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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (723)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (867)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944
  • 1910-1914
  • 1975  (867)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (867)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944
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Year
  • 1
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    A non-thermal mechanism for forcing cumulonimbus cloud (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Within the thunderstorm there is an extensive region of collision between airflows having different transports of momentum. The inflow-updraft should interact with cloud layer environmental wind to produce counter-rotating vortex pairs somewhat like those produced in the laboratory by a jet in a crossflow. Atmospheric evidence of vortex pairs for severe thunderstorms is shown from measurements made by aircraft and by radar. A model of a non-thermal mechanism for low pressure centers in thunderstorms is developed which scales from the laboratory to the atmosphere using a turbulence Reynolds number, a velocity ratio and the diameter of the updraft. Central pressure deficits and vorticity of lee vortices scaled up from the laboratory observations are consistent with the few available thunderstorm measurements. The model is used to explain deviate motion of thunderstorms as well as to suggest a mechanism for tornado development and movement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 2
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    Seasonal changes in the atmospheric heat balance simulated by the GISS general circulation model (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Tests of the ability of numerical general circulation models to simulate the atmosphere have focussed so far on simulations of the January climatology. These models generally present boundary conditions such as sea surface temperature, but this does not prevent testing their ability to simulate seasonal changes in atmospheric processes that accompany presented seasonal changes in boundary conditions. Experiments to simulate changes in the zonally averaged heat balance are discussed since many simplified models of climatic processes are based solely on this balance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Long-term Climatic Fluctuations; p 383-389
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  • 3
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    Degree of interdependence among atmospheric optical thicknesses in spectral bands between 0.36-2.4 micron (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The degree of dependence among the atmospheric optical thicknesses that are measured in nonselective absorption bands is studied. The observations were made previously in many spectral bands within the range 0.36-2.4 micron from near sea level in two continents where urban and industrial pollutions were weak. The sample covariance matrices and corresponding eigenvalues and eigenvectors are computed. The two highest eigenvalues account for 90% of the total variance in 10 spectral bands within the range 0.4-1.6 micron. The linear regression of the optical thickness on the total precipitable water vapor is computed to determine the attenuation coefficient that is associated with water vapor. This coefficient shows a rapid power-law decrease with wavelength in the visible spectrum and indicates that numerous water particles of radius 0.03-0.06 micron cause the attenuation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Sept
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  • 4
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    A study of the effects of vertical resolution and measurement errors on an iteratively inverted temperature profile (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A direct inversion method for inverting the temperature profile from satellite-measured radiation is discussed. The nth power of the weighting function in the integral radiative-transfer equation is used as the weight in the averaging process. The vertical resolution of the inverted temperature profile and the response of the inverted temperature profile to the measurement errors are examined in terms of n. It is found that for smaller values of n, the vertical resolution and the effect of measurement errors are reduced. When n = 0, both the vertical resolution and error effect are minimum. The temperature profile is adjusted by a constant; any structure different from the initial shape cannot be resolved. This is equivalent to the case where the entire atmosphere is treated as one layer with a fixed shape of temperature profile. When n approaches infinity, both the vertical resolution and error effect are maximum. This is equivalent to the case where the entire atmosphere is divided into m (the number of spectral channels) layers. Within each layer, the temperatures are adjusted by a constant, and any structure different from the initial shape cannot be resolved. Also, the shape of the final solution is closer to the initial profile if the value of n is smaller.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Feb. 197
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  • 5
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    Longwave radiation effects of the Harmattan haze (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Infrared in situ radiance observations at 8.0 to 14 microns and 9.5 to 11.5 microns of the West African Harmattan haze during the 1974 Global Atmospheric Research Project Atlantic Tropical Experiment field phase made possible the determination of some of the radiative properties of this tropospheric phenomenon. This in turn permitted development of a simple calculation model for radiative transfer through the haze. Radiometric observations of the dust haze, reaching from 600 m to 6.25 km, were analyzed for haze IR transmission. A transfer model incorporating these transmission properties gave an average calculated IR cooling rate of 0.09 C/h for the entire haze layer as compared to a haze-free cloudless-troposphere cooling rate of 0.06 C/h for the same levels. The haze volume-absorption coefficient was approximately 0.042/km for layers of all depths. This uniformity of the haze transmission was further evident in the direct correlation of its transmission and optical depth.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 20
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  • 6
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    Meteorological satellite accomplishments (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Meteorological satellites include experimental satellites operated by NASA and operational satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The operational system currently provides pictures of the entire globe, temperature measurements throughout the world, and wind measurements in selected parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Aspects of vertical sounding are discussed along with questions of parameter extraction technique development, macroscale phenomena, the heat budget of the earth-atmosphere system and the climate, and studies of ocean surface and hydrology.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 7
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    Commercial aircraft as a source of automated meteorological data for GATE and DST (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Specially-equipped wide-body commercial aircraft which are flying tropical and Southern Hemispheric routes are providing a new and unique source of meteorological data with a 100 km spatial resolution. Data have been gathered for the GATE, and the planning for a similar effort for the DST is in progress. These aircraft not only provide synoptic data in critical areas devoid of conventional data, but are, in effect, meteorological research platforms that can provide valuable information on mesoscale phenomena. By 1976 it is anticipated that there will be over 80 such aircraft flying global routes. These specially-equipped jets could also be effectively used for EGGE by providing the nucleus of a supplementary observing system for gathering world-wide meteorological data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 56
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  • 8
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    Stereographic cloud analysis from Apollo 6 photographs over a cold front (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 56
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  • 9
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    Infrared radiation budget of the Harmattan haze (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Infrared in situ observations of the West African Harmaltan Haze during the 1974 GATE field phase were conducted to determine the radiative properties of the tropospheric phenomenon and to develop a calculation model for radiative transfer through the haze. Radiometric observations of the dust haze were analyzed for haze infrared transmission. Infrared and tropospheric cooling rates are given together with the haze volume absorption rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Prelim. Sci. Results of the GARP Atlantic Trop. Expt., Vol. 2; p 299-323
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  • 10
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    The evolution of climate (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A quantitative evaluation is made of the climatic effects of polar wandering plus continental drift in order to determine wether this mechanism alone could explain the deterioration of climate that occurred from the warmth of Mesozoic time to the ice age conditions of the late Cenozoic. By way of procedure, to investigate the effect of the changing geography of the past on climate Adem's thermodynamic model was selected. The application of the model is discussed and preliminary results are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Long-term Climatic Fluctuations; p 53-64
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  • 11
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    Meteorological applications of remote sensing from satellites (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Current and promising future contributions to meteorology from satellite-borne sensors are discussed, with emphasis on performance and the limitations thereto. The discussion covers (1) synoptic meteorology, where satellite observations of clouds provide measures of winds, cyclogenesis, and rainfall estimation; (2) atmospheric profiling, wherein vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, and certain gaseous constituents are provided; (3) radiation budget or the energy exchange between the earth and the space-sun environment; and (4) surface features of importance to meteorology-temperature, soil moisture, and sea ice coverage.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: IEEE; vol. 63
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  • 12
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    Physical nature of the climatic and biological effects of the Peru current (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Surface and depth flow processes and their effects on the behavior of the Peru current are considered in relation to climatological and biological effects for the entire western coast of South America. The mean annual coastal air temperature is from 2 deg to 6 deg below the norm and precipitation is extremely rare. An upwelling effect brings up the cold deep waters with their rich content of organic material responsible for the huge biological productivity of the region.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Phys. of the Sea and Atmosphere NASA-TT-F-16225; p 81-87
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  • 13
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    Some new methods of determining and studying the absorptivity of a medium and the generalized angular coefficients of radiation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Local and average radiation functions, which represent purely geometric characteristics of the radiating system, are used to determine the absorptivity in a system of bodies separated by an attenuating medium.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Phys. of the Sea and Atmosphere NASA-TT-F-16225; p 53-56
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  • 14
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    Long-distance recording of the humidity over the sea (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A procedure is developed for long distance recording of humidity over the sea that uses humidity detectors of the sorption type, whose electrical properties depend on the relative humidity of the air. The moisture sensitive material of the hygristor is the organic polymer polyacrylonitryl, deposited on silver electrodes and thermally treated. In the measurements of the relative humidity from 60% to 95%, the resistance of the hygristor varies from several hundred kiloohms to a few kiloohms, and is an essentially nonlinear function of the humidity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Phys. of the Sea and Atmosphere NASA-TT-F-16225; p 75-80
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  • 15
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    Calculation of the radiative heat exchange in a conical cavity of complex configuration with an absorptive medium (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The generalized zonal method is used to calculate the distribution of the temperature factor on the lateral surface of a conical cavity of complex configuration (a Laval nozzle) containing an absorptive medium. The highest values of the radiation density occur on the converging part of the lateral surface of the complex conical cavity (Laval nozzle).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Phys. of the Sea and Atmosphere NASA-TT-F-16225; p 40-45
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  • 16
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    Temperature fields of an absorptive medium in a radiating system of arbitrary configuration (the spatial problem) (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A generalized zonal method based on systems of linear algebraic equations is used to determine the temperature fields in an absorptive grey medium filling a closed radiation system that consists of three boundary zones, of which one is adiabatic and the other two are isothermal. The example calculation considers the case of a solenoidal radiation field of local radiative equilibrium.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Phys. of the Sea and Atmosphere NASA-TT-F-16225; p 36-39
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  • 17
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    Determining the parameters of the prognostic operator for undamped fluctuations by the use of the D sub m(kappa; alpha 1,..., alpha sub m) (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The prognostic operator is defined as the matrix or integral operation which, when applied to a set of known values of the vector for various earlier moments of time, predicts a value for the vector at a future moment by the amount ahead of time. If the vector represents a function that decays with time, then the predicted values of the function are given as series expansions in terms of the same functions but with unknown coefficients if some change in the process occurs at the moment of prediction. As examples of such changes are considered: (1) the circulation mechanisms of the atmosphere under the influence of solar activity; (2) brightness fields fluctuations; and (3) wave formations or currents in the ocean after a change in wind field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Phys. of the Sea and Atmosphere NASA-TT-F-16225; p 30-35
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  • 18
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    A comparison of information on clouds and phenomena accompanying Cb obtained from surface and radar net stations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Methods and criteria are proposed for the comparison of surface and radar data on clouds and phenomena accompanying Cb. It is shown that the effectiveness of the radar information on thunderstorms from a net over the territory of the BSSR is approximately 3 times greater than that of visual observations obtained from the station net.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 117-124
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  • 19
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    On the problem of radar effectiveness of discriminating thunderstorms and clouds (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data are presented on the effectiveness of detecting clouds (within a radius of 40 km) and thunderstorms (within a radius of 300 km) with the aid of instrumental (WR) and visual (weather station net) observations in the operational service of aviation. Data obtained on a large statistical sample confirm the very great effectiveness of the radar method of observations for thunderstorms and clouds with precipitation. The origin of certain probabilities for detecting stratiform clouds without precipitation which are small compared with the data of other authors is explained.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 125-133
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  • 20
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    On a possible method for daily adjustment of severe storm radar criteria (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method is proposed of adjusting the radar criteria for severe storms, taking into account the height of the minus 22 C isotherm, the minimum value of the maximum magnitude of the radar reflectivity in thunderstorms at the same level for a specific region, and the various types of homogeneous air masses in the air. Formulas for the criteria are presented which take into account specified errors of discrimination.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 105-110
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  • 21
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    Comparative estimate of the effectiveness of different algorithms for the radar classification of thunderstorms and showers (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Several schemes for discriminating severe weather phenomena with the aid of different algorithms are examined. The schemes were tested on the same sample. A comparative estimate of the effectiveness of the different algorithms for classifying thunderstorms and showers is carried out.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 111-116
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  • 22
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    Optimal form and frequency of presentation of radar data on clouds and phenomena connected with them (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The available data on the space and time structure of the radio echoes from different clouds is examined. On the basis of their analysis, a basis is given for the optimal form of presentation and the operational quality of renewal of radar information used for operational purposes in ZGMO and the TGMTs.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 82-94
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  • 23
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    On the problem of adjusting the criterion for discriminating phenomena accompanying summertime Cb (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The dependence is shown of the complete and simplified Y criteria on the instability energy E. Regression equations are presented of the relation of the criterial values of Y of severe hail and severe weather clouds with the variable E. The adjustment of Y according to the value of E calculated from the radiosonde data is recommended as one of the possible methods.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 95-104
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  • 24
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    The problem of regime summaries of the data from radar observations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Peculiarities of the radar information about clouds are examined in comparison with visual data. An objective radar classification is presented and the relation of it to the meteorological classification is shown. The advisability of storage and summarization of the primary radar data for regime purposes is substantiated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 72-81
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  • 25
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    Methods of discriminating cloud systems by their radar characteristics (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The connection of the radar characteristics of cloud systems with the genetics of their formation, the microphysical structure, and the spatial extent of the clouds is examined. The relation of the probability of detecting clouds at various distances by their microphysical structure and the capabilities of the equipment are also considered. A method of discriminating cloud systems is proposed on the basis of obtained relations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 58-71
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  • 26
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    Radar characteristics of cloud fields (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Relations of several statistical parameters of the radio echo field to the types of cloud systems and weather phenomena in the cloud field are studied. Combinations of the statistical characteristics of radio echo are found which in certain cases permit the unique classification of cloud field according to the types of phenomena. The space-time variability of the radar characteristic was examined in connection with the transformation of the cloud field, and the question of the variation of the statistical characteristics of the echoes from cloud field was examined in connection with changes in the dimensions of the quantization cell.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 39-57
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  • 27
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    Probability distribution functions of echo signals from meteorological targets (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simple expressions are obtained for the laws and moments of the probability distributions of averaged echo signals from meteorological targets at the output of a logarithmic radar receiver. Here, the distribution function is assumed to be represented in the form of an Edgeworth series.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 28-38
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  • 28
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    On the errors in using the Rayleigh approximation for estimating the reflectivity of clouds and precipitation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The accuracy of using the Rayleigh approximation for the description of polydisperse diameters of backscattering water and ice spheres is examined. Calculations are carried out on the ratio of scattering diameters according to the Mie and Rayleigh formulas for the spectra of rain and dry and moist hailstones. The limits of applicability of the Rayleigh approximation for various wavelengths are shown.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 20-27
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  • 29
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    The influence of inhomogeneity of the reflectivity distribution on the accuracy of its measurement (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The influence of pulse volume dimensions on the accuracy of reflectivity from various clouds is considered. It is shown that due to the spatial averaging and the inhomogeneities of the clouds, the dependence frequently breaks down, which is a cause of lower values of the spatial distribution estimate. Values of the corrections calculated for various conditions are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 14-19
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  • 30
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    Refinement of the basic radar equation for clouds and precipitation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A derivation of the basic radar equation for clouds and precipitation is given that takes into account the antenna radiation pattern. The reasons for the differences in the equations used by various authors are demonstrated. More rigorous forms for writing down the basic equation are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 1-6
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  • 31
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    The effect of volcanic activity on climate (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Radiative transfer calculations of the global energy balance were performed to estimate the change in mean surface temperature that results from the addition of volcanic aerosols to the stratosphere. Results of the calculations are consistent with stratospheric warming observed in the last few months following the eruption of Mt. Agung and the average surface temperature decrease found for the two year period following major volcanic explosions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Long-term Climatic Fluctuations; p 279-285
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  • 32
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    High-resolution system for tropospheric wind and temperature profile measurements (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper briefly describes the Jimsphere/Jimsonde system and presents some possible applications of the system. As space vehicles became larger and more sophisticated, an improved method for obtaining wind-profile data had to be found. To satisfy this need, the FPS-16 radar/Jimsphere system was developed. The Jimsphere is an aluminized mylar spherical balloon 2 m in diameter. The balloon is under superpressure and is tracked with a high-precision radar system. The development of this detailed wind-profile system was started in 1963, and the present design was established in 1964. To improve the system, a program was initiated in 1965 to obtain high-resolution temperature data simultaneously with the wind-profile data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 20
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  • 33
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    Equivalent blackbody temperature of the top of a severe storm (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An RB-57F high-altitude aircraft equipped with Wilde RC-8 cameras and an infrared spectrometer was used in the investigations. A storm was overflown over Graham, Texas, on April 29, 1970. In the experiment, the average radiometric temperature was determined to be very near the environmental temperature near the cloud tops. However, hot and cold regions in and near the updrafts and downdrafts were found to be significantly out of equilibrium. It is recommended that caution should be exercised in determining cloud top altitude from equivalent blackbody temperature.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; June 197
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  • 34
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    Radio detection of thunderstorm activity with an earth-orbiting satellite (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study was made to determine the feasibility of using artificial earth satellites to monitor thunderstorm activity. The nighttime noise-temperature measurements made with the earth-oriented vee antenna of the Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE 1) satellite in the frequency range 0.2-9.2 MHz were correlated with reported surface thunderstorm activity. Analysis shows that the minimum nighttime HF noise level (in the absence of surface thunderstorms) at an altitude of 5850 km over the United States is fixed by man-made noise. When thunderstorms are active below the satellite, the noise level is increased by about 6-12 dB. The highest level is associated with the most intense storms. It is concluded that thunderstorm regions can be detected by an orbiting satellite using HF radio techniques, but ionospheric effects must be taken into account.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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    EOLE balloon and ATS cloud motion comparisons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Comparisons are made between winds obtained from EOLE balloons and winds determined from cloud motions as observed from the Applications Technology Satellites, ATS-1 and ATS-3. The results show that the mean winds determined from EOLE balloons are greater in speed than mean winds derived from cloud motion observations. Inspection of the total set of comparisons lead one to conclude that the cloud motion winds in the 20-50 S latitude band apply to a level lower than 200 mb. The mean differences become smaller toward the equator and the results further suggest that the cloud motion winds apply to altitudes higher than 200 mb equatorward of 20 S.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 36
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    Rough-to-smooth transition of an equilibrium neutral constant stress layer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model is proposed for low-level atmospheric flows over terrains of changing roughness length, such as those found at the windward end of landing strips adjoining rough terrain. The proposed model is used to develop a prediction technique for calculating transition wind and shear-stress profiles in the region following surface roughness discontinuity. The model for the transition region comprises two layers: a logarithmic layer and a buffer layer. The flow is assumed to be steady, two-dimensional, and incompressible, with neutral hydrostatic stability. A diagram is presented for a typical wind profile in the transition region, obtained from the logarithmic and velocity defect profiles using shear stress calculated by relevant equations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 8; Apr
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  • 37
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    Analysis of atmospheric flow over a surface protrusion using the turbulence kinetic energy equation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Atmospheric flow fields resulting from a semi-elliptical surface obstruction in an otherwise horizontally homogeneous statistically stationary flow are modelled with the boundary-layer/Boussinesq-approximation of the governing equation of fluid mechanics. The turbulence kinetic energy equation is used to determine the dissipative effects of turbulent shear on the mean flow. Mean-flow results are compared with those given in a previous paper where the same problem was attacked using a Prandtl mixing-length hypothesis. Iso-lines of turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence intensity are plotted in the plane of the flow. They highlight regions of high turbulence intensity in the stagnation zone and sharp gradients in intensity along the transition from adverse to favourable pressure gradient.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 8; Apr
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  • 38
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    Large-scale kinetic energy spectra from Eulerian analysis of EOLE wind data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A data set of 56,000 winds determined from the horizontal displacements of EOLE balloons at the 200 mb level in the Southern Hemisphere during the period October 1971-February 1972 is utilized for the computation of planetary- and synoptic-scale kinetic energy space spectra. However, the random distribution of measurements in space and time presents some problems for the spectral analysis. Two different approaches are used, i.e., a harmonic analysis of daily wind values at equi-distant points obtained by space-time interpolation of the data, and a correlation method using the direct measurements. Both methods give similar results for small wavenumbers, but the second is more accurate for higher wavenumbers (k above or equal to 10). The spectra show a maximum at wavenumbers 5 and 6 due to baroclinic instability and then decrease for high wavenumbers up to wavenumber 35 (which is the limit of the analysis), according to the inverse power law k to the negative p, with p close to 3.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Sept
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  • 39
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    A comparison of observed and simulated properties of sudden stratospheric warmings (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of observational data and dynamical numerical simulations of stratospheric warmings. Classes of warmings, major and minor (major if poleward movement of planetary-scale thermal systems entails reversal of polar circulation at 10 mb or below), trajectories of warm cells, vertical and horizontal scale of warm-air systems, the time-scale of warming, initial zonal flow conditions prior to a warming, circulation reversals, and details of the energy budget before and after a warming are discussed. The 1963 and 1973 types of warmings are contrasted: the strong baroclinic conversion of eddy potential to eddy kinetic energy was not repeated in the latter, but both events were preceded by very large fluxes from the troposphere. Numerical model simulations by various authors are compared and evaluated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Sept
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  • 40
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    Compatibility of meteorological rocketsonde data as indicated by international comparison tests (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of two experiments involving intercomparisons of rocketsonde measurements of temperature and wind data in the 25 to 80 km altitude region in the CIMO (Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observations) program during September 1973 are reported. Rocketsonde systems used by France, the USSR, the UK, the U.S., and Japan in the two parts of the program (one series of tests at Wallops Island, Va., the other in French Guiana) are described. Wind data were derived from radar tracking of retardation devices and payloads in descent. Day and night temperature differences were examined. The intercomparisons revealed excellent compatibility of the rocketsonde data up to 60 km in wind observations. Some outstanding problems are pointed out.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Sept
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  • 41
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    Solar activity and the weather (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The attempts during the past century to establish a connection between solar activity and the weather are discussed; some critical remarks about the quality of much of the literature in this field are given. Several recent investigations are summarized. Use of the solar/interplanetary magnetic sector structure in future investigations is suggested to add an element of cohesiveness and interaction to these investigations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 25-38
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  • 42
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    Direct satellite observations on bremsstrahlung radiation as a technique to investigate its role in meteorological processes (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: It was suggested that bremsstrahlung radiation associated with strong auroras (in turn associated with geomagnetic disturbances) may cause increased ionization near the 300-millibar level, which, in turn, leads to the formation of cirrus clouds. These clouds could modify the outgoing black body radiation rates and influence weather patterns. The first satellite observations on bremsstrahlung radiation produced in the atmosphere by precipitating energetic electrons are discussed. This type of observation affords the possibility of directly monitoring the bremsstrahlung energy input to the lower atmosphere over large segments of earth and at frequent intervals. Detailed measurements on the spatial and energy distributions of the bremsstrahlung radiation are feasible with present techniques, and satellite data on widespread bremsstrahlung events are presented and discussed. From comparison of the ion production rates from cosmic rays with those calculated from bremsstrahlung from precipitating energetic electrons, it is concluded that bremsstrahlung radiation is a negligible contributor to the ionization near the 300-millibar level.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 89-94
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  • 43
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    Kidson's relation between sunspot number and the movement of high pressure systems in Australia (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Kidson's relation is briefly described. It is concluded that if a relation is found between sunspots and weather, it is likely to appear in the march of high and low pressure systems around the poles.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 43-45
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  • 44
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    Relationships between solar activity and climate change (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The relationship between recurrent droughts in the High Plains of the United States and the double sunspot cycle is discussed in detail. It is suggested that high solar activity is generally related to an increase in meridional circulation and blocking patterns at high and intermediate latitudes, especially in winter, and the effect is related to the sudden formation of cirrus clouds during strong geomagnetic activity that originates in the solar corpuscular emission.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 13-24
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  • 45
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    Numerical experiments on short-term meteorological effects on solar variability (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A set of numerical experiments was conducted to test the short-range sensitivity of a large atmospheric general circulation model to changes in solar constant and ozone amount. On the basis of the results of 12-day sets of integrations with very large variations in these parameters, it is concluded that realistic variations would produce insignificant meteorological effects. Any causal relationships between solar variability and weather, for time scales of two weeks or less, rely upon changes in parameters other than solar constant or ozone amounts, or upon mechanisms not yet incorporated in the model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 199-211
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  • 46
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    Solar modulation of atmospheric electrification through variation of the conductivity over thunderstorms (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: It is suggested that variations of the current in the global atmospheric electrical circuit can be produced through regulation of the resistance between the tops of thunderclouds and the ionosphere. Long- and short-term changes in the conductivity of this region occur due to changes in the ionization rate resulting from solar activity. Previous suggestions that the phenomena might be due to conductivity variations in the fair weather part of the world or an influx of space charge to the upper atmosphere are discussed and considered unlikely. It might be possible to test the proposed mechanism by measuring the temporal variation of the ionospheric potential during distributed solar periods. Another approach would be to measure simultaneously the variation in ionization rate and electric current over thunderstorms. Several ways in which changes in atmospheric electrification might influence other meteorological phenomena are mentioned.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 171-178
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  • 47
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    Solar models in relation to terrestrial climatic variations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The possibility is discussed of occasional larger changes in the state of the sun, lasting for some millions of years, which might be responsible for producing more drastic changes in earth's climate, called ice ages.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 143-147
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  • 48
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    A possible correlation between maxima of the far ultraviolet solar irradiance and central meridian passages of solar magnetic sector boundaries (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Satellite observations of the sun over almost 5 yrs show that principally two UV active longitudes have persisted over a significant portion of this observational period. A comparison between the position of solar magnetic sector boundaries and UV enhancements of the sun seems to show, at least during the year 1969, that the UV maxima tend to occur near the times when a solar sector boundary is near central meridian. An estimate of the magnitude of the variable UV solar energy input into the atmosphere resulting from the rotation of active solar longitudes is that for wavelengths less than 175 nm and down to H Lyman-alpha it exceeds the annual variation, whereas at longer wavelengths it is less.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 79-81
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  • 49
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    Radiation pressure exerted by resonance lines (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3; 19 p
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  • 50
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    Data for NASA's AVSSE 2 experiment: 25-mb sounding data and synoptic charts (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This report describes the AVSSE II Experiment and presents tabulated rawinsonde data at 25 mb intervals from the surface to 25 mb for the 23 stations participating in the experiment. Soundings were taken between 1200 GMT, May 6 and 1200 GMT, May 7, 1975. Brief discussions are given on the methods of data processing and accuracy. Synoptic charts prepared from the data are presented, as well as an example of contact data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64957
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  • 51
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    An investigation of turbulent transport in the extreme lower atmosphere (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model in which the Lagrangian autocorrelation is expressed by a domain integral over a set of usual Eulerian autocorrelations acquired concurrently at all points within a turbulence box is proposed along with a method for ascertaining the statistical stationarity of turbulent velocity by creating an equivalent ensemble to investigate the flow in the extreme lower atmosphere. Simultaneous measurements of turbulent velocity on a turbulence line along the wake axis were carried out utilizing a longitudinal array of five hot-wire anemometers remotely operated. The stationarity test revealed that the turbulent velocity is approximated as a realization of a weakly self-stationary random process. Based on the Lagrangian autocorrelation it is found that: (1) large diffusion time predominated; (2) ratios of Lagrangian to Eulerian time and spatial scales were smaller than unity; and, (3) short and long diffusion time scales and diffusion spatial scales were constrained within their Eulerian counterparts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2567
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  • 52
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    Possible rainfall reduction through reduced surface temperatures due to overgrazing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Surface temperature reduction in terrain denuded of vegetation (as by overgrazing) is postulated to decrease air convection, reducing cloudiness and rainfall probability during weak meteorological disturbances. By reducing land-sea daytime temperature differences, the surface temperature reduction decreases daytime circulation of thermally driven local winds. The described desertification mechanism, even when limited to arid regions, high albedo soils, and weak meteorological disturbances, can be an effective rainfall reducing process in many areas including most of the Mediterranean lands.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70927 , X-910-75-93
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    Further study of the atmospheric gravity waves over the eastern seaboard on 18 March 1969 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Washington, D.C., microbarograph records for Mar. 18, 1969 reveal gravity-wave-associated pressure oscillations which appear to be directly related to upper tropospheric wave structure observed at the same time with a Wallops Island 10-cm wavelength radar. The consistency between the two sets of data provides observational support for the hypothesis that shear instability in the upper tropospheric flow is the mechanism responsible for the generation of such waves. The comparison presented suggests that microbarograph arrays might be useful adjuncts to future radar studies of upper tropospheric wave dynamics, supplying such wave parameters as phase velocity and wavelength in favorable cases. The radar data pertinent to this event show an apparent vertical wave phase variation, permitting a very approximate and somewhat uncertain estimate of the wave-associated vertical flux of horizontal momentum, which is found to be about 4 dyn per sq cm. Wave generation by shear instability in the upper tropospheric air flow and the resulting vertical momentum transport may be an important element of the global atmospheric momentum budget.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Feb. 197
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    Asynoptic meteorological data assimilation by means of a time coordinate transformation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A possible method for assimilating large quantities of asynoptic data, such as satellite observations, into numerical weather forecasts, is investigated. The method is based on a transformation of the time coordinate to coincide with satellite paths, and a well-posed problem is solved in order to obtain forecasts beyond the time of data acquisition. Simulated barotropic forecasts based on the proposed technique are compared with forecasts derived from the direct insertion of data. Results indicate that only in ideal situations, when asynoptic data are obtained both continuosly and accurately, will the method function well as compared with direct insertion techniques.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 103; Jan. 197
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  • 55
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    Weather satellite picture receiving stations, APT digital scan converter (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The automatic picture transmission digital scan converter is used at ground stations to convert signals received from scanning radiometers to data compatible with ground equipment designed to receive signals from vidicons aboard operational meteorological satellites. Information necessary to understand the circuit theory, functional operation, general construction and calibration of the converter is provided. Brief and detailed descriptions of each of the individual circuits are included, accompanied by a schematic diagram contained at the end of each circuit description. Listings of integral parts and testing equipment required as well as an overall wiring diagram are included. This unit will enable the user to readily accept and process weather photographs from the operational meteorological satellites.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7994 , G-7523
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  • 56
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    Variational optimization analysis of temperature and moisture advection in a severe storm environment (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Horizontal wind components, potential temperature, and mixing ratio fields associated with a severe storm environment in the south central U.S. were analyzed from synoptic upper air observations with a nonhomogeneous, anisotropic weighting function. Each data field was filtered with variational optimization analysis techniques. Variational optimization analysis was also performed on the vertical motion field and was used to produce advective forecasts of the potential temperature and mixing ratio fields. Results show that the dry intrusion is characterized by warm air, the advection of which produces a well-defined upward motion pattern. A corresponding downward motion pattern comprising a deep vertical circulation in the warm air sector of the low pressure system was detected. The axes alignment of maximum dry and warm advection with the axis of the tornado-producing squall line also resulted.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-141794 , WEAT-16
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    A satellite technique for quantitatively mapping rainfall rates over the oceans (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A theoretical model for calculating microwave radiative transfer in raining atmospheres is developed. These calculations are compared with microwave brightness temperatures at a wavelength of 1.55 cm measured on the Nimbus-5 satellite and rain rates derived from WSR-57 meteorological radar measurements. A specially designed ground based verification experiment was also performed wherein upward viewing microwave brightness temperature measurements at wavelengths of 1.55 cm and 0.81 cm were compared with directly measured rain rates.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70904 , X-911-75-72
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    Synoptic analyses, 5-, 2-, and 0.4-millibar surfaces for January 1972 through June 1973 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from meteorological rocketsonde and satellite radiance measurements were employed to analyze a series of high-altitude synoptic charts. The methods employed for processing the various types of data and the analysis procedure are described. Broad-scale analyses for the Northern Hemisphere 5-, 2-, and 0.4-mb surfaces are presented for each week from September through April and for each month from May through August during the period January 1972 through June 1973. A brief discussion of the height and temperature fields is also given. Circulation and temperature changes associated with a minor stratospheric warming in January and February 1972 and a major stratospheric warming in January and February 1973 are among the discussion items.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-SP-3091
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    An operational satellite scatterometer for wind vector measurements over the ocean (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Performance requirements and design characteristics of a microwave scatterometer wind sensor for measuring surface winds over the oceans on a global basis are described. Scatterometer specifications are developed from user requirements of wind vector measurement range and accuracy, swath width, resolution cell size and measurement grid spacing. A detailed analysis is performed for a baseline fan-beam scatterometer design, and its performance capabilities for meeting the SeaSat-A user requirements. Various modes of operation are discussed which will allow the resolution of questions concerning the effects of sea state on the scatterometer wind sensing ability and to verify design boundaries of the instrument.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72672
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    Solar microclimatology (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It has become apparent in recent years that solar energy can be used for electric power production by several methods. Because of the diffuse nature of the solar insolation, the area involved in any central power plant design can encompass several square miles. A detailed design of these large area collection systems will require precise knowledge of the local solar insolation. Detailed information will also be needed concerning the temporal nature of the insolation and the local spatial distribution. Therefore, insolation data was collected and analyzed for a network of sensors distributed over an area of several square kilometers in Arizona. The analyses of this data yielded probability distributions of cloud size, velocity, and direction of motion which were compared with data obtained from the National Weather Service. Microclimatological analyses were also performed for suitable modeling parameters pertinent to large scale electric power plant design. Instrumentation used to collect the data is described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-148533
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    Diurnal experiment data report, 19-20 March 1974 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Temperature and wind data are presented from 70 small meteorological sounding rockets launched from eight selected launch sites in the Western Hemisphere. Table 1 gives a complete listing of the launch sites involved and the altitude of temperature and wind observations successfully completed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-SP-3095
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  • 62
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    Data for NASA's AVSSE 1 experiment: 25-mb sounding data and synoptic charts (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The AVSSE I Experiment and is described tabulated rawinsonde data is presented for 25-mb intervals from the surface to 25mb for the 24 stations participating in the experiment. Soundings were taken between 1200 GMT, April 27, and 1200 GMT, April 28, 1975. Brief discussions are given on the methods of data processing and accuracy. Synoptic charts prepared from the data are presented, as well as an example of contact data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64959
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    Radar derived spatial statistics of summer rain. Volume 1: Experiment description (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experiment was performed at Wallops Island, Virginia, to obtain a statistical description of summer rainstorms. Its purpose was to obtain information needed for design of earth and space communications systems in which precipitation in the earth's atmosphere scatters or attenuates the radio signal. Rainstorms were monitored with the high resolution SPANDAR radar and the 3-dimensional structures of the storms were recorded on digital tape. The equipment, the experiment, and tabulated data obtained during the experiment are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2592-VOL-1
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    A wind-tunnel study of sea breeze effects (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A wind-tunnel simulation of the diffusion patterns in a sea breeze has been attempted. No attempt was made to reproduce the recirculation that characterizes a sea breeze, but the results indicate that the low-level onshore flow was well simulated for neutral, stable, unstable, and elevated inversion conditions. Velocity, turbulence, shear stress, and temperature data were taken, and the spread of emissions from ground-level sources was investigated. Comparison is made with theoretical predictions by Inoue (1960) and with the open, countryside results of Pasquill. Agreement with the predictions by Inoue is good. The comparison with Pasquill's results shows that the wind-tunnel flows are shifted two categories towards more stable. The discrepancy may be explained as a lack of mesoscale turbulence in the wind tunnel.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 8; Mar. 197
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    Climatic change on Mars and Earth (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Work on climatic changes of Mars is reviewed and related to terrestrial problems. In particular the dust storms of Mars are discussed since these represent the only global climatic change which has been scientifically observed. The channels of Mars have provoked studies of climatic change and these are summarized together with polar laminae as a climatic change indicator.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Long-term Climatic Fluctuations; p 495-503
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    Wind estimates from cloud motions: Preliminary results from phases 1, 2, and 3 of an in situ aircraft verification experiment (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Low level aircraft equipped with Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) were used to define the vertical extent and horizontal motion of a cloud and to measure the ambient wind field. A high level aircraft, also equipped with an INS, took photographs to describe the horizontal extent of the cloud field and to measure cloud motion. The aerial photographs were also used to make a positive identification in a satellite picture of the cloud observed by the low level aircraft. The experiment was conducted over the tropical oceans in the vicinity of Florida, Puerto Rico, Panama and in the Western Gulf of Mexico. Results for tropical cumulus clouds indicate excellent agreement between the cloud motion and the wind at the cloud base. The magnitude of the vector difference between the cloud motion and the cloud base wind is less than 1.3 m/sec for 67% of the cases with track lengths of 1 hour or longer. The cirrus cloud motions agreed best with the mean wind in the cloud layer with a vector difference of about 1.6 m/sec.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71061 , X-911-75-302
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    Quantitative water quality with LANDSAT and Skylab (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Correlation studies were completed between LANDSAT Multispectral Scanner (MSS) band ratios derived from computer compatible tape (CCT) and 170 water samples taken from three large Kansas reservoirs, coincident with 16 different LANDSAT passes over a 13 month period. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) LANDSAT MSS reflectance levels are useful for quantitative measurement of suspended solids up to at least 900 ppm, (2) MSS band ratios derived from CCT can measure suspended solids with 67% confidence level accuracy of 12 ppm over the range 0-80 ppm and 35 ppm over the range 0900 ppm, (3) suspended solids contour maps can be easily constructed from CCT for water bodies larger than approximately 100 acres, (4) rationing suppresses MSS reflectance level dependence on seasonal sun angle variation and permits measurement of suspended load the year round in the middle latitudes. SKYLAB imagery from a single pass over three reservoirs compares favorably to LANDSAT results up to 100 ppm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: E-9 , NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp. Vol. 1-A: Agr., Environment; p 347-370
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    NIMBUS-5 sounder data processing system. Part 2: Results (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Nimbus-5 spacecraft carries infrared and microwave radiometers for sensing the temperature distribution of the atmosphere. Methods developed for obtaining temperature profiles from the combined set of infrared and microwave radiation measurements are described. Algorithms used to determine (a) vertical temperature and water vapor profiles, (b) cloud height, fractional coverage, and liquid water content, (c) surface temperature, and (d) total outgoing longwave radiation flux are described. Various meteorological results obtained from the application of the Nimbus-5 sounding data processing system during 1973 and 1974 are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-146089 , NOAA-75082801-PT-2 , COM-75-11334/0 , NOAA-TM-NESS-71-PT-2
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    Some problems in coupling solar activity to meteorological phenomena (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of a theory of coupling of solar activity to meteorological phenomena is hindered by the difficulties of devising a mechanism that can modify the behavior of the troposphere while employing only a negligible amount of energy compared with the energy necessary to drive the normal meteorological system, and determining how such a mechanism can effectively couple some relevant magnetospheric process into the troposphere in such a way as to influence the weather. A clue to the nature of the interaction between the weather and solar activity might be provided by the fact that most solar activity undergoes a definite 11-yr cycle, and meteorological phenomena undergo either no closely correlated variation, an 11-yr variation, or a 22-yr variation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 187-197
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    Analysis of Skylab 2 S193 scatterometer data (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: SKYLAB II S193 Scatterometer data for the passes of June 5, 1973, over the Gulf of Mexico and June 6, 1973, over Pacific Hurricane AVA were analyzed. The S193 scatterometer measured the radar cross section of the ocean at 13.9 GHz (Ku-band) as a function of incidence angle. The fields-of-view of the scatterometer were known. In the absence of a large body of Ku-band ocean radar data, the results of the NRL experiments at X-band (8.9 GHz) were used for comparison. The S193 data of June 5, 1973, when a practically uniform wind field was present, show reasonable agreement with the NRL empirical and theoretical models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-145536 , AD-A010517 , NRL-7877
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    Mean meridional circulation in the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere based on satellite information (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Atmospheric structure derived from satellite multi-channel radiance data is used to calculate zonally-averaged vertical motions in the wintertime stratosphere of both hemispheres using a heat budget approach. The Northern Hemisphere calculations based on the satellite data are shown to compare favorably with a computation carried out with conventional data, and with results of previous studies. The mean Southern Hemisphere pattern for the month of July 1969 indicates a high-latitude cell with the axis of sinking motion at approximately 50 deg S, while the rising motion is centered at 70 deg S. Thus the Antarctic stratospheric jet stream is associated with an indirect cell. Two individual 10-day periods from July 1969 are also examined to compare the mean meridional circulation and eddy heat flux patterns in the Southern Hemisphere during a minor midwinter warming and during a quiet period.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; May 1975
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  • 72
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    Cirrus uncinus generating cells and the evolution of cirriform clouds. I - Aircraft observations of the growth of the ice phase. II The structure and circulations of the cirrus uncinus generating head. III - Numerical computations of the growth of the ice phase (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; Apr. 197
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    Atmospheric variations - Vacillations and index cycles (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Zonal indices, momentum flux, and mean and perturbation kinetic energies of the Southern Hemisphere upper troposphere, derived from the EOLE constant density balloon data set, are found to possess strong 18-23 day variations which are statistically significant to a posteriori levels. Cross-spectra and phase relationships suggest that the variation appears as a barotropic interaction between the middle latitude mean westerlies and ultra large-scale perturbations. Long-period and high-amplitude variations in energy conversion between eddy and mean kinetic energies are found which average out in the long term mean to be very small and positive, consistent with previously measured average hemispheric energetics. Furthermore, the variation is shown to possess an ultra-long wave preference. Examination of two independent data sources, time series of total ozone and stratospheric thickness data from the Selective Chopper Radiometer, suggests that the periodicity is a property of general hemispheric motion rather than just a property of the EOLE data set.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; July 197
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  • 74
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    Lightning properties in Florida thunderstorms from video tape records (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: From video-tape recordings of lightning flashes to ground in convective daytime storms at the NASA Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and near Ocala, Florida, statistical data are presented for the flash-time duration, the number of strokes per flash, the time between all strokes, and the time between strokes having spatially separate channels. A daytime video tape 'photograph' of a stepped leader is reproduced. Finally, statistical data are presented for 13 long horizontal lightning discharges occurring along a line of nocturnal thunderstorms near Gainesville, Florida. These discharges all propagated horizontally near the freezing level (4.5 km) at an apparent average velocity between 5600 and 11,000 m/s for a typical distance of 2 to 3 km. Eleven of the 13 horizontal discharges were preceded by or occurred within 16.7 ms of a glow in the cloud roughly 0.5 km above the horizontal channel.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 20
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    Weather and climate (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recommendations for using space observations of weather and climate to aid in solving earth based problems are given. Special attention was given to: (1) extending useful forecasting capability of space systems, (2) reducing social, economic, and human losses caused by weather, (3) development of space system capability to manage and control air pollutant concentrations, and (4) establish mechanisms for the national examination of deliberate and inadvertent means for modifying weather and climate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-146402 , PAPER-1
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    Relationships between stratospheric clear air turbulence and synoptic meteorological parameters over the western United States between 12-20 km altitude (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Procedures for forecasting clear air turbulence in the stratosphere over the western United States from rawinsonde data are described and results presented. Approaches taken to relate meteorological parameters to regions of turbulence and nonturbulence encountered by the XB-70 during 46 flights at altitudes between 12-20 km include: empirical probabilities, discriminant function analysis, and mountainwave theory. Results from these techniques were combined into a procedure to forecast regions of clear air turbulence with an accuracy of 70-80 percent. A computer program was developed to provide an objective forecast directly from the rawinsonde sounding data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-143837 , H-919
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  • 77
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    Radar derived spatial statistics of summer rain. Volume 3: Appendices (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A collection of selected important memoranda written during the course of the experiment. It contains detailed information on: (1) frequency diversity, (2) radar controller and radar video processor, (3) SPANDAR calibration, and (4) meteorological summaries.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2592-VOL-3
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  • 78
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    Radiation field wave forms produced by lightning stepped leaders (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Broadband electric field data are presented which show stepped leader wave forms preceding records of distant lightning return strokes. The majority of leader pulses are characterized by a large initial peak with a small and slow opposite overshoot. Total pulse durations range from 15-40 microsec several milliseconds before the return stroke to 2-10 microsec immediately preceding the return stroke. Close to the ground the stepped leader pulses occur at regular 10- to 20-microsec intervals and are almost unipolar with rise times of about 1 microsec and full widths at half maximum in the range from 1 to 3 microsec. The ratio of the peak of the last leader pulse to the subsequent return stroke peak is typically 0.1, which suggests a peak step current near the ground of about 10% of the return stroke peak current.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 20
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    Stochastic simulation of vertically nonhomogeneous gusts (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The small-scale horizontal gust structure of detailed wind profiles along the vertical in the first 20 km of the atmosphere is a vertically nonhomogeneous process. A linear stochastic model was developed based on the process covariance function. This model was formulated through the use of a scaling hypothesis which transforms the nonhomogeneous gust process into a nondimensional gust process which is homogeneous in a nondimensional gust height coordinate. The velocity scaling parameter for the gust process is the gust standard deviation, and the length scale used to nondimensionalize the altitude is the vertical space lag associated with the first zero of the gust covariance function. State space theory was used to derive a digital filter from the model, which can be readily used to simulate gusts for space vehicle design applications.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73004
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    Initialization procedures for primitive equation models (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A linear analysis and comparison of the damping properties of six dynamic initialization schemes is presented, indicating that the Okamura-Rivas scheme has the most efficient damping properties over the whole frequency range, and suggesting that it should be faster than the other methods and given more stable results. The results obtained with a nonlinear shallow water equations model agree well with the linear analysis. The Okamura-Rivas scheme attains complete balance in the equivalent of 5 to 6 hours of leapfrog forecasting, and requires in this model an order of magnitude less computation than the balance equation solution.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-146553
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    A spectral solar/climatic model (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A summary is presented of pertinent research on solar activity variations and climate variations, together with the presentation of an empirical solar/climatic model that attempts to clarify the nature of the relationships.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 71-78
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    Project Fog Drops 5. Task 1: A numerical model of advection fog. Task 2: Recommendations for simplified individual zero-gravity cloud physics experiments (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A two-dimensional numerical model was used to investigate the formation of marine advection fog. The model predicts the evolution of potential temperature, horizontal wind, water vapor content, and liquid water content in a vertical cross section of the atmosphere as determined by vertical turbulent transfer and horizontal advection, as well as radiative cooling and drop sedimentation. The model is designed to simulate the formation, development, or dissipation of advection fog in response to transfer of heat and moisture between the atmosphere and the surface as driven by advection over horizontal discontinuities in the surface temperature. Results from numerical simulations of advection fog formation are discussed with reference to observations of marine fog. A survey of candidate fog or cloud microphysics experiments which might be performed in the low gravity environment of a shuttle-type spacecraft in presented. Recommendations are given for relatively simple experiments which are relevent to fog modification problems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2633 , M156
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    Revised prediction (estimation) of Cape Kennedy, Florida, wind speed profile (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The prediction of the wind profile maximum speed at Cape Kennedy, Florida, is made for any selected calendar data. The prediction is based on a normal probability distribution model with 15 years of smoothed input data and is static in the sense that no dynamic principles of persistence or synoptic features are considered. Comparison with similar predictions based on 6 years of data shows the same general pattern, but the variability decreased with the increase of sample size.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-144047
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    Rough-to-smooth transition of an equilibrium neutral constant stress layer (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Purpose of research on rough-to-smooth transition of an equilibrium neutral constant stress layer is to develop a model for low-level atmospheric flow over terrains of abruptly changing roughness, such as those occurring near the windward end of a landing strip, and to use the model to derive functions which define the extent of the region affected by the roughness change and allow adequate prediction of wind and shear stress profiles at all points within the region. A model consisting of two bounding logarithmic layers and an intermediate velocity defect layer is assumed, and dimensionless velocity and stress distribution functions which meet all boundary and matching conditions are hypothesized. The functions are used in an asymptotic form of the equation of motion to derive a relation which governs the growth of the internal boundary layer. The growth relation is used to predict variation of surface shear stress.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3322 , M-158
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    Investigation of models for large-scale meteorological prediction experiments (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of extended and long-range weather prediction by means of global atmospheric models was studied. A number of computer experiments were conducted at GISS with the GISS global general circulation model. Topics discussed include atmospheric response to sea-surface temperature anomalies, and monthly mean forecast experiments with the global model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-145628
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    A feasibility study for the detection of upper atmospheric winds using a ground based laser Doppler velocimeter (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A possible measurement program designed to obtain the information requisite to determining the feasibility of airborne and/or satellite-borne LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimeter) systems is discussed. Measurements made from the ground are favored over an airborne measurement as far as for the purpose of determining feasibility is concerned. The expected signal strengths for scattering at various altitude and elevation angles are examined; it appears that both molecular absorption and ambient turbulence degrade the signal at low elevation angles and effectively constrain the ground based measurement of elevation angles exceeding a critical value. The nature of the wind shear and turbulence to be expected are treated from a linear hydrodynamic model - a mountain lee wave model. The spatial and temporal correlation distances establish requirements on the range resolution, the maximum detectable range and the allowable integration time.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-144041 , PD-75-042
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    Evaluation of an ERTS-1 data collection platform installed in the Alpine Tundra, Colorado (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The communication of data in real-time to users from ground stations in remote areas is a major objective of recent space technology. The data collection system considered uses small battery-operated ground-based transmitters called data collection platforms (DCP). The feasibility of collecting environmental data in extreme cold and windy environments using the ERTS DCP, has been investigated. A summary of the results of an evaluation of the system used is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; June 197
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    Numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations with topography (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A finite difference scheme for solving the equations of fluid motion in a generalized coordinate system has been constructed. The scheme conserves mass and all the first integral moments of the motion. The scheme also advectively 'almost conserves' second moments, in that the magnitude of implicit numerical smoothing is typically about an order smaller than explicit viscosity and diffusion. Calculations with the model support the theoretical conjecture that the difference scheme is stable whenever the analogous Cartesian scheme is stable. The scheme has been used to calculate dry atmospheric convection due to differential heating between top and bottom of mountainous terrain. The general small-scale characteristics of mountain up-slope winds have been simulated. In addition, the results have demonstrated the crucial role played by the eddy diffusivities and the environmental stability, in determining both the quantitative and the qualitative features of the circulation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics; 17; Mar. 197
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  • 89
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    Satellite-tracked cumulus velocities (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Basic problems in the interpretation of satellite-tracked low-cloud velocities are reviewed. The METRACOM system of cloud velocity computation is outlined, and caution is urged in converting cloud velocities into wind velocities. The motion of various cumulus cells over Springfield, Mo., Barbados, and Tampa, Fla., is analyzed. It is shown that multiturret cells do not always move with the wind, that addition and deletion of turrets belonging to a specific cell may cause erratic motion in a tracer cell, and that cumulus turrets between 0.3 and 2 miles in size are the best targets for inferring the mean wind velocity within the subcloud layers. It is concluded that the accuracy of wind velocity estimates will be no better than 2 meters/sec unless the physical and dynamic characteristics of cumulus motion are further investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Apr. 197
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  • 90
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    Comments on 'Applications of radar to meteorological operations and research' (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: IEEE; vol. 63
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  • 91
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    Climatic change by cloudiness linked to the spatial variability of sea surface temperatures (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An active role in modifying the earth's climate is suggested for low cloudiness over the circumarctic oceans. Such cloudiness, linked to the spatial differences in ocean surface temperatures, was studied. The temporal variations from year to year of ocean temperature patterns can be pronounced and therefore, the low cloudiness over this region should also show strong temporal variations, affecting the albedo of the earth and therefore the climate. Photographs are included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70941 , X-910-75-54
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  • 92
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    The nature of multiple solutions for surface wind speed over the oceans from scatterometer measurements (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The satellite SEASAT-A will carry a radar scatterometer in order to measure microwave backscatter from the sea surface. From pairs of radar measurements at angles separated by 90 deg in azimuth the surface wind speed and direction may be inferred, though not uniquely. The character of the solutions for wind speed and direction is displayed, as well as the nature of the ambiguities of these solutions. An economical procedure for handling such data is described, plus a criterion for the need for conventional (surface) data in order to resolve the ambiguities of solutions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70949 , X-913-75-175
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  • 93
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    Controlled generation of large volumes of atmospheric clouds in a ground-based environmental chamber (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Atmospheric clouds were generated in a 23,000 cubic meter environmental chamber as the first step in a two part study on the effects of contaminants on cloud formation. The generation procedure was modeled on the terrestrial generation mechanism so that naturally occurring microphysics mechanisms were operative in the cloud generation process. Temperature, altitude, liquid water content, and convective updraft velocity could be selected independently over the range of terrestrially realizable clouds. To provide cloud stability, a cotton muslin cylinder 29.3 meters in diameter and 24.2 meters high was erected within the chamber and continuously wetted with water at precisely the same temperature as the cloud. The improved instrumentation which permitted fast, precise, and continual measurements of cloud temperature and liquid water content is described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3266 , E-8292
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  • 94
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    Laser applications to atmospheric sciences: A bibliography (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A bibliography is given of 1460 references of the applications of lasers to atmospheric sciences. The subjects covered include: aerosols; clouds; the distribution and motion of atmospheric natural and man-made constituents; winds; temperature; turbulence; scintillation; elastic, Raman and resonance scattering; fluorescence; absorption and transmission; the application of the Doppler effect and visibility. Instrumentation, in particular lidar, is included, also data handling, and interpretation of the data for meteorological processes. Communications, geodesy and rangefinding are not included as distinct areas. The application to the atmosphere is covered, but not the ocean or its surface.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2536
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 95
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    Feasibility of miniaturized instrumentation of the inflatable sphere for temperature, pressure and acceleration measurement (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of instrumenting the inflatable passive sphere (presently used to provide upper atmosphere density measurements) with miniaturized thermistors, pressure transducers, and accelerometers was analyzed. Data from the sensors must be transmitted by an onboard telemetry system to a ground receiving station. To assure a sufficiently slow fall velocity for the sphere the additional mass of the sensor and telemetry hardware must be less than 100 grams. Other constraints that must be satisfied by the sensor and telemetry systems include the ability to withstand a 150 g launch acceleration, the ability to function in both high and low temperature and pressure environments and be sufficiently small to be packaged within the body of a 3.81 cm diameter dart. A differential transducer that will measure the difference between ambient and internal sphere pressures is recommended. The application of each type of measurement relative to its ability to monitor sphere malfunction and to provide additional meteorological data is considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2570
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 96
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    A comparison of the general circulations of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres based on satellite, multi-channel radiance data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Certain aspects of the general circulations of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are compared using atmospheric structure obtained from Nimbus 3 Satellite Infrared Spectrometer (SIRS) data. Comparisons between the hemispheres of zonal and eddy available potential energy (AZ and AE) and zonal and eddy kinetic energy (KZ and KE) indicate that the ratios of AZ to AE and KZ to KE are larger in the Southern Hemisphere. The relative importance of standing and transient eddies in both hemispheres is investigated. The results show that standing eddies in the Southern Hemisphere contribute less to eddy available potential energy (AE) and eddy kinetic energy (KE) than in the Northern Hemisphere. The same type of inter-hemispheric distinction is true for the mid-latitude eddy heat flux. The distribution with latitude of the relative importance of standing and transient eddies is also studied. Horizontal eddy heat fluxes in the upper troposphere of both hemispheres are examined and in midlatitudes found to be approximately equal in magnitude when averaged over the summer and winter month. The Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude eddy heat flux is also shown to have significant longitudinal variations, apparently associated with the location of the southern continents.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 103; Jan. 197
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    Solar activity and the weather (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Attempts during the past century to establish a connection between solar activity and the weather are discussed. Some critical remarks about the quality of much of the literature in this field are given, and several recent investigations are summarized. Use of the solar-interplanetary magnetic sector structure in future investigations may add an element of cohesiveness and interaction to these investigations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; Feb. 197
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    Correlated electric and magnetic fields from lightning return strokes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The first broad band (1 kHz to 5 mHz) correlated measurements of electric and magnetic fields from close lightning return strokes are presented. Sample wave forms are shown for the distance range 2-200 km. The transmission line return stroke model is used to find a typical current wave shape and return stroke velocity from the experimental data, and theoretical curves are given of electric and magnetic field as a function of time for 1, 5, 10, and 100 km by using this typical current and velocity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Jan. 20
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Effect of molecular anisotropy on the intensity and degree of polarization of light scattered from model atmospheres (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Computations of the intensity, flux, degree of polarization, and the positions of neutral points are presented for models of the terrestrial gaseous and hazy atmospheres by incorporating the molecular anisotropy due to air in the Rayleigh scattering optical thickness and phase matrix. Molecular anisotropy causes significant changes in the intensity, flux and the degree of polarization of the scattered light. The positions of neutral points do not change significantly. When the Rayleigh scattering optical thickness is kept constant and the molecular anisotropy factor is included only in the Rayleigh phase matrix, the flux does not change and the intensity and positions of neutron points change by a small amount. The changes in the degree of polarization are still significant.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70879 , X-910-75-52
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    A 30-day forecast experiment with the GISS model and updated sea surface temperatures (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The GISS model was used to compute two parallel global 30-day forecasts for the month January 1974. In one forecast, climatological January sea surface temperatures were used, while in the other observed sea temperatures were inserted and updated daily. A comparison of the two forecasts indicated no clear-cut beneficial effect of daily updating of sea surface temperatures. Despite the rapid decay of daily predictability, the model produced a 30-day mean forecast for January 1974 that was generally superior to persistence and climatology when evaluated over either the globe or the Northern Hemisphere, but not over smaller regions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-142315 , CONTRIB-41
    Format: application/pdf
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