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  • Other Sources  (279)
  • SPACE TRANSPORTATION  (141)
  • 42.75
  • Animals
  • BSSA
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  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1975-1979  (279)
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1976  (279)
  • 1
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    Dynamics of an expanding circular fault (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., San Francisco, Pergamon, vol. 66, no. 5496, pp. 639-666, pp. B05315, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: SModelling ; Source mechanics ; Source ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    An analysis of tidal strain observations from the United States of America II. The inhomogeneous tide (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., San Francisco, Pergamon, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1821-1846, pp. 1246
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Earth tides ; TIDES ; Inhomogeneity ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    The mechanics of locating earthquakes (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Tulsa, 3-4, vol. 66, no. 3-4, pp. 173-187, pp. B09405, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location ; AUD ; Hypocenter determination ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Time-domain determination of earthquake fault parameters from short-period P-waves (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Roma, Polish Geothermal Association, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 1459-1484, pp. B05406, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: High frequency ... ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Responsibilities in earthquake prediction (1976)
    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Tokyo, Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 2069-2074, pp. 8043
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; ethics ; Seismology ; society ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    The effect of tectonic stress release on explosion P-wave signatures (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Hannover, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 66, no. 40, pp. 1441-1457, pp. L08305
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Nuclear explosion ; Stress ; P-waves ; Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Seismicity of northern Anatolia (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., London, Geological Society, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 843-868, pp. L24307, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Turkey ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Simplified procedures for estimating the fundamental period of a soil profile (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Amsterdam, Academic Press (Elsevier), vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 1293-1321, pp. 2486, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Site amplification ; Spectrum ; method ; noksp ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    A two-dimensional analysis of surface deformation due to dip-slip faulting (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Heidelberg, 1, vol. 66, no. 4-5, pp. 667-675, pp. B01401, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Elasticity ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    Scaling relations for earthquake source parameters and magnitudes (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Regensburg, Inst. Electrical & Electronics Engineers, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1501-1523, pp. TC5001, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Magnitude ; Source ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 11
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    Body force equivalents for stress-drop seismic sources (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Regensburg, Inst. Electrical & Electronics Engineers, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1801-1804, pp. TC5001, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Body waves ; Stress drop ; Elasticity ; Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 12
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    Abnormal seismology (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Warszawa, Elsevier, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 617-623, pp. 2091, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Seismology ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 13
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    Inversion of the body waves from the Borrego Mountain earthquake to the source mechanism (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Hannover, FU Berlin, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1485-1499, pp. 5091692, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Inversion ; Body waves ; Earthquake ; Source ; Source parameters ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 14
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    Seismic characteristics of southeast Missouri as indicated by a regional telemetered microearthquake array (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Houston, Akademie-Verlag, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1953-1964, pp. L08310, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Seismology ; Teleseismic events ; Seismic arrays ; Schafer ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 15
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    A portable digital seismic recorder with event recording capability (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., New York, Scientific American, vol. 66, no. Nov., pp. 979-985, pp. B10302, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Seismology ; Instruments ; Detectors ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 16
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    Preliminary empirical model for scaling Fourier amplitude spectra of strong ground acceleration in terms of earthquake magnitude, source-to-station distance and recording site conditions (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Warszawa, EGS, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 1343-1373, pp. 1089, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Site amplification ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Spectrum ; Strong motions ; Magnitude ; Attenuation ; Modelling ; noksp ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 17
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    Automatic seismic array and network detection (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Hannover, Elsevier, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 1375-1380, pp. L15S14, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Detectors ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; ARRAY ; Seismic networks ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 18
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    A computer program for the application Zoeppritz's amplitude equations and Knott's energy equations (1976)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Corvallis, x + 406 pp., Oregon State University Press, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 1881-1885, pp. L13610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: EDV ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; Amplitude ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Reflectivity ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 19
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    Gamma rays, cosmic rays and galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Working primarily from the recent SAS-2 observations of galactic gamma rays, the relation of these observations to the large scale distribution of cosmic rays and interstellar gas in the galaxy is reviewed and reexamined. Starting with a discussion of production rates, the case for pion decay being the predominant production mechanism in the galactic disk above 100 MeV is reestablished and it is also pointed out that Compton gamma rays can be a significant source. To facilitate discussion, the concepts of four distinct galactic regions are defined, viz. the nebulodisk, ectodisk, radiodisk and exodisk. Bremsstrahlung and pion decay gamma rays are associated with the first two (primarily the first) regions, and Compton gamma rays and synchrotron radiation are associated with the latter two regions. On a large scale, the cosmic rays, interstellar gas (primarily H2 clouds in the inner galaxy) and gamma ray emissivity all peak in a region between 5 and 6 kpc from the galactic center. This correlation is related to correlation with other population I phenomena and is discussed in terms of the density wave concept of galactic structure. The singular nature of the HI distribution appears to follow the supernova remnant and pulsar distributions in the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 357-391
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  • 20
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    The non-thermal radiation in the galaxy (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The distribution of nonthermal emissivity with height z above the galactic plane is examined. The main result is that recent observations of the distribution of brightness at intermediate latitudes in the galaxy and of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 indicate that the emissivity extends to heights of several kpc perpendicular to the plane. The relationship between the nonthermal emissivity and the neutral gas is also studied. In several galaxies the angular distributions of neutral hydrogen and nonthermal emission are roughly coextensive and show similar features such as spiral structure. If radio galaxies and normal galaxies with strong nuclear radio sources are excluded, there appears to be a proportionality between their total HI content and their nonthermal radio luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 206-221
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  • 21
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    Gamma rays and supernova explosions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The detection of gamma rays from supernovae will provide interesting tests of current theory. Some current ideas on the expected gamma ray flux, as modified by recent theoretical results are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 289-298
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  • 22
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    COS-B observations of localised sources of gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In October 1975 the high energy gamma ray flux from the Vela pulsar was measured by COS-B to be 1.6 to 2.1 times higher than the flux measured by SAS-2 in 1973. The existence is confirmed of a second region of enhanced radiation in the galactic anticenter in addition to that from the Crab pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 45A-51
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  • 23
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results, 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Continuing analysis of the data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma-ray experiment has produced an improved picture of the sky at photon energies above 35 MeV. On a large scale, the diffuse emission from the galactic plane is the dominant feature observed by SAS-2. This galactic plane emission is most intense between galactic longitude 310 and 45 deg, corresponding to a region within 7kpc of the galactic center. Within the high-intensity region, SAS-2 observes peaks around galactic longitudes 315 deg, 330 deg, 345 deg, 0 deg, and 35 deg. These peaks appear to be correlated with such galactic features and components as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, magnetic fields, cosmic ray concentrations, and photon fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 1-11C
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  • 24
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    Extreme ultraviolet survey experiment MA-083 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A grazing incidence telescope sensitive to radiation in the 5- to 100-nanometer band was flown in the Apollo service module. On 10 nighttime revolutions, the command and service module was maneuvered to point the instrument at 30 different stellar targets for periods of 1 to 20 minutes, thus constituting the first sensitive search for extreme ultraviolet radiation from nonsolar sources. Several hours of supplementary data were also obtained during nighttime orbits when other experiments in the scientific instrument module bay were operating. Preliminary analysis of a small fraction of the total data indicates the definite detection of a strong source of extreme ultraviolet radiation during observations made during revolution 109. The source is located in Coma Berencies. The suggested optical identification is the white dwarf HZ 43. If this association is correct, the star has the highest temperature of any known white dwarf. Regardless of the optical identification, however, this object is the first nonsolar source to be detected in the extreme ultraviolet band.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 16 p
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  • 25
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    Cosmic X-ray observations with OSO-8 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The GSFC Cosmic X-ray Spectroscopy experiment aboard OSO-8 has operated successfully since launch providing spectral and temporal data on X-ray sources in tha energy range 2-60 keV. Analysis of quick look data shows a variety of spectral features, some stable, others variable, which will increase understanding of the nature of individual sources. In particular, observed emission and absorption features that can be attributed to iron will result in abundance measures of this important element in sources such as some X-ray binaries, the supernova remnant Cas A, and the nucleus of the galaxy Cen A.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 67-79
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  • 26
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    Cosmic ray propagation and containment (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The cosmic rays, an active gaseous component of the disk of the galaxy, are considered along with their propagation and containment as a part of the general dynamics of the disk. The sources of cosmic rays are a matter of speculation. The disk is inflated by the cosmic ray gas pressure comparable to the magnetic pressure, but the rate of inflation is unknown. The time spent by the individual cosmic ray particles in the disk is inversely proportional to the cosmic ray production rate. It is evident from the decay of Be(1c) that the cosmic rays circulate through a volume of space perhaps ten times the thickness of the gaseous disk, suggesting a magnetic halo extending out approximately 1 kpc from either face of the disk. The cosmic rays may be responsible for the halo by inflating the magnetic fields of the disk. Extension of the fields to 1 kpc would imply a high production rate and short life of cosmic rays in the dense gaseous disk of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 320-340
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  • 27
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    Low and medium energy galactic gamma-ray observations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Observation of 0.2-100 MeV diffuse gamma radiation emitted from the Galaxy can provide information on the intensities of 5-50 MeV/nucleon cosmic-rays and 50 MeV electrons in interstellar space. Recent measurements of gamma-rays emitted from the galactic center region provide evidence for a diffuse continuum between 10 and 100 MeV. The intensities of the recently reported nuclear line gamma rays, also observed in the direction of the galactic center, require the presence of intense fluxes of low-energy cosmic-rays in the inner Galaxy if the gamma-rays are produced on a galactic scale. Current detection techniques for 0.1-100 MeV gamma-ray measurements are summarized and their capabilities for measuring the diffuse galactic emission are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center. The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 65-83
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  • 28
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    Crystal activation experiment MA-151 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The crystal activation experiment consisted of two sample packages that were flown in the command module and returned to earth for analysis of the radioactivity induced in them during the flight. The objective of the experiment was to define the background caused by detector activation that interferes when gamma radiation is measured in the 0.02- to 10-megaelectronvolt range from earth orbit. Preliminary results show that the activation of the NaI(Tl) crystal was a factor of 3 below that from a similar measurement on Apollo 17. The identification of certain species and the level of activation observed show an important contribution from the interactions of thermal and energetic neutrons produced as secondaries in the spacecraft. That the activation was reduced by only a factor of 3 compared with the Apollo 17 experiment, despite the geomagnetically shielded orbit, possibly indicates more efficient secondary neutron production by the more energetic cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 10 p
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  • 29
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    Gamma rays and large scale galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Many theoretical models were developed in an attempt to explain the spatial structure in the observed emission which results from interactions of energetic cosmic rays with the interstellar gas. The peaks in the observed distribution are remarkably well correlated with longitudes corresponding to tangential directions to known spiral arm features. Based on theoretical and experimental arguments, it is assumed that on the scale of galactic arms the cosmic rays are more intense where the mass of the gas to which they are coupled is greatest. Refining this model with the results of recent surveys of the interstellar gas, a good fit to the observations is obtained whether the cosmic rays are confined to the spiral arms in the disk or are more evenly confined as in a flat halo model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 341-354
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  • 30
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    The time structure of the gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High resolution data on the pulsed gamma ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars are presented. The light curves of these two pulsars at gamma ray energies show striking similarities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 52-64
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  • 31
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    Preliminary Results from the European Space Agency's COS-B satellite for gamma-ray astronomy (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV. Its objectives are to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive to X-rays of 2-12 Kev. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 23-38
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  • 32
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    Soft X-ray observation experiment MA-048 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Soft X-ray Experiment was designed to observe celestial X-ray sources in the energy range from 0.1 to 10 kiloelectronvolts. The instrument that was used in the experiment obtained energy and fast timing data to characterize both the spectrum and the variability of known X-ray sources. Data were obtained on approximately 12 sources. During the mission, the instrument developed an intermittent high voltage discharge problem that resulted in the loss of approximately 75 percent of the anticipated data, including the scans intended for mapping of the low energy diffuse X-ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 11 p
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  • 33
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results. 2. Localized sources (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Gamma-ray emission was detected from the radio pulsars PSR1818-04 and PSR1747-46, in addition to the previously reported gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars. Since the Crab pulsar is the only one observed in the optical and X-ray bands, these gamma-ray observations suggest a uniquely gamma-ray phenomenon occurring in a fraction of the radio pulsars. Using distance estimates it is found that PSR1818-04 has a gamma-ray luminosity comparable to that of the Crab pulsar, while the luminosities of PSR1747-46 and the Vela pulsar are approximately an order of magnitude lower. This survey of SAS-2 data for pulsar correlations has also yielded upper limits to gamma-ray luminosity for 71 other radio pulsars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 12-22
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  • 34
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    COS-B observations of the high energy gamma radiation from the galactic disc (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: During the first months of operation, COS-B has observed galactic high energy gamma rays from the galactic disc. In the galactic center and Vela regions the disc emission distribution was measured. From these data the existence of a local ( 1 kpc) and a distant ( 3 kpc) emitting region is apparent in the general direction of the inner galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 39-44
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  • 35
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    Interstellar helium flow experiment MA-088 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Interstellar Helium Glow Experiment (MA-088) studied the motion of helium in the local interstellar medium as that medium passed through the solar system to determine several poorly known properties of the local interstellar gas. The instrument used was a photometer sensitive to two solar extreme ultraviolet spectral lines that are resonantly scattered by helium gas. The instrument surveyed the entire celestial sphere during a series of slow, rolling maneuvers by the Apollo spacecraft. The equipment operated properly, and usable data were obtained.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 15 p
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  • 36
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    Whence cometh /and goeth/ Jupiter's high energy electrons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Jupiter's decimetric emission is universally identified as synchrotron radiation from about 10 MeV electrons. These electrons radiate away their energy in a few months and hence must be continuously replaced. A theory in which electrons are injected at Jupiter's magnetopause and radially diffuse toward the planetary surface, gaining energy in the process is summarized. The radial diffusion coefficient in the inner magnetosphere is determined. This diffusion coefficient, which also holds for protons, is sufficiently small that the inner Galilean satellites can wipe out large fractions of the incoming proton and electron fluxes. The reduction of the proton flux is extremely important to the survival of the Pioneer experimental payloads.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 37
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    Scintillating plastic fibers as light pipes for a cosmic ray hodoscope: Feasibility calculations and measured attenuation characteristics (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A candidate hodoscope uses arrays of scintillator fibers, followed by an image intensifier and imaging system such as that proposed for the X-ray shadowgraph. A literature search was performed to ascertain the experience of other workers with hodoscopes using this or similar principles. Calculations were performed to determine the feasibility of candidate systems and some laboratory experiments were performed to attempt to check these numbers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 45-58
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  • 38
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    Shuttle/Spacelab design, performance, accommodations and constraints (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The main characteristics of the Shuttle/Spacelab system are described in order to provide an introduction for individual experimenters who may propose cometary science experiments. The information was derived from the "Spacelab Payload Accommodations Handbook PDR-B 1976". Specific information is subject to change; however, the salient design, performance, accommodations, and constraints for the experimenter are expected to remain as presented.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 7-91
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  • 39
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    Local and large scale galactic gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study of the gas-to-dust ratio suggests that interstellar reddening may provide an accurate way of assessing column densities in various directions in the Galaxy. A gamma ray intensity of 7.25 x 10 to the -5th E sub B-V photon/sq cm/s/sterad is predicted for regions of the Galaxy where the medium cosmic ray density is equal to that observed close to the sun. It is found that in the longitude range of about 0-180 degrees, the large scale cosmic ray distribution producing the gamma rays follows that of extreme population I stars put in evidence by giant H II regions, and that of molecular hydrogen traced by carbon monoxide emission. The gamma-ray production exhibits a maximum at R roughly equal to 5 kpc, and practically vanishes at R not less than 11 kpc, beyond the location of the outermost H II regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 50; 2, Ju; July 197
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  • 40
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    Electrons in a closed galaxy model of cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper considers the consistency of positrons and electrons with a propagation model in which the cosmic rays are stopped by nuclear collisions or energy losses before they can escape from the Galaxy (the closed-galaxy model). The fact that no inconsistency is found between the predictions and the data implies that the protons which produce the positrons by nuclear reactions could have their origin in a large number of distant sources, as opposed to the heavier nuclei which in this model come from a more limited set of sources. The closed-galaxy model predicts steep electron and positron spectra at high energies. None of these are inconsistent with present measurements; but future measurements of the spectrum of high-energy positrons could provide a definite test for the model. The closed-galaxy model also predicts that the interstellar electron intensity below a few GeV is larger than that implied by other models. The consequence of this result is that electron bremsstrahlung is responsible for about 50% of the galactic gamma-ray emission at photon energies greater than 100 MeV
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 45; Nov. 197
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  • 41
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    Large area ion chambers for a high energy cosmic ray experiment (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High resolution measurement of the iron group nuclei was performed with the intention of determining individual abundances in the cosmic ray flux at the earth of particles with z = 22 to 30. Of the three types of dE/dx detectors used in the experiment, pulse ion chambers, Cerenkov radiators and scintillators, the first has the best z resolution over a wide range of particle z and energy. The plastic scintillators define the particle acceptance cone of the telescope while the Cerenkov detector aids in rejection of low energy particle background and measurement of particle velocity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 1-44
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  • 42
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    Measurement of the primary cosmic electron spectrum from 10 to about 250 GeV (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intensity and energy spectrum of primary cosmic electrons from 10 to about 250 GeV have been studied by using balloon-borne detectors. The detectors were large-area ionization calorimeters which sampled showering particles frequently and demonstrated an energy resolution of about 7% in calibration tests. On one of the flights a time-of-flight system and detectors to sample the lateral properties of showers were used to examine and to test background rejection. The results of the balloon flights from Alamogordo, N. Mex., in 1970 and Cape Girardeau, Mo., in 1972 indicated that the primary cosmic ray electron differential energy spectrum exhibits no change of slope in the energy range measured and is well represented by a power law. The results indicate that the cosmic electron spectrum is steeper than the cosmic ray proton spectrum. It is shown that these data are consistent with the leakage lifetime model for the propagation of cosmic electrons in the galaxy, although other more complex models cannot be excluded on the basis of these data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Aug. 1
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  • 43
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    Solar modulation and a galactic origin for the anomalous component observed in low-energy cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The current theory of solar modulation can be used to argue that the cosmic-ray component at low energies, which is observed to have an anomalous composition, is not of galactic origin, i.e., it is not a component of the galactic cosmic-ray flux. The current theory predicts, from quite general considerations, that an unreasonably large intensity of cosmic rays, by many orders of magnitude, would be required in the interstellar medium to account for the observed fluxes. Conceivably, the current modulation theory could be modified so that only reasonable interstellar fluxes are predicted. One such modification involves an unusual scheme for particle diffusion in the interplanetary medium. Particles are assumed to diffuse not as a result of their own motion among small-scale irregularities in the magnetic field, but rather in a process in which they are trapped between time-varying constrictions in the large-scale field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 206; May 15
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  • 44
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    Photonuclear interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and their astrophysical consequences (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented for detailed Monte Carlo calculations of the interaction histories of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei with intergalactic radiation fields, using improved estimates of these fields and empirical determinations of photonuclear cross sections, including multinuclear disintegrations for nuclei up to Fe-56. Intergalactic and galactic energy-loss rates and nucleon-loss rates for nuclei up to Fe-56 are also given. Astrophysical implications are discussed in terms of expected features in the cosmic-ray spectrum between 10 to the 18th and 10 to the 21st power eV for the universal and supercluster origin hypotheses. The results of these calculations indicate that ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays cannot be universal in origin regardless of whether they are protons or nuclei. Both the supercluster and galactic origin hypotheses, however, are possible regardless of nuclear composition.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; Apr. 15
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  • 45
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    Three-dimensional interplanetary stream magnetism and energetic particle motion (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cosmic rays interact with mesoscale configurations of the interplanetary magnetic field. A technique is presented for calculating such configurations in the inner solar system, which are due to streams and source conditions near the sun, and maps of magnetic field are constructed for some plausible stream and source conditions. One effect of these mesoscale configurations on galactic cosmic rays is shown to be an out-of-the-ecliptic gradient drift sufficient to explain Forbush decreases. The effects on solar energetic particles include small polar drifts due to the field gradients and a possibly large modification of the time-intensity profiles and anisotropy characteristics due to the formation of mirror configurations in space. If a diffusion model is applicable to solar particles, the true diffusion coefficient will be masked by the effects of streams. A conceptual model which incorporates these ideas and those of several other models is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
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  • 46
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    The interplanetary acceleration of energetic nucleons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Corotating proton and electron streams are the dominant type of low-energy (i.e., 0.1-10 MeV per nucleon) particle event observed at 1 AU. The radial dependence of these events has been studied between 1 and 4 AU using essentially identical low-energy detector systems on IMP-7, Pioneer-10, and Pioneer-11. It had been expected that at a given energy, the intensity of these streams would decrease rapidly with heliocentric distance due to the effects of interplanetary adiabatic deceleration. Instead, it is observed that from event to event, the intensity either remains roughly constant or increases significantly (more than an order of magnitude) between 1 and 4 AU. It appears that interplanetary acceleration processes are the most plausible explanation. Several possible acceleration models are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
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  • 47
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    Choosing reliability level for Shuttle-carried payloads (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paramount importance of high payload reliability is questioned in the light of payload recoverability in Spacelab and Space Shuttle experiments, and cost effectiveness through less stringent reliability requirements backed up by recovery and reflight of the experiment if necessary is considered. Ground rules and parameters for assessing reliability and recoverability in relation to mission cost effectiveness are advanced. Mission success probability (for one or several flights), experiment hardware cost, design reliability, cost of orbiting the experiment, support system reliability, and other relevant parameters are identified and discussed, and graphs of experimental total cost envelope are plotted. It is proposed that reliability and quality assurance standards be weighed against failure costs and penalties in the case of recoverable space systems.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 14; Dec. 197
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  • 48
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    Evaluation of clad scintillating light pipes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Arrays of fibers made of scintillating material were used as position-sensitive detectors or hodoscopes for beam-finding at ion accelerators. Experiments were made with alpha's from an Am241 source incident upon one end of the fiber, the other end being viewed with a photomultiplier tube. The scintillation light was not detected in any of the fibers tested beyond about 5 cm. The effective useful lengths for detection of relativistic heavy ions were given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 59-63
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  • 49
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    Significance of medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy in the study of cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper examines the medium-energy (about 10-30 MeV) galactic gamma-ray radiation from primary and secondary electrons and calculates the expected gamma-ray distribution for the specific model of Bignami et al. (1975) on the assumption that the cosmic rays are correlated with the matter on the scale of galactic arms. The energy spectrum typical of regions near the galactic center indicates a dramatic shift from a predominantly cosmic-ray nucleonic mechanism at higher energies to a cosmic-ray electron mechanism at the lower energies. This provides a most important and direct means of probing the cosmic-ray electrons as a function of galactic position by making gamma-ray observations in the few to 40 MeV energy range. Medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy is shown to be a valuable tool in galactic research.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 208; Aug. 15
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  • 50
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    Advances in gamma-ray burst astronomy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper reviews the current status of observational research into the highly puzzling problem of cosmic gamma-ray bursts. Up to now there is no convincing temporal or spatial correlation with any known celestial processes or objects. The typical burst source strength is somewhere between 10 to the 26th power ergs and 10 to the 52nd power ergs. A list of 39 confirmed and 9 unconfirmed cosmic gamma-ray bursts observed by satellite is given, showing times of occurrence and in some cases, the size in erg per square centimeter. Several approaches to the problem of source object identification are discussed: (1) accumulation of observation statistics with their present poor resolution and research for correlative phenomena, (2) mapping out celestial source distributions with moderate resolution in order to search for galactic or other anisotropies in direction or to look for repeating source regions, and (3) very high-accuracy localization of the source directions of one or several bursts in order to pinpoint a tiny fraction of the celestial sphere for correlative radio, optical and X-ray studies. Planned future instrumentation for deep space probes and multiple-balloon studies is described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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    A nonlinear theory of cosmic-ray pitch-angle diffusion in homogeneous magnetostatic turbulence (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A plasma strong turbulence, weak coupling, theory is applied to the problem of cosmic-ray pitch-angle scattering in magnetostatic turbulence. The theory used is a rigorous generalization of Weinstock's 'resonance broadening' theory and contains no ad hoc approximations. A detailed calculation is presented for a model of 'slab' turbulence with an exponential correlation function. The results agree well with numerical simulations. The rigidity dependence of the pitch-angle scattering coefficient differs from that found by previous researchers. The differences result from an inadequate treatment of particle trajectories near 90 deg pitch angle in earlier work.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 204; Mar. 15
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  • 52
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    Cosmic-ray positron and negatron spectra between 20 and 800 MeV measured in 1974 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The flux density of cosmic-ray positrons and electrons was measured by a balloon-borne spark chamber magnetic spectrometer in two flights in an attempt to study the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. The total electron flux was found to be about 0.03/cu m/s/sr/MeV between 70 and 800 MeV and to increase toward lower energies, while the positron flux decreased sharply toward lower energies from about 0.008/cu m/s/sr/MeV at 650 MeV and only upper limits were obtained for positrons below 200 MeV. At energies above 180 MeV, the spherically symmetrical Fokker-Planck equation with a diffusion coefficient proportional to the particle rigidity provided a reasonable fit to both positron and total electron data, while at energies below 180 MeV, the data were consistent with a continuation of the same diffusion coefficient and local source of electrons, or a change in the diffusion coefficient to a constant value.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 204; Mar. 15
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  • 53
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    Ionising flux of cosmic background radiation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The indirect method of estimating the diffuse metagalactic flux of ionizing radiation proposed by Sunyaev (1969) is reconsidered in the light of further studies of the interaction of this radiation with galactic gas. An upper limit is derived for the intensity of the metagalactic background radiation to which the neutral interstellar medium is exposed. This limit on the ionizing radiation flux severely restricts the emission from a galactic corona containing gas in the temperature range 100,000 to 1,000,000 K. An upper limit of 10 to the 29.2 erg/sec/Hz is obtained for the mean luminosity radiated by a quasar in the energy band 40-170 eV. The 21-cm observations examined indicate that further than about 30 kpc from the center of the galaxy self-shielding by H II is possible only when the critical metagalactic ionizing flux is not exceeded.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 260; Apr. 8
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  • 54
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    Solar-cosmic-ray variability (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 81-86
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  • 55
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    Cosmic ray modulation in three dimensions (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief critique of spherically symmetric conventional modulation theory is supplied. Estimates are made of the cosmic ray intensity at high solar latitudes. Direct evidence for significant off-ecliptic cosmic ray gradients is reviewed in support of the requirement for an off-ecliptic spacecraft mission. The possibility of measuring the galactic spectrum is discussed. The effect of interplanetary magnetic fields on cosmic ray motion is examined, and calculations (Fokker-Planck equation) are shown.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 210-230
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  • 56
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    IUS/TUG auxiliary stage study. Volume 1: Executive summary (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-170756 , NAS 1.26:170756 , BCL-I/TAS-FR-76-1
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  • 57
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    Space Shuttle (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The design of the spacecraft is described. Focus is placed on the external tanks, the solid rocket boosters, the main engine, and the space shuttle orbiter. The logistics of the project were reviewed and included the management plan, the facilities involved in construction and testing of the space shuttle, and the benefits expected from the project.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-82362
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  • 58
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    Modulation of trapped energetic electrons at 6.6 earth radii by the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energetic (energies greater than 1.6 and 3.9 MeV) trapped electron fluxes observed at the synchronous altitude during 1974 and 1975 by an experiment aboard ATS-6 exhibit a modulation in intensity which is correlated with the passage of sector-structure boundaries of the interplanetary magnetic field past the earth. The electron fluxes reach equilibrium intensities during the time the magnetosphere is in a given IMF sector; these fluxes are highest in the fall for (+) sectors and highest in the spring for (-) sectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; May 1976
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  • 59
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    The absorption of trapped particles by the inner satellites of Jupiter and the radial diffusion coefficient of particle transport (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The process of trapped particle absorption by the inner Jovian satellites is considered in detail taking into account both the particle and satellite motions in a magnetic dipole field which is displaced from the center of the planet and tilted with respect to the planetary rotation axis. An expression is derived for computing the sweeping time at a given satellite, defined as the time required for the satellite to sweep up a given fraction of the trapped particles within its sweeping region. By making use of the sweeping time and the radial diffusion equation of particle transport approximate expressions for the diffusion coefficient are derived. Measurements obtained by Pioneer 10 are then used to obtain estimates of the diffusion coefficient at the orbits of Io and Europa. We find that the diffusion coefficient is a function of energy and magnetic latitude for electrons in the energy range 0.7-14 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Mar. 1
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  • 60
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    A cosmic gamma-ray burst on 1975 May 14 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cosmic gamma-ray burst is described which was observed from a balloon with a double-scatter gamma-ray telescope. The observed burst had a rise time of about 0.15 sec, a duration of 0.11 sec, and variations on a time scale of 5 msec. The variations are shown to imply a maximum source dimension of 1500 km. The integral energy distribution of the burst is determined along with the total energy above 0.5 MeV. The direction of the source is found, with 90% confidence, to be limited to a circle with a radius of 25 deg centered at +39 deg galactic latitude and 40 deg galactic longitude. Two additional candidate bursts observed with the same telescope are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
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    Terminal area energy management regime investigations utilizing an 0.030-scale model (47-0) of the space shuttle vehicle orbiter configuration 140A/B/C/R in the Ames Research Center 11 x 11 foot transonic wind tunnel (OA148), volume 12 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Plots and tabular listings are presented for both force and pressure data for the upper and lower body flap.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147602 , DMS-DR-2254-VOL-12
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    Terminal area energy management regime investigations using an 0.030-scale model (47-0) of the space shuttle vehicle orbiter configuration 140A/B/C/R in the Ames Research Center 11 x 11 foot transonic wind tunnel (OA148), volume 10 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see Vol. 9.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144628 , DMS-DR-2254-VOL-10
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  • 63
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    STS/Spacelab payload utilization planning study: Executive summary (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The planning process recommended to meet the orbital flight requirements for the Space Transportation System and payload development, procurement, operations, and support leading to authorization and funding of STS and payload project activities is described. The rationale and rp primary products of STS utilization planning are summarized along with the implementation of the system. Major recommendations of the study are included.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-149944 , MDC-G6401 , DPD-485 , DR-MA-04
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  • 64
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    Reanalysis of the Apollo cosmic gamma-ray spectrum in the 0.3 to 10 MeV energy region (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Additional data obtained from the Apollo-16 and -17 missions, together with collateral calculations on background radiation effects, have enabled an improved subtraction of unwanted backgrounds from the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray data previously reported from Apollo-15. As a result, the 1- to 10-MeV spectrum is lowered significantly and connects smoothly with recent data at other energies. The inflection reported previously is much less pronounced and has no more than a 1.5-sigma significance. Sky occultation by the Apollo-16 spacecraft shows the bulk of the 0.3- to 1-MeV radiation to be diffuse. The analysis of spurious backgrounds points to important improvements for future experiments designed for this spectral region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71150 , X-682-76-128
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    Computer subroutines for the estimation of nuclear reaction effects in proton-tissue-dose calculations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculational methods for estimation of dose from external proton exposure of arbitrary convex bodies are briefly reviewed. All the necessary information for the estimation of dose in soft tissue is presented. Special emphasis is placed on retaining the effects of nuclear reaction, especially in relation to the dose equivalent. Computer subroutines to evaluate all of the relevant functions are discussed. Nuclear reaction contributions for standard space radiations are in most cases found to be significant. Many of the existing computer programs for estimating dose in which nuclear reaction effects are neglected can be readily converted to include nuclear reaction effects by use of the subroutines described herein.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3388
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    Prediction of the diffuse far infrared flux from the galactic plane (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A basic model and simple numerical relations useful for future far infrared studies of the galaxy are presented. Making use of recent CO and other galactic surveys, the diffuse far infrared flux distribution from the galactic plane as a function of galactic longitude alternate theta for 4 deg or = alternate theta or = 90 and the far infrared emissivity as a function of galactocentric distance is predicted. Future measurements of the galactic far infrared flux would yield valuable information on the physical properties and distribution of dust and molecular clouds in the galaxy, particularly the inner region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71125 , X-602-76-107
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    Energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei: 4z26 and .3E2 GeV/amu (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei in the charge range 5 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 26 have been derived from the response of an acrylic plastic Cerenkov detector. Data were obtained using a balloon borne detector and cover the energy range 320 is approximately less than e approximately less than 2200 MeV. amu. Spectra are derived from a formal deconvolution using the method of Lezniak (1975). Relative spectra of different elements are compared by observing charge ratios. Secondary primary ratios are observed to decrease with increasing energy, consistent with the effect previously observed at higher energy. Primary to primary ratios are constant for 6 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 26 and 14 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 26 but vary for 10 is less than or equal to z less than or equal to 14. This data is found to be consistent with existing data where comparable and lends strong support ot the idea of two separate source populations contributing to the cosmic ray composition.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71133 , X-661-76-132
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    Dependence of the charge exchange lifetimes on mirror latitude (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The dependence of the charge exchange lifetimes on the mirror latitude for ions mirroring off the geomagnetic equator was re-computed using the improved hydrogen distribution models. The Chamberlain model was used to define the spatial distribution of the neutral hydrogen environment through which the ring current ions traverse. The resultant dependence of the charge exchange lifetime on mirror latitude is best fitted by the approximation that contains the charge exchange lifetime for equatorial particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71126 , X-626-76-115
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    SAS-2 gamma-ray observations of PSR 1747-46 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations with the SAS-2 high energy ( 35 MeV) gamma-ray telescope show evidence of gamma-ray emission from the radio pulsar PSR 1747-46. When the arrival times of gamma-rays from the region of the pulsar were converted to pulsar phases using the radio period and period derivative, a single peak was found in the phase plot, with a Poisson probability of occurring by chance of .00008. Independently, the time-averaged data for the PSR 1747-46 region show an enhancement over the surrounding region of the sky at the same galactic latitude, with a Poisson probability of chance occurrence of less than .008. The probability that these results are chance is the product of these two probabilities times the number of radio pulsars examined (73). This overall probability is sufficiently small (.00005) to suggest an identification of a new gamma-ray pulsar. In the gamma-ray pulsar plot, the peak falls 0.16 + or - 0.03 period after the radio pulsar peak. This phase shift is, within uncertainties, the same as that observed between the single radio peak and the first of the two gamma-ray peaks seen in the phase plot for PSR-0833-45 (the Vela pulsar).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71121 , X-662-76-94
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  • 70
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    Addendum report to atmospheric science facility pallet-only mode space transportation system payload feasibility study, volume 3, revision A (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of accomplishing selected atmospheric science mission using a pallet-only mode was studied. Certain unresolved issues were identified. The first issue was that of assuring that the on-board computer facility was adequate to process scientific data, control subsystems such as instrument pointing, provide mission operational program capability, and accomplish display and control. The second issue evolved from an investigation of the availability of existing substitute instruments that could be used instead of the prime instrumentation where the development tests and schedules are incompatible with the realistic budgets and shuttle vehicle schedules. Some effort was expended on identifying candidate substitute instruments, and the performance, cost, and development schedule trade-offs found during that effort were significant enough to warrant a follow-on investigation. This addendum documents the results of that follow-on effort, as it applies to the Atmospheric Sciences Facility.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73008 , JSC-10683-VOL-3-REV-A
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  • 71
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    Energetic particles of the outer regions of planetary magnetospheres (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High energy particles, with energies above those attainable by adiabatic or steady-state electric field acceleration, have been observed in and around the outer regions of planetary magnetospheres. Acceleration by large amplitude sporadic cross-tail electric fields over an order of magnitude greater than steady-state convection fields is proposed as a source of these particles. It is suggested that such explosive electric fields will occur intermittently in the vicinity of the tail neutral line in the expansive phase of substorms. Laboratory and satellite evidence are used to estimate this electric potential for substorms at earth; values of 500 kilovolts to 2 megavolts are calculated, in agreement with particle observations. It is further suggested that these particles, which have been accelerated in the night side magnetosphere, drift to the dayside on closed field lines, and under certain interplanetary conditions can escape to regions upstream of the bow shock.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-146582 , JPL-TM-33-766
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  • 72
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    Results of an investigation of Reynolds effects on integrated vehicle elevon hinge moments and wing panel loads obtained with 0.010 scale model 72 OTS in the Rockwell trisonic wind tunnel (IA141) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Wind tunnel investigations were conducted on an 0.010-scale representation of the VL70-000140C Integrated Space Shuttle Launch Vehicle. The primary test objective was to obtain Reynolds number effects on orbiter elevon hinge moments and wing bending/torsional moments. Launch vehicle aerodynamic force data were also recorded. The elevon hinge moments, wing bending/torsional moments, and vehicle force data were recorded over an angle of attack range of -6 deg to +6 deg, an angle of sideslip range of -6 deg to +6 deg, at Mach numbers of 0.6, 0.975, 1.05 and 1.25. The Reynolds number was varied from a minimum of 4.5 million/foot to a maximum of 11.5 million/foot. The complete integrated configuration was tested with the orbiter elevons set at 0 deg and deflected to 9 deg on the outboard elevon and 10 deg on the inboard elevon. Testing was conducted in the TWT 19.7% porous transonic test section with the model sting mounted through the orbiter base. All aerodynamic force data were obtained from internal strain gage balance located in the orbiter.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147623 , DMS-DR-2315
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  • 73
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    Terminal area energy management regime investigations utilizing an 0.030-scale model (47-0) of the space shuttle vehicle orbiter configuration 140A/B/C/R in the Ames Research Center 11 x 11 foot transonic wind tunnel (OA148), volume 8 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see Vol. 6.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144626 , DMS-DR-2254-VOL-8
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  • 74
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    Terminal area energy management regime investigations utilizing an 0.030-scale model (47-0) of the space shuttle vehicle orbiter configuration 140A/B/C/R in the Ames Research Center 11 x 11 foot transonic wind tunnel (OA148), volume 7 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see Vol. 6.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144625 , DMS-DR-2254-VOL-7
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  • 75
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    Terminal area energy management regime investigations utilizing an 0.030-scale model (47-0) of the space shuttle vehicle orbiter configuration 140A/B/C/R in the Ames Research Center 11 x 11 foot transonic wind tunnel (OA148), volume 5 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data obtained in wind tunnel test OA148 are presented. The objectives of the test series were to: (1) obtain pressure distributions, forces and moments over the vehicle 5 orbiter in the thermal area energy management (TAEM) and approach phases of flight; (2) obtain elevon and rudder hinge moments in the TAEM and approach phases of flight; (3) obtain body flap and elevon loads for verification of loads balancing with integrated pressure distributions; and (4) obtain pressure distributions near the short OMS pods in the high subsonic, transonic and low supersonic Mach number regimes.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144623 , DMS-DR-2254-VOL-5
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  • 76
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    Space Tug Docking Study. Volume 4: Supporting Analyses (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N76-21245.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144242 , MCR-76-3-VOL-4
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  • 77
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    Space Tug Docking Study. Volume 3: Procedures and Plans (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The plans and procedures developed under the Space Tug Docking Study are presented. For Vol. 1, see N76-21245.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144241 , MCR-76-3-VOL-3
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  • 78
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    Space Tug Docking Study. Volume 5: Cost Analysis (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The cost methodology, summary cost data, resulting cost estimates by Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), technical characteristics data, program funding schedules and the WBS for the costing are discussed. Cost estimates for two tasks of the study are reported. The first, developed cost estimates for design, development, test and evaluation (DDT&E) and theoretical first unit (TFU) at the component level (Level 7) for all items reported in the data base. Task B developed total subsystem DDT&E costs and funding schedules for the three candidate Rendezvous and Docking Systems: manual, autonomous, and hybrid.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144243 , MCR-76-3-VOL-5
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  • 79
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    Space Tug Docking Study. Volume 2: Study Results (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N76-21245.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-144240 , MCR-76-3-VOL-2
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  • 80
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    A search of the SAS-2 data for pulsed gamma-ray emission from radio pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray experiment were examined for pulsed emission from each of 75 radio pulsars which were viewed by the instrument and which have sufficiently well defined period and period derivative information from radio observations to allow for gamma ray periodicity searches. When gamma ray arrival times were converted to pulsar phase using the radio reference timing information, two pulsars, PSR 1747-46 and PSR 1818-04, showed positive effects, each with a probability less than 0.0001 of being a random fluctuation in the data for that pulsar. These are in addition to PSR 0531+21 and PSR 0833-45, previously reported. The results of this study suggest that gamma-ray astronomy has reached the detection threshold for gamma ray pulsars and that work in the near future should give important information on the nature of pulsars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71090 , X-662-76-51
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  • 81
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    The production of nitric oxide in the troposphere as a result of solid-rocket-motor afterburning (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: As part of an ongoing assessment of the environmental effects of solid-rocket-motor operations in the troposphere, estimates were made of the nitric oxide produced in the troposphere by the space shuttle and Titan 3-C boosters. Calculations were made with the low-altitude plume computer program and included the effects of coupled finite-rate chemistry and turbulent mixing. A recent measurement of nitric oxide taken in the effluent cloud of a Titan 3-C booster is compared with calculations made with this computer code. The various chemical reactions of the exhaust gases are listed in tabular form.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-8137 , L-10594
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  • 82
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    On the Age of Cosmic Rays as Derived from the Abundance of Be-10 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The isotopic composition of cosmic ray Be, B, C, and N was studied using a new range versus total light technique. Special emphasis was placed on the Be isotopes and in particular, on the radioactive isotope Be-10 due to its mean lifetime against decay. The experiment consisted of a thin trigger scintillator, an acrylic plastic Cerenkov detector and a spark chamber, followed by a totally active stack of 14 scintillation detectors. This stack of scintillators made possible the measurement of range, and also permitted the removal of interacting events by continuously monitoring their identities along their trajectories. The experiment was carried by balloon to atmospheric depths ranging from 3.5 to 5.0 g sq cm residual atmosphere for a total exposure time of 23 hr. Results indicate the survival of ( 55 + or -21) % of the Be-10 in the arriving cosmic rays; the data were interpreted using the leaky box model of cosmic ray propagation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71085 , X-660-76-54
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  • 83
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    Payload transportation system study (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A standard size set of shuttle payload transportation equipment was defined that will substantially reduce the cost of payload transportation and accommodate a wide range of payloads with minimum impact on payload design. The system was designed to accommodate payload shipments between the level 4 payload integration sites and the launch site during the calendar years 1979-1982. In addition to defining transportation multi-use mission support equipment (T-MMSE) the mode of travel, prime movers, and ancillary equipment required in the transportation process were also considered. Consistent with the STS goals of low cost and the use of standardized interfaces, the transportation system was designed to commercial grade standards and uses the payload flight mounting interfaces for transportation. The technical, cost, and programmatic data required to permit selection of a baseline system of MMSE for intersite movement of shuttle payloads were developed.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-157007
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  • 84
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    Selection of shuttle payload data processing drivers for the data system new technology study (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An investigation of all payloads in the IBM disciplines and the selection of driver payloads within each discipline are described. The driver payloads were selected on the basis of their data processing requirements. These requirements are measured by a weighting scheme. The total requirements for each discipline are estimated by use of the technology payload model. The driver selection process which was both a payload by payload comparison and a comparison of expected groupings of payloads was examined.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-151704
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  • 85
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    Space shuttle I-tube radiator testing at Johnson Space Center, May 1976, volume 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During the two weeks of thermal vacuum testing a representative forward panel was successfully operated in a variety of simulated environmental conditions. Performance limits for both high and low load operations were established. Confidence in the stable operation of the panel throughout its typical operating range was verified by the testing, and design studies were conducted to analyze the effects of the payload bay door, and the panel deployment angle, on performance.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-151679 , T169-65-VOL-1
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  • 86
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    Hard X-ray imaging facility for space shuttle: A scientific and conceptual engineering study (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A shuttle-accommodated instrument for imaging hard X-rays in the study of nonthermal particles and high temperature particles in various solar and cosmic phenomena was defined and its feasibility demonstrated. The imaging system configuration is described as well as the electronics, aspect systems, mechanical and thermal properties and the ground support equipment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-156736
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  • 87
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    No new limit on the size distribution of gamma-ray bursts (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of a study (Carter et. al.) of gamma ray bursts using long duration balloon exposure are analyzed. Arguments are presented against the conclusion that the size spectrum extrapolates to a power law with index from -1.0 to -0.5, and that therefore the gamma ray bursts are of galactic origin. It is claimed that the data are consistent with an upper limit over 100 times that proposed, and that therefore no conclusion can be drawn from the measurements regarding the nature or origin of gamma ray bursts. The resulting upper limit to the rate of occurrence of small bursts lies above the -1.5 index power law extrapolation of the size spectrum of known events, i.e., greater than the rate expected from an infinitely extended source region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71205 , X-661-76-222
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  • 88
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    Analysis of high resolution satellite data for cosmic gamma ray bursts (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Cosmic gamma ray bursts detected a germanium spectrometer on the low altitude satellite 1972-076B were surveyed. Several bursts with durations ranging from approximately 0.032 to 15 seconds were found and are tabulated. The frequency of occurrence/intensity distribution of these events was compared with the S to the -3/2 power curve of confirmed events. The longer duration events fall above the S to the -3/2 power curve of confirmed events, suggesting they are perhaps not all true cosmic gamma-ray bursts. The narrow duration events fall closely on the S to the -3/2 power curve. The survey also revealed several counting rate spikes, with durations comparable to confirmed gamma-ray bursts, which were shown to be of magnetospheric origin. Confirmation that energetic electrons were responsible for these bursts was achieved from analysis of all data from the complete payload of gamma-ray and energetic particle detectors on board the satellite. The analyses also revealed that the narrowness of the spikes was primarily spatial rather than temporal in character.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147982 , LMSC-D502690
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  • 89
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    Space shuttle EVA opportunities (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A technology assessment is presented on space extravehicular activities (EVA) that will be possible when the space shuttle orbiter is completed and launched. The use of EVA in payload systems design is discussed. Also discussed is space crew training. The role of EVA in connection with the Large Space Telescope and Skylab are described. The value of EVA in constructing structures in space and orbital assembly is examined. Excellent color illustrations are provided which show the proposed EVA functions that were described.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74152 , JSC-11391
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  • 90
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    Large-payload earth-orbit transportation with electric propulsion (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Economical unmanned earth orbit transportation for large payloads is evaluated. The high exhaust velocity achievable with electric propulsion is attractive because it minimizes the propellant that must be carried to low earth orbit. Propellant transport is a principal cost item. Electric propulsion subsystems utilizing advanced ion thrusters are compared to magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrust subsystems. For very large payloads, a large lift vehicle is needed to low earth orbit, and argon propellant is required for electric propulsion. Under these circumstances, the MPD thruster is shown to be desirable over the ion thruster for earth orbit transportation.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-148973 , JPL-TM-33-793
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  • 91
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    Investigations of the 0.020-scale 88-OTS Integrated Space Shuttle Vehicle Jet-Plume Model in the NASA/Ames Research Center 11 by 11-Foot Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel (IA80) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tabulated pressure data are presented for the external tank and the external tank base. For abstract, see N76-33263.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147635 , DMS-DR-2212-VOL-4
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  • 92
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    Results of tests CS4 and CS5 to investigate dynamic loads and pressures on 0.03-scale models (Ax1319-3/4 and 45-0) of mated 747 cam and space shuttle orbiter in the Boeing transonic wind tunnel (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A 0.03-scale model of the 747 CAM/Orbiter was tested in an 8 x 12 foot transonic wind tunnel. Dynamic loads, pressure, and empennage flow field data were obtained using pressure transducers, strain gages, and a split film anemometer. The test variables included Mach number, angle of attack, sideslip angle, orbiter tailcone on and off, orbiter partial tailcone, orbiter nozzle air scoops, orbiter body flap angle, and orbiter elevon angle.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147638 , DMS-DR-2341
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  • 93
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    Investigations of the 0.020-scale 88-OTS Integrated Space Shuttle Vehicle Jet-Plume Model in the NASA/Ames Research Center 11 by 11-Foot Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel (IA80) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tabulated force and pressure data are presented for the orbiter base and fuselage. For abstract, see N76-33263.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147633 , DMS-DR-2212-VOL-2
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  • 94
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    An experimental determination in Calspan Ludwieg tube of the base environment of the integrated space shuttle vehicle at simulated Mach 4.5 flight conditions (test IH5 of model 19-OTS) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model test program was conducted to determine heat transfer and pressure distributions in the base region of the space shuttle vehicle during simulated launch trajectory conditions of Mach 4.5 and pressure altitudes between 90,000 and 210,000 feet. Model configurations with and without the solid propellant booster rockets were examined to duplicate pre- and post-staging vehicle geometries. Using short duration flow techniques, a tube wind tunnel provided supersonic flow over the model. Simultaneously, combustion generated exhaust products reproduced the gasdynamic and thermochemical structure of the main vehicle engine plumes. Heat transfer and pressure measurements were made at numerous locations on the base surfaces of the 19-OTS space shuttle model with high response instrumentation. In addition, measurements of base recovery temperature were made indirectly by using dual fine wire and resistance thermometers and by extrapolating heat transfer measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147636 , DMS-DR-2308
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  • 95
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    Investigations of the 0.020-scale 88-OTS Integrated Space Shuttle Vehicle Jet-Plume Model in the NASA/Ames Research Center 11 by 11-Foot Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel (IA80) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tabulated pressure data are presented for the orbiter fuselage, the orbiter bodyflap upper surface, and the orbiter bodyflap lower surface. For abstract, see N76-33263.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147634 , DMS-DR-2212-VOL-3
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  • 96
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    Drag bias feedback for the analytic drag control entry guidance system (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Analytic Drag Control (ADC) entry guidance has been developed and baselined for the space shuttle orbiter entry. A method is presented which corrects the orbiter entry guidance commanded bank angle for biases between navigated drag and guidance computed reference drag. This is accomplished by an integral feedback technique, which uses the drag bias information to adjust the difference between navigated and reference altitude rate used by the ADC guidance. The method improves the capability of the ADC guidance system by compensating for any error source which causes a bias between the navigated drag and reference drag profile. These errors include navigated altitude rate errors, atmosphere dispersions, and roll attitude deadband effects. A discussion of the method and results of digital computer entry simulations is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-150994 , DN-1.4-4-22
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  • 97
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    Thermal APU/hydraulics analysis program. User's guide and programmer's manual (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The User's Guide information plus program description necessary to run and have a general understanding of the Thermal APU/Hydraulics Analysis Program (TAHAP) is described. This information consists of general descriptions of the APU/hydraulic system and the TAHAP model, input and output data descriptions, and specific subroutine requirements. Deck setups and input data formats are included and other necessary and/or helpful information for using TAHAP is given. The math model descriptions for the driver program and each of its supporting subroutines are outlined.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-CR-150993 , DN-1.4-7-45
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  • 98
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    Observation of gamma rays with a 4.8 hour periodicity from CYG X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energetic (E35 MeV) Gamma rays were observed from Cyg X-3 with the SAS-2 Gamma ray telescope. They are modulated at the 4.8 sup h period observed in the X-ray and infrared regions, and within the statistical error are in phase with this emission. The flux above 100 MeV has an average value of (4.4 + or - 1.1)x 10 to the -6 power/sq cm/sec. If the distance to Cyg X-3 is 10 kpcs, this flux implies a luminosity of more than 10 to the 37th power ergs/s if the radiation is isotropic and about 10 to the 36th power ergs/s if the radiation is restricted to a cone of one steradian, as it might be in a pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71201 , X-662-76-204
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  • 99
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    Use of thin ionization calorimeters for measurements of cosmic ray energy spectra (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The reliability of performing measurements of cosmic ray energy spectra with a thin ionization calorimeter was investigated. Monte Carlo simulations were used to determine whether energy response fluctuations would cause measured spectra to be different from the primary spectra. First, Gaussian distributions were assumed for the calorimeter energy resolutions. The second method employed a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of cascades from an isotropic flux of protons. The results show that as long as the energy resolution does not change significantly with energy, the spectral indices can be reliably determined even for sigma sub e/e = 50%. However, if the energy resolution is strongly energy dependent, the measured spectra do not reproduce the true spectra. Energy resolutions greatly improving with energy result in measured spectra that are too steep, while resolutions getting much worse with energy cause the measured spectra to be too flat.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71198 , X-661-76-221
    Format: application/pdf
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    Spectral evolution of a long X-ray burst (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An X-ray burst-like event with a peak intensity 1 1/2 times that of the Crab and a decay time of approximately 100s was observed. Significant spectral changes occurred during the burst. The spectra were best fit by the black form with kT ranging from .87 keV to 2.3 keV. They suggest a source with smaller dimensions than a massive black hole. A weak source was observed after the burst with a 10 keV thermal spectrum and an indication of iron line emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71195 , X-661-76-206
    Format: application/pdf
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