanetary magnetic field past the earth. The electron fluxes reach equilibrium intensities during the time the magnetosphere is in a given IMF sector; these fluxes are highest in the fall for (+) sectors and highest in the spring for (-) sectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; May 1976
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  • 62
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    The absorption of trapped particles by the inner satellites of Jupiter and the radial diffusion coefficient of particle transport (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The process of trapped particle absorption by the inner Jovian satellites is considered in detail taking into account both the particle and satellite motions in a magnetic dipole field which is displaced from the center of the planet and tilted with respect to the planetary rotation axis. An expression is derived for computing the sweeping time at a given satellite, defined as the time required for the satellite to sweep up a given fraction of the trapped particles within its sweeping region. By making use of the sweeping time and the radial diffusion equation of particle transport approximate expressions for the diffusion coefficient are derived. Measurements obtained by Pioneer 10 are then used to obtain estimates of the diffusion coefficient at the orbits of Io and Europa. We find that the diffusion coefficient is a function of energy and magnetic latitude for electrons in the energy range 0.7-14 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Mar. 1
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  • 63
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    Design analogy between optimal time-fuel and rate-ledge relay controllers (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An empirically obtained reaction control jet relay control law with deadband is used as the basis for determining an equivalent weighted time-fuel optimal switching curve according to a least-squares criterion. The derived transformation from the empirical to the optimal law is found to be reversible and to yield a unique transformed control law. The proposed method provides a basis for determining the behavior of an easily implemented relay control law using well-known optimal control results, as well as determining the equivalent relay law corresponding to an analytically determined optimal control law. A numerical example illustrates the transformation technique and simulation results are presented to compare the two control laws.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 13; Apr. 197
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  • 64
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    A cosmic gamma-ray burst on 1975 May 14 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cosmic gamma-ray burst is described which was observed from a balloon with a double-scatter gamma-ray telescope. The observed burst had a rise time of about 0.15 sec, a duration of 0.11 sec, and variations on a time scale of 5 msec. The variations are shown to imply a maximum source dimension of 1500 km. The integral energy distribution of the burst is determined along with the total energy above 0.5 MeV. The direction of the source is found, with 90% confidence, to be limited to a circle with a radius of 25 deg centered at +39 deg galactic latitude and 40 deg galactic longitude. Two additional candidate bursts observed with the same telescope are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
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  • 65
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    Liquid rocket engine injectors (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The injector in a liquid rocket engine atomizes and mixes the fuel with the oxidizer to produce efficient and stable combustion that will provide the required thrust without endangering hardware durability. Injectors usually take the form of a perforated disk at the head of the rocket engine combustion chamber, and have varied from a few inches to more than a yard in diameter. This monograph treats specifically bipropellant injectors, emphasis being placed on the liquid/liquid and liquid/gas injectors that have been developed for and used in flight-proven engines. The information provided has limited application to monopropellant injectors and gas/gas propellant systems. Critical problems that may arise during injector development and the approaches that lead to successful design are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-SP-8089
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  • 66
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    Cusped magnetic field mercury ion thruster (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The importance of a uniform current density profile in the exhaust beam of an electrostatic ion thruster is discussed in terms of thrust level and accelerator system lifetime. A residence time approach is used to explain the nonuniform beam current density profile of the divergent magnetic field thruster. Mathematical expressions are derived which relate the thruster discharge power loss, propellant utilization, and double to single ion density ratio to the geometry and plasma properties of the discharge chamber. These relationships are applied to a cylindrical discharge chamber model of the thruster. Experimental results are presented for a wide range of the discharge chamber length. The thruster designed for this investigation was operated with a cusped magnetic field as well as a divergent field geometry, and the cusped field geometry is shown to be superior from the standpoint of beam profile uniformity, performance, and double ion population.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-135047
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    Space shuttle engineering and operations support. Orbiter to spacelab electrical power interface. Avionics system engineering (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results are presented of an investigation of the factors which affect the determination of Spacelab (S/L) minimum interface main dc voltage and available power from the orbiter. The dedicated fuel cell mode of powering the S/L is examined along with the minimum S/L interface voltage and available power using the predicted fuel cell power plant performance curves. The values obtained are slightly lower than current estimates and represent a more marginal operating condition than previously estimated.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-147834 , REPT-1.3-DN-C0504-036
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    Reanalysis of the Apollo cosmic gamma-ray spectrum in the 0.3 to 10 MeV energy region (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Additional data obtained from the Apollo-16 and -17 missions, together with collateral calculations on background radiation effects, have enabled an improved subtraction of unwanted backgrounds from the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray data previously reported from Apollo-15. As a result, the 1- to 10-MeV spectrum is lowered significantly and connects smoothly with recent data at other energies. The inflection reported previously is much less pronounced and has no more than a 1.5-sigma significance. Sky occultation by the Apollo-16 spacecraft shows the bulk of the 0.3- to 1-MeV radiation to be diffuse. The analysis of spurious backgrounds points to important improvements for future experiments designed for this spectral region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71150 , X-682-76-128
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    Computer subroutines for the estimation of nuclear reaction effects in proton-tissue-dose calculations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculational methods for estimation of dose from external proton exposure of arbitrary convex bodies are briefly reviewed. All the necessary information for the estimation of dose in soft tissue is presented. Special emphasis is placed on retaining the effects of nuclear reaction, especially in relation to the dose equivalent. Computer subroutines to evaluate all of the relevant functions are discussed. Nuclear reaction contributions for standard space radiations are in most cases found to be significant. Many of the existing computer programs for estimating dose in which nuclear reaction effects are neglected can be readily converted to include nuclear reaction effects by use of the subroutines described herein.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3388
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    Rocket engine thrust chamber wall temperature distribution calculation and analysis (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analytical computational concept is presented which predicts the temperature profiles along a regeneratively cooled thrust chamber wall on the hot gas side and on the coolant side, and also the coolant bulk temperature profile. The computational model is based upon a coupling of the boundary layer heat transfer process with the heat transfer process through the chamber wall and the coolant flow heat absorption. The calculation is started with approximate temperature distributions for the hot gas side wall and the coolant flow. The iteration process of the computer program is terminated when the total heat transfer rates from the hot gas boundary layer to the wall and from the wall to the coolant are equal. The computer program for the integration of regenerative cooling process to a thrust chamber is kept general such that this program can be used with any boundary layer analysis computer program for temperature profile and heat transfer studies. A sample application of this concept is shown by using a boundary layer analysis program for the RL10 rocket engine thrust chamber.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-148288
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  • 71
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    Prediction of the diffuse far infrared flux from the galactic plane (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A basic model and simple numerical relations useful for future far infrared studies of the galaxy are presented. Making use of recent CO and other galactic surveys, the diffuse far infrared flux distribution from the galactic plane as a function of galactic longitude alternate theta for 4 deg or = alternate theta or = 90 and the far infrared emissivity as a function of galactocentric distance is predicted. Future measurements of the galactic far infrared flux would yield valuable information on the physical properties and distribution of dust and molecular clouds in the galaxy, particularly the inner region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71125 , X-602-76-107
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  • 72
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    Energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei: 4z26 and .3E2 GeV/amu (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei in the charge range 5 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 26 have been derived from the response of an acrylic plastic Cerenkov detector. Data were obtained using a balloon borne detector and cover the energy range 320 is approximately less than e approximately less than 2200 MeV. amu. Spectra are derived from a formal deconvolution using the method of Lezniak (1975). Relative spectra of different elements are compared by observing charge ratios. Secondary primary ratios are observed to decrease with increasing energy, consistent with the effect previously observed at higher energy. Primary to primary ratios are constant for 6 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 26 and 14 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 26 but vary for 10 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 14. This data is found to be consistent with existing data where comparable and lends strong support ot the idea of two separate source populations contributing to the cosmic ray composition.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71133 , X-661-76-132
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  • 73
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    Dependence of the charge exchange lifetimes on mirror latitude (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The dependence of the charge exchange lifetimes on the mirror latitude for ions mirroring off the geomagnetic equator was re-computed using the improved hydrogen distribution models. The Chamberlain model was used to define the spatial distribution of the neutral hydrogen environment through which the ring current ions traverse. The resultant dependence of the charge exchange lifetime on mirror latitude is best fitted by the approximation that contains the charge exchange lifetime for equatorial particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71126 , X-626-76-115
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  • 74
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    SAS-2 gamma-ray observations of PSR 1747-46 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations with the SAS-2 high energy ( 35 MeV) gamma-ray telescope show evidence of gamma-ray emission from the radio pulsar PSR 1747-46. When the arrival times of gamma-rays from the region of the pulsar were converted to pulsar phases using the radio period and period derivative, a single peak was found in the phase plot, with a Poisson probability of occurring by chance of .00008. Independently, the time-averaged data for the PSR 1747-46 region show an enhancement over the surrounding region of the sky at the same galactic latitude, with a Poisson probability of chance occurrence of less than .008. The probability that these results are chance is the product of these two probabilities times the number of radio pulsars examined (73). This overall probability is sufficiently small (.00005) to suggest an identification of a new gamma-ray pulsar. In the gamma-ray pulsar plot, the peak falls 0.16 + or - 0.03 period after the radio pulsar peak. This phase shift is, within uncertainties, the same as that observed between the single radio peak and the first of the two gamma-ray peaks seen in the phase plot for PSR-0833-45 (the Vela pulsar).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71121 , X-662-76-94
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    Unified computer codes: Properties data for low cost nozzle materials (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of the analytic capability to predict the thermal ablation response of promising low cost materials for rocket nozzles is presented.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-144315 , TR-76-9
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    Beam efflux measurements (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements have been made of the high energy thrust ions, (Group I), high angle/high energy ions (Group II), and high angle/low energy ions (Group IV) of a mercury electron bombardment thruster in the angular divergence range from 0 deg to greater than 90 deg. The measurements have been made as a function of thrust ion current, propellant utilization efficiency, bombardment discharge voltage, screen and accelerator grid potential (accel-decel ratio) and neutralizer keeper potential. The shape of the Group IV (charge exchange) ion plume has remained essentially fixed within the range of variation of the engine operation parameters. The magnitude of the charge exchange ion flux scales with thrust ion current, for good propellant utilization conditions. For fixed thrust ion current, charge exchange ion flux increases for diminishing propellant utilization efficiency. Facility effects influence experimental accuracies within the range of propellant utilization efficiency used in the experiments. The flux of high angle/high energy Group II ions is significantly diminished by the use of minimum decel voltages on the accelerator grid. A computer model of charge exchange ion production and motion has been developed. The program allows computation of charge exchange ion volume production rate, total production rate, and charge exchange ion trajectories for "genuine" and "facilities effects" particles. In the computed flux deposition patterns, the Group I and Group IV ion plumes exhibit a counter motion.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-135038
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    Tank head idle oxygen heat exchanger development for tug engine (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design, fabrication, and test for a breadboard oxygen heat exchanger is reported. This assembly will be used for the tank head idle mode operation of the RL10 Derivative II space tug main engine.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-144313 , FR-7498
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  • 78
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    Solid rocket booster thermal radiation model. Volume 2: User's manual (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A user's manual was prepared for the computer program of a solid rocket booster (SRB) thermal radiation model. The following information was included: (1) structure of the program, (2) input information required, (3) examples of input cards and output printout, (4) program characteristics, and (5) program listing.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-144301 , LMSC-HREC-TR-D496763-VOL-2
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  • 79
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    System tests with electric thruster beam and accelerator directly powered from laboratory solar arrays (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Laboratory high voltage solar arrays were operated directly connected to power the beam and accelerator loads of an 8-centimeter ion thruster. The beam array comprised conventional 2 by 2 centimeter solar cells; the accelerator array comprised multiple junction edge-illuminated solar cells. Conventional laboratory power supplies powered the thruster's other loads. Tests were made to evaluate thruster performance and to investigate possible electrical interactions between the solar arrays and the thruster. Thruster performance was the same as with conventional laboratory beam and accelerator power supplies. Most of the thruster beam short circuits that occurred during solar array operation were cleared spontaneously without automatic or manual intervention. No spontaneous clearing occurred during conventional power supply operation.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3353 , E-8546
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  • 80
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    Double ion production in mercury thrusters (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of a model which predicts doubly charged ion density is discussed. The accuracy of the model is shown to be good for two different thruster sizes and a total of 11 different cases. The model indicates that in most cases more than 80% of the doubly charged ions are produced from singly charged ions. This result can be used to develop a much simpler model which, along with correlations of the average plasma properties, can be used to determine the doubly charged ion density in ion thrusters with acceptable accuracy. Two different techniques which can be used to reduce the doubly charged ion density while maintaining good thruster operation, are identified as a result of an examination of the simple model. First, the electron density can be reduced and the thruster size then increased to maintain the same propellant utilization. Second, at a fixed thruster size, the plasma density, temperature and energy can be reduced and then to maintain a constant propellant utilization the open area of the grids to neutral propellant loss can be reduced through the use of a small hole accelerator grid.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-135019
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    Energetic particles of the outer regions of planetary magnetospheres (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High energy particles, with energies above those attainable by adiabatic or steady-state electric field acceleration, have been observed in and around the outer regions of planetary magnetospheres. Acceleration by large amplitude sporadic cross-tail electric fields over an order of magnitude greater than steady-state convection fields is proposed as a source of these particles. It is suggested that such explosive electric fields will occur intermittently in the vicinity of the tail neutral line in the expansive phase of substorms. Laboratory and satellite evidence are used to estimate this electric potential for substorms at earth; values of 500 kilovolts to 2 megavolts are calculated, in agreement with particle observations. It is further suggested that these particles, which have been accelerated in the night side magnetosphere, drift to the dayside on closed field lines, and under certain interplanetary conditions can escape to regions upstream of the bow shock.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146582 , JPL-TM-33-766
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  • 82
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    Summary of nozzle-exhaust plume flowfield analyses performed in support of space shuttle applications (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are summarized of various analyses of the exhaust plumes of the space shuttle. Specific topics discussed included: the development of the two-phase plume flow field model, including finite rate chemistry and free molecular effects; analyses of exhaust plume simulation studies; verification of the analytical two-phase plume flow field model; and complete documentation of the two-phase plume computer code.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-147529 , LMSC-HREC-TR-D496700
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    Assessment of analytical and experimental techniques utilized in conducting plume technology tests 575 and 593 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Since exhaust plumes affect vehicle base environment (pressure and heat loads) and the orbiter vehicle aerodynamic control surface effectiveness, an intensive program involving detailed analytical and experimental investigations of the exhaust plume/vehicle interaction was undertaken as a pertinent part of the overall space shuttle development program. The program, called the Plume Technology program, has as its objective the determination of the criteria for simulating rocket engine (in particular, space shuttle propulsion system) plume-induced aerodynamic effects in a wind tunnel environment. The comprehensive experimental program was conducted using test facilities at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and Ames Research Center. A post-test examination of some of the experimental results obtained from NASA-MSFC's 14 x 14-inch trisonic wind tunnel is presented. A description is given of the test facility, simulant gas supply system, nozzle hardware, test procedure and test matrix. Analysis of exhaust plume flow fields and comparison of analytical and experimental exhaust plume data are presented.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-147530 , LMSC-HREC-TM-D496602
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    Supersonic flow of chemically reacting gas-particle mixtures. Volume 1: A theoretical analysis and development of the numerical solution (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A numerical solution for chemically reacting supersonic gas-particle flows in rocket nozzles and exhaust plumes was described. The gas-particle flow solution is fully coupled in that the effects of particle drag and heat transfer between the gas and particle phases are treated. Gas and particles exchange momentum via the drag exerted on the gas by the particles. Energy is exchanged between the phases via heat transfer (convection and/or radiation). Thermochemistry calculations (chemical equilibrium, frozen or chemical kinetics) were shown to be uncoupled from the flow solution and, as such, can be solved separately. The solution to the set of governing equations is obtained by utilizing the method of characteristics. The equations cast in characteristic form are shown to be formally the same for ideal, frozen, chemical equilibrium and chemical non-equilibrium reacting gas mixtures. The particle distribution is represented in the numerical solution by a finite distribution of particle sizes.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-147531 , LMSC-HREC-TR-D496555-VOL-1
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    Simulation of an ion thruster control system (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of an initial effort to model the control loops of a 30-cm diameter electron bombardment thruster and a transistorized power processor predicting its operation were described. Data from which the model is made is presented as well as comparisons between the computer outputs and test data from the JPL Solar Electric Propulsion systems laboratory.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-146580 , JPL-TM-33-755
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  • 86
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    Supersonic Flow of Chemically Reacting Gas-Particle Mixtures. Volume 2: RAMP - A Computer Code for Analysis of Chemically Reacting Gas-Particle Flows (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computer program written in conjunction with the numerical solution of the flow of chemically reacting gas-particle mixtures was documented. The solution to the set of governing equations was obtained by utilizing the method of characteristics. The equations cast in characteristic form were shown to be formally the same for ideal, frozen, chemical equilibrium and chemical non-equilibrium reacting gas mixtures. The characteristic directions for the gas-particle system are found to be the conventional gas Mach lines, the gas streamlines and the particle streamlines. The basic mesh construction for the flow solution is along streamlines and normals to the streamlines for axisymmetric or two-dimensional flow. The analysis gives detailed information of the supersonic flow and provides for a continuous solution of the nozzle and exhaust plume flow fields. Boundary conditions for the flow solution are either the nozzle wall or the exhaust plume boundary.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-147532 , LMSC-HREC-TR-D496555-VOL-2
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  • 87
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    Method of constructing dished ion thruster grids to provide hole array spacing compensation (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The center-to-center spacings of a photoresist pattern for an array of holes applied to a thin metal sheet are increased by uniformly stretching the thin metal sheet in all directions along the plane of the sheet. The uniform stretching is provided by securely clamping the periphery of the sheet and applying an annular force against the face of the sheet, within the periphery of the sheet and around the photoresist pattern. The technique is used in the construction of ion thruster grid units where the outer or downstream grid is subjected to uniform stretching prior to convex molding. The technique provides alignment of the holes of grid pairs so as to direct the ion beamlets in a direction parallel to the axis of the grid unit and thereby provide optimization of the available thrust.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 88
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    System for imposing directional stability on a rocket-propelled vehicle (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An improved system for use in imposing directional stability on a rocket-propelled vehicle is described. The system includes a pivotally supported engine-mounting platform, a gimbal ring mounted on the platform and adapted to pivotally support a rocket engine and an hydraulic actuator connected to the platform for imparting selected pivotal motion. An accelerometer and a signal comparator circuit for providing error intelligence indicative of aberration in vehicle acceleration is included along with an actuator control circuit connected with the actuator and responsive to error intelligence for imparting pivotal motion to the platform. Relocation of the engine's thrust vector is thus achieved for imparting directional stability to the vehicle.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
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  • 89
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    Theoretical evaluation of rigid baffles in the suppression of combustion instability (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analytical technique for the prediction of the effects of rigid baffles on the stability of liquid propellant combustors is presented. This analysis employs both two and three dimensional combustor models characterized by concentrated combustion sources at the chamber injector and a constant Mach number nozzle. An eigenfunction-matching method is used to solve the linearized partial differential equations describing the unsteady flow field for both models. Boundary layer corrections to this unsteady flow are in a mechanical energy dissipation model to evaluate viscous and turbulence effects within the flow. An integral instability relationship is then employed to predict the decay rate of the oscillations. Results of this analysis agree qualitatively with experimental observations and show that sufficient dissipation exists to indicate that the proper mechanism of baffle damping is a fluid dynamic loss. The response of the dissipation model to varying baffle blade length, mean flow Mach number, oscillation amplitude, baffle configuration, and oscillation mode is examined.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-134986
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  • 90
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    Feasibility study of launch vehicle ground cloud neutralization (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The distribution of hydrogen chloride in the cloud was analyzed as a function of launch pad geometry and rate of rise of the vehicle during the first 24 sec of burn in order to define neutralization requirements. Delivery systems of various types were developed in order to bring the proposed chemical agents in close contact with the hydrogen chloride. Approximately one-third of the total neutralizing agent required can be delivered from a ground installed system at the launch pad; concentrated sodium carbonate solution is the preferred choice of agent for this launch pad system. Two-thirds of the neutralization requirement appears to need delivery by aircraft. Only one chemical agent (ammonia) may be reasonably considered for delivery by aircraft, because weight and bulk of all other agents are too large.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-145000
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  • 91
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    Mariner Jupiter/Saturn LCSSE thruster/valve assembly and injection propulsion unit rocket engine assemblies: 0.2-lbf T/VA development and margin limit test report, addendum (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Capillary tube plugging phenomena on the 0.2-lbf thruster/valve assembly was examined. Vibration tests were conducted in the nozzle up attitude. Failure to fire caused by blockage of the capillary tube by catalyst fines was observed after vibration. Water flushing and previbration hot firing were used to remove the fines.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-148543 , RRC-76-R-499-ADD
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  • 92
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    SRB attrition rate study of the aft skirt due to water impact cavity collapse loading (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A methodology was presented so that realistic attrition prediction could aid in selecting an optimum design option for minimizing the effects of updated loads on the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) aft skirt. The updated loads resulted in water impact attrition rates greater than 10 percent for the aft skirt structure. Adding weight to reinforce the aft skirt was undesirable. The refined method treats the occurrences of the load distribution probabilistically, radially and longitudinally, with respect to the critical structural response.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73308
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  • 93
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    Three dimensional thrust chamber life prediction (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study was performed to analytically determine the cyclic thermomechanical behavior and fatigue life of three configurations of a Plug Nozzle Thrust Chamber. This thrust chamber is a test model which represents the current trend in nozzle design calling for high performance coupled with weight and volume limitations as well as extended life for reusability. The study involved the use of different materials and material combinations to evaluate their application to the problem of low-cycle fatigue in the thrust chamber. The thermal and structural analyses were carried out on a three-dimensional basis. Results are presented which show plots of continuous temperature histories and temperature distributions at selected times during the operating cycle of the thrust chamber. Computed structural data show critical regions for low-cycle fatigue and the histories of strain within the regions for each operation cycle.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-CR-134979 , D180-19309-1
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    A search of the SAS-2 data for pulsed gamma-ray emission from radio pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray experiment were examined for pulsed emission from each of 75 radio pulsars which were viewed by the instrument and which have sufficiently well defined period and period derivative information from radio observations to allow for gamma ray periodicity searches. When gamma ray arrival times were converted to pulsar phase using the radio reference timing information, two pulsars, PSR 1747-46 and PSR 1818-04, showed positive effects, each with a probability less than 0.0001 of being a random fluctuation in the data for that pulsar. These are in addition to PSR 0531+21 and PSR 0833-45, previously reported. The results of this study suggest that gamma-ray astronomy has reached the detection threshold for gamma ray pulsars and that work in the near future should give important information on the nature of pulsars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71090 , X-662-76-51
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    On the Age of Cosmic Rays as Derived from the Abundance of Be-10 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The isotopic composition of cosmic ray Be, B, C, and N was studied using a new range versus total light technique. Special emphasis was placed on the Be isotopes and in particular, on the radioactive isotope Be-10 due to its mean lifetime against decay. The experiment consisted of a thin trigger scintillator, an acrylic plastic Cerenkov detector and a spark chamber, followed by a totally active stack of 14 scintillation detectors. This stack of scintillators made possible the measurement of range, and also permitted the removal of interacting events by continuously monitoring their identities along their trajectories. The experiment was carried by balloon to atmospheric depths ranging from 3.5 to 5.0 g sq cm residual atmosphere for a total exposure time of 23 hr. Results indicate the survival of ( 55 + or -21) % of the Be-10 in the arriving cosmic rays; the data were interpreted using the leaky box model of cosmic ray propagation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71085 , X-660-76-54
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  • 96
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    The 0.040-scale space shuttle orbiter base heating model tests in the Lewis Research Center space power facility (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Space shuttle base heating tests were conducted using a 0.040-scale model in the Plum Brook Space Power Facility of The NASA Lewis Research Center. The tests measured heat transfer rates, pressure distributions, and gas recovery temperatures on the orbiter vehicle 2A base configuration resulting from engine plume impingement. One hundred and sixty-eight hydrogen-oxygen engine firings were made at simulated flight altitudes ranging from 120,000 to 360,000 feet.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71843 , E-8568
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  • 97
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    Effect of tip clearance on performance of small axial hydraulic turbine (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The first two stages of a six stage liquid oxygen turbine were tested in water. One and two stage performance was determined for one shrouded and two unshrouded blade end configurations over ranges of clearance and blade-jet speed ratio. First stage, two stage, and second stage efficiencies are included as well as the effect of clearance on mass flow for two stage operation.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3339 , E-8370
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  • 98
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    The effects of solid rocket motor effluents on selected surfaces and solid particle size, distribution, and composition for simulated shuttle booster separation motors (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A series of three tests was conducted using solid rocket propellants to determine the effects a solid rocket plume would have on thermal protective surfaces (TPS). The surfaces tested were those which are baselined for the shuttle vehicle. The propellants used were to simulate the separation solid rocket motors (SSRM) that separate the solid rocket boosters (SRB) from the shuttle launch vehicle. Data cover: (1) the optical effects of the plume environment on spacecraft related surfaces, and (2) the solid particle size, distribution, and composition at TPS sample locations.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64975
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  • 99
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    Mini-cavity plasma core reactors for dual-mode space nuclear power/propulsion systems (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A mini-cavity plasma core reactor is investigated for potential use in a dual-mode space power and propulsion system. In the propulsive mode, hydrogen propellant is injected radially inward through the reactor solid regions and into the cavity. The propellant is heated by both solid driver fuel elements surrounding the cavity and uranium plasma before it is exhausted out the nozzle. The propellant only removes a fraction of the driver power, the remainder is transferred by a coolant fluid to a power conversion system, which incorporates a radiator for heat rejection. Neutronic feasibility of dual mode operation and smaller reactor sizes than those previously investigated are shown to be possible. A heat transfer analysis of one such reactor shows that the dual-mode concept is applicable when power generation mode thermal power levels are within the same order of magnitude as direct thrust mode thermal power levels.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Partially Ionized Plasmas, Including the 3rd Symp. on Uranium Plasmas; p 217-223
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  • 100
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    Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster applications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Advance study activities within NASA indicate that electric propulsion will be required to make certain types of potential missions feasible. The large power levels under consideration make magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters a good candidate for these applications since this type of electric thruster is best suited to operation at high power levels. This paper examines the status of the magnetoplasmadynamic thruster and compares it to the ion thruster which also is a candidate. The use of these two types of electric propulsion devices for orbit raising of a self-powered large satellite is examined from a cost standpoint. In addition the use of nuclear electric propulsion is described for use as both a near-earth space tug and for an interplanetary exploration vehicle. These preliminary examinations indicate that the magnetoplasmadynamic thruster is the lowest cost thruster and therefore merits serious consideration for these applications.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Princeton Univ. Partially Ionized Plasmas, Including the 3rd Symp. on Uranium Plasmas; p 211-216
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