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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (1,007)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (634)
  • 1975-1979  (373)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1981  (634)
  • 1976  (373)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (634)
  • 1975-1979  (373)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Sensitivity of solar-cell performance to atmospheric variables. 2: Dissimilar cells at several locations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26624.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 259-270
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  • 2
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    Problems in photoresponse distribution measurement (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Photoresponse distribution measurement by scanning a light spot across the surface of a semiconductor device is examined. The technqiue is used for solar cell characterization because the measured quantity is the direct expression of the distribution of the desired performance of the device. An apparatus for measuring the photoresponse distribution was set and used in the development of polysilicon thin film solar cells. A schmeatic diagram of the apparatus and an example of measurement are shown.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 355-362
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  • 3
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    On the determination of series resistance and diode quality factor of solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The series resistance and diode quality factor are used for evaluation of solar cell performance. These parameters are normally deduced from the terminal I-V characteristics under forward bias. The method produces a smaller series resistance and a larger value for diode quality factor than appropriate for the device when operating as a solar cell. It is suggested that the diode quality factor be determined from measured saturated photocurrent, open circuit voltage characteristics and the series resistance be measured with an r-f bridge or calculated from a measurement of the surface sheet resistance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 347-354
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  • 4
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    Silicon solar cell testing in concentrated sunlight and simulated sunlight (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: A method is described for testing silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight and simulated sunlight. Concentrated sunlight is obtained by using an acrylic Fresnel lens; the simulated sunlight source is a short arc Xenon lamp. Average illumination levels during the tests are inferred from an assumed linear relationship between short circuit current and illumination. The linearity assumption is investigated for 0.3 alpha cm base resistivity silicon cells and found to be valid. Some typical results are presented to illustrate the type of information obtained during the testing.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 337-354
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  • 5
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    Indoor and outdoor measurements of performance of photovoltaic arrays (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26626.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 309-322
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  • 6
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    Recommendations for the performance rating of flat plate terrestrial photovoltaic solar panels (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: A review of recommendations for standardizing the performance rating of flat plate terrestrial solar panels is given to develop an international standard code of practice for performance rating. Required data to characterize the performance of a solar panel are listed. Other items discussed are: (1) basic measurement procedures; (2) performance measurement in natural sunlight and simulated sunlight; (3) standard solar cells; (4) the normal incidence method; (5) global method and (6) definition of peak power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 323-336
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  • 7
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    Cell and module test procedures seen from the manufacturer and the user point of view (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The problems encountered by manufacturers and users of solar modules are summarized. Related measurement of the rated power of the module is included, and a temperature test is suggested to define the actual performance of a module. Other suggestions are given for environmental module and array tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 301-308
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  • 8
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    Introduction to basic solar cell measurements (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26625.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 275-300
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  • 9
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    Consideration of design and calibration of terrestrial reference solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26621.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 203-222
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  • 10
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    Sensitivity of solar cell performance to atmospheric variables. 1: Single cell (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26623.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 247-258
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  • 11
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    The effect of atmospheric parameters on silicon cell performance (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26619.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 93-108
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  • 12
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    Solar excitation of CdS/Cu2S photovoltaic cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Solar radiation of five typical clear weather days and under a variety of conditions is used to determine the spectral distribution of the photonflux at different planes of a CdS/Cu2S solar cell. The fractions of reflected and absorbed flux are determined at each of the relevant interfaces and active volume elements of the solar cell. The density of absorbed photons is given in respect to spectral and spatial distribution. The variance of the obtained distribution, with changes in insolation and absorption spectra of the active solar cell layers, is indicated. A catalog of typical examples is given in the appendix.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 109-150
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  • 13
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    Test facility for solar-cell reference conditions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26618.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 67-78
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  • 14
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    The effects of spectral variations on silicon cell output (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Spectral measurements of daily, total horizontal radiation were analyzed to determine the magnitude and character of the effects in silicon cell output. Data for different seasons and weather conditions are included. Techniques and results are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 79-92
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  • 15
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    Thermodynamic cycle analysis (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of Rankine cycle efficiency in nuclear power plants with and without reheat capabilities. In addition, temperatures and pressures at certain selected locations were carried out to optimize plant efficiency. It was determined that plant efficiency without reheat was 39.03%, with reheat, a maximum efficiency of 4.44% was obtained at a pressure of 435.12 psia. Data also indicate efficiency appears to increase for pressures greater than 720 psia. However, higher pressures cannot be used because calculations indicate these pressure reheat temperatures exceed 1650 R, which is not allowed due to material limitations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 73-78
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  • 16
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    Solar central electric power generation - A baseline design (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the conceptual technical baseline design of a solar electric power plant using the central receiver concept, and derives credible cost estimates from the baseline design. The major components of the plant - heliostats, tower, receiver, tower piping, and thermal storage - are discussed in terms of technical and cost information. The assumed peak plant output is 215 MW(e), over 4000 daylight hours. The contribution of total capital investment to energy cost is estimated to be about 55 mills per kwh in mid-1974 dollars.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 17
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    Prospects for pipeline delivery of hydrogen as a fuel and as a chemical feedstock (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The possibility of using hydrogen for storing and carrying energy obtained from nonfossil sources such as nuclear and solar energy is examined. According to the method proposed, these nonfossil raw energy sources will be used to obtain hydrogen from water by three basically distinct routes: (1) electrical generation followed by electrolysis; (2) thermochemical decomposition; and (3) direct neutron or ultraviolet irradiation of hydrogen bearing molecules. The hydrogen obtained will be transmitted in long-distance pipelines, and distributed to all energy-consuming sectors. As a fuel gas, hydrogen has many qualities similar to natural gas and with only minor modifications, it can be transmitted and distributed in the same equipment, and can be burned in the same appliances as natural gas. Hydrogen can also be used as a clean fuel (water is the only combustion product) for automobiles, fleet vehicles, and aircraft.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: American Gas Association Monthly; 58; Nov. 197
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  • 18
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    Design application using solar energy to control the environment in a major office building (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 19
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    The dilemma of future electric power demand (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Dim prospects are held out for continued exponential growth rates in the generation and use of electric power worldwide and in many local areas, extrapolating from current trends and common projections. While acknowledging the unique advantages of electric power use, the article points out the 30% level of efficiency in conversion of other forms of energy to electrical energy, with huge volumes of wasted energy plus thermal pollution. Even growth at a fixed rate is found problematical, with future needs exhausting water and land resources and fossil fuels in time. Alleviation of the situation by shifting much of the load to still unproven technologies is considered cautiously
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Quarterly; 6; Apr. 1
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  • 20
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    Clean fuels from biomass (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses the U.S. resources to provide fuels from agricultural products, the present status of conversion technology of clean fuels from biomass, and a system study directed to determine the energy budget, and environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Conversion processes are discussed relative to pyrolysis and anaerobic fermentation. Pyrolysis breaks the cellulose molecules to smaller molecules under high temperature in the absence of oxygen, wheras anaerobic fermentation is used to convert biomass to methane by means of bacteria. Cost optimization and energy utilization are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Quarterly; 6; Jan. 1
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  • 21
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    Dynamic modeling for evaluation of solar collector performance (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Dynamic modeling is being developed to provide a tool for systematic analysis of performance characteristics in energy systems where time-dependent behavior is important. A dynamic model program designed to aid in the understanding of solar collector behavior over the full range of operating conditions was constructed and tested in the evaluation of a conceptual collector design.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 141-146
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  • 22
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    Mechanical design (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Design concepts for a 1000 mw thermal stationary power plant employing the UF6 fueled gas core breeder reactor are examined. Three design combinations-gaseous UF6 core with a solid matrix blanket, gaseous UF6 core with a liquid blanket, and gaseous UF6 core with a circulating blanket were considered. Results show the gaseous UF6 core with a circulating blanket was best suited to the power plant concept.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 90-105
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  • 23
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    Background (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of the UF6 fueled gas core reactor as a function of cavity reactor criticality and fluid mechanics tests, investigations of uranium optical emission spectra, and radiant heat transfer power plant studies. Data are also given on nuclear and thermodynamic cycle analysis.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 6-33
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  • 24
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    Transport velocity transformation - A convenient method for performance analysis of multilayer solar cell structure (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that in the case of low-level injection, space-charge quasi-neutrality, and spatially constant material parameters (including an electrostatic field), the individual layer can be treated analytically and the basic solar cell performance parameters can be evaluated from three equations. The first equation represents the transformation of the transport velocity across the layer from the other layer boundary. The second establishes the light-generated current output from the layer interface, under the influence of the transport velocities and minority-carrier density at both layer boundaries and of bulk recombination. The third equation describes the flow of these carriers across other layers. The power of the approach is considered to lie in its facility for analysis of the solar cell's performance layer by layer, giving a clear picture of the individual layer's influence on cell efficiency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-28; May 1981
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  • 25
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    Solar cell measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The measurement of the electrical performance characteristics of individual solar cells is discussed. One of the reasons is determination of the output power, measurement of the effect of various degradation mechanisms, and separation of cells by current and voltage for eventual use in series and parallel combinations. Major problem areas in making accurate performance measurements are the determination of the irradiance level during measurement, the measurement and control of cell junction temperature, and the contacting of the separate current and potential leads to the cell under test. Solar cells respond to only part of the solar spectrum, irradiance measurement made with blackbody detectors lead to spectral mismatch errors. The use of reference cells with a spectral response similar to that of the test cell reduces this error. Reference cells are calibrated at standard atmospheric conditions with all cells calibrated at the same conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Midwest Research Inst. Com. Photovoltaics Meas. Workshop Proc.; p 227-233
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  • 26
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    Photovoltaics (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The federal government has sponsored a program of research and development on terrestrial photovoltaic systems that is designed to reduce the costs of such systems through technological advances. There are many potential paths to lower system costs, and successful developments have led to increased private investment in photovoltaics. The prices for photovoltaic collectors and systems that appear to be achievable within this decade offer hope that the systems will soon be attractive in utility applications within the United States. Most of the advances achieved will also be directly applicable to the remote markets in which photovoltaic systems are now commercially successful
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Science; 212; June 26
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  • 27
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    Production of hydrogen by electron transfer catalysis using conventional and photochemical means (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Alternate methods of generating hydrogen from the sulfuric acid thermal or electrochemical cycles are presented. A number of processes requiring chemical, electrochemical or photochemical methods are also presented. These include the design of potential photoelectrodes and photocatalytic membranes using Ru impregnated nafion tubing, and the design of experiments to study the catalyzed electrolytic formation of hydrogen and sulfuric acid from sulfur dioxide and water using quinones as catalysts. Experiments are carried out to determine the value of these approaches to energy conversion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 233-236
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  • 28
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    Overview of the Chemical/Hydrogen Energy Systems (C/HES) program (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The production, storage and transmission, and utilization of hydrogen are included. Management structure and the programmatic emphasis are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 141-144
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  • 29
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    Chemical/Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Electrochemical and thermochemical systems are reviewed. Chemical heat pumps, end-use applications and systems studies, and storage systems and materials are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 145-149
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  • 30
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    An experimental study of SO3 dissociation as a mechanism for converting and transporting solar energy (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The high temperature catalytic dissocation of SO3 is an important chemical process being considered in the development and application of solar-thermal energy conversion, transport, and storage systems. A facility for evaluating chemical converter-heat exchangers at temperatures to 1000 C with high flow rates of gaseous SO3 feedstock has been assembled and operated on the NMSU campus. Several quartz and metal reactors containing different catalyst configurations have been tested. Descriptions of the test facility and of the reactors are given along with a presentation and discussion of experimental results.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 5, 19; 1981
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  • 31
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    Production cost comparisons of hydrogen from fossil and nuclear fuel and water decomposition (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The comparative costs entailed in producing hydrogen by major technologies that rely on petroleum, natural gas, coal, thermochemical cycles, and electrolysis are examined. Techniques were developed for comparing these processes by formulating the process data and economic assessments on a uniform and consistent basis. These data were normalized to permit a meaningful comparative analysis of product costs of these processes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 227-231
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  • 32
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    Orbiter fuel cell improvement assessment (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The history of fuel cells and the theory of fuel cells is given. Expressions for thermodynamic and electrical efficiencies are developed. The voltage losses due to electrode activation, ohmic resistance and ionic diffusion are discussed. Present limitations of the Orbiter Fuel Cell, as well as proposed enhancements, are given. These enhancements are then evaluated and recommendations are given for fuel cell enhancement both for short-range as well as long-range performance improvement. Estimates of reliability and cost savings are given for enhancements where possible.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 27 p
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  • 33
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    Contact resistivities of sputtered TiN and Ti-TiN metallizations on solar-cell-type-silicon (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The resistivities of TiN and Ti-TiN contacts on a shallow junction solar-cell-type silicon substrate have been determined by the method of the transmission line model. The contacts investigated are shown to be suitable for standard solar cells from an electrical point of view. Contact resistivity values of the order of 0.0001 ohm/sq cm as obtained for the n(+)Si-TiSi2-TiN contact system may be acceptable for concentrations up to 100 times, but lower values are necessary beyond this point.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 4, 19; 1981
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  • 34
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    The thermal efficiency and cost of producing hydrogen and other synthetic aircraft fuels from coal (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A comparison is made of the cost and thermal efficiency of producing liquid hydrogen, liquid methane and synthetic aviation kerosene from coal. These results are combined with estimates of the cost and energy losses associated with transporting, storing, and transferring the fuels to aircraft. The results of hydrogen-fueled and kerosene-fueled aircraft performance studies are utilized to compare the economic viability and efficiency of coal resource utilization of synthetic aviation fuels.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 28 p
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  • 35
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    Solar radiation measurement - Techniques and instrumentation (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A general survey is presented of solar radiation measurement, techniques, and instrumentation. The importance of determining the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is examined in the context of the energy crisis and utilization of solar energy. The survey includes the extraterrestrial solar fluxes, their possible variations, problems relating to energy received by collecting surfaces on the ground, major types of instrumentation, and the radiation scales to which the measurements are referred. The type of insolation data available is reviewed. Alternate techniques of deriving insolation data with high space-time resolution are discussed with reference to solar energy conversion requirements. Energy received on the ground can be computed from known values of the extraterrestrial solar spectrum and of the spectral absorption parameters of the atmosphere. Another technique is based on measurements made by meteorological satellites of the cloud-cover and of the solar energy reflected and scattered back to space by the earth-atmosphere system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 36
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    Thermal alteration of young kerogen in relation to petroleum genesis (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Kerogen, humic acid, and lipid material were separated from a young marine sediment and heated in sealed tubes in a nitrogen atmosphere at 150 and 410 C. Gaseous and liquid products generated during heating, and also the residual organic material, were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography, elemental analysis, infrared and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Nature; 264; Nov. 25
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  • 37
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    Thermodynamic analysis of alternate energy carriers, hydrogen and chemical heat pipes (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Hydrogen and chemical heat pipes were proposed as methods of transporting energy from a primary energy source (nuclear, solar) to the user. In the chemical heat pipe system, primary energy is transformed into the energy of a reversible chemical reaction; the chemical species are then transmitted or stored until the energy is required. Analysis of thermochemical hydrogen schemes and chemical heat pipe systems on a second law efficiency or available work basis show that hydrogen is superior especially if the end use of the chemical heat pipe is electrical power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. 1st World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 2; 15 p
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  • 38
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    Energy storage possibilities of atomic hydrogen (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Several recent experiments designed to produce and store macroscopic quantities of atomic hydrogen are discussed. The bulk, ground state properties of atomic hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium systems are calculated assuming that all pair interactions occur via the atomic triplet potential. The conditions required to obtain this system, including inhibition of recombination through the energetically favorable singlet interaction, are discussed. The internal energy, pressure, and compressibility are calculated applying the Monte Carlo technique with a quantum mechanical variational wavefunction. The system studied consisted of 32 atoms in a box with periodic boundary conditions. Results show that atomic triplet hydrogen and deuterium remain gaseous at 0 K; i.e., the internal energy is positive at all molar volumes considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 18 p
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  • 39
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    Some early perspectives on ground requirements of liquid hydrogen air transports (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The introduction of liquid hydrogen as a fuel for large, long haul air transports requires an integrated approach involving the air terminal authorities and the liquid hydrogen suppliers, as well as the airline operators and the air transport manufacturers. To illustrate the scope of the requirements necessary to support large air transports at the air terminals, perspectives are drawn to surface some concerns each of the principals may have to face, and to identify those that will require cooperative efforts to obtain integrated solutions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 24 p
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  • 40
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    A two-dimensional finite difference solution for the transient thermal behavior of tubular solar collector (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A numerical procedure was established using the finite-difference technique in the determination of the time-varying temperature distribution of a tubular solar collector under changing solar radiancy and ambient temperature. Three types of spatial discretization processes were considered and compared for their accuracy of computations and for selection of the shortest computer time and cost. The stability criteria of this technique was analyzed in detail to give the critical time increment to ensure stable computations. The results of the numerical analysis were in good agreement with the analytical solution previously reported. The numerical method proved to be a powerful tool in the investigation of the collector sensitivity to two different flow patterns and several flow control mechanisms.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 110-127
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  • 41
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    High-efficiency solar concentrator (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A new type of solar concentrator is presented using liquid lenses and simple translational tracking mechanism. The concentrator achieves a 100:1 nominal concentration ratio and is compared in performance with a flat-plate collector having two sheets of glazing and non-selective coating. The results of the thermal analysis show that higher temperatures can be obtained with the concentrator than is possible with the non-concentrator flat-plate type. Furthermore, the thermal efficiency far exceeds that of the comparative flat-plate type for all operating conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 99-109
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  • 42
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    Public policy for solar heating and cooling (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent analyses indicated that solar heating and cooling systems for residential buildings are nearly economically competitive with conventional fossil fuel or electric systems, the former having higher initial cost but a lower operating cost than the latter. The paper examines obstacles to the widespread acceptance and use of solar space conditioning systems and explores some general policies which could help to overcome them. The discussion covers such institutional barriers limiting the adoption of solar technologies as existing building codes, financing constraints, and organizational structure of the building industry. The potential impact of financial incentives is analyzed. It is noted that a tax incentive of 25% could speed the use of solar energy by 7 to 8 years and produce an 8% reduction in fossil fuel use by 1990. A preliminary incentive package which could be helpful in promoting solar energy both at federal and state levels is proposed, and the necessary incentive level is analysed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists; 32; Oct. 197
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  • 43
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    Toward a mathematical model of solar radiation for engineering analysis of solar energy systems (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The currently most-used insolation model and what improvements might be made in it to better suit it for use in designing energy systems is discussed. An approach to constructing an upgraded model is sketched.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 147-151
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  • 44
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    High performance flat plate solar collector (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The potential use of porous construction is presented to achieve efficient heat removal from a power producing solid and is applied to solar air heaters. Analytical solutions are given for the temperature distribution within a gas-cooled porous flat plate having its surface exposed to the sun's energy. The extracted thermal energy is calculated for two different types of plate transparency. Results show the great improvement in performance obtained with porous flat plate collectors as compared with analogous nonporous types.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 90-99
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  • 45
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    Nuclear analysis (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The MACH-1 and the THERMOS codes and their use as computational tools in nuclear analysis are examined. One dimensional survey calculations were carried out for a UF fueled core surrounded by a molten blanket; two dimensional calculations were made later with r-z geometry using the EXTERMINATOR program. Results and comparisons of the calculations are given in tabular form.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 46-72
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  • 46
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    Heat transfer and fluid flow (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Heat transfer and flow characteristics of UF6 flowing in a gas core reactor were analyzed through solution of the energy equation. The thermal-physical properties of UF6 are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 73-78
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  • 47
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    Status of photoelectrochemical production of hydrogen and electrical energy (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The efficiency for conversion of electromagnetic energy to chemical and electrical energy utilizing semiconductor single crystals as photoanodes in electrochemical cells was investigated. Efficiencies as high as 20 percent were achieved for the conversion of 330 nm radiation to chemical energy in the form of hydrogen by the photoelectrolysis of water in a SrTiO3 based cell. The SrTiO3 photoanodes were shown to be stable in 9.5 M NaOH solutions for periods up to 48 hours. Efficiencies of 9 percent were measured for the conversion of broadband visible radiation to hydrogen using n-type GaAs crystals as photoanodes. Crystals of GaAs coated with 500 nm of gold, silver, or tin for surface passivation show no significant change in efficiency. By suppressing the production of hydrogen in a CdSe-based photogalvanic cell, an efficiency of 9 percent was obtained in conversion of 633 nm light to electrical energy. A CdS-based photogalvanic cell produced a conversion efficiency of 5 percent for 500 nm radiation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Princeton Univ. Partially Ionized Plasmas, Including the 3rd Symp. on Uranium Plasmas; p 244-247
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  • 48
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    ERDA-NASA wind energy project ready to involve users (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The NASA contribution to the Wind Energy Project is discussed. NASA is responsible for the following: (1) identification of cost-effective configurations and sizes of wind-conversion systems, (2) the development of technology needed to produce these systems, (3) the design of wind-conversion systems that are compatible with user requirements, particularly utility networks, and (4) technology transfer obtained from the program to stimulate rapid commercial application of wind systems. Various elements of the NASA program are outlined, including industry-built user operation, the evaluation phase, the proposed plan and schedule for site selection and user involvement, supporting research and technology (e.g., energy storage), and component and subsystem technology development.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy; 1; Winter 1
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  • 49
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    Theoretical optimization and parametric study of n-on-p Al/x/Ga/1-x/As-GaAs graded band-gap solar cell (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comprehensive theoretical model of the graded band-gap Al(x)Ga(1-x)As-GaAs solar cell is used to optimize the n-on-p cell. The model includes power losses due to surface, bulk, and junction minority-carrier recombination, series resistance, and photon reflection from an SiO antireflection coating of optimum thickness. The optimized cell has a junction depth/graded band-gap layer thickness of 1.0 micron, respective donor and acceptor concentrations of 4 x 10 to the 17th power and 2 x 10 to the 17th power per cu cm, and a surface AlAs mode fraction of x = 0.35. The optimized graded band-gap cell has an air-mass-zero efficiency of 17.7% (not corrected for a 13% front surface contact area) and is shown to be less sensitive than a similar n-on-p GaAs cell to material degradation in the form of decreased minority-carrier diffusion lengths and increased surface-recombination velocity
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 47; July 197
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  • 50
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    Status of the microwave power transmission components for the solar power satellite (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During the 1970-1980 time period a substantial advance has been made in developing all portions of a microwave power transmission system for the solar power satellite (SPS). The most recent advances pertain to the transmitting portion of the system in the satellite and are based upon experimental observations of the use of the magnetron combined with a passive directional device to convert it into a highly efficient directional amplifier with excellent low-noise properties and potentially very long life. The ability of its microwave output to track a phase reference makes it possible to combine it with many other radiating units to provide a highly coherent microwave beam. The ability of its output to track an amplitude reference while operating from a dc power source with varying voltage makes it possible to eliminate most of the power conditioning equipment that would otherwise be necessary.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 51
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    Dispersed solar thermal generation employing parabolic dish-electric transport with field modulated generator systems (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper discusses the application of field modulated generator systems (FMGS) to dispersed solar-thermal-electric generation from a parabolic dish field with electric transport. Each solar generation unit is rated at 15 kWe and the power generated by an array of such units is electrically collected for insertion into an existing utility grid. Such an approach appears to be most suitable when the heat engine rotational speeds are high (greater than 6000 r/min) and, in particular, if they are operated in the variable speed mode and if utility-grade a.c. is required for direct insertion into the grid without an intermediate electric energy storage and reconversion system. Predictions of overall efficiencies based on conservative efficiency figures for the FMGS are in the range of 25 per cent and should be encouraging to those involved in the development of cost-effective dispersed solar thermal power systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 1, 19; 1981
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  • 52
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    Materials considerations for the gas core breeder reactor (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The selection of materials for gas core breeder reactor fuel, blanket, core liner, pressure vessel, system piping, and turbine blades was discussed. System design properties are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 34-45
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  • 53
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    A study of efficiency in low resistivity silicon solar cells (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A general device-analysis program has been utilized to study the efficiency of silicon solar cells. The analysis is applied to specific geometries of both n(+)-p and n(+)-p-p(+) solar cells, and involves a numerical solution of the basic transport and continuity equations. This approach allows solutions that are free of typical limiting assumptions involved in solving the device equations as well as solutions relating to lifetime, mobility variations, and diffused-region profiles. The analysis includes available empirical information on diffusion length, mobility, and lifetime as a function of doping, as well as a Gaussian profile for the diffused region. Results are presented which illustrate the limitations of efficiency as a function of doping. It is found that the maximum efficiencies for both types of cell converge at lower resistivities to around 16% with air-mass-zero radiation and a single-layer absorbing-SiO antireflecting film. It is also found that the minority-carrier lifetime, both in the n(+) surface and p-type bulk regions, presents serious limitations to conversion efficiency, particularly in the low-resistivity cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solid-State Electronics; 19; Feb. 197
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  • 54
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    The properties of polycrystalline silicon solar cells with controlled titanium additions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: By coupling the results of electrical measurements, such as spectral response, lighted and dark I-V determinations, and deep-level-transient spectroscopy with optical and laser scan photomicroscopy, the effects of grain boundaries and impurities on silicon solar cells were evaluated. Titanium, which produces two deep levels in silicon, degrades cell performance by reducing bulk lifetime and thus cell short-circuit current. Electrically active grain boundaries induce carrier recombination in the bulk and depletion regions of the solar cell. Experimental data imply a small but measurable segregation of titanium into some grain boundaries of the polycrystalline silicon containing high Ti concentration. However, for the titanium-contaminated polycrystalline material used in this study, solar cell performance is dominated by the electrically active titanium concentration in the grains. Microstructural impacts on the devices are of secondary importance
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-28; Jan. 198
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  • 55
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    Assessment of solar-assisted gas-fired heat pump systems (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a possible application for the Goldstone Energy Project, the performance of a 10 ton heat pump unit using a hybrid solar gas energy source was evaluated in an effort to optimize the solar collector size. The heat pump system is designed to provide all the cooling and/or heating requirements of a selected office building. The system performance is to be augmented in the heating mode by utilizing the waste heat from the power cycle. A simplified system analysis is described to assess and compute interrrelationships of the engine, heat pump, and solar and building performance parameters, and to optimize the solar concentrator/building area ratio for a minimum total system cost. In addition, four alternative heating cooling systems, commonly used for building comfort, are described; their costs are compared, and are found to be less competitive with the gas solar heat pump system at the projected solar equipment costs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 154-190
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  • 56
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    Computer simulated building energy consumption for verification of energy conservation measures in network facilities (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computer program called ECPVER (Energy Consumption Program - Verification) was developed to simulate all energy loads for any number of buildings. The program computes simulated daily, monthly, and yearly energy consumption which can be compared with actual meter readings for the same time period. Such comparison can lead to validation of the model under a variety of conditions, which allows it to be used to predict future energy saving due to energy conservation measures. Predicted energy saving can then be compared with actual saving to verify the effectiveness of those energy conservation changes. This verification procedure is planned to be an important advancement in the Deep Space Network Energy Project, which seeks to reduce energy cost and consumption at all DSN Deep Space Stations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 142-146
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  • 57
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    Fuel cells feasibility (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technical and economic status of fuel cells is assessed with emphasis on their potential benefits to the Deep Space Network. The fuel cell, what it is, how it operates, and what its outputs are, is reviewed. Major technical problems of the fuel cell and its components are highlighted. Due to these problems and economic considerations it is concluded that fuel cells will not become commercially viable until the early 1990s.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 154-168
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  • 58
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    A sensitivity model for energy consumption in buildings. Part 1: Effect of exterior environment (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple analytical model is developed for the simulation of seasonal heating and cooling loads of any class of buildings to complement available computerized techniques which make hourly, daily, and monthly calculations. An expression for the annual energy utilization index, which is a common measure of rating buildings having the same functional utilization, is derived to include about 30 parameters for both building interior and exterior environments. The sensitivity of a general class building to either controlled or uncontrolled weather parameters is examined. A hypothetical office type building, located at the Goldstone Space Communication Complex, Goldstone, California, is selected as an example for the numerical sensitivity evaluations. Several expressions of variations in local outside air temperature, pressure, solar radiation, and wind velocity are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 58-88
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  • 59
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    Glass as encapsulation for low-cost photovoltaic solar arrays (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In photovoltaic systems, the encapsulant material that protects the solar cells should be highly transparent and very durable. Glass satisfies these two criteria and is considered a primary candidate for low-cost, photovoltaic encapsulation systems. In this paper, various aspects of glass encapsulation are treated that are important for the designer of photovoltaic systems. Candidate glasses and available information defining the state of the art of glass encapsulation materials and processes for automated, high volume production of terrestrial photovoltaic devices and related applications are presented. The desired characteristics of glass encapsulation are (1) low degradation rates, (2) high transmittance, (3) high reliability, (4) low-cost, and (5) high annual production capacity. The glass design areas treated herein include the types of glass, sources, prices, physical properties and glass modifications, such as antireflection coatings.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 60
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    Parabolic dish systems at work - Applying the concepts (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An overview is given of parabolic dish solar concentrator application experiments being conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy. The 'engineering experiments' comprise the testing of (1) a small-community powerplant system, in conjunction with a grid-connected utility; (2) stand-alone applications at remote sites such as military installations, radar stations and villages; and (3) dish modules that can deliver heat for direct use in industrial processes. Applicability projections are based on a dish and receiver that use a Brayton engine with an engine/generator efficiency of 25% and a production level of up to 25,000 units per year. Analyses indicate that parabolic-dish power systems can potentially replace small, oil-fired power plants in all regions of the U.S. between 1985 and 1991.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Sunworld; 5; May 1981
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  • 61
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    Parabolic dish collectors - A solar option (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A description is given of several parabolic-dish high temperature solar thermal systems currently undergoing performance trials. A single parabolic dish has the potential for generating 20 to 30 kW of electricity with fluid temperatures from 300 to 1650 C. Each dish is a complete power-producing unit, and may function either independently or as part of a group of linked modules. The two dish designs under consideration are of 11 and 12 meter diameters, yielding receiver operating temperatures of 925 and 815 C, respectively. The receiver designs described include (1) an organic working fluid (toluene) Rankine cycle engine; (2) a Brayton open cycle unit incorporating a hybrid combustion chamber and nozzle and a shaft-coupled permanent magnet alternator; and (3) a modified Stirling cycle device originally designed for automotive use. Also considered are thermal buffer energy storage and thermochemical transport and storage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Sunworld; 5; May 1981
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  • 62
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    Steam reforming of n-hexane on pellet and monolithic catalyst beds. A comparative study on improvements due to heat transfer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Monolithic catalysts with higher available active surface areas and better thermal conductivity than conventional pellets beds, making possible the steam reforming of fuels heavier than naphtha, were examined. Performance comparisons were made between conventional pellet beds and honeycomb monolith catalysts using n-hexane as the fuel. Metal-supported monoliths were examined. These offer higher structural stability and higher thermal conductivity than ceramic supports. Data from two metal monoliths of different nickel catalyst loadings were compared to pellets under the same operating conditions. Improved heat transfer and better conversion efficiencies were obtained with the monolith having higher catalyst loading. Surface-gas interaction was observed throughout the length of the monoliths.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Conversion of Hydrocarbons for Fuel Cell Appl.; p 75-120
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  • 63
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    Recent work in advanced hydrogen production concepts (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The hydrogen photoelectrolytic conversion activity investigated the practicability of semiconductor electrolytic devises that use solar energy to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen in an apparent single step process. The photocatalytic decomposition of inorganic hydrogen compounds; i.e., hydrobromic and hydriodic acids using rhodium organic bridge complexes were also studied. The feasibility of direct high temperature thermal decompositions of water with diffusion processes for separation of the equilibrium mixture of hydrogen and oxygen into usable energy sources was examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 232
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  • 64
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    Containment materials: Status and summary (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The hydrogen containment materials are studied. The safe, reliable, and economic containment of hydrogen is essential to the success of virtually any hydrogen energy transport and storage scheme. The potential problems associated with hydrogen containment are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 224-226
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  • 65
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    Dish-mounted latent heat buffer storage (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dish-mounted latent heat storage subsystems for Rankine, Brayton, and Stirling engines operating at 427 C, 816 C, and 816 C respectively are discussed. Storage requirements definition, conceptual design, media stability and compatibility tests, and thermal performance analyses are considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 113-117
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  • 66
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    A theoretical study of microwave beam absorption by a rectenna (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of a theoretical study of microwave beam absorption by a Rectenna are given. Total absorption of the power beam is shown to be theoretically possible. Several improvements in the Rectenna design are indicated as a result of analytic modeling. The nature of Rectenna scattering and atmospheric effects are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception; p 234-240
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  • 67
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    Analysis of the photo voltage decay /PVD/ method for measuring minority carrier lifetimes in P-N junction solar cells (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The photo voltage decay (PVD) method for the measurement of minority carrier lifetimes in P-N junction solar cells with cell thickness comparable to or even less than the minority carrier diffusion length is examined. The method involves the generation of free carriers in the quasi-neutral bulk material by flashes of light and the monitoring of the subsequent decay of the induced open-circuit voltages as the carriers recombine, which is dependent on minority carrier recombination lifetime. It is shown that the voltage versus time curve for an ordinary solar cell (N(+)-P junction) is proportional to the inverse minority carrier lifetime plus a factor expressing the ratio of diffusion length to cell thickness. In the case of an ideal back-surface-field cell (N(+)-P-P(+) junction) however, the slope is directly proportional to the inverse minority carrier lifetime. It is noted that since most BSF cells are not ideal, possessing a sizable back surface recombination velocity, the PVD measurements must be treated with caution and supplemented with other nonstationary methods.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 52; Sept
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  • 68
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    Autothermal reforming of sulfur-free and sulfur-containing hydrocarbon liquids (1981)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mechanisms by which various fuel component hydrocarbons related to both heavy petroleum and coal-derived liquids are converted to hydrogen without forming carbon were investigated. Reactive differences between paraffins and aromatics in autothermal reforming (ATR) were shown to be responsible for the observed fuel-specific carbon formation characteristics. The types of carbon formed in the reformer were identified by SEM and XRD analyses of catalyst samples and carbon deposits. From tests with both light and heavy paraffins and aromatics, it is concluded that high boiling point hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatics enhance the propensity for carbon formation. The effects of propylene addition on the ATR performance of benzene are described. In ATR tests with mixtures of paraffins and aromatics, synergistic effects on conversion characteristics were identified. Indications that the sulfur content of the fuel may be the limiting factor for efficient ATR operation were found. The conversion and degradation effects of the sulfur additive (thiophene) were examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: conversion of Hydrocarbons for Fuel Cell Appl.; p 1-74
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    Solar energy (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The book opens with a review of the patterns of energy use and resources in the United States, and an exploration of the potential of solar energy to supply some of this energy in the future. This is followed by background material on solar geometry, solar intensities, flat plate collectors, and economics. Detailed attention is then given to a variety of solar units and systems, including domestic hot water systems, space heating systems, solar-assisted heat pumps, intermediate temperature collectors, space heating/cooling systems, concentrating collectors for high temperatures, storage systems, and solar total energy systems. Finally, rights to solar access are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    New technologies for solar energy silicon - Cost analysis of dichlorosilane process (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A reduction in the cost of silicon for solar cells is an important objective in a project concerned with the reduction of the cost of electricity produced with solar cells. The cost goal for the silicon material is about $14 per kg (1980 dollars). The process which is currently employed to produce semiconductor grade silicon from trichlorosilane is not suited for meeting this cost goal. Other processes for producing silicon are, therefore, being investigated. A description is presented of results obtained for the DCS process which involves the production of dichlorosilane as a silicon source material for solar energy silicon. Major benefits of dichlorosilane as a silicon source material include faster reaction rates for chemical vapor deposition of silicon. The DCS process involves the reaction 2SiHCl3 yields reversibly SiH2Cl2 + SiCl4. The results of a cost analysis indicate a total product cost without profit of $1.29/kg of SiH2Cl2.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 6, 19; 1981
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  • 71
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    The moon base power satellite: A preliminary analysis (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 124-128
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  • 72
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    Solar hot water systems application to the solar building test facility and the Tech House (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Projects which relate to the current national thrust toward demonstrating applied solar energy are discussed. The first project has as its primary objective the application of a system comprised of a flat plate collector field, an absorption air conditioning system, and a hot water heating system to satisfy most of the annual cooling and heating requirements of a large commercial office building. The other project addresses the application of solar collector technology to the heating and hot water requirements of a domestic residence. In this case, however, the solar system represents only one of several important technology items, the primary objective for the project being the application of space technology to the American home.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 3; p 1237-1246
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  • 73
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    Solar energy storage and utilization (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method of storing solar energy in the ground for heating residential buildings is described. The method would utilize heat exchanger pipes with a circulating fluid to transfer the energy beneath the surface as well as to extract the stored energy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 3; p 1235-1246
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  • 74
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    Shape optimization of disc-type flywheels (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Techniques were developed for presenting an analytical and graphical means for selecting an optimum flywheel system design, based on system requirements, geometric constraints, and weight limitations. The techniques for creating an analytical solution are formulated from energy and structural principals. The resulting flywheel design relates stress and strain pattern distribution, operating speeds, geometry, and specific energy levels. The design techniques incorporate the lowest stressed flywheel for any particular application and achieve the highest specific energy per unit flywheel weight possible. Stress and strain contour mapping and sectional profile plotting reflect the results of the structural behavior manifested under rotating conditions. This approach toward flywheel design is applicable to any metal flywheel, and permits the selection of the flywheel design to be based solely on the criteria of the system requirements that must be met, those that must be optimized, and those system parameters that may be permitted to vary.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL 10th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 38-51
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  • 75
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    Metal-halide mixtures for latent heat energy storage (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Some candidates for alkali metal and alkali halide mixtures suitable for thermal energy storage at temperatures 600 C are identified. A solar thermal system application which offer advantages such as precipitation of salt crystals away from heat transfer surfaces, increased thermal conductivity of phase change materials, corrosion inhibition, and a constant monotectic temperature, independent of mixture concentrations. By using the lighters, metal rich phase as a heat transfer medium and the denser, salt rich phase as a phase change material for latent heat storage, undesirable solidification on the heat transfer surface may be prevented, is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ASME Solar Eng., 1981; p 667-674
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  • 76
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    The NASA Lewis large wind turbine program (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The large wind turbine program activities are reviewed. These activities include results from the first and second generation field machines (Mod-OA, 1, and 2), the design phase of the third generation wind turbine (Mod-5) and the advanced technology projects. The status of the WTS-4 machine is also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Midwest Res. Inst. Fifth Bien. Wind Energy Conf. and Workshop (WW5); p 39-58
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  • 77
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    An interferometer-based phase control system (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A system for focusing and pointing the SPS power beam is discussed. The system is ground based and closed loop. One receiving antenna is required on earth. A conventional uplinked data channel transmits an 8-bit phase error correction back to the SPS for sequential calibration of each power module. Beam pointing resolution is better than 140 meters at the rectenna.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Solar Power Satellite Microwave Transmission and Reception; p 139-140
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  • 78
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    SPS fiber optic link assessment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Fiber optic technology was tentatively selected in the SPS baseline design to transmit a stable phase reference throughout microwave array. Over a hundred thousand microwave modules are electronically steered by the phase reference signal to form the power beam at the ground receiving station. The initially selected IF distribution frequency of the phase reference signal was at 980 MHz or a submultiple of it. Fiber optics offers some significant advantages in view of the SPS application. Optical transmission is highly immune to EMI/RFI, which is expected to be severe when considering the low distribution power. In addition, there are savings in both mass, physical size, and potentially in cost.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Solar Power Satellite Microwave Transmission and Reception; p 154-158
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  • 79
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    A sonic satellite power system microwave power transmission simulation (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A simulator is described which generates and transmits a beam of audible sound energy mathematically similar to the SPS power beam. The simulator provides a laboratory means for analysis of ground based closed loop SPS phase control and of ionospheric effects on the SPS microwave power beam.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Solar Power Microwave Transmission and Reception; p 141-143
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  • 80
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    Flutter of Darrieus wind turbine blades: Correlation of theory and experiment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Flutter analysis of two wind turbines was correlated with experimental data for flutter of Darrieus blades.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 199-200
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  • 81
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    On the wake of a Darrieus turbine (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The theory and experimental measurements on the aerodynamic decay of a wake from high performance vertical axis wind turbine are discussed. In the initial experimental study, the wake downstream of a model Darrieus rotor, 28 cm diameter and a height of 45.5 cm, was measured in a Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel. The wind turbine was run at the design tip speed ratio of 5.5. It was found that the wake decayed at a slower rate with distance downstream of the turbine, than a wake from a screen with similar troposkein shape and drag force characteristics as the Darrieus rotor. The initial wind tunnel results indicated that the vertical axis wind turbines should be spaced at least forty diameters apart to avoid mutual power depreciation greater than ten per cent.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 51-66
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  • 82
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    Aerodynamic potpourri (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Aerodynamic developments for vertical axis and horizontal axis wind turbines are given that relate to the performance and aerodynamic loading of these machines. Included are: (1) a fixed wake aerodynamic model of the Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine; (2) experimental results that suggest the existence of a laminar flow Darrieus vertical axis turbine; (3) a simple aerodynamic model for the turbulent windmill/vortex ring state of horizontal axis rotors; and (4) a yawing moment of a rigid hub horizontal axis wind turbine that is related to blade coning.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 3-7
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  • 83
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    Calculation of guaranteed mean power from wind turbine generators (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method for calculating the 'guaranteed mean' power output of a wind turbine generator is proposed. The term 'mean power' refers to the average power generated at specified wind speeds during short-term tests. Correlation of anemometers, the method of bins for analyzing non-steady data, the PROP Code for predicting turbine power, and statistical analysis of deviations in test data from theory are discussed. Guaranteed mean power density for the Clayton Mod-OA system was found to be 8 watts per square meter less than theoretical power density at all power levels, with a confidence level of 0.999. This amounts to 4 percent of rated power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 139-150
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  • 84
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    An overview of fatigue failures at the Rocky Flats Wind System Test Center (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Potential small wind energy conversion (SWECS) design problems were identified to improve product quality and reliability. Mass produced components such as gearboxes, generators, bearings, etc., are generally reliable due to their widespread uniform use in other industries. The likelihood of failure increases, though, in the interfacing of these components and in SWECS components designed for a specific system use. Problems relating to the structural integrity of such components are discussed and analyzed with techniques currently used in quality assurance programs in other manufacturing industries.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 121-128
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  • 85
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    Performance testing of a 50 kW VAWT in a built-up environment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of performance tests of a DAF Indal 50 kW vertical axis wind turbine are presented. Results of limited free stream turbulence and vertical wind shear measurements at the site are also presented. The close agreement between measured and predicted energy outputs, required to verify the wind turbine power output performance relationship, was not attained. A discussion is presented of factors that may have contributed to the lack of better agreement.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 129-138
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  • 86
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    Applications of the DOE/NASA wind turbine engineering information system (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A statistical analysis of data obtained from the Technology and Engineering Information Systems was made. The systems analyzed consist of the following elements: (1) sensors which measure critical parameters (e.g., wind speed and direction, output power, blade loads and component vibrations); (2) remote multiplexing units (RMUs) on each wind turbine which frequency-modulate, multiplex and transmit sensor outputs; (3) on-site instrumentation to record, process and display the sensor output; and (4) statistical analysis of data. Two examples of the capabilities of these systems are presented. The first illustrates the standardized format for application of statistical analysis to each directly measured parameter. The second shows the use of a model to estimate the variability of the rotor thrust loading, which is a derived parameter.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Wind Turbine Dyn.; p 113-120
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  • 87
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    General Electric point focus solar concentrator status (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The concentrator design approach evolved by a systemmatic process of examining the operating requirements particular to the solar application, minimizing material content through detail structural design and structurally efficient subsystem features, and utilizing materials and processes compatible with high volume production techniques. The design approach, the present concentrator configuration and the status of the hardware development are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 143-147
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  • 88
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    Cost goals (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Cost goal activities for the point focusing parabolic dish program are reported. Cost goals involve three tasks: (1) determination of the value of the dish systems to potential users; (2) the cost targets of the dish system are set out; (3) the value side and cost side are integrated to provide information concerning the potential size of the market for parabolic dishes. The latter two activities are emphasized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 247-250
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  • 89
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    Industrial application experiment series (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two procurements within the Industrial Application Experiment Series of the Thermal Power Systems Project are discussed. The first procurement, initiated in April 1980, resulted in an award to the Applied Concepts Corporation for the Capital Concrete Experiment: two Fresnel concentrating collectors will be evaluated in single-unit installations at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Parabolic Dish Test Site and at Capitol Concrete Products, Topeka, Kansas. The second procurement, initiated in March 1981, is titled, "Thermal System Engineering Experiment B." The objective of the procurement is the rapid deployment of developed parabolic dish collectors.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 215-216
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  • 90
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    Fresnel concentrating collector (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An advanced point focusing solar technology demonstrated potential for near term commercialization as a renewable energy technology. The design features combine to produce a highly efficient, low cost, safe, adaptable, durable system which is simple to manufacture, install and maintain.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Ann. Program Rev. Proc.; p 171-178
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  • 91
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    Viking lander five year summary (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The battery assemblies in the Viking lander are discussed. Discharge and recharge schemes are described. Performance charts for the batteries are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 361-370
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  • 92
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    Predelivery cell and battery summary for SMM 20A h batteries (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Nickel cadmium batteries were performance tested and found to be compatible with the demands and goals of the Solar Maximum Mission flights.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 343-347
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  • 93
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    Anatomy of a short (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The plate stocks of nickel cadmium batteries were disassembled to locate shorts. Through testing, the cause of the shorts was discovered to be a growth of cadmium coming through the separator.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 229-240
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  • 94
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    Expansion of the nickel electrode (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To observe a reasonable amount of expansion, months or years in acutal batteries are required. Therefore, the technique of electrode bending was developed. Active material is taken off a sample electrode on one side, and left only on the other side with a cadmium counter electrode. With this configuration, if the active material expands, the electrode will bend convex - concave towards this direction. This very small bending may be easily detected with light deflection. A laser beam was used to project it on the screen through a mirror attached on the electrode, thus making a very sensitive measurement of a very small expansion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 175 - 181
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  • 95
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    Nickel hydrogen cell tests (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some parametric tests followed by cycling tests are described for the characterization of the service life of nickel hydrogen cells. Three cells were automatically cycled in simulated low Earth orbit in 35 minute discharge, 55 minute charge, with charging voltage limited, temperature compensated. The cells were mounted in a fixture that conducts heat to an aluminum baseplate. The baseplate in turn, is bounded in a temperature controlled bath to remove the heat from the mounted fixture. One cell was tested with a zircar separator, which failed after 2473 cyles. Two other cells were tested one with a zircar separator; the other with asbestos. More than 400 cycles were achieved.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 409-418
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  • 96
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    Nickel hydrogen cells, an historic overview (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of the nickel hydrogen battery system was primarily for replacement of the nickel cadmium battery and for space power systems. A chronological review of the major events and milestones leading up to the current system status is summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 391-397
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  • 97
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    Nickel hydrogen life cycle test results (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The charge efficiency of nickel hydrogen batteries is discussed. The general characteristics of the battery life cycle are described with respect to the dissipation of heat from the battery.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 339-407
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  • 98
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    Comparison of different plate treatments and designs, an update (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Nine packs of cells of different designs were put on test at Crane. They were run through their initial evaluation tests and then put into a cycling test. These were GE 12A h cells. The temperature was 20 C, the orbit was 90 minutes, the depth of discharge was 40%, the discharge rate was 9.6A and the initial charge rate was 9.6A to a voltage limit where it went into a taper. The goal was to get 100% return. The voltage limit was 1.453V through most of the testing, although recently it became necessary to lower some packs and raise some to hold 115% return. After one year, one cell from each pack was removed and the initial evaluation tests were repeated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 371-378
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  • 99
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    Multimission modular spacecraft parallel battery tests (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Acceptance test data included: voltage profiles; pressure increase or decrease; and response of the third electrode cell. A softening of the voltage profile was revealed, as well as a lowering of the discharge profile and a 10 percent loss of capacity over a 0 to 20 C temperature range.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 335-341
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  • 100
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    Nickel cadmium cell optimization program (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Battery selection was based on tests to evaluate: weight, capacity; overcharge capability at varying temperatures; and charge retention.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1980 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 329-333
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