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  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,374)
  • 1975-1979  (1,374)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1979  (494)
  • 1977  (431)
  • 1976  (449)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1975-1979  (1,374)
  • 1960-1964
Year
  • 1
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    Overview - Electric fields (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The electric fields session is designed to review progress in observation, theory, and modeling of magnetospheric electric fields, and to expose important new results. The present report comments on the state and prospects of electric field research, with particular emphasis on relevance to quantitative modeling of the magnetospheric processes. Attention is given to underlying theories and models. Modeling philosophy is discussed relative to explanatory models and representative models. Modeling of magnetospheric electric fields, while in its infancy, is developing rapidly on many fronts employing a variety of approaches. The general topic of magnetospheric electric fields is becoming of prime importance in understanding space plasmas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Lightning apparent source of environmentally important gases (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-131 , P79-10129
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  • 3
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    Application of space technology to crustal dynamics and earthquake research (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In cooperation with other Federal government agencies, and the governments of other countries, NASA is undertaking a program of research in geodynamics. The present program activities and plans for extension of these activities in the time period 1979-1985 are described. The program includes operation of observatories for laser ranging to the Moon and to artificial satellites, and radio observatories for very long baseline microwave interferometry (VLBI). These observatories are used to measure polar motion, earth rotation, and tectonic plate movement, and serve as base stations for mobile facilities. The mobile laser ranging and VLBI facilities are used to measure crustal deformation in tectonically active areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1464
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  • 4
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    Lightning as an indication of storm severity (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: There is a substantial case for the theory that cloud electrification is related primarily to strong convection and the sizeable relative air motion that it implies; therefore, the electrification and subsequent discharge rates can be related to the air motion environment of thunderstorms. The isoceraunic contour map used by the WMO for observing and measuring thunderstorm occurrence contains no information on flash rates, flash density, flash relationship to storm severity, or flash variation with meteorological environment. A constant-view geosynchronous lightning mapper would permit simultaneous studies of the lightning discharge patterns and the meteorological environment of storms, thus establishing whether or not there is a reliable enough relationship to use the observed flash rates and characteristics as supplemental guidance for storm forecast refinement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 153-155
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  • 5
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    The effect of errors in the assignment of the transmission functions on the accuracy of the thermal sounding of the atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In order to test the error of calculation in assumed values of the transmission function for Soviet and American radiometers sounding the atmosphere thermally from orbiting satellites, the assumptions of the transmission calculation is varied with respect to atmospheric CO2 content, transmission frequency, and atmospheric absorption. The error arising from variations of the assumptions from the standard basic model is calculated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75654 , Conf. of the Soviet-Am. Working Group on Space Meteorol.; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 6
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    Method for the rapid temperature correction of a transmission in an inhomogeneous atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The value of the transmission function in a heterogeneous atmosphere is determined by iterative correction of values in particular layers. The iterative equation and a set of absolute values of errors is presented in two tables.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75649 , Conf. of the Soviet-Am. Working Group on Space Meteorol.; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 7
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    On the acceleration of the auroral plasma of the Earth due to conic instability (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The role of electrostatic conic instability in the diffusion of spilled particles and the acceleration of the auroral plasma of the Earth are numerically investigated by means of quasi-linear equations. Linear increments to the conic instability under magnetospheric conditions are introduced. The quasi-linear equation is averaged along tubes of force taking into account the drift across the magnetic field lines. It is shown that the existence of a conic instability leads to small spills and isotropic distribution of particles, but is also accompanied by significant acceleration of electrons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75638 , PR-430
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  • 8
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    Multicomponent diffusion and energy characteristics of partially ionized plasma in the ionosphere of a planet (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The problem of energy and multicomponent ambipolar diffusion of plasma in the lower ionosphere of a planet with a weak magnetic field is considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75409 , PREPRINT-123
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  • 9
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    The magnetic anomaly of the Ivreazone (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A magnetic field survey was made in the Ivreazone in 1969/70. The results were: significant anomaly of the vertical intensity is found. It follows the basic main part of the Ivrea-Verbano zone and continues to the south. The width of the anomaly is about 10 km, the maximum measures about +800 gamma. The model interpretation shows that possibly the anomaly belongs to an amphibolitic body, which in connection with the Ivrea-body was found by deep seismic sounding. Therefore, the magnetic anomaly provides further evidence for the conception that the Ivrea-body has to be regarded as a chip of earthmantle material pushed upward by tectonic processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75425
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  • 10
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    Joint document concerning geological studies from 1971 - 1975 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In 1971, a joint Soviet-Americam Working Group on Remote Sensing of the Natural Environment was established. It was organized into a number of discipline panels, one of which was on geology. Membership on this panel came from the Geological Survey of the United States and from the Institute of Geology of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and Ministry Geology of the U.S.S.R.. During the period 1971-1975, this panel conducted coordinated research in the use of space remote sensing data in the field of geology. A summary of that coordinated research effort is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78318
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  • 11
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    The reaction of the atmosphere to solar disturbances (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The effect of solar flares on the thermosphere and the troposphere is investigated. It is found that during periods of geoeffect solar disturbances, there is a connection between phenomena in the upper and lower atmospheres and that variations in atmospheric parameters correlate with changes in the geomagnetic index.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75500 , All-Union Conf. on Sun Atmosphere Relations in Climate Theory and Weather Forecasts; Oct 30, 1972 - Nov 01, 1972; Moscow
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  • 12
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    Recent results of radio interferometric determinations of a transcontinental baseline, polar motion, and earth rotation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Results are discussed for radio interferometric observations of extragalactic radio sources with antennas at Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory in California (3900-km baseline) during 14 separate experiments distributed between September 1976 and May 1978. Simultaneous analysis of the data from several experiments yields estimates of changes in the x component of pole position and in earth's rotation (UT1). Comparison with the corresponding results obtained by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) reveals systematic differences. In particular, the trends in the radio interferometric determinations of the changes in pole position are found to agree more closely with those from the International Polar Motion Service and from Doppler observations of satellites than with those from the BIH.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Time and the earth''s rotation; Eighty-second Symposium; May 08, 1978 - May 12, 1978; San Fernando; Spain
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  • 13
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    Global distribution of ozone for various seasons (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A technique which was used to obtain a catalog of the seasonal global distribution of ozone is presented. The technique is based on the simultaneous use of 1964-1975 data on the total ozone content from a worldwide network of ozonometric stations and on the vertical ozone profile from ozone sounding stations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75435
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  • 14
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    Altitudes of the lower edge of the artificial auroral rays on the basis of the observations in the Zarnitsa-2 experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Some results of optical television measurements in the Zarnitsa-2 experiment are presented. The altitudes of the lower edge of artificial auroral rays were determined by the triangulation method and are compared with theoretical calculations of these altitudes based on the Jacchia and CIRA models of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75631
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  • 15
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    Anomaly of the composition of the F-2 equatorial region of the ionosphere during the hours after sunset according to data from the mass-spectrometer experiment on the Cosmos-274 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mass spectrometer on board Cosmos-274 measured concentrations of light atoms and ions. While traversing the geomagnetic equator during the evening hours it recorded on anomalous drop in ionized molecular oxygen and ionized atomic oxygen and nitrogen. A similar, less dramatic, decline was observed in the concentration of neutral atomic oxygen. A possible explanation for this and previously observed behavior is an ascent in altitude of the F layer in the hours after sunset, a possibility which is supported by calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75615 , PR-331
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  • 16
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    Internal gravity waves in the upper atmosphere, generated by tropospheric jet streams (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mechanism of internal gravity wave generation by jet streams in the troposphere is considered. Evaluations of the energy and pulse of internal gravity waves emitted into the upper atmosphere are given. The obtained values of flows can influence the thermal and dynamic regime of these layers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75407
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  • 17
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    Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The mathematical theory of inversion methods is applied to the remote sounding of atmospheric temperature, humidity, and aerosol constituents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-004 , Dec 15, 1976 - Dec 17, 1976; Hampton, VA; United States
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  • 18
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    Simultaneous equatorial observations of 1- to 30-Hz waves and pitch angle distributions of ring current ions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Eighteen events of large-amplitude (0.4-6 gammas) waves which may be propagating in the ion cyclotron mode have een observed by Explorer 45. Comparison with simultaneously measured proton distributions has allowed the events to be divided into two categories. The first category consists of waves accompanied by enhanced ion fluxes apparently injected into the plasmasphere with anisotropic pitch-angle distributions. This simultaneity suggests that these waves may be generated by the observed ring-current ions. Waves in the second category were found near or outside the plasmapause and were not correlated with any identifiable changes in the observed proton distribution. The generation mechanism for these waves remains unknown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Dec. 1
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  • 19
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    Explorer 45 wave observations during the large magnetic storm of August 4-5, 1972 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The magnetospheric compression associated with the very large magnetic storm of August 4-5, 1972, provided an opportunity for Explorer 45 to observe plasma waves in the magnetosphere and the magnetosheath during extremely disturbed conditions. Electrostatic noise bursts were observed near the plasmapause in electric-field channels from 35 Hz to 5.62 kHz. In the outer magnetosphere, electric-field noise bands apparently harmonically related to the electron gyrofrequency with components as low as 3 kHz and as high as 50 kHz were observed. The electric field of the fundamental was perpendicular to the magnetic-field vector. A mechanism including the electron cyclotron instability may generate the noise band. Hiss of 100-1000 Hz was observed in the outer magnetosphere. The electromagnetic hiss was generally weak and was observed in the magnetic wide-band data only when it was strong. In the magnetosheath broad band, incoherent noise (hiss) was observed from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. This magnetosheath hiss was the strongest phenomenon observed by the plasma-wave detectors during the lifetime of Explorer 45. The highest intensities of magnetosheath hiss occurred at the magnetopause. Its broad-band nature suggests that magnetosheath hiss was generated locally. Broad-band noise bursts and short bursts of chorus were also observed in the magnetosheath.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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  • 20
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    National Geodetic Satellite Program, Part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The work performed by individual contributors to the National Geodetic Satellite Program is presented. The purpose of the organization, the instruments used in obtaining the data, a description of the data itself, the theory used in processing the data, and evaluation of the results are detailed for the participating organizations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-SP-365-PT-1
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  • 21
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    NASA, Soviet joint sounding rocket tests (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-77-151 , P77-10150
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  • 22
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    On the possibility of analytical approximation of line forms during random disorders of the resonance frequencies in molecular vibration-rotation spectra for satellite sounding (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The generalization spectral line contour concept and formulas for a two component mixture, as well as consequences of the general formula are discussed. The calculation procedure, initial information, calculation results and comparison of calculations with available experimental data, for radiation absorption in three CO2 bands are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75655
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  • 23
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    Study of the 10 micron continuum of water vapor (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Radiation attenuation by atmospheric water vapor is considered. A formula based on laboratory data is recommended for approximating continuous absorption in the spectra region in question. Data of full scale measurements and laboratory experiments are compared. It was concluded that only molecular absorption need be taken into account under clear atmospheric conditions during the warm part of the year, while in winter or in cloudy conditions, the effect of aerosol can be significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75650
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  • 24
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    Results of the measurement of the vertical profile of ozone up to a height of 70 km by means of the MR-12 and M-100 sounding rockets (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The photometers used and methods of calculation of the vertical ozone concentration profile are described. The results obtained in several series of MR-12 and M-100 sounding rocket launchings are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75380
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  • 25
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    SAGE to examine Earth's stratosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The SAGE mission is discussed along with the role of the Nimbus 7 experiment. Other topics discussed include: ground truth measurements, data collection and processing, SAGE instrumentation, and launch sequence.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-6 , P79-10006
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  • 26
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    Results of measurement of the night corpuscular flux on the MR-12 rockets in the JASPIC project (Soviet part of the program) (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: In June 1978, a joint Soviet-American project (JASPIC) was conducted, the goals of which were: (1) the study of the flows of spilling electrons which act upon the middle-latitude ionosphere under nocturnal conditions (nocturnal corpuscular source of ionization); and (2) the mutual comparison of procedures for recording corpuscular radiations in the upper atmosphere, using meteorological and geophysical rockets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75691
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  • 27
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    Problems with the interpretation of paleomagnetic measurements due to studies of basalts from the Paleovolcano Vogelsberg in Hessen (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The palaeomagnetic parameters of more than 5,000 samples of cores taken from 33 drilling holes through innumerable basalt units of the Vogelsberg Paleovolcano in Hessen were measured. Measurements of specimens of thin and thick layers without any gap proved that inclination, natural remanence, susceptibility and Konigsberger factor were dependent on their distance from the surface of units, layers, lamelles, etc. Therefore, representative data for the evaluation of palaeomagnetic measurements can be expected only in the interior part of lava flows and intrusions. The statistic method which enclosed all values of measurements gave significant data which was not appropriate for the interpretation of palaeomagnetic and geological events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75355
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  • 28
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    International rocket project to compare ozone sensors (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-130 , P79-10128
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  • 29
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    The NASA program on upper atmospheric research (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The purpose of the NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program is to develop a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur in the earth's upper atmosphere with emphasis on the stratosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74608
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  • 30
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    Global Aspects of the Earth's Magnetopause (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Measurable characteristics of the magnetopause are discussed. The Earth's magnetopause is a thin magnetic discontinuity separating the shocked, magnetized plasma of the solar wind from a more tenuous plasma contained by the geomagnetic field. This external magnetosheath plasma flows around the magnetosphere with characteristics that are in approximate agreement with gas dynamic theory. The interplanetary magnetic field carried by this plasma becomes draped over the magnetosphere and its orientation relative to the local geomagnetic field determines the local magnetopause current. Solar wind pressure and interplanetary field direction control the geocentric distance to the magnetopause with high pressures and southware fields moving the equatorial magnetopause to a more earthward location. Evidence suggests that the magnetopause is Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable and surface waves are propagating toward the magnetotail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Magnetospheric Boundary Layers; p 5-13
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  • 31
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    Missile impact craters (White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico) and applications to lunar research: Contributions to astrogeology (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: USGS-PAPER-812-B , LC-75-619096
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  • 32
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    The coordinated federal program for the application of space technology to crustal dynamics and earthquake research (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The application of space technology to important problems relating to crustal dynamics and earthquake research is described. Federal plans for such applications are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-82215
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  • 33
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    Magsat: A satellite for measuring near earth magnetic fields (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Magsat, designed for making measurements of the geomagnetic vector field, is evaluated. For accurate vector measurements the attitude of the fluxgate magnetometer will be determined to about 15 arc-seconds. Expected measurement accuracy will be 6 (gamma) in each component and 3 in magnitude. The Magsat data will be applied to solid earth studies including modeling of the Earth's main magnetic field, delineation of regional magnetic anomalies of crustal origin, and interpretation of those anomalies in terms of geologic and geophysical models. An opportunity will be presented to the scientific community to participate in data use investigations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71370 , X-922-97-199 , Gen. Sci. Assembly of the Intern. Assoc. of Geomag. and Aeronomy; Aug 22, 1977 - Sep 03, 1977; Seattle
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  • 34
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    NASA laser systems to study earth's crustal movements (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-117 , P79-10116
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  • 35
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    Balloon-borne atmospheric spectral measurements (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Infrared solar spectra, with .02 per cm resolution, were collected during sunset from a balloon at 40 km on October 27, 1978. Portions of the data obtained during the flight have been compared with theoretical calculations made using the data on the AFGL tape. The results of these comparisons reveal a number of areas of disagreement between theory and experimental results. The areas of disagreement are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric effects on radiative transfer; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 36
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    Gravity research at Cottrell observatory (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The Cottrell gravity research observatory and work in progress are described. Equipment in place and equipment to be installed, the cryogenic gravity meter (CGM), concrete pads to support the vertical seismometer, CGM, and guest experiments, techniques of data analysis, and improvements needed in the CGM are discussed. Harmonic earth eigenvibrations with multipole moments are examined and their compatibility with a fictitious black hole binary system (of which the primary central mass is assigned a value one million solar masses) located 400 light-years away is shown by calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IAF PAPER A-77-22
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  • 37
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    Evaluation of atmospheric trace constituent sensors operating from remote space and airborne platforms (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: A laboratory gas analysis system was developed specifically to make trace level measurements of carbon monoxide. To assure that the data collected with this system are correctly aligned with other established methods for making these measurements, an intercalibration study was conducted. The calibration gas was analyzed by the various participating laboratories and found to contain 1.28 ppm CO. Samples were collected at 25 deg, 35 deg, and 45 deg N for profile data to study the variation in concentrations of CO and CH4 as a function of altitude and latitude in continental air over the eastern seaboard of the United States. The experiment was repeated several months later to determine if there were seasonally dependent variations in the CO and CH4 concentrations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-162365 , GSTR-79-8
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  • 38
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    Gravity anomaly and geoid undulation results in local areas from GEOS-3 altimeter data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The adjusted GEOS-3 altimeter data, taken as averages within a data frame, have been used to construct free air anomaly and geoid undulation profiles and maps in areas of geophysical interest. Profiles were constructed across the Philippine Trench (at a latitude of 6 deg) and across the Bonin Trench (at a latitude of 28 deg). In the latter case an anomaly variation of 443 mgals in 143 km was derived from the altimeter data. These variations agreed reasonably with terrestrial estimates, considering the predicted point accuracy was about + or - 27 mgals. An area over the Patton Sea mounts was also investigated with the altimeter anomaly field agreeing well with the terrestrial data except for the point directly over the top of the sea mount. It is concluded that the GEOS-3 altimeter data is valuable not only for determining 5 deg and 1 deg x 1 deg mean anomalies, but also can be used to describe more local anomaly variations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The use of artificial satellites for geodesy and geodynamics. Volume 2; May 29, 1978 - Jun 02, 1978; Athens; Greece
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  • 39
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    Laboratory simulation of ionospheric double-layers (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A mechanism for double-layer formation in partially- or fully-ionized plasmas is described, founded on beam-plasma interaction: RF growth along the beam excites a rectified, ponderomotive electric field, which in turn causes charge separation. Laboratory studies of the mechanism are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 40
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    Siple station experiments on wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Natural and controlled whistler-mode signals have been used to study nonlinear mechanisms of wave growth and wave-wave interactions (WWI) in the magnetosphere; three general classes of WWI (triggering, suppression, and entrainment) are identified and interpreted in terms of a model based on cyclotron resonance interaction. This model is also used to estimate the wave field intensity associated with different types of WWI. A new type of triggered emission, the band-limited impulse (BLI) is interpreted in terms of the switching of phase-bunched currents. In addition, an experiment to find a threshold for the excitation of the coherent wave instability is discussed, and observed VLF wave-induced transient bursts of X-rays, light and E-region ionization enhancements are considered with regard to a step function wave interacting with all resonant electrons in a given energy range.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 41
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    Magnetospheric multiharmonic instabilities (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper discusses linear convective growth rates of instabilities of electrostatic multiple electron cyclotron harmonic waves in a plasma consisting of a hot electron component with a loss-cone type of free energy source and a cold electron component of presumably ionospheric origin. When the ratio of cold to hot electron temperature is small, the cold upper hybrid frequency controls the harmonic bands that can be nonconvectively stable. When this ratio increases above a few times 0.01, nonconvective instability disappears simultaneously for each harmonic band, when the density ratio is less than unity. A consistent interpretation of the spatial localization and harmonic frequency bandwidths of the observed waves can be made assuming linear convective saturation, provided that the cold electrons have temperatures considerably in excess of those in the ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 42
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    Chorus, energetic electrons and magnetospheric substorms (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper investigates possible chorus generation mechanisms by means of simultaneous OGO-5 measurements of chorus, energetic (79 + or - 23 keV) electron fluxes and pitch angle distributions, and ambient magnetic fields. Further, the solar wind data during high-latitude dayside chorus events are examined. It is reported that the highly eccentric orbit had an apogee of 24 earth radii and an inclination of 30 deg to the geographic equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 43
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    Does ELF chorus show evidence of power line stimulation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A study to determine the effect of power line radiation on the stimulation of the ELF chorus detected on OGO-5 is presented. Chorus shows a maxima over the Eastern USSR, Greenland, and Central Siberia and minima over central and Eastern Canada, a distribution different than the OGO-3. This discrepancy is explained as due to data oversampling in the previous study; the OGO-5 data were reanalyzed with the oversampling removed, showing that none of the longitudinal maxima or minima are statistically significant. It is concluded that there is no significant correlation between longitude and chorus occurrence which implies that there is little or no evidence of power line harmonic radiation effects on chorus triggering.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 44
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    Effects of power line radiation into the magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of the effects of VLF power line radiation on whistler-mode waves in the magnetosphere are reviewed. High-altitude OGO-3 spectral data reveal evidence of enhanced chorus activity over populated regions starting at harmonics of the power-line frequencies. Low-altitude Ariel 3 measurements of 3.2 kHz noise intensity also indicate an enhancement of VLF activity over populated areas and their conjugates, however the relative importance of power line radiation, whistlers and spontaneous emissions is not known. The low-altitude polar-orbiting OGO-4 satellite also observed noise spectra at the harmonics of power line frequencies over industrial regions. Ground observations from Eights and Siple, Antarctica indicate that power line radiation effects on magnetospheric ducted paths peak at 3 kHz and near dawn, and exhibit a pronounced decrease on Sundays in the conjugate region, when power consumption is at a minimum. Experiments simulating power line radiation effects have also been performed. It is suggested that power line radiation effects magnetospheric activity by lowering the threshold for wave growth, with the localization of VLF sources acting to localize corresponding particle precipitation without necessarily affecting global average precipitation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 45
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    Study and evaluation of impulse mass spectrometers for ion analysis in the D and E regions of the ionosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Theoretical and numerical analyses were made of planar, cylindrical and spherical electrode time-of-flight mass spectrometers in order to optimize their operating conditions. A numerical analysis of potential barrier gating in time-of-flight spectrometers was also made. The results were used in the design of several small mass spectrometers. These were constructed and tested in a laboratory space simulator. Detailed experimental studies of a miniature cylindrical electrode time of flight mass spectrometer and of a miniature hemispherical electrode time of flight mass spectrometer were made. The extremely high sensitivity of these instruments and their ability to operate at D region pressures with an open source make them ideal instruments for D region ion composition measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-163490
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  • 46
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    Coronal magnetic structure and the latitude and longitude distribution of energetic particles, 1-5 AU (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The relation of the coronal magnetic field structure to the distribution of approximately 1 MeV protons in interplanetary space between 1 and 5 AU is discussed. After ordering the interplanetary data by its estimated coronal emission source location in heliographic coordinates, the multispacecraft measured proton fluxes are compared with coronal magnetic field structure infrared as observed in soft X-ray photographs and potential field calculations. Evidence for the propagation and possible acceleration of solar flare protons on high magnetic loop structure in the corona is presented. Further, it is shown that corotating proton flux enhancements are associated with regions of low coronal X-ray emission (including coronal holes), usually in association with solar wind stream structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-161391
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  • 47
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    The influence of variations in ozone concentration on the temperature regime of the atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The results of a study of the effects provided by changes in the concentration of atmospheric ozone on the mean temperatures of the troposphere and lower stratosphere are presented. It was found that ozone must be considered no less important in producing climatic changes than is CO2.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75350 , All-Union Conf.; Oct 30, 1972 - Nov 01, 1972; Moscow
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  • 48
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    Numerical modeling of baroclinic instability (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Eady model of baroclinic instability applied to a rotating channel with Ekman layers at the top and bottom is extended to a beta-plane channel. Changes in the shape and position of the boundary separating the regions of axially symmetric and wavelike motion are predicted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-161363
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  • 49
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    Influence of clouds on UV-B penetration to the earth's surface (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Radiometric measurements of cloud influence on ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B) were obtained. Mathematical models of the influence were defined to lay the groundwork for the construction of the global UV-B climatology from satellite determined ozone data. More refined measurements comparing UV-B radiation with total solar radiation were carried out. The cloudy case is referred to the cloudless sky irradiance and convenient transmission ratios are given An approach to the inversion of scattering data is summarized. An improved characterization of the UV-B radiation from a cloudless sky is also presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-160428
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  • 50
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    Rocket ozone sounding network data (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the period March 1977 through May 1977, three regular monthly ozone profiles were measured at Wallops Flight Center and three regular monthly ozone profiles were measured at the Churchill Research Range. One additional flight was conducted at Wallops Flight Center in support of Nimbus 4 SBUV. Data results and flight profiles for the period covered are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-73283
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  • 51
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    On the definition of the Listing-geoid taking into consideration different height systems (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An attempt is made to define the geoid on the basis of geodetic height systems determined from sea-surface topographic data. Existing height systems are corrected using sea-surface data. An equipotential surface is then chosen in such a way as to minimize the sum of the squares of the deviations from the corrected height systems. This equipotential surface is defined as the geoid. A least squares procedure is used to realize this definition.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Geodesy and Physics of the Earth; Oct 25, 1976 - Oct 31, 1976; Weimar; Germany
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  • 52
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    Atmospheric ozone measurements made from B-747 airliners - Spring 1975 (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Atmospheric ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere north of the equator has been registered aboard two commercial B-747 airliners during the Spring of 1975. This monitoring is part of a much broader and continuing project developed by NASA and known as the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP). Additional flight and meteorological conditions have also been automatically recorded on board concurrent with the ozone measurements. Independently-derived tropopause pressure information was available from NMC data archives and was used to identify stratospheric and tropospheric flight. The composite ozone, flight and meteorological data are reported for selected dates in March, April, and May. Attention is drawn particularly to the vertical profiles of atmospheric ozone mixing ratio as a function of both distance from the tropopause and curvature of the streamlines. The GASP observations suggest that ozone levels typical of the lower stratosphere are often embedded in the upper troposphere, principally during occasions when cyclonic wind curvature was noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Joint Symposium on Atmospheric Ozone; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden; Germany
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  • 53
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    Description and review of global measurements of atmospheric species from GASP (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A large volume of atmospheric constituent data is being collected in the global airlanes by specially equipped B-747 aircraft. This NASA program also obtains data from the similarly equipped NASA CV-990 aircraft during dedicated flights such as a recent near pole-to-pole latitude survey mission. Aerosol composition data are also collected with a NASA F-106 aircraft. Present measurements include ozone, carbon monoxide, water vapor, aerosol and condensation nuclei number densities, sulphates, nitrates, and the chlorofluoromethanes. Meteorological and flight parameters are also recorded for use in data analysis. The present aircraft operations obtain data between 6 and 13.5 km from 65 deg N between Europe and the North Pacific, and from 23 deg S over South America and 42 deg S over New Zealand. Typical constituent data from the aircraft operations during the first one and a half years are presented. Instrumentation is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Conference on Air Quality Meteorology and Atmospheric Ozone; Jul 31, 1977 - Aug 06, 1977; Boulder, CO; US
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  • 54
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    Characteristics of 1-500 eV electrons observed in the earth's thermosphere from the photoelectron spectrometer experiment on the Atmosphere Explorer satellites (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advanced Study Institute; Apr 12, 1977 - Apr 22, 1977; Spatind; Norway
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  • 55
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    Gravity anomalies near the east Pacific rise with wavelengths shorter than 3300 km recovered from GEOS-3/ATS-6 satellite-to-satellite Doppler tracking data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The velocity of the GEOS-3 satellite measured by Doppler as a function of time from the ATS-6 satellite was used to recover gravity anomalies in the region of the East Pacific. The orbit GEOS-3 at an altitude of 840 km was perturbed by spatial changes in Earth's gravitational field. These perturbations were measured via ATS-6 which is in a synchronous orbit at an altitude of about 40,000 km. The range-rate data were reduced using a gravitational field model complete to the 12 degree and order. A simulation of the possible effects causing the remaining range-rate residuals relative to the 12, 12 field shows that in general the dominant effect is the neglect of the higher degree and order coefficients of the gravitational field model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79553 , Intern. Symp. on the use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy and Geodynamics; May 01, 1978; Lagonissi; Greece
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  • 56
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    Evaluation of energetic particle effects on BUV data and atmospheric ozone (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: To aid investigations of energetic particle effects on the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) instrumentation aboard Nimbus 4, solar proton events characterized as polar cap absorption events occurring in the period April 1970 to April 1976 were summarized. Energetic particle effects on total ozone above the 4 mb pressure level measured by Nimbus 4 were analyzed. Proceedings of a workshop meeting of operation aurorozone are included as background material for possible effects of bremsstrahlung on atmospheric ozone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-156744 , RSCR-77-5
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  • 57
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    Utility of correlation techniques in gravity and magnetic interpretation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Two methods of quantitative combined analysis, internal correspondence and clustering, are presented. Model studies are used to illustrate implementation and interpretation procedures of these methods, particularly internal correspondence. Analysis of the results of applying these methods to data from the midcontinent and a transcontinental profile show they can be useful in identifying crustal provinces, providing information on horizontal and vertical variations of physical properties over province size zones, validating long wave-length anomalies, and isolating geomagnetic field removal problems. Thus, these techniques are useful in considering regional data acquired by satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-156685
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  • 58
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    Satellite observations of the global distribution of stratospheric ozone (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of backscattered radiation from an Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO) Satellite were used to determine the global distribution of ozone in different layers in the middle and upper stratosphere. The derived distributions show significant seasonal and geographic variations with important differences indicated between winter and summer hemisphere distributions. The OGO derived distributions are compared with other observations (rocket and satellite) and with photochemical calculations. It is suggested that the increased ozone mixing ratio in the high latitude winter hemisphere can be accounted for by transport processes up to about 40-45 km and by the effects of seasonal variations of NOX, HOX and temperature in the region above.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Observed and Theoretical Variations of Atmospheric Ozone; 19 p|Intern. Ozone Symp.; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 59
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    Observed and theoretical variations of atmospheric ozone (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are summarized from three areas of ozone research: (1) continued analysis of the global distribution of total ozone to extend the global ozone atlas to summarize 15 years (1957-72) of ground based observations; (2) analysis of balloon borne ozonesonde observations for Arosa, Switzerland, and Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (GFR); (3) contined processing of the (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-4) satellite data to complete the analysis of the stratospheric ozone distribution from the available OGO-4 data. Results of the analysis of the total ozone observations indicated that the long term ozone variation have marked regional patterns and tend to alternate with season and hemisphere. It is becoming increasingly clear that these long period changes are associated with large scale variations in the general upper atmosphere circulation patterns.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-154595
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  • 60
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    F-region enhancements induced by solar flares (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: ATS-6 total electron content (NT) observations during solar flares exhibit four types of response: (1) a sudden increase in NT (SITEC) for about 2 min with several maxima in growth rate, then a maximum or a distinct slowing in growth, followed by a slow smooth increase to a flat peak, and finally a slow decay in NT; (2) a SITEC that occurs during ionospheric storms, where NT decays abruptly after the first maximum; (3) slow enhancements devoid of distinct impulsive structure in growth rate; and (4) no distinct response in NT, even for relatively large soft X-ray flares. Flare-induced increases in NT are dominated by low-loss F2 ionization produced by 90-911-A emission. The impulsive flare component is relatively intense in the 90-911-A range, but is short lived and weak for flares near the edge of the visible solar disk and for certain slow flares. The impulsive flare component produces the rapid rise, the sharp maxima in growth rate, and the first maximum in SITECs. The slow flare components are strong in the 1-90-A range but relatively weak in the 90-911-A range and accumulatively contribute to the second maximum in type 1 and 3 events, except during storms when F2 loss rates are abnormally high in type 2 events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on The geophysical use of satellite beacon observations; Jun 01, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Boston, MA
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  • 61
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    Grad E x B effects on heavy ions in the magnetosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Following a theory briefing on the currents in a plasma of mixed species caused by the motion of charged particles, the paper presents a report on the observations of regions of the magnetosphere in which significant values of grad E (E being the electric field) can be inferred from measurements of E made on board the IMP 6 satellite using two pairs of long (91.5 m and 45.7 m) unfurlable antenna sensors. Electric fields were measured by applying double floating probe techniques to the antenna sensors, and grad E values of up to 1.4/1000 emu were inferred from the fluctuations in E along the orbit. The critical values of grad E for various ions, in a range of magnetic fields are compared, and the difference in the behavior of Ba+ ions which cause Ba+ currents in the subcritical and supercritical regions is discussed. The results show that the electric currents flowing in the E x B direction may cause secondary polarization fields on the barium cloud. The possible significance of these effects to natural geophysical phenomena is also pointed out.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Open Meetings of Working Groups on Physical Sciences; May 29, 1975 - Jun 07, 1975; Varna; Bulgaria|Symposium and Workshop on Results from Coordinated Upper Atmosphere Measurement Programs; May 29, 1975 - May 31, 1975
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  • 62
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    The earth as a radio source (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Satellite measurements of the natural LF radio emission of the earth's magnetosphere are summarized, and the earth is compared as radio source to such familiar sources as Jupiter, Saturn and the sun. Two principal modes of radio emission from the earth's magnetosphere have been identified: auroral km-wavelength radiation and a continuum radiation. Characteristic spectra of the two modes are displayed. Other modes, not yet studied in much detail, are: dayside km-wavelength radiation, emission upstream of the bow shock, and narrow-bandwidth radio bursts. Emissions from the Jovian moon Io and from pulsars are also drawn upon for comparison. Current views on the sources of these terrestrial radio emissions are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Magnetospheric particles and fields Summer Advanced Study School; Aug 04, 1975 - Aug 15, 1975; Graz; Austria
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  • 63
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    A scenario on polarization in a planetary atmosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A great deal of information can be obtained about aerosol and Rayleigh scattering by observing the polarization state for both reflected and transmitted radiation. Results of neutral point behavior are presented for (1) a Rayleigh or molecular scattering atmosphere; (2) a haze L distribution of aerosols typical of those found in the earth's atmosphere; and (3) two actual models of the earth's atmosphere which combine Rayleigh scattering with a normal aerosol content and with a one-third normal aerosol content.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Seminar on Polarized light: Instruments, devices, applications; Aug 24, 1976 - Aug 25, 1976; San Diego, CA
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  • 64
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    Image intensifier tube observations of the OH airglow during the Space Shuttle simulation (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The OH airglow studies discussed have evolved from a lead-sulfide-cell scanning photometer to photographic techniques to, currently, image-tube photography. During the Space Shuttle Simulation, photography (35-mm and 16-mm) and filter-wheel photometry of submicron OH airglow were performed aboard the NASA CV990 Airborne Laboratory. Examples of ground-based and airborne photographs are presented for comparison. Analysis of the aircraft data is described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Southwest Regional Conference for Astronomy and Astrophysics; Jul 12, 1975; Lubbock, TX
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  • 65
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    On the interpretation of least squares collocation (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A demonstration is given of the strict mathematical equivalence between the least squares collocation and the classical minimum variance estimates. It is shown that the least squares collocation algorithms are a special case of the modified minimum variance estimates. The computational efficiency of several forms of the general minimum variance estimation algorithm is discussed. It is pointed out that for certain geodetic applications the least square collocation algorithm may provide a more efficient formulation of the results from the point of view of the computations required.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Long-time predictions in dynamics; Aug 03, 1975 - Aug 16, 1975; Cortina d''Ampezzo; Italy
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    Description and review of global measurements of atmospheric species from GASP (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Aerosol composition data were collected with a NASA F-106 aircraft. Present measurements include ozone, carbon monoxide, water vapor, aerosol and condensation nuclei number densities, sulphates, nitrates, and the chlorofluoromethanes. Meteorological and flight parameters are also recorded for use in data analysis. The present aircraft operations obtain data between 6 and 13.5 km from 65 degree N between Europe and the north Pacific, and from 23 degree S over South America and 42 degree S over New Zealand. Typical constituent data from the aircraft operations during the first one and a half years are presented. Instrumentation is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-73781 , E-9338 , Conf. on Air Quality Meteorology and Atmospheric Ozone; Jul 31, 1977 - Aug 06, 1977; Boulder, CO; United States
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  • 67
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    Atmospheric ozone measurements made from B-747 AIRLINERS: Spring 1975 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Atmospheric ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere north of the equator has been registered aboard two commercial B-747 airliners. The composite ozone, flight and meteorological data are reported. Attention is drawn particularly to the vertical profiles of atmospheric ozone mixing ratio as a function of both distance from the tropopause and curvature of the streamlines. The GASP observations suggest that ozone levels typical of the lower stratosphere are often embedded in the upper troposphere, principally during occassions when cyclonic wind curvature was noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73675 , Joint Symp. on Atmospheric Ozone; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 68
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    Research of Magnetospheric Physics Phenomena Using Sounding Rockets (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A bibliography of approximately 25 papers is presented on the Electron Echo Experiments. The data analysis included an extensive study of the electron accelerator beam, detector data correlations with the electron beam injections, and the study of about 30 onboard detected echoes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-152503
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  • 69
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    A study on characterization of stratospheric aerosol and gas parameters with the spacecraft solar occultation experiment (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Spacecraft remote sensing of stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles using the solar occultation experiment has been analyzed. A computer algorithm has been developed in which a two step inversion of the simulated data can be performed. The radiometric data are first inverted into a vertical extinction profile using a linear inversion algorithm. Then the multiwavelength extinction profiles are solved with a nonlinear least square algorithm to produce aerosol and ozone vertical profiles. Examples of inversion results are shown illustrating the resolution and noise sensitivity of the inversion algorithms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-152623 , PGSTR-PH77-51
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  • 70
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    Reduction and analysis of ATS-6 data (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The reduction of data obtained by the experiment on ATS-6 is presented and a scientific analysis of the data is included. During the period covered significant progress was made in both reduction and analysis of ATS-6 data. The relationship between the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field and the fluxes of energetic electrons at the synchronous altitude was clarified, and a simple model of the energetic electron environment as observed by ATS-6 was developed and a simple empirical relationship was extended, which predicts the maximum energetic electron flux to be expected at the synchronous orbit.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-149460 , ATR-76(7580)-1
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  • 71
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    Atmospheric aerosols: Their Optical Properties and Effects (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measured properties of atmospheric aerosol particles are presented. These include aerosol size frequency distribution and complex retractive index. The optical properties of aerosols are computed based on the presuppositions of thermodynamic equilibrium and of Mie-theory.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-2004 , Dec 13, 1976 - Dec 15, 1976; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 72
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    Atmospheric aerosols: Their Optical Properties and Effects (supplement) (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A digest of technical papers is presented. Topics include aerosol size distribution from spectral attenuation with scattering measurements; comparison of extinction and backscattering coefficients for measured and analytic stratospheric aerosol size distributions; using hybrid methods to solve problems in radiative transfer and in multiple scattering; blue moon phenomena; absorption refractive index of aerosols in the Denver pollution cloud; a two dimensional stratospheric model of the dispersion of aerosols from the Fuego volcanic eruption; the variation of the aerosol volume to light scattering coefficient; spectrophone in situ measurements of the absorption of visible light by aerosols; a reassessment of the Krakatoa volcanic turbidity, and multiple scattering in the sky radiance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-2004-SUPPL , Dec 13, 1976 - Dec 15, 1976; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 73
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    Diurnal measurements with prototype CMOS Omega receivers (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Diurnal signals from eight omega channels have been monitored at 10.2 KHz for selected station pairs. All eight Omega stations have been received at least 50 percent of the time over a 24 hour period during the month of October 1976. The data presented confirm the expected performance of the CMOS omega sensor processor in being able to digsignals out of a noisy environment. Of particular interest are possibilities for use of antipodal reception phenomena and a need for some ways of correcting for multi-modal propagation effects.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-149160 , TM-42
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  • 74
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    Global measurements of gaseous and aerosol trace species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from daily flights of 747 airliners (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Extensive measurements include ozone, carbon monoxide, water vapor, and aerosol and condensation nuclei number density. Less extensive measurements include chlorofluoromethanes, sulfates and nitrates. Certain meteorological and flight information are also recorded at the time of these measurements. World routes range in latitude from about 60 deg N near North America to about 40 deg S over Australia and 23 deg S over South America. Typical data show significant changes in ozone, carbon monoxide, and water vapor when crossing the tropopause either during changes in altitude or at cruise altitude. These gases as well as light scattering particles and condensation nuclei exhibit considerable variability along a flight route.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73544 , E-8945 , Joint Symp. of the Am. Geophys. Union; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 12, 1976; Miami, FL; United States
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  • 75
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    Evaluation of upwelling infrared radiance from the earth's troposphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Basic equations for calculating the upwelling atmospheric radiance are presented. Theoretical formulation of the transmittance models (line-by-line and quasi-random band) and computational procedures for the evaluation of transmittance and radiance are discussed. This information is useful in the interpretation of the data obtained from measuring gaseous pollutants in the troposphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ASME PAPER 76-HT-5 , Heat Transfer Conference; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 11, 1976; St. Louis, MO
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  • 76
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    The magnetosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The terrestrial magnetic field shields the earth from the supersonic wind of the expanding solar atmosphere, forming a cavity called the magnetosphere. Since the velocity of the solar wind is supersonic, a detached shock wave stands in front of this cavity. The flow past the cavity is viscous, drawing the field lines back into a long tail. In this paper we review briefly the nature of the magnetosphere, the outstanding problem areas in this field, and what space missions are needed to attack these problems.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IAF PAPER 76-068 , International Astronautical Congress; Oct 10, 1976 - Oct 16, 1976; Anaheim, CA
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  • 77
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    Day-to-day variability of the equatorial electrojet, as observed by rocket-borne magnetometers (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 78
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    The storm-time equatorial electrojet (1976)
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    Description: A Petrel rocket carrying a double cell rubidium magnetometer was launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station during the early main phase of a magnetic storm. No ionospheric currents associated with the storm were observed and the large field depression, at the flight time, must therefore be attributed to currents at higher altitudes. The equatorial enhancement of ionospheric magnetic storm currents, predicted on the basis of theory and earlier ground data, was not observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 79
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    Detailed gravimetric geoid computations in North America (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A detailed gravimetric geoid has been computed for the Eastern United States and the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean by combining the Goddard Space Flight Center GEM-8 earth gravity model with the available 15 x 15 arcmin and 1 x 1 deg mean free air surface gravity observations. The short wavelength undulations were computed by applying Stokes' formula to the 15 x 15 arcmin and 1 x 1 deg surface data. The long wavelength undulations were provided by the GEM-8 model. The gravimetric geoid has been compared with Geoceiver derived and astrogeodetically determined geoid heights in the United States and the rms agreement is on the order of 1.5 meters. Excellent agreement in shape has been found between the detailed geoid and geoidal profiles derived from GEOS-III altimeter data in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 80
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    Polarization of the zodiacal light - First results from Skylab (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A brief description is given of the Skylab ten color photoelectric photometer and the programs of measurements made during Skylab missions SL-2 and SL-3. Results obtained on the polarized brightness of zodiacal light at five points on the antisolar hemisphere are discussed and compared with other published data for the north celestial pole, south ecliptic pole, at elongation 90 degrees on the ecliptic, and at two places near the north galactic pole.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 81
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    The S sub 10 /V/ unit of surface brightness (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Some discrepancies in the use of the unit of zodiacal light measurements - S sub 10 (V), which is the equivalent number of tenth magnitude stars of solar spectral type per square degree - are discussed. It is suggested that: (1) the S sub 10 (V) unit be understood to represent 10th magnitude solar (G2V) stars per square degree at mean solar distance, (2) the V refers to the visual color in the UBV system defined by Johnson and Morgan (1953), (3) the apparent solar visual magnitude be taken as -26.73 and the B-V index as .63, (4) the solar spectral irradiance values of Labs and Neckel (1970) be used, and (5) when using Vega as a standard to obtain brightnesses in S sub 10 (V), +.04 be used as its magnitude at all wavelengths and the irradiance values of Hayes and Latham (1975) be used.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 82
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    Pioneer 10 observations of zodiacal light brightness near the ecliptic - Changes with heliocentric distance (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Sky maps made by the Pioneer 10 Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP) at sun-spacecraft distances from 1 to 3 AU have been analyzed to derive the brightness of the zodiacal light near the ecliptic at elongations greater than 90 degrees. The change in zodiacal light brightness with heliocentric distance is compared with models of the spatial distribution of the dust. Use of background starlight brightnesses derived from IPP measurements beyond the asteroid belt, where the zodiacal light is not detected, and, especially, use of a corrected calibration lead to considerably lower values for zodiacal light than those reported by us previously.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 83
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    Space observations of the zodiacal light (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An annotated tabular listing of balloon, rocket, satellite and space probe observations of zodiacal light from 1962 to 1974 is presented. Some selected results concerning zodiacal light observations from Skylab and Pioneers 10 and 11 are discussed, and some remarks on wavelength and spatial coverage of zodiacal light observations are made, noting the paucity of space observations in the ultraviolet and near the sun.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Heidelberg
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  • 84
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    Ionization by energetic electrons in the midlatitude nighttime E region (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of the electron density profile and flux of energetic electrons obtained in two rocket flights at Wallops Island near midnight are presented. The ionization rates of the upper E region deduced from the electron density profiles are found to support the dependence on Kp established in previous observation. Calculations of the ionization rates using the observed electron fluxes show agreement with the values derived from the electron density profiles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 85
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    EUV absorption analysis of thermospheric structure from AE-satellite observations of 1974-1976 (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Atmospheric absorption characteristics at various selected wavelengths of solar EUV emission have been observed by spectrophotometers on the Atmosphere Explorer satellites. Two levels of results are defined as (A) results independent of any cross section values and involving no specific atmospheric model assumptions, and (B) results expressed in terms of particle concentrations, mass density, and other aeronomical parameters. The present report will mostly deal with results of type B, with emphasis on molecular oxygen. Studies of EUV-derived results in correlation with results of other simultaneous experiments on the same satellite are expected soon to improve the assessment of technique-peculiar errors, possible errors in the various EUV cross sections or accommodation coefficients, and lead to the design of a 'correlative approach' based on the use of mixed inputs of the most reliable aspects of one and the other types of observations, respectively.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
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  • 86
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    Substorm observations of magnetic perturbations and ULF waves at synchronous orbit by ATS-1 and ATS-6 (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In the empirical study of the geomagnetic cavity, the synchronous equatorial orbit has been shown to be a most advantageous site for scientific measurements. Satellites in this orbit are fixed in the earth's main magnetic field so that the records are not dominated by changes due to satellite motion through this field. Also, the satellites traverse the same geometric region of space daily, thus facilitating statistical studies of magnetospheric phenomena. Thirdly, the magnetic field lines leaving the earth's surface near the auroral zone cross the equatorial plane close to this orbit, thus subjecting the region to a number of such phenomena. Previous observations at synchronous orbit with the UCLA fluxgate magnetometers on ATS-1 and ATS-6 have revealed a variety of substorm-associated field variations. These effects may be divided tentatively into two classes, those resulting from instabilities (ULF waves) and those produced by changes in macroscopic current systems. The data and their interpretations will be reviewed in order to illustrate the potential importance of observations in the synchronous orbit during the International Magnetospheric Study.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 87
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    Substorm phenomena and the uniqueness of the geostationary orbit for observation of dynamic processes in the magnetosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the Spring equinox, both ATS-6 and ATS-5 were in geosynchronous orbit with a separation of about 11 deg longitude. A ground-based campaign was undertaken by Eather, Mende, and Judge to observe aurora at the foot of the ATS field line with a variety of instruments. Initial results support the injection boundary hypothesis of Mauk and McIlwain. Also during this period, the Cs-ion thrusters on both spacecraft were exercized in a deliberate attempt to control the spacecraft potential. Some success was achieved, and the presence of a sheath with a potential minimum about ATS-5 has been demonstrated (the sheath about ATS-6 is observed directly).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 88
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    Magnetospheric dynamics and wave-particle interactions (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It has been demonstrated that two general classes of wave-particle interactions are of great importance for magnetospheric dynamics. Electromagnetic and electrostatic plasma instabilities give rise to relatively narrow-banded spontaneous emissions (e.g., ELF hiss, chorus, three-halves noise, ion cyclotron and ion-plasma-frequency turbulence) that can scatter trapped particles into the loss cone, leading to modified pitch-angle distributions, stable trapping limits, diffuse aurora, proton precipitation events, etc. The current-driven plasma instabilities give rise to impulsive ion acoustic or Buneman mode turbulence that provides very effective energy transfer (via the anomalous conductivity mechanism) at the bow shock and in regions where strong field-aligned currents are observed. We review these interactions and identify significant open questions that must be investigated during the IMS.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 89
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    Trapped particles and waves, and what can be learned from multisatellite experiments (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Calculations concerning the pitch-angle diffusion resulting from resonant wave-particle interactions can lead to definitive predictions of equatorial pitch-angle distributions and rates of particle loss as a function of particle energy and L-value. Thus, given simultaneous high-altitude measurements of pitch-angle distributions and low-altitude measurements of precipitating fluxes as a function of energy and L, the importance of proposed wave-particle interactions can be verified or discarded. Since many wave-particle phenomena occur over large spatial and temporal scales, exact simultaneity in longitude and time is not necessary. Simultaneous low and high altitude (preferably nearly equatorial) particle measurements could thus greatly increase our understanding of trapped particles and their effects on the ionosphere. Furthermore, given a verified pitch-angle diffusion mechanism and simultaneous low- and high-altitude measurements, accurate lowto high-altitude mappings of field lines and magnetospheric boundaries (such as the plasmapause) could be obtained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 90
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    The IMS satellite programme - Scientific objectives (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) will make use of a number of satellites launched by the ESA, Japan, the USA, and the USSR. The instrumentation carried by these satellites is considered, taking into account GEOS, ISEE-A, ISEE-B, ISEE-C, EXOS-A, EXOS-B, and ISS. The morphology of the magnetosphere is examined and questions regarding the origin of substorms are investigated. IMS objectives are discussed, giving attention to the macroscopic behavior of the magnetosphere, microscopic processes, approaches to be used for monitoring the state of the magnetosphere, and magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 91
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    Low-energy-proton regime in the geomagnetic tail at lunar distance (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The reported investigation makes use of data obtained with the aid of the suprathermal ion detector experiment (SIDE) that is being conducted with instruments which were placed on the moon during the Apollo lunar landings. The moon traverses the geomagnetic tail once each month. Observations of a new low-energy plasma regime in the tail are presented. It is pointed out that the new regime lies within the magnetosphere, but outside the plasma sheet. According to the mass analyzer data of SIDE, the observed low-energy fluxes could consist entirely of protons. However, there might be an admixture of ions of greater mass.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The scientific satellite programme during the International Magnetospheric Study; Jun 10, 1975 - Jun 13, 1975; Vienna; Austria
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  • 92
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    Investigation of infrared spectra of atmospheric gases to support stratospheric spectroscopic investigations (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Four papers are presented which discuss the following: information measures in nonlinear experimental design; information in spectra of collision broadened absorption lines; band analysis by spectral curve fitting; and least squares analysis of Voight shaped lines. Abstracts of five research papers on which the author collaborated and which were delivered at the 34th Symposium of Molecular Spectroscopy (Ohio State University, June 1979) are included along with a subroutine for use with BMDP3R to retrieve the parameters of 10 Voight shaped lines.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-158716
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  • 93
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    Studies of radiative transfer in the earth's atmosphere with emphasis on the influence of the radiation budget in the joint institute for advancement of flight sciences at the NASA-Langley Research Center (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Earth and solar radiation budget measurements were examined. Sensor calibration and measurement accuracy were emphasized. Past works on the earth's radiation field that must be used in reducing observations of the radiation field were reviewed. Using a finite difference radiative transfer algorithm, models of the angular and spectral dependence of the earth's radiation field were developed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-158690
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  • 94
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    Transfer of solar radiation in the atmosphere (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Current needs in the field of atmospheric radiative transfer include the development and validation of fast but accurate calculation techniques for use in climate modeling. Progress toward meeting these needs can be made by application of existing computational techniques and use of observational data for radiation transfer across the earth-atmosphere system boundaries. In this study radiative transfer model simulations are compared to satellite observations of reflected solar radiation. Calculations are presented from both detailed and approximate transfer models for the solar radiation reflected from the earth-atmosphere system. These calculations are compared with the measurements made by the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment on Nimbus 6 in August 1975. Results show good agreement between simulations and observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 79-1038 , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Thermophysics Conference; Jun 04, 1979 - Jun 06, 1979; Orlando, FL
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  • 95
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    Annual variation in temperature and composition of the thermosphere and upper mesosphere (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A three-dimensional circulation model, including UV (O2 dissociation) and EUV sources, is used to study the wind field and the effects of temperature and composition on annual thermospheric variations. The results are compared to those of OGO-6 and AE-C. Within an 800-1200 K temperature range, summer to winter temperature variation is studied as a function of solar activity. It is found that the model correctly predicts H, He, O, N2, O2, and Ar measurements. It is suggested that a small winter maximum in mesospheric temperature is caused by large-scale circulation induced by EUV heating. This effect, however, is masked by the energy released in O2 dissociation. The annual temperature amplitude and the winter oxygen bulge are noted to increase with increasing solar activity, whereas the winter helium bulge is noted to decrease with enhanced exospheric return flow. It is felt that the dependence of the F2 region winter anomaly on solar activity may be significantly affected by the solar activity effect in atomic oxygen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Minor Constituents and Excited Species; Jun 09, 1976 - Jun 10, 1976|Symposium on Minor Constituents and Excited Species; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA; US
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  • 96
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    Study of stratospheric-ionospheric coupling during thunderstorms and tornadoes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A continuous-wave-spectrum high-frequency Doppler sounder array with three transmitters at each of three sites was used to observe the dynamics of the coupling of energy between the stratosphere and the ionosphere. During times of severe weather activity wavelike disturbances have been detected on ground-based ionospheric sounding records as perturbations in electron densities. Infrasonic waves with wave periods of 3-7 min and with horizontal phase velocities of 600-800 m/s were observed when there was thunderstorm activity; gravity waves with wave periods of 10-15 min and horizontal phase velocities of 100-200 m/s were detected when there was tornado activity. Both triangulations from the cross correlation functions of the Doppler records based on an assumption of no background wind shear and ray-tracing computations including an assumed background wind shear indicate that the waves originated in the vicinity of the thunderstorms and tornadoes. A comparison of the wavelengths of the infrasonic and gravity waves observed at ionospheric heights and those in cloud-top pictures from satellites show that they are all of the order of 100-300 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Minor Constituents and Excited Species; Jun 09, 1976 - Jun 10, 1976|Symposium on Minor Constituents and Excited Species; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA; US
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  • 97
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    Atmospheric sounding with passive microwaves - Review and prognosis (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Global maps of temperature profiles 0-20 km and of total water vapor and liquid water over ocean have been obtained from satellite-borne microwave spectrometers. Future satellites should extend the altitude range above 100 km and permit monitoring of H2O, O3, CO, N2O, and other trace constituents. Operational microwave temperature-sounding spectrometers are scheduled for launch on both military and civilian U.S. satellites, and future improvements can be expected.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment; Apr 25, 1977 - Apr 29, 1977; Ann Arbor, MI
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    Odd nitrogen in the mesosphere and thermosphere - Its chemistry and transport (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The atomic nitrogen in the thermosphere, which is produced either in its ground term or in a highly reactive metastable term, reacts with molecular oxygen to form nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. However, nitric oxide is destroyed in reactions with atomic nitrogen in which molecular nitrogen and atomic oxygen is formed. Adopted reactions and rate coefficients for odd nitrogen chemistry are listed in a table. An analysis is conducted of the temperature distribution below 150 km and its effect on the odd nitrogen chemistry. The latitudinal distribution of nitric oxide is discussed. Satellite measurements have shown that nitric oxide concentrations at high latitudes are highly variable in both time and space. Their average concentrations are 3-4 times higher than at mid-latitudes. The measured variation of nitric oxide density as a function of latitude is shown in a graph.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advanced Study Institute; Apr 12, 1977 - Apr 22, 1977; Spatind; Norway
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  • 99
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    Variations including possible solar cycle variations of stratospheric ozone over central Switzerland (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The annual variation of the total amount of ozone over central Switzerland and the partial pressures in each of 7 layers from the surface to 7.8 m zeta shows the pattern representative of mid-latitude ozone: summer maximum in the troposphere, spring maximum in the lower stratosphere up to 30 mb and summer maximum in the middle stratosphere up to approx. mb. It was also shown that at the level of the ozone maximum the ozone partial pressure has a pronounced period of about 26 months. Total ozone and the ozone concentration in the different layers have marginally significant (at plus or minus sigma) correlations with relative sunspot number. The time lag for these correlations is long in the troposphere (about 36 months) but decreases with height to the level of ozone maximum (to about 2 months). A similar analysis of the data derived from the ozonesonde program at Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (GFR) gave completely consistent results with those discussed above.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Observed and Theoretical Variations of Atmospheric Ozone; 14 p|Intern. Ozone Symp.; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 17, 1976; Dresden
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  • 100
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    Tests of physical mechanisms linking solar activity and/or geomagnetic disturbances with the large-scale circulation of the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Empirical facts are presented to help in selecting the most probable physical mechanisms that are responsible for the sun-weather connections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-155283
    Format: application/pdf
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