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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (5,942)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (1,541)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (934)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
  • 2025-2025
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (8,819)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1979  (4,896)
  • 1976  (3,923)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2025-2025
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (8,819)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Some unique meteorites found in Antarctica and their relation to asteroids (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Two unique meteorites were identified by means of a mineralogical examination of the smaller-sized Yamato achondrites. Yamato-74130 is the most iron-rich ureilite with Na, Cr-rich augite instead of pigeonite. Yamato-74160 was extensively recrystallized, but the composition and proportion of olivine, orthopyroxene, augite, and plagioclase is consistent with LL7 chondrites. ALHA77005 is a unique achondrite with olivine, possibly three pyroxene assemblages, and maskelynite. These meteorites provide evidence that there may be other 'thermalized' asteroids than the howardite parent body. Detailed petrologic descriptions of the unique achondrites, recrystallized diogenite Yamato-74013, and the rapidly cooled eucrite Yamato-74450 with pyroxene phenocrysts are given. It is inferred from the bulk chemistry and the mineralogical reexamination of Yamato-75028 that it is composed of the H5-type clasts and chondrule-rich H(L)3-like matrix with the H5 fragments. A close relationship in the collisional evolution of some asteroids with these materials is inferred.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: National Institute of Polar Research, Memoirs (ISSN 0386-0744); 15, 1; 54-76
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  • 2
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    Motions of a liquid in a pulsating bulb with application to problems of blood flow (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Potential flows may be utilized to represent motions produced in pulsating bulbs. While the initial bulb shape may be arbitrary, sequential shapes are related by affine transformations. Two components appear in the distribution of pressure, one dependent on the instantaneous velocity and the other on the acceleration. For flows with stationary streamlines the inertial impedance is that of a simple mass, and is proportional to the first moment of the actual mass of fluid contained within the bulb. Examples treated are: (1) Expanding and collapsing circular cylinders, and (2) elliptical cylinders in which the perimeter is held constant. The thickness of the pulsatile laminar boundary layer is found to be approximately on millimeter for conditions in the vicinity of the heart. Conditions for separation and turbulence differ from those in steady flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 957-965
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  • 3
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    Sensitivity of solar-cell performance to atmospheric variables. 2: Dissimilar cells at several locations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26624.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 259-270
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  • 4
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    Problems in photoresponse distribution measurement (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Photoresponse distribution measurement by scanning a light spot across the surface of a semiconductor device is examined. The technqiue is used for solar cell characterization because the measured quantity is the direct expression of the distribution of the desired performance of the device. An apparatus for measuring the photoresponse distribution was set and used in the development of polysilicon thin film solar cells. A schmeatic diagram of the apparatus and an example of measurement are shown.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 355-362
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  • 5
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    On the determination of series resistance and diode quality factor of solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The series resistance and diode quality factor are used for evaluation of solar cell performance. These parameters are normally deduced from the terminal I-V characteristics under forward bias. The method produces a smaller series resistance and a larger value for diode quality factor than appropriate for the device when operating as a solar cell. It is suggested that the diode quality factor be determined from measured saturated photocurrent, open circuit voltage characteristics and the series resistance be measured with an r-f bridge or calculated from a measurement of the surface sheet resistance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 347-354
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  • 6
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    Silicon solar cell testing in concentrated sunlight and simulated sunlight (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: A method is described for testing silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight and simulated sunlight. Concentrated sunlight is obtained by using an acrylic Fresnel lens; the simulated sunlight source is a short arc Xenon lamp. Average illumination levels during the tests are inferred from an assumed linear relationship between short circuit current and illumination. The linearity assumption is investigated for 0.3 alpha cm base resistivity silicon cells and found to be valid. Some typical results are presented to illustrate the type of information obtained during the testing.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 337-354
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  • 7
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    Indoor and outdoor measurements of performance of photovoltaic arrays (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26626.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 309-322
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  • 8
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    Recommendations for the performance rating of flat plate terrestrial photovoltaic solar panels (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: A review of recommendations for standardizing the performance rating of flat plate terrestrial solar panels is given to develop an international standard code of practice for performance rating. Required data to characterize the performance of a solar panel are listed. Other items discussed are: (1) basic measurement procedures; (2) performance measurement in natural sunlight and simulated sunlight; (3) standard solar cells; (4) the normal incidence method; (5) global method and (6) definition of peak power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 323-336
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  • 9
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    Cell and module test procedures seen from the manufacturer and the user point of view (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The problems encountered by manufacturers and users of solar modules are summarized. Related measurement of the rated power of the module is included, and a temperature test is suggested to define the actual performance of a module. Other suggestions are given for environmental module and array tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 301-308
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  • 10
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    Introduction to basic solar cell measurements (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26625.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 275-300
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  • 11
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    Consideration of design and calibration of terrestrial reference solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26621.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 203-222
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  • 12
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    Sensitivity of solar cell performance to atmospheric variables. 1: Single cell (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26623.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 247-258
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  • 13
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    The effect of atmospheric parameters on silicon cell performance (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26619.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 93-108
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  • 14
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    Solar excitation of CdS/Cu2S photovoltaic cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Solar radiation of five typical clear weather days and under a variety of conditions is used to determine the spectral distribution of the photonflux at different planes of a CdS/Cu2S solar cell. The fractions of reflected and absorbed flux are determined at each of the relevant interfaces and active volume elements of the solar cell. The density of absorbed photons is given in respect to spectral and spatial distribution. The variance of the obtained distribution, with changes in insolation and absorption spectra of the active solar cell layers, is indicated. A catalog of typical examples is given in the appendix.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 109-150
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  • 15
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    Test facility for solar-cell reference conditions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26618.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 67-78
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  • 16
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    The effects of spectral variations on silicon cell output (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Spectral measurements of daily, total horizontal radiation were analyzed to determine the magnitude and character of the effects in silicon cell output. Data for different seasons and weather conditions are included. Techniques and results are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 79-92
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  • 17
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    A numerical comparison with an exact solution for the transient response of a cylinder immersed in a fluid (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The transient response of an elastic cylindrical shell immersed in an acoustic media that is engulfed by a plane wave is determined numerically. The method applies to the USA-STAGS code which utilizes the finite element method for the structural analysis and the doubly asymptotic approximation for the fluid-structure interaction. The calculations are compared to an exact analysis for two separate loading cases: a plane step wave and an exponentially decaying plane wave.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 3; p 23-28
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  • 18
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    Meteoroid protection for the Comet Halley probe (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-26
    Description: The high closing speed of 57km/s between the spacecraft and Halley poses special problems in the design of the required meteoroid protection. A double wall structure with a total thickness equal to 0.1 to 1 times the diameter of the largest meteoroid encountered is sufficient to stop that meteoroid. However, the unusually high number of meteoroid impacts on the Halley probe will cause significant erosion of the outer wall so that failure of the second wall is more likely to occur from a small meteoroid passing through a previously created hole in the outer wall and then penetrating the second wall. Calculations of the shielding required based on this failure mode, show that a double wall structure must actually have a total thickness 1.2 to 7.3 times the diameter of the largest meteoroid encountered, depending on the size distribution of the meteoroids.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ESA Comet Halley Micrometeoroid Hazard Workshop; p 73-76
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  • 19
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    DSN energy data base preliminary design (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-01
    Description: The design and implementation of a computerized data base created to support the DSN Energy Conservation Project with data relating to energy use at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex are described. The results of development work to date, are presented along with work currently in progress or in the planning stage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 167-181
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  • 20
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    Surface-tension-induced convection experiment MA-041 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In the absence of gravity, stirring in a liquid is suppressed because of density differences caused by thermal or compositional gradients. However, other mechanisms resulting in natural convection in a microgravity environment exist. One of the most important mechanisms for liquid metals is surface tension driven convection, which becomes predominant in the low gravity environment. In this case, surface tension differences caused by compositional or temperature gradients have been demonstrated to cause stirring in liquids during experiments performed onboard Skylab. Compositional gradients were created by adding a soap solution to a large water globule, which caused vigorous fluid motion for some moments after the addition.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 11 p
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  • 21
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    Science demonstrations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Three demonstrations of scientific concepts concerning liquids were performed during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. Chemical foaming, spreading of liquids, and capillary wicking were the subjects of each demonstration photographed in space. The results clearly illustrated the basic principles, and films suitable for educational uses are now available from the first author.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 9 p
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  • 22
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    Potential prediction needs in support of energy systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The relationship between emerging energy systems and the natural environment is discussed, including selected examples to show that energy systems are tied to global solar terrestrial processess. The interdependence of resources, technology, and environmental impact is considered in terms of needed geophysical, atmospheric, and solar terrestrial data inputs. The need for long term basic research on the solar terrestrial system is emphasized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 198-202
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  • 23
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    Space vehicle meteoroid shielding design (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Design principles of spaced, multiwall meteoroid protection are investigated in the light of experimental data generated during the Apollo Program. The outer wall or shield is shown to be the most important element in the meteoroid-spacecraft interaction. The condition of the debris is primarily a function of the shock pressure, the melting points of the meteoroid and the shield, and the length of the meteoroid and thickness of the shield. Spacing between the walls is effective up to approximately 100 times the length of the meteoroid. The required thickness of the second wall is shown to be proportional to the meteoroid mass, velocity, and density, and to the spacing between the walls, taken with exponents dependent upon the condition of the debris. The effects of placing additional elements (insulation or honeycomb cells) between the two walls are discussed, and the efficiency of various protective configurations is presented. An analysis of the meteoroid protection proposed for the Comet Halley probe is included as an appendix.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ESA Comet Halley Micrometeoroid Hazard Workshop; p 85-92
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  • 24
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    Mining and beneficiation of lunar ores (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The beneficiation of lunar plagioclase and ilmenite ores to feedstock grade permits a rapid growth of the space manufacturing economy by maximizing the production rate of metals and oxygen. A beneficiation scheme based on electrostatic and magnetic separation is preferred over conventional schemes, but such a scheme cannot be completely modeled because beneficiation processes are empirical and because some properties of lunar minerals have not been measured. To meet anticipated shipping and processing needs, the peak lunar mining rate will exceed 1000 tons/hr by the fifth year of operation. Such capabilities will be best obtained by automated mining vehicles and conveyor systems rather than trucks. It may be possible to extract about 40 kg of volatiles (60 percent H2O) by thermally processing the less than 20 micron ilmenite concentrate extracted from 130 tons of ilmenite ore. A thermodynamic analysis of an extraction process is presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 275-288
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  • 25
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    A geologic assessment of potential lunar ores (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Although bulk lunar soil is not a suitable feedstock for extracting metals, certain minerals such as anorthite and ilmenite can be separated and concentrated. These minerals can be considered as potential ores of aluminum, silicon, titanium, andiron. A separation and metal extraction plant could also extract large amounts of oxygen and perhaps hydrogen from these minerals. Anorthie containing 19 percent aluminum and 20 percent silicon can be concentrated from some highland soils where it is present in amounts up to 60 percent. Ilmenite containing 32 percent titanium and 37 percent iron can be concentrated from some mare soils where it is present in amounts up to 10 percent. The ideal mining site would be located at the boundary between a high-titanium mare and a high-aluminum highlands. Such area may exist around the rims of some eastern maria, particularly Tranquilitatis. A location on Earth with raw materials as described above would be considered an economically valuable ore deposit if conventional terrestrial resources were not available.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 243-255
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  • 26
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    Heat pipes in space: A NASA summary (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiences derived from the development, integration, and flight of NASA spacecraft and sounding rockets are presented. They include the International Heat Pipe Experiment, OAO 3, and ATS-6. Typical flight data are presented to show the performance.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ESA Heat Pipes; p 647-653
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  • 27
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    Thermodynamic cycle analysis (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of Rankine cycle efficiency in nuclear power plants with and without reheat capabilities. In addition, temperatures and pressures at certain selected locations were carried out to optimize plant efficiency. It was determined that plant efficiency without reheat was 39.03%, with reheat, a maximum efficiency of 4.44% was obtained at a pressure of 435.12 psia. Data also indicate efficiency appears to increase for pressures greater than 720 psia. However, higher pressures cannot be used because calculations indicate these pressure reheat temperatures exceed 1650 R, which is not allowed due to material limitations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 73-78
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  • 28
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    Solar central electric power generation - A baseline design (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the conceptual technical baseline design of a solar electric power plant using the central receiver concept, and derives credible cost estimates from the baseline design. The major components of the plant - heliostats, tower, receiver, tower piping, and thermal storage - are discussed in terms of technical and cost information. The assumed peak plant output is 215 MW(e), over 4000 daylight hours. The contribution of total capital investment to energy cost is estimated to be about 55 mills per kwh in mid-1974 dollars.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 29
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    Prospects for pipeline delivery of hydrogen as a fuel and as a chemical feedstock (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The possibility of using hydrogen for storing and carrying energy obtained from nonfossil sources such as nuclear and solar energy is examined. According to the method proposed, these nonfossil raw energy sources will be used to obtain hydrogen from water by three basically distinct routes: (1) electrical generation followed by electrolysis; (2) thermochemical decomposition; and (3) direct neutron or ultraviolet irradiation of hydrogen bearing molecules. The hydrogen obtained will be transmitted in long-distance pipelines, and distributed to all energy-consuming sectors. As a fuel gas, hydrogen has many qualities similar to natural gas and with only minor modifications, it can be transmitted and distributed in the same equipment, and can be burned in the same appliances as natural gas. Hydrogen can also be used as a clean fuel (water is the only combustion product) for automobiles, fleet vehicles, and aircraft.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: American Gas Association Monthly; 58; Nov. 197
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  • 30
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    Exploration of the giant planets by infrared spectroscopy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The infrared spectrometer and radiometer for the Mariner-Jupiter-Saturn mission is described. Results of Nimbus and Mariner 9 IR spectroscopy of earth and Mars are used as examples to demonstrate the power and diversity of the technique. Determinations of planetary surface compositions, surface temperatures, vertical temperature profiles, surface pressures, and atmospheric constituents are summarized. Applications to Jupiter and Saturn are briefly mentioned.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 31
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    Design application using solar energy to control the environment in a major office building (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 32
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    The dilemma of future electric power demand (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Dim prospects are held out for continued exponential growth rates in the generation and use of electric power worldwide and in many local areas, extrapolating from current trends and common projections. While acknowledging the unique advantages of electric power use, the article points out the 30% level of efficiency in conversion of other forms of energy to electrical energy, with huge volumes of wasted energy plus thermal pollution. Even growth at a fixed rate is found problematical, with future needs exhausting water and land resources and fossil fuels in time. Alleviation of the situation by shifting much of the load to still unproven technologies is considered cautiously
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Quarterly; 6; Apr. 1
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  • 33
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    Clean fuels from biomass (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses the U.S. resources to provide fuels from agricultural products, the present status of conversion technology of clean fuels from biomass, and a system study directed to determine the energy budget, and environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Conversion processes are discussed relative to pyrolysis and anaerobic fermentation. Pyrolysis breaks the cellulose molecules to smaller molecules under high temperature in the absence of oxygen, wheras anaerobic fermentation is used to convert biomass to methane by means of bacteria. Cost optimization and energy utilization are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Quarterly; 6; Jan. 1
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  • 34
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    Derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The proposed approach to the derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation is thought to be more plausible and easier to understand than other derivations that can be found in works on fluid mechanics. The tensor character of the stress is central to the derivation. In particular, a linear relation between stress and strain rate is assumed only for the shear, rather than for the full stress tensor as is done in most other derivations. An assumption for the shear is naturally simpler and easier to verify experimentally. The use of tensor analysis is shown to greatly simplify the derivation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: American Journal of Physics; 44; Nov. 197
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  • 35
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    Six-beam models in radiative transfer theory (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A critical analysis is given of the applicability of six-beam models to radiative transfer in particulate materials. The method of introducing transverse scattering in these models is shown to cause fundamental difficulties in the case of physically plausible phase functions; in particular, the effective absorptivity is abnormally large and thus results in incorrect reflectances and transmittances. Six-beam calculations for several media are compared with accurate solutions, with Chu-Churchill two-beam results, and with a simple modification to the Eddington approximation, the last being generally superior over a wide range of conditions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Dec. 197
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    Structure of Mars' atmosphere up to 100 kilometers from the entry measurements of Viking 2 (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking 2 entry data on the structure of Mars' atmosphere up to 100 kilometers define a morning atmosphere with an isothermal region near the surface; a surface pressure 10% greater than that recorded simultaneously at the Viking 1 site; and a thermal structure to 100 kilometers at least qualitatively consistent with pre-Viking modeling of thermal tides. The temperature profile exhibits waves whose amplitude grows with altitude, to about 25 K at 90 kilometers. The atmosphere is stable against convection, except possibly in some very local regions. Temperature is everywhere appreciably above the carbon dioxide condensation boundary at both landing sites, precluding the occurrence of carbon dioxide hazes in northern summer at latitudes to at least 50 deg N. Thus, ground-level mists seen in these latitudes would appear to be condensed water vapor.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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    Scientific results of the Viking missions (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The two Viking missions to Mars have been extraordinarily successful. Thirteen scientific investigations yielded information about the atmosphere and surface. Two orbiters and landers operating for several months photographed the surface extensively from 1500 kilometers and directly on the surface. Measurements were made of the atmospheric composition, the surface elemental abundance, the atmospheric water vapor, temperature of the surface, and meteorological conditions; direct tests were made for organic material and living organisms. The question of life on Mars remains unanswered. The Viking spacecraft are designed to continue the investigations for at least one Mars year.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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    Estimated grain saltation in a Martian atmosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Mariner 9 spacecraft images showing evidence of variable surface features and surface erosion resulting from atmospheric wind on Mars have caused a renewed interest in the eolian mechanics of saltating grains. To study this phenomenon, both experimental investigation in an atmospheric wind tunnel and numerical solutions of the equations of motion of a single grain under Martian surface conditions were conducted. The numerical solutions for earth were used and empirically adjusted to correlate with existing experimental data for Mars. These modified equations were then solved to estimate grain motion for Mars. These calculations show the importance of a lifting force on the grain to initiate motion in both earth and Mars calculations. Major findings include a comparison of earth and Mars grain trajectories that show Mars length scales to be longer and to fall with a higher terminal grain velocity. The grains in the Mars calculation also made a smaller collision angle with the surface on rebound.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Nov. 10
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    Al-26 in Kenna and other ureilites (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A description is presented of the results of a nondestructive analysis conducted with a 42-g slice of the Kenna ureilite. The sample was analyzed in a gamma-gamma coincidence counting system, using a dual-parameter, 4096-channel pulse height analyzer. Data concerning Al-26 and Ne-22/Ne-21 in ureilites and Chassigny are presented in a table. A graph shows the ratio of measured Al-26 activity to that calculated from elemental production rates vs spallation Ne-22/Ne-21 for ureilites and Chassigny. The significance of the data with respect to findings reported by Wilkening et al. (1973) is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 40; Dec. 197
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  • 40
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    Influence of heat transfer on the stability of parallel flow between concentric cylinders (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The stability of the parallel flow of water between concentric cylinders at different temperatures is investigated for infinitesimal velocity and pressure disturbances. Primary interest is in the effect of heat transfer and the radius ratio a/b on the critical point of the neutral stability curve. The results indicate a strong dependence of the critical eigenvalues on both the heat transfer and the radius ratio. The critical Reynolds number of the nonisothermal flow appears to approach a finite value as the inner radius approaches zero (pipe flow) by showing an inflection point on the curve of critical Reynolds number vs a/b.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 19; Nov. 197
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    On the energy deposition of photoelectrons in the atmosphere of Venus (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Vertical components of photoelectron fluxes in the atmosphere of Venus are computed by solving an appropriate form of the Boltzmann equation in the cases where there is no flux of either photoelectrons or solar-wind particles across the ionopause and where photoelectrons are free to escape from the atmosphere. It is assumed that Venus has no magnetic field and that the atmosphere is composed of carbon dioxide, atomic oxygen, and helium. The results are plotted as a function of altitude for several energies in the range from 100 eV to a cutoff of the order of 1 eV. Heating rates for the two upper boundary conditions and the case of no spatial transport are determined which show that transport effects dominate at altitudes greater than about 200 km. Electron temperatures are calculated for the adopted model atmosphere and ionosphere by solving the pertinent conservation equation, and excitation rates are computed for the CO Cameron band as well as the CO2(+) A and B bands.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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  • 42
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    The 'soil' of Mars /Viking 1/ (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The immediate environs of the Viking 1 lander are described, and the techniques employed to deduce the properties of the two different 'soil' types there are summarized. It is shown that the surface in the immediate vicinity of the lander consists of an area with fine-grained materials ('Sandy Flats') and a rocky area set in a matrix of finer-grained material ('Rocky Flats'). Estimates are given for the bulk density, particle density, particle size distribution, cohesion, angle of internal friction, and penetration resistance of the surface layer in each area. Footpad penetration into the surface layer is discussed, and wind removal of particles is examined. It is concluded that the surface layer of the Viking 1 landing site contains loess, dune sand, lunar nominal soil, lag gravel, and bare rock.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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    Status of the Viking missions (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A chronology of Viking 1 lander activities is presented for the first 43 sols (Martian days) of surface sampling and analysis. The orbital insertion of the second Viking spacecraft is reviewed along with the search for the second landing site. A general assessment of the planet is made on the basis of the data thus far obtained. Some of the findings reported are that: (1) there is extensive evidence of volcanism, fluvial and aeolian erosion, and deposition over the entire surface; (2) the floor of Vallis Marineris is significantly younger than the planet's surface; (3) the morphology of Martian crater ejecta is indicative of surface flow rather than ballistic deposition; (4) the rocks in the immediate vicinity of the lander are all covered by a layer of fine red dust; (5) the atmosphere is optically thick and well mixed, with suspended particles giving the sky a pink color; (6) the N and Ar isotopic ratios are different from those on earth; (7) atmospheric water vapor varies with both time of day and location; (8) the summer northern polar regions have a high water concentration in the atmosphere; (9) a large fraction of magnetic material resides in the surface; and (10) no complex organic compounds have been detected in the two samples analyzed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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    Venus' night side ionosphere - Its origin and maintenance (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A substantial nightside ionosphere has been observed on Venus by both Mariner 5 and Mariner 10. Major dayside ionic species such as O2(+) and other molecular ions have chemical lifetimes much shorter than the 244.3-day rotation period of the planet. Rapid transport of ions from the dayside to the nightside to the extent required seems most unlikely. Consequently, possibilities are investigated for local production of ions on the nightside itself. Constraints imposed by chemical lifetimes require atomic ions with low ionization potentials. It is suggested that metallic ions of meteoric origin are the positive charge carriers, and the plausibility of this mechanism is demonstrated. Other possibilities are examined and shown to be less likely. Meteor ablation on Venus, the aeronomy of metallic species, and the role of negative ions near the electron peaks of the atmosphere are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Sept. 1
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  • 45
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    The Viking landing sites - Selection and certification (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: During the past several years the Viking project developed plans to use Viking orbiter instruments and earth-based radar to certify the suitability of the landing sites selected as the safest and most scientifically rewarding using Mariner 9 data. During June and July 1976, the earth-based radar and orbital spacecraft observations of some of the prime and backup sites were completed. The results of these combined observations indicated that the Viking 1 prime landing area in the Chryse region of Mars is geologically varied and possibly more hazardous than expected, and was not certifiable as a site for the Viking 1 landing. Consequently, the site certification effort had to be drastically modified and lengthened to search for a site that might be safe enough to attempt to land. The selected site considered at 47.5 deg W, 22.4 deg N represented a compromise between desirable characteristics observed with visual images and those inferred from earth-based radar. It lies in the Chryse region about 900 kilometers northwest of the original site.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 193; Aug. 27
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    Dynamic modeling for evaluation of solar collector performance (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Dynamic modeling is being developed to provide a tool for systematic analysis of performance characteristics in energy systems where time-dependent behavior is important. A dynamic model program designed to aid in the understanding of solar collector behavior over the full range of operating conditions was constructed and tested in the evaluation of a conceptual collector design.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 141-146
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    Mechanical design (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Design concepts for a 1000 mw thermal stationary power plant employing the UF6 fueled gas core breeder reactor are examined. Three design combinations-gaseous UF6 core with a solid matrix blanket, gaseous UF6 core with a liquid blanket, and gaseous UF6 core with a circulating blanket were considered. Results show the gaseous UF6 core with a circulating blanket was best suited to the power plant concept.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 90-105
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    Background (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of the UF6 fueled gas core reactor as a function of cavity reactor criticality and fluid mechanics tests, investigations of uranium optical emission spectra, and radiant heat transfer power plant studies. Data are also given on nuclear and thermodynamic cycle analysis.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Analysis of UF6 Breeder Reactor Power Plants; p 6-33
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  • 49
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    The Halley rendezvous via solar sailing mission description (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The possibility of using solar sails to achieve a rendezvous with Halley's Comet is explored. Rendezvous trajectories are calculated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 251-256
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    QH observations (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model of the dissociative lifetime of the hydroxyl radical is computed where the H2O and OH velocities are vectorially added. A lifetime of approximately 3 x 100,000 seconds is determined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 222-226
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    Sample fields of the Viking landers, physical properties, and aeolian processes (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Surface sampler activities on Mars during the Viking extended mission are considered, including excavation of deep trenches, construction of conical piles of materials, backhoe touchdown experiments, and acquisition of contiguous pictures of the surface beneath number 2 terminal descent engines using mirrors. Results of the Physical Properties Investigation that are relevant to aeolian processes are also discussed. Both pictures and surface sampler data indicate that the surface materials in the sample fields of the Viking landers may be grouped, in order of increasing strength, into drift material, crusty to cloddy material, blocky material and rocks.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 30
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    Pitted and fluted rocks in the Western Desert of Egypt - Viking comparisons (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Western Desert of Egypt is one of the most arid regions on earth and is probably the closest terrestrial analog to the surface of Mars. An expedition to the area in 1978 revealed an abundance of quartzite and basalt rocks that have been pitted and fluted by wind erosion and deflation of the desert surface. These pitted rocks are internally homogeneous, show no internal holes or vesicles, and are considered an important but neglected type of ventifact. They bear a striking resemblance to the pitted and fluted rocks seen by the Viking Landers, rocks that have generally been interpreted as vesicular basalts only slightly modified by wind erosion. Wind tunnel studies of the air flow over and around nonstreamlined hand specimens from the Western Desert show that windward abrasion coupled with negative flow, secondary flow, and vorticity in a unidirectional wind can explain the complex arrays of pits and flutes. These field and laboratory observations suggest that the pitted rocks at the Viking Lander sites are also ventifacts, and thus the Martian surface may be far more wind eroded than previously thought.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 30
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    Morphology and distribution of common 'sand' dunes on Mars - Comparison with the earth (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A comparative study of Martian and terrestrial dunes was made based on Viking Orbiter pictures and aerial pictures of terrestrial deserts. The morphological similarity between the Martian dunes and terrestrial crescentic dunes implies that the dynamics of dune formation are similar on the two planets, despite Martian constraints on dune formation that include much higher velocity winds required to move 'sand' in saltation, the possible inhibition of sand movement by absorbed water vapor, the seasonal 'snow' cover in the north circumpolar erg, and a probably sparse sand supply. The absence of longitudinal dunes and the restriction of massive crescentic dunes to a few sites on Mars suggests that Mars may have a long eolian history in which much of the sand suitable for saltation has already been transported to the north polar erg and crater floor fields.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 30
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    Viking magnetic properties experiment - Extended mission results (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The backhoe magnets on Viking Lander (VL) 2 were successfully cleaned, followed by a test involving successive insertions of the cleaned backhoe into the surface. Rapid saturation of the magnets confirmed evidence from primary mission results that the magnetic mineral in the Martian surface is widely distributed, most probably in the form of composite particles of magnetic and nonmagnetic minerals. An image of the VL 2 backhoe taken via the X4 magnifying mirror demonstrates the fine-grained nature of the attracted magnetic material. The presence of maghemite and its occurrence as a pigment in, or a thin coating on, all mineral particles or as discrete, finely divided and widely distributed crystallites, are consistent with data from the inorganic analysis experiments and with laboratory simulations of results of the biology experiments on Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 30
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    Primordial heating of asteroidal parent bodies (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Most meteorites show evidence of thermal processing either because of metamorphic changes or as a result of melting and differentiation. Proposed mechanisms for supplying this energy generally rely upon short-lived radioisotopes or electrical induction, though accretion is sometimes mentioned, and more exotic models have been discussed. Interest in isotopic heating has been heightened by the discovery of Al-26 in Allende inclusions and also by the proposal that a lunar core and dynamo resulted from the radioactive decay of superheavy elements during the early solar system. Electrical induction as a heat source can be scaled to a broad range of solar system conditions, but corroborative evidence for these conditions is inconclusive. The accretion mechanism is probably not viable for the asteroidal and meteorite parent bodies, because the high kinetic energy requirement is inconsistent with the formation of the objects and their regoliths in the presence of a weak gravitational field.
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    Aqueous activity on asteroids - Evidence from carbonaceous meteorites (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Carbonaceous chondrites of groups CI and CM were formed by impact brecciation and aqueous alteration of earlier generations of mineral phases within the surface regions of two or more parent bodies. Those parent bodies were probably asteroids, rather than comets, although a problem still exists in delivering such material safely to earth. Aqueous activity may have been widespread on asteroids.
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    Diverse puzzling asteroids and a possible unified explanation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent observations have led to unconventional models of certain asteroids, suggesting previously unsuspected forms. Some of these include binary asteroids (e.g., 532 Herculina, 18 Melpomene), very irregular asteroids (e.g., the Mars-crossing 1580 Betulia), and very elongated asteroids, unlikely to be collisional fragments (e.g., 624 Hector). A connection is suggested between this observational work and ongoing theoretical work concerning collisions of large comparable-sized asteroids. Such collisions have different consequences from the collisions usually considered. The new work suggests possible sources of elongated and binary asteroids.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    Radio observations of asteroids - Results and prospects (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Radio observations of the asteroids can provide information on the thermal and dielectric properties of the surface materials and, because the radio emission arises somewhat below the surface, the data give some indication of layering. Observational difficulty has limited the investigations to only 6 asteroids. 1 Ceres and 324 Bamberga appear to have a layer of dust covering a more compacted material; the data on 4 Vesta cannot be matched by any current models for the surface; and the results for 18 Melpomene, 31 Euphrosyne and 433 Eros are too incomplete for firm conclusions. Future possibilities include more accurate radiometry of a few selected asteroids of different taxonomic classes and actual resolution of some of the larger objects by aperture synthesis techniques.
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    Optical polarimetry of asteroids and laboratory samples (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Interpretations of astronomical polarization data for more than 100 minor planets are summarized with reference to laboratory data for lunar, meteoritic, and terrestrial samples. All observed asteroids, including objects only a few kilometers in diameter, have microscopically intricate surfaces. Detailed comparisons between laboratory measurements of basaltic achondrites and telescopic results for Vesta show that its surface is particulate with a broad range of particle sizes, including a component of fine (1-5 micron) dust. The surface soils have not, however, undergone marked optical alterations as is the case for the lunar fines. For albedos greater than about 0.06, the albedo and hence the diameter can be determined with some reliability from the slope of the ascending branch of the polarization-phase curve. Many minor planets have surfaces that are remarkably uniform in albedo and texture on a hemispheric scale. A notable exception is 4 Vesta, which shows about ten percent albedo variegation between hemispheres.
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    The asteroids - Nature, interrelations, origin, and evolution (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper deals with the physical and chemical nature of the asteroids and with their physical and orbital distributions and interrelationships. Existing hypotheses about the formation and evolution of asteroids are examined. A thematic synopsis of these topics is presented, and accepted interpretations are discussed.
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    Review of the metallographic cooling rates of meteorites and a new model for the planetesimals in which they formed (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The cooling rates of meteorites through approximately 900 -650 K, as read from their metal alloy compositions, are reviewed. Metallographic cooling rates are compared with the cooling rates that appear to be required by the K/Ar and Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of five meteorite classes, and discrepancies are found in all cases. Either (1) the metallographic cooling rates (and also Pu-244 fission cooling rates) are systematically in error, being too slow by a factor of approximately 6; or (2) the traditional thermal model for parent meteorite planets (having constant dimension and uniform physical properties) is oversimplified and the Ar closure temperatures for chondrites derived by Turner et al. (1978) are too low. An alternative parent planet model is proposed and numerically modeled, in which accretion of thermally insulating particulate matter, heat generation by Al-26 decay, melting or sintering of the particulate matter into conductive rock, and establishment of the properties of the meteorites occurred concurrently. Meteorite chronologies are somewhat easier to understand in this context, since the initially small, hot (thus sintered and conductive) bodies would have cooled rapidly to isotopic closure, but later cooling might have been much slower as a result of the continued accretion of insulating particulate matter.
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    Asteroid taxonomy and the distribution of the compositional types (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Physical observations of minor planets documented in the TRIAD computer file are used to classify 752 objects into the broad compositional types C, S, M, E, R, and U (unclassifiable) according to the prescriptions adopted by Bowell et al. (1978). Diameters are computed from the photometric magnitude using radiometric and/or polarimetric data where available, or else from albedos characteristic of the indicated type. An analysis of the observational selection effects leads to tabulation of the actual number of asteroids, as a function of type and diameter, in each of 15 orbital element zones. For the whole main belt the population is 75% of type C, 15% of type S, and 10% of other types, with no belt-wide dependence of the mixing ratios on diameter. In some zones the logarithmic diameter-frequency relations are decidedly nonlinear. The relative frequency of S-type objects decreases smoothly outward through the main belt, with exponential scale length 0.5 AU. The rarer types show a more chaotic, but generally flatter, distribution over distance. Characteristic type distributions, contrasting with the background population, are found for the Eos, Koronis, Nysa and Themis families.
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    Phobos and Deimos - A preview of what asteroids are like (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The surfaces of Phobos and Deimos are discussed, as the best available examples of what asteroid surfaces may be like. Attention is given to shape, regolith properties, crater densities, albedo markings and surface gravities. It is found that although the surfaces of these two similarly-sized asteroid-like bodies are nearly identical in terms of many disk-integrated properties, they are strikingly different in surface morphology.
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    Radar observations of asteroids (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Radar observations of asteroids use simple CW waveforms, the transmissions lasting for the duration of the round-trip delay. The echo is received, spectrum-analyzed, and integrated for a similar period. Since radar coherently illuminates the target, the surface scattering properties at radio wavelengths are directly determined as a function of angle and polarization. The distance and radial velocity obtained with radar complement the angular position of the object as determined from telescope measurements. Radar cross sections, scattering law, and radius are given for radar-observed asteroids.
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    Masses and densities of asteroids (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta allow a determination of mass from gravitational effects in the motion of another asteroid. An extended and partly corrected set of observations of 197 Arete leads to an increase of 15% in the resulting mass of Vesta that was first determined by Hertz. Other possibilities of mass determination and estimates of the total mass of asteroids are mentioned. The available diameter determinations and adopt preferred values are reviewed. The densities for Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta are respectively 2.3 plus or minus 1.1 g/cu cm, 2.6 plus or minus 0.9 g/cu cm and 3.3 plus or minus 1.5 g/cu cm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    On the origin of asteroids (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A general scenario is described for the early history of the solar system. The primitive solar nebula is formed from the infall of gas from a collapsing interstellar cloud fragment. It becomes repeatedly unstable against collapse to form giant gaseous protoplanets. In the course of protoplanet evolution the center of the protoplanet enters a thermodynamic regime in which common rocky minerals become liquids; convection brings solids to the central region where a substantial fraction of them rain out to form a protoplanetary core. In the inner solar system protoplanetary envelopes are tidally stripped away, thus injecting into the solar nebula large equantities of chondrules and inclusions. Late in the development of the solar nebula, after most of the gas has disappeared, turbulence dies out and the small solids settle into a thin layer at midplane of the nebula. Gravitational instabilities in this layer form asteroidal and cometary bodies. Some further consequences of this scenario are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 67
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    Geochemical evolution of the eucrite parent body - Possible nature and evolution of asteroid 4 Vesta (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 68
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    Infrared spectral reflectances of asteroid surfaces (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This review compares the types of compositional information produced by three complementary techniques used in infrared observations of asteroid surfaces: broadband JHKL photometry, narrow band photometry, and multiplex spectroscopy. The high information content of these infrared observations permits definitive interpretations of asteroid surface compositions in terms of the major meteoritic minerals (olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, hydrous silicates, and metallic Ni-Fe). These studies emphasize the individuality of asteroid surface compositions, the inadequacy of simple comparisons with spectra of meteorites, and the need to coordinate spectral measurements of all types to optimize diagnostic capabilities.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 69
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    The nature and effects of impact cratering on small bodies (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Collisions between asteroids and other forms of solar system debris are discussed, especially relatively high-energy, non-catastrophic collisions, the resulting craters, and the effects they should have on the surfaces and interiors of target bodies. Attention is given to the nature and formation of impact craters, as well as to shock waves and the energy (kinetic, internal) imparted through them, crater scaling, stress wave-surface interactions, impact melt, and the effects of non-escaping ejecta on the surface of the target body (rock, fine-grained regolith, porous media).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 70
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    Regolith development and evolution on asteroids and the moon (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Early descriptions of regoliths on small bodies were devised to account for observations of asteroids (Chapman 1971, 1976) and the gas-rich meteorites (Anders 1975). Lack of agreement between these approaches prompted Housen et al. (1978, 1979) to examine the problem in detail. The resulting model predicted that moderate-sized (100-300 km) asteroids should evolve regoliths up to a few kilometers deep which could be source regions of gas-rich meteorites. Smaller objects should have regoliths ranging from dust coatings to meters-thick layers depending on the strength of the object. The earlier model could not treat asteroids larger than 300 km in diameter. The model, now modified to treat larger-sized objects, predicts regolith depths, on asteroids larger than 300 km, which decrease with increasing size. A regolith depth of 7 m is predicted for the lunar maria in reasonable agreement with the observed depths of 5 m.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 71
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    Distant asteroids and outer Jovian satellites (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Sixty percent of the sampled objects in the Hilda, Trojan and outer Jovian satellite locations belong to C-type and another 30% belong to a new group called RD-type (reddish and dark), sometimes referred to simply as D-type. Objects in this group have low albedo values between 2 and 4% and steep reflection spectra between 0.7 micron and 0.9 micron. Furthermore, 944 Hidalgo belongs to this group but shows color variation over its surface. Meteoritic minerals with similar optical reflection spectra are discussed. Trojans with sizes down to 15 km in the cloud preceding Jupiter are about 3.5 times more numerous than those in the following cloud. RD-type Trojans appear more often in the preceding cloud. There is a resemblance of spectrum, albedo and phase relation among the majority of Trojans and the outer Jovian satellites.
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  • 72
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    Numerical computation of transient coaxial entry tube flows (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A numerical program was developed to compute transient laminar flows in two dimensions including multicomponent mixing and chemical reaction. The program can compute both incompressible flows and compressible flows at all speeds, and it is applied to describe transient and steady state solutions for low subsonic, coaxial entry, tue flows. Single component, nonreacting flows comprise most of the solutions, but one steady state solution is presented for trace concentration constituents engaging in a second order reaction. Numerical stability was obtained by adding at each calculation point a correction for numerical diffusion errors caused by truncation of the Taylor series used to finite difference the conservation equations. Transient computations were made for fluids initially at rest, then subjected to step velocity inputs that were uniform across each region of the entry plane and were held constant throughout the computation period. For center tube to annulus velocity ratios of 0.5 and 2.0, the bulk fluid in the tube initially moved in plug flow, but strong radial flows developed near the injection plane which moved the fluid into the high shear region between the jets and away from the tube wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computers and Fluids; 4; Dec. 197
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  • 73
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    High resolution spectral analysis of the Jovian decametric radiation. II - The band-like emissions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of the bandlike Jovian decametric emission is presented. A model for the active region that accounts for the observed radiation characteristics is described using the measured parameters of the bandlike emission and a model of the Jovian magnetic field. The active region is characterized not only by the fact that an upward-flowing electron stream is caused to radiate in this region, but the stream itself is broken into radiating electron bunches within the active region. Observed undulations of the emission band on the time-frequency plane are interpreted as motions of the active region along a flux tube. The instantaneous location of the active region along the flux tube shows a dependence on the density of the stream entering the active region. The mechanism responsible for density modulation of the stream appears to be common to both the bandlike and simple-S-burst emission types.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Dec. 197
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  • 74
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    High resolution spectral analyses of the Jovian decametric radiation. I - Burst morphology and drift rates (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Morphological analyses of high-resolution spectral recordings of Jovian decametric radiation show a regime of phenomena not seen at lower resolutions. Observed emissions range from narrow-band (50 kHz) simple quasi-periodic bursts to wide-band emissions (extending over a 500-kHz passband) exhibiting complex structural detail. Assuming gyroemission from electrons in a dipole field for which the magnetic moment is 10 Gauss Jupiter-radius-cubed, drift-rate measurements of the bursts indicate that the source size is of the order of 600 km and its location is near 1.3 Jupiter radii at a colatitude of 27.3 deg. The measurements suggest that the emitting electrons belong to a population having a very specific equatorial pitch angle near 3.5 deg. This study concludes that it may be possible to verify gyroemission as the mechanism responsible for the decametric radiation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Dec. 197
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  • 75
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    The occultation of Mariner 10 by Mercury (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of Mariner 10 dual-frequency radio-occultation recordings has yielded new information on the radius and atmosphere of Mercury. The ingress measurements, which were conducted near 1.1 deg north latitude and 67.4 deg east longitude on the night side of the planet, gave a value for the radius of 2439.5 + or - 1 km. Egress near 67.6 deg north latitude and 258.4 deg east longitude on the sunlit side yielded a radius of 2439.0 + or - 1 km. The atmospheric measurements showed the electron density to be less than 1000 per cu cm on both sides of the planet. From the latter result one may infer an upper limit to the dayside surface gas density of 1 million molecules per cu cm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Dec. 197
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  • 76
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    Relation of a contracting earth to the apparent accelerations of the sun and moon (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It has been concluded that the theoretical ratio of the apparent secular accelerations of the moon and the sun implied by tidal theory is far higher than the ratio of observed values. This paper shows that the discrepancy can be entirely removed within the range of uncertainty of the various quantities involved if terms making allowance for a secularly decreasing terrestrial moment of inertia are included in the dynamical equations for the apparent secular accelerations. Such a decrease has already been predicted on the basis of the phase-change hypothesis for the nature of earth's core. The development of this hypothesis is reviewed, the modified dynamical equations are derived, and values of tidal couples implied by existing observational data are examined. The numerically determined rate of decrease of earth's moment of inertia is found to be in close agreement with that predicted by the phase-change hypothesis. The results indicate that a diminishing gravitational constant is unlikely, that the moon would have been in close proximity to earth only 1 billion years ago, and that earth's rotation period at that time would have been about 5 hr.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 16; Dec. 197
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  • 77
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    Observational and theoretical temperatures for a total lunar eclipse (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Temperature profiles from seven regions of the moon were recorded during a total eclipse using an infrared radiometer and telescope. The eclipse was visible from beginning to end. Target areas chosen range from mare areas to mountainous highlands. Theoretical temperature curves were calculated using a thermophysical model in which the lunar material properties are variable. These curves are compared with the experimental data. A description of the instrumentation, observations, calibration, signal reduction, and the theoretical model is given. The results show excellent agreement between the observational and theoretical temperatures during the eclipse. The apparent differences between the observed and calculated temperatures during pre- and post-eclipse are minimal after directional radiation is taken into account.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 15; June-Jul
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  • 78
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    Floor-fractured lunar craters (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observational data concerning floor-fractured craters on the lunar near and far sides are examined, including the morphologic classification of the craters, their spatial and size distributions, and their floor, peak, and rim elevations relative to the maria. Six morphologic classes and two subclasses are delineated on the basis of fracture pattern, crater floor depth, and floor type. These data are used to reconstruct a history of crater modification which accounts for the large differences in affected crater size and age, the small peak-rim elevation differences, remnant central peaks within mare-flooded craters and ringed plains, ridged and flat-topped rim profiles of heavily modified craters and ringed plains, as well as the absence of positive gravity anomalies in most floor-fractured craters and some large mare-filled craters. The results indicate that: (1) impact craters became centers of intrusions and volcanism generally related to periods of basin inundation by mare basalts; (2) some light-plains units in the highlands may be due to both impact ejecta and extrusions of light-colored lava or ash; (3) floor-fractured craters may have become important volcanic vents that contributed to the inundation of the lunar surface by mare basalts; and (4) the lunar highlands probably did not fully escape the epochs of mare flooding.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 15; June-Jul
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  • 79
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    The chemistry of planetary atmospheres (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Present knowledge concerning the chemistry of planetary atmospheres is reviewed along with the theories which attempt to explain observational data. The known gross atmospheric compositions of the terrestrial and giant planets are listed, differences between the atmospheres of earth and Venus are discussed, and the atmospheres of the giant planets are described. The origin and evolution of the atmospheres of earth, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus are outlined, and chemical processes in the atmospheres are examined, particularly cloud formation. The question of organic synthesis and evolution in the reducing atmospheres of the giant planets is considered. It is noted that laboratory work on the individual chemical processes and reactions involved in the evolution of organic compounds in planetary atmospheres, comets, and interstellar space points to the inevitability of organic-compound synthesis in all these situations and to the pervasiveness of organic chemistry throughout the universe.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Chemical Education; 53; Apr. 197
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  • 80
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    Mars dynamics, atmospheric and surface properties - Determination from Viking tracking data (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Approximately three months of radio tracking data from the Viking landers have been analyzed to determine the lander locations, the orientation of the spin axis of Mars, and a first estimate from Viking data of the planet's spin rate. Preliminary results have also been obtained for atmospheric parameters and radii at occultation points and for properties of the surface in the vicinity of lander 1.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 81
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    Viking magnetic properties investigation - Further results (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The amounts of magnetic particles held on the reference test chart and backhoe magnets on lander 2 and lander 1 are comparable, indicating the presence of an estimated 3 to 7 percent by weight of relatively pure, strongly magnetic particles in the soil at the lander 2 sampling site. Preliminary spectrophotometric analysis of the material held on the backhoe magnets on lander 1 indicates that its reflectance characteristics are indistinguishable from material within a sampling trench with which it has been compared. The material on the RTC magnet shows a different spectrum, but it is suspected that the difference is the result of a reflectance contribution from the magnesium metal covering on the magnet. It is argued that the results indicate the presence, now or originally, of magnetite, which may be titaniferous.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 82
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    Spiral structure as an explanation for the asymmetric brightness of Saturn's A ring (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 264; Nov. 25
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  • 83
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    Tektites and their origin (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Questions concerning the tektite distribution are examined, taking into account the Australasian strewn field, the Ivory Coast strewn field, the Moldavite strewn field, the North American strewn field, the Libyan desert glass, the Aouelloul crater glass, and amerikanites. Attention is given to the shapes of tektites, the internal structure of tektites, the physical properties of tektite glass, the chemical composition of tektites, isotopes, fission tracks, cosmic ray tracks, and arguments in favor and against the terrestrial origin of tektites. It is concluded that tektites cannot be terrestrial in origin. They are probably volcanic ejects, of geologically recent epochs, from one or a number of lunar volcanoes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 84
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    Transport processes in boiling and two-phase systems, including near-critical fluids (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Aspects of pool boiling are considered, taking into account nucleate boiling, the nucleate boiling mechanism, film boiling, and the transition between nucleate and film boiling. The characteristics of two-phase flow are also investigated, giving attention to two-phase flow parameters and equations, the flow pattern in two-phase flow, the pressure drop in two-phase flow, heat transfer in two-phase flow, two-phase flow dynamics, the boiling crisis in two-phase flow, the critical flow rate, the propagation of the pressure pulse and the sonic velocity in two-phase media, instrumentation for two-phase flow, and geometry and field effects on boiling and two-phase flow. Near-critical fluids are also considered.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 85
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    Effects of atomic oxygen on graphite ablation (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is shown that a previously derived semiempirical equation for describing observed ablation rates of isotropic graphites cannot be applied to low-density flows containing dissociated oxygen. Experimentally determined reaction probabilities of isotropic graphites to molecular and atomic oxygen are used to calculate heat-transfer rates and stagnation-point ablation rates for typical conditions. Integrated mass losses are computed for a group of flight trajectories which start from geosynchronous orbit and enter earth's atmosphere in a skipping motion following near-elliptic decaying orbits. A comparison of the results with those obtained by the equation under question shows excellent agreement for steep trajectories, but large discrepancies for shallow trajectories. The differences are attributed to surface oxidation by atomic oxygen.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 14; Nov. 197
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  • 86
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    Nonlinear effects for the Taylor column for a hemisphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: When a flow is forced past an obstacle in a rapidly rotating fluid, a Taylor column forms. This is defined by a set of vertical detached shear layers circumscribing the obstacle which provide the smooth transition from an external inviscid potential flow to a stagnant core above the obstacle. For a hemispherical object, the main adjustment takes place in an external E to the 1/4 power layer and an internal E to the 2/7 power layer; here, the nonlinear flow in these layers is investigated. The problem in the E to the 1/4 power layer is identical to a problem occurring in magnetohydrodynamic flow; in addition, some features of the magnetohydrodynamic problem have been resolved. Numerical solutions are obtained for the steady nonlinear external E to the 1/4 power layer flow up to the point where unsteady flow separation from the Taylor column is imminent. The response of the internal E to the 2/7 power layer to the flow in the E to the 1/4 power layer is calculated, and the results suggest that the internal shear layer is unlikely to play any significant role in the separation process
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 19; Nov. 197
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  • 87
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    Viking to Mars - Profile of a space expedition (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Viking spacecraft, operations, and findings are reviewed and numerous pictures are presented in an attempt to capture the atmosphere of the Viking expedition. The details of the two Viking spacecraft, each consisting of an orbiter and lander combination launched a Titan III/Centaur are described and illustrated, along with the Viking ground-data and communications system. The principal conclusions of the Viking mission to date are: detection of nitrogen, argon, krypton, and xenon; determination of isotopic ratios of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and argon; uniform diurnal meteorological conditions; determination of major elemental abundances; complex surface chemistry; no ubiquitous organic material; 4 to 7% of the sampled surface material is magnetic; discovery of ancient extensive fluvial activity; north permanent polar cap made of water ice; and significant variations of the atmospheric water vapor, the summer hemisphere being much more humid than the winter hemisphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 14; Nov. 197
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  • 88
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    An example of a thermally metamorphosed agglutinate (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The nature and properties of lunar agglutinates in relation to the kind of metamorphism described by Albee et al. (1973) are briefly considered. The properties of the agglutinates are compared with those of a lunar metaclastic particle which is believed to be the product of the extreme thermal metamorphism of an agglutinate. The results of electronprobe microanalyses of selected agglutinitic glasses are presented in a table. Attention is also given to the bulk chemical composition of some noritic metaclastic rocks and several highland rock types.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 11; Sept. 30
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  • 89
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    Unlimbering Viking's scoop (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A number of difficulties which were encountered in deploying the Viking 1 lander's surface-sampler arm are discussed. When the surface sampler jammed during its initial operation, the problem was studied with the aid of tests on a full-scale lander mock-up. It was found that the difficulty was caused by a boom latch pin which had failed to fall clear. The surface-sampler arm could subsequently be freed by modifying the original command sequence. Another difficulty could be overcome by a similar approach.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: IEEE Spectrum; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 90
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    The thermal efficiency and cost of producing hydrogen and other synthetic aircraft fuels from coal (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A comparison is made of the cost and thermal efficiency of producing liquid hydrogen, liquid methane and synthetic aviation kerosene from coal. These results are combined with estimates of the cost and energy losses associated with transporting, storing, and transferring the fuels to aircraft. The results of hydrogen-fueled and kerosene-fueled aircraft performance studies are utilized to compare the economic viability and efficiency of coal resource utilization of synthetic aviation fuels.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 28 p
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  • 91
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    A radar study of the backup Martian landing sites (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Goldstone radar system at DSS 14 was used to probe the Martian surface at 8495 MHz in a narrow strip between -6 deg and -2 deg latitude. The Viking C landing sites lie in this strip, and their altitudes, rms surface slope, and reflectivity are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 49-52
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  • 92
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    A geological basis for the exploration of the planets: Introduction (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The geological aspects of solar-system exploration were considered by first showing how geologic data are related to space science in general, and, second, by discussing the approach used in planetary geology. The origin, evolution, and distribution of matter condensed in the form of planets, satellites, comets, and asteroids were studied. Terrestrial planets, comets, and asteroids, and the solid satellites of the outer planets are discussed. Jupiter and Saturn, in particular, have satellites of prime importance. Geophysics, geochemistry, geodesy, cartography, and other disciplines concerned with the solid planets were all included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 1-12
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  • 93
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    The International Heat Pipe Experiment (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: On October 4, 1974, the International Heat Pipe Experiment was launched aboard a Black Brant sounding rocket from White Sands, New Mexico. The flight provided six min of near zero gravity during which a total of ten separate heat pipe experiments was performed. The fifteen heat pipes tested represent some of the latest American and European technology. This flight provided the first reported zero gravity data on cryogenic and flat plate vapor chamber heat pipes. Additionally, valuable design and engineering data were obtained on several other heat pipe configurations. The payload and several of its experiments are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ESA Heat Pipes, Vol. 2; p 815-837
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  • 94
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    Viking magnetic properties investigation - Preliminary results (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Three permanent-magnet arrays are aboard the Viking lander. By sol 35, one array, fixed on a photometric reference test chart on top of the lander, has clearly attracted magnetic particles from airborne dust; two other magnet arrays, one strong and one weak, incorporated in the backhoe of the surface sampler, have both extracted considerable magnetic mineral from the surface as a result of nine insertions associated with sample acquisition. The loose Martian surface material around the landing site is judged to contain 3 to 7 per cent highly magnetic mineral which, pending spectrophotometric study, is thought to be mainly magnetite.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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  • 95
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    Search for the Viking 2 landing site (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The search for the landing site of Viking 2 is reviewed, emphasizing the characteristics of the various candidate sites and reasons for rejecting unsuitable sites. It is shown that the B3 site in Utopia Planitia was selected because the B latitude band (40 to 50 deg N) was of the highest scientific interest, the site appeared to be smoothed by uniform mantling, and the additional data analysis and acquisition required to land at any other site could have resulted in a landing delay and significant additional operational complexity. It is tentatively concluded that the Viking 2 lander rests in a deflation hollow.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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  • 96
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    Solar radiation measurement - Techniques and instrumentation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A general survey is presented of solar radiation measurement, techniques, and instrumentation. The importance of determining the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is examined in the context of the energy crisis and utilization of solar energy. The survey includes the extraterrestrial solar fluxes, their possible variations, problems relating to energy received by collecting surfaces on the ground, major types of instrumentation, and the radiation scales to which the measurements are referred. The type of insolation data available is reviewed. Alternate techniques of deriving insolation data with high space-time resolution are discussed with reference to solar energy conversion requirements. Energy received on the ground can be computed from known values of the extraterrestrial solar spectrum and of the spectral absorption parameters of the atmosphere. Another technique is based on measurements made by meteorological satellites of the cloud-cover and of the solar energy reflected and scattered back to space by the earth-atmosphere system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 97
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    Gasdynamics and shock dynamics of weak shock waves (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experiments in weak-shock dynamics were conducted using a 17-in. diameter shock tube. Weak shocks were generated in air by a compressed nitrogen driver gas; the incident shock waves were brought to a focus by reflecting them from concave cylindrical reflectors at the endwall of the tube. It was found that the behavior of a shock discontinuity at a focus is determined by nonlinear gasdynamic processes. Consideration is also given to nonlinear resonance phenomena, i.e., phenomena associated with oscillatory motion in ducts, with amplitude so large that weak shocks occur. Attention is given to nonlinear resonance in open and closed tubes and to thermal and relaxation effects.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 98
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    Mapping of lunar surface from side-looking orbital radar images (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Side-looking spacecraft radar imagery has thus far been produced only from an orbit around the moon. This was a part of the Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment (ALSE) of the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972. This paper reports results of a radargrammetric evaluation of overlapping Apollo 17 synthetic-aperture radar images (wavelength 2 m). The potential to map from single images and to reconstruct three-dimensional stereoscopic models is studied. The relative height accuracy achieved is about + or - 100 m and is thus competitive with that obtained with the vidicon camera presently used for planetary exploration.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 15; June-Jul
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  • 99
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    Martian north pole summer temperatures - Dirty water ice (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Broadband thermal and reflectance observations of the Martian north polar region in late summer yield temperatures for the residual polar cap near 205 K with albedos near 43 percent. The residual cap and several outlying smaller deposits are water ice with included dirt; there is no evidence for any permanent carbon dioxide polar cap.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 100
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    The Viking seismic experiment (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A three-axis short-period seismometer is now operating on Mars in the Utopia Planitia region. The noise background correlates well with wind gusts. Although no quakes have been detected in the first 60 days of observation, it is premature to draw any conclusions about the seismicity of Mars. The instrument is expected to return data for at least 2 years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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