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  • Articles  (1,058)
  • Springer  (1,058)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (1,058)
  • 1975  (1,058)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (1,058)
Collection
  • Articles  (1,058)
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (1,058)
Year
Journal
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reflection of a pulse by multiple-dielectric layers is treated theoretically. The reflected wave is obtained by expanding the reflection coefficient of an elementary plane wave in a series, including the special case for which total reflection occurs. The pulsed waves reflected by two-dielectric slabs are considered in detail both analytically and numerically. The effect of a carrier frequency of a pulse-modulated carrier wave on the reflected wave form is also discussed.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new technique using a point source fringe projection and a real time video processing combined with electronic filtering is applied to vibration measurements, deformation and relief mapping. Projection system, gratings, real time video and electronic techniques are described. Experimental results and interpretation are presented. Qualitative and quantitative industrial applications are discussed.
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  • 3
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit wird die Amplitude der auslaufenden Welle bzw. der Beugungswirkungsgrad für Transmissionshologramme für die Gittertypen reines dielektrisches Gitter, reines Absorptionsgitter, verlustbehaftetes dielektrisches Gitter und gemischtes Gitter für Braggeinfall und Abweichung von der Braggbedingung angegeben. Die von Kogelnik [1] abgeleiteten Beziehungen werden als Ergebnis einer Reihe von Näherungen aus den von uns erhaltenen Beziehungen gewonnen.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we give an exact solution of the coupled differential equation system as developed by Kogelnik [1] for the case of symmetrical recording without neglecting the second differentials. This generalized solution is applicable to dielectric, absorption and so-called mixed volume holograms. It is shown that under special assumptions and approximations we get the same equations for the diffraction efficiency as derived by Kogelnik. In this first part of the paper transmission holograms are only investigated and in the second part we will give the solution for reflection holograms.
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  • 4
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 59-71 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates multi-layer-core waveguides, which constitute a type of guide to be assigned to a category between the ordinary multimode waveguide and the gradient multimode waveguide. First results give indication of very promising information flows, even in guides having only a few individual core layers. In addition, a direct delay formula for the gradient multimode waveguide is derived which allows closed analytical descriptions of the delays in the case of arbitrary refractive index profiles.
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  • 5
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 72-72 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 6
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. iv 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 7
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract When a linear, polarized laser beam is passed through an acousto-optic device, the polarization direction of the outgoing beam is often different from that of the entering beam, and thus a rotation of the polarization angle takes place. This paper shows how the polarization rotation and the intensity can be calculated for different polarization angles. Experimental results obtained with a single crystal germanium frequency shifter in the 10.6 μm region agreed well with theory.
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  • 8
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The acceptance angle of a graded index fibre, which corresponds to the numerical aperture, is presented. A geometrical technique is used to obtain the exact ray trajectory of the beam propagating along the fibre. The acceptance angle in a conventional multimode fibre is not influenced by the position in the fibre cross-sectional area, especially for the meridional rays. However in a graded index fibre, it is a function of position on the cross section of the fibre and of the incident angle of the beam. As the position moves into the fibre periphery, the acceptance angle decreases monotonically and approaches zero.
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  • 9
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for calculating the radial distribution of the absorbed power density inside the dye solution of a flashlamp-pumped dye laser. The calculation takes into account both the geometrical parameters (diameter of the dye tube, wall thickness) and the relevant physical parameters, such as the indices of refraction of the tube material and the dye solution, dye concentration, absorption spectrum of the dye and emission spectrum of the flash. The calculation is based on the Monte Carlo method and is particularly suitable for machine computations. After a detailed description of the method of the calculation, it is demonstrated for the practical case of the dye Rhodamine 6G dissolved in ethanol. Some of the absorption profiles thus obtained are compared with fluorescence profiles measured by Gassman and Weber.
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  • 10
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mean-square fluctuations of log-amplitude and phase are studied theoretically for Gaussian beams propagating through a light-focusing glass fibre having a Gaussian covariance of the refractive-index inhomogeneities. The study is based on a method of the Rytov approximation which has been mainly employed for an analysis of the beam fluctuations in an atmosphere. The results show that the mean-square fluctuations increase proportionally to the propagation distance for gz〉1,g andz being the focusing coefficient of a fibre and the actual propagation distance, and also increase monotonically as the beam spot size becomes larger. It is also shown that the fluctuations increase significantly in the radial direction of the beam from the centre and that the on-axis fluctuations of log-amplitude and phase depend greatly on the beam spot size.
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  • 11
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method for measuring the refractive index profile of optical glass fibres is described. This simply monitors the reflection of a focused laser beam from a polished fibre end face. Detailed tests on the accuracy and resolution of the method are described and the index profiles of several fibres are given as an example of its feasibility.
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  • 12
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 115-119 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Design considerations and performance of a prism beam expander are presented. Using a prism beam expander and holographic grating, a dye laser pumped by a nitrogen laser has given 15 kW of diffraction limited power in 0.1–0.2 cm−1 linewidth. Addition of a single etalon gave a single frequency output of 10 kW in a linewidth of less than 0.01 cm−1.
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  • 13
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 120-120 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 14
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Application of laser radars to meteorological programs has been limited by the absence of suitable data recording, processing and display techniques. This paper discusses a digital data system that provides the means of performing real-time analysis and display of lidar data. The system is constructed of commercially available components and makes optimum use of available software. Application of the system to the real-time viewing of cirrus cloud structure and inference of cloud density is presented. A review of previously used lidar data handling techniques is also presented.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Airborne lidar currently offers the best means of observing the synoptic scale variability in the distribution of aerosols within the lower stratosphere. In this paper, some basic considerations regarding the processing and interpretation of this type of data are discussed. Results from the April 1973 flight between Madrid and Washington, D.C. are presented.
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  • 16
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 147-177 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The availability of high energy tunable laser sources has extended the possibilities for remote air pollution measurement. This paper presents a discussion and comparison of the Raman method, the resonance and fluorescence backscatter method, long path absorption methods and the differential absorption method. A comparison of the above remote detection methods shows that the absorption methods offer the most sensitivity at the least required transmitted energy. Topographical absorption provides the advantage of a single ended measurement, and differential absorption offers the additional advantage of a fully depth resolved absorption measurement. Recent experimental results confirming the range and sensitivity of the methods are presented. Future widespread use of remote pollution monitoring will probably be limited to the infra-red to interact with molecular spectral bands and to meet eye safety requirements.
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  • 17
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical absorption spectra of atmospheric dust as determined by transmission and diffuse reflectance spectroscopic methods is discussed in the 0.4 to 40 um wavelength range. Quantitative measurements are presented which show the imaginary refractive index to be about 0.007i, with little wavelength dependence, in the 0.4 to 1.3 μm spectral interval. The absorption coefficients of individual materials found in atmospheric dust are also given. This work suggests that atmospheric dust may be composed mainly of weakly absorbing particles contaminated with small amounts of very strongly absorbing materials such as free carbon. The implications of this are discussed from the point of view of laser beam attenuation and lidar return signals. Mie theory computations for ruby lidar wavelengths are shown which suggest that for some models of atmospheric dust, the concept of an average imaginary refractive index may be misleading. Thus, it may be necessary to consider the individual complex refractive indices and size distributions of more than one constituent material present in the dust. This implies that anthropogenic contributions to the atmospheric aerosol, such as free carbon and other strong absorbers, may be of greater optical significance than their relative concentrations might indicate.
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  • 18
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An accurate high speed digital data acquisition system which records lidar data on magnetic tape is discussed. It features real-time processing of the data by means of a low cost dedicated processor. The system features dual-channel recording capability, and has two built-in gain-switching amplifiers, allowing the system to accurately record the entire return signal having a dynamic range in excess of 80 dB. Dual differential inputs are used to provide excellent noise immunity. Spatial separations as small as 10 m can be recorded and up to 10 000 returns can be averaged in the 24 bit × 2048 word output buffer memory. This stored data is available to the processor to provide a range corrected signal and a signal normalized for the change in atmospheric density as a function of height. Dual channel operation allows use with dual-wavelength and dual polarization lidars, and the system is sufficiently flexible to be used to record coherent Doppler radar returns.
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  • 19
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 187-191 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An improved version of a compact dye laser radar system with real-time data analysis capability has been developed for aircraft installation. The system is designed for use in mapping two-dimensional contours of aerosol backscattering coefficients both above and below the aircraft. The laser radar is part of a larger system which has been developed to characterize the optical properties of aerosols as well as their spatial and temporal variability.
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  • 20
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 193-196 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a technique for automatically tuning a flashlamp-pumped dye laser to the sodium D2 line with a precision of ±2 pm (0.02 Å). The same technique could be used for tuning to other emission lines for which a monochromatic source of reasonable intensity is available. A slight modification of the method would enable the laser to be accurately tuned within a range ±10 pm (0.1 Å) of the given emission line.
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  • 21
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 197-209 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser induced Raman and fluorescent measurements were made in the exhaust of a gas turbine engine with a new field portable instrument devised specifically for gas turbine exhaust measurements. The gas turbine exhaust was analyzed by conventional instruments for CO, CO2, NO, NOx, total hydrocarbons, smoke and temperature, and these data were used as a ‘calibration’ standard for the evaluation of the laser Raman instrument. Results thus far indicate good correlations for CO2, O2, smoke, hydrocarbons and temperature. The instrument was not sensitive enough for NO detection but the data analysis indicates that 100 ppm may be detectable with instrument improvements. CO analysis was not attempted, but it is expected that CO could be detected with further research. NO2 (or NOx) was not attempted because theoretical and experimental laboratory analysis indicated severe interference with CO2. The conclusion was that laser Raman shows a good potential for aircraft gas turbine emission analysis.
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  • 22
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The differential absorption method with the conventional CO2 laser is discussed for the detection and monitoring of ozone in ambient atmosphere. By using the P(14) line in the (00°1 to 02°0) and the R(16) line in the (00°1 to 10°0) band, the measurement of ozone was made in a field. As an experimental result, the minimum detectable concentration of 0.15 ppm was obtained with the system, and the concentration of 0.2 ppm was measured in a photo-chemical smog.
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  • 23
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The method of dual angle, multiple wavelength lidar interrogation to effect a radiative separation of the scattering produced by aerosols and molecules is extended. A given wavelength is transmitted, and the Raman shifted return from nitrogen as well as the elastically scattered transmitted wavelength are both interrogated. This procedure is carried out in the backscatter mode at the zenith and one other slant path at some angle from the zenith. The methodology is developed for obtaining molecular density, temperature, pressure, and aerosol scattering profiles.
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  • 24
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The multiple-scattering effects on laser pulses transmitted through and scattered by clouds and aerosol layers were calculated and discussed by several authors. Special attention has been given to the case of double-scattering and its effect on lidar returns. Contrary to the body of literature on the theory of multiple scattering, very few experimental works were conducted under controlled and well-defined conditions. This is especially true for the scattering properties at a given scattering angle as a function of the wavelength. In this work, scattering calculations developed by the group and theoretical laboratory measurements of the multiple scattering as a function of wavelength for two values of optical depth are presented.
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  • 25
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 237-237 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Modified type mode-locking with many passive-mode excitation has been proposed to generate ultra-short light pulses from high-gain narrow-linewidth lasers, The mode-locking with single-active-mode (MLSAM) which is the useful and practical case of the modified type mode-locking has been analyzed taking into account the effect of large locking signal and the variation of the saturated gain along the light path. An experiment has been done by applying a 580 MHz large FM locking signal to a He-Ne 3.39 μm laser, a typical high-gain narrow-linewidth laser. As a result, 170 ps pulses have been obtained with several mW average power.
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  • 27
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 239-245 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In two previous papers [8, 9] a theory has been developed for the phenomenon of selflocking in a pressure broadened three mode He-Ne laser. Using this phenomenon, a new method of measuring the frequency stability of another laser is presented. Actual measurements of the frequency stability of a 633 nm single frequency He-Ne laser by means of this new method are reported. The design and construction of the single frequency laser is described briefly. Using an intracavity quartz etalon, multimode to single mode output power conversion efficiencies as high as 92% have been observed in the range of several mW. Continuous tuning over a frequency range of 1.2 GHz is achieved by a combination of etalon tilting and resonator length variation. A frequency stability better than 1∶108 over periods of several min has been realized.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 247-252 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model is developed to account for the effect of diffusion on gain saturation in gas lasers. It is shown that the effect can be characterized by the functionK(k 2 a, k 2 b), which depends on pressure, temperature, radius of the beama, and the radius of the cylindrical cavityb. It is concluded that diffusion can be very effective whenk 2 a is small andb is several times larger thana.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of light rays in a slab-waveguide whose dielectric constant varies radially with a quadratic law but has fourth and sixth order terms in it is described. Exact solutions consisting of Jacobi elliptic functions are shown. The exact ray trajectory and delay time of an optical pulse, therefore, can be obtained. The results show that the optimum fourth-order and sixth-order coefficients are near 2/3 and 17/45, respectively.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 263-279 
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    Notes: Abstract Transient stimulated scattering of light is treated numerically for situations with arbitrarily high conversion of laser into scattered light. New, transient effects are predicted and will be dicussed for scattering in the backward and in the forward directions. The computations are found to be in good agreement with time-resolved, experimental studies of stimulated Brillouin scattering in several liquids.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 289-296 
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    Notes: Abstract The wave equation for a weakly guiding medium having a cylindrical symmetry and parabolic index distribution has been solved exactly. Simple power series are obtained for the field distributions of the modes, which illustrate the type of fields that will be found in graded core fibres away from the core cladding discontinuity. These results are discussed and compared to the modes predicted for other types of fibres.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 281-288 
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    Notes: Abstract An optical fibre with a spherical-bulb end is shown to be an efficient lens structure for coupling light from a small Lambertian source into the fibre. The coupling efficiency is calculated by determining the irradiance distribution of light accepted by the fibre after passage through the bulb end. The theoretical calculations are verified using an experimental technique that simulates the coupling geometry. The experimental technique is a simple method that can be readily extended to the evaluation of more complex fibre-coupling configurations.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 297-303 
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    Notes: Abstract A coupler is described which allows the excitation of pure single guided fibre modes with a single mode laser. The coupler uses a prism and precision taper fibre end to access any of the fibre modes. The conditions for obtaining excitation of single modes are discussed and the technique for producing the tapers is described. In the first tests, an excitation efficiency of approximately −16 dB has been obtained.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 305-309 
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    Notes: Abstract Dispersion measurements in new ‘Selfoc’ fibres have been performed using a Ga Al Aslaser as light source. A strong influence of the laser/fibre coupling on the pulse response was observed. The measured pulse broadening from 0.6 ns (the half-peak power width of the laser output pulse) to 8 ns after a transmission length of 700 m is much larger than the previously reported value. Over this length the dispersion was found to increase linearly. The measured refractive index profile and that calculated from the observed dispersion are in good agreement.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 311-318 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the theoretical form of the probability density function of the intensity in a polychromatic speckle pattern. Measurements using a multimode argon laser are compared with theory.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 329-330 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 319-327 
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    Notes: Abstract An infra-red heterodyne laser radar scheme incorporating range-resolved differential absorption using elastically backscattered, pulsed signal from distributed particles in the atmosphere is proposed and analysed. The basic requirements of the system arrangement and operating parameters involved in this scheme are discussed in detail. This method is shown to offer a remote and spatially-resolved measurement of various molecuar pollutants dispersed in the air for ranges up to several km and detection sensitivities to less than 0.1 ppm with laser pulses of 100 W average power. This power is 103 to 106 times smaller than that required with the conventional direct detection technique in the infra-red. The measuring accuracy and its limiting processes inherent to the infra-red range-resolved differential absorption method are also analysed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 331-333 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 334-334 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 335-336 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 345-353 
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    Notes: Abstract A continuously tunable single mode can be selected from a multimode spectrum of a laser by non-linear absorbers. Theoretical and experimental investigations show that the selectivity of the method and the power of the selected mode depend considerably on the ratio of the saturation parameters of the amplifying and absorbing medium. With a He∶Ne laser having an active length of 1.70 m, a power of 35 mW was obtained in single-mode operation.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 337-344 
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    Notes: Abstract It is proposed to shape pulses by a combination of a saturable single-photon absorber and a two-step absorber in which an absorption from higher electronic levels populated by two-photon excitation is used. Pulse formation and shortening by means of this combination is calculated on the basis of balance equations. Thereby pulses with steeper front and back sides and of changeable duration are obtained, whereas the application of a saturable single-photon absorber alone gives only a significant suppression of the leading edge of the pulse. During a single passage through such a combination of absorbers a pulse shortening up to a factor of five may be obtained and the maximum of the pulse is only slightly depleted (to about 77%).
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    Notes: Abstract The significant parameters for plastic fibres with various core/cladding combinations are given: refractive index, numerical aperture, critical angle of total internal reflection at the core/cladding interface and maximum angle of aperture. The output power of a plastic fibre (PS/PMMA) was measured as a function of the angle of incidence. The results are interpreted using the ray optical fibre transmission model. Various launch-loss-reducing optical end-face working procedures are compared. We also investigated a method to avoid Fresnel reflection losses by a Brewster angled fibre input end-face for a linearly polarized light beam. The transverse and longitudinal intensity distribution of the output beam of a PS/PMMA fibre was measured. We conclude that a single large core clad plastic fibre is a promising alternative to a multi-glass fibre bundle for some applications.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 361-369 
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    Notes: Abstract The noise equivalent power of optical heterodyne detection at 10.6 μm has been measured with a method based on Raman-Nath diffraction of a CO2 laser beam. One of the frequency shifted first order diffracted beams is used as the signal radiation. The local oscillator radiation is obtained by splitting off a part of the laser beam incident upon the device used for the acoustooptic diffraction. The signal power can be varied over a large dynamic range by changing the acoustic input power. A study of the probable errors shows that the total error in the NEP measurement is less than 30%.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 393-397 
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    Notes: Abstract Beckmann's theory is restated in a form suitable for scattering in the optical region and some applications to the estimation of surface roughness are indicated.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 377-391 
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    Notes: Abstract It is well known that light beams propagated through a turbulent medium such as the atmosphere or the air between optical lenses suffer fluctuations of the field in respect of its amplitude and phase. This paper investigates the fluctuation distributions of a laser beam propagating through a lens waveguide which consists of a sequence of optical lenses placed in a randomly inhomogeneous medium. By using a Rytov approximation approach, the mean-square values of fluctuations are obtained in terms of log-amplitude and phase of the beam field. The results show that as the light beam propagates through the lens waveguide, the mean-square fluctuations increase with periodic variations corresponding to a period of lens spacing and that a singular phenomenon of fluctuation reduction at each focus of the beam is evident at larger beam spot sizes.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 371-376 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The practical problem of deriving the refractive index profile of an optical waveguide from the propagation constants of its modes may need time-consuming calculations if there is not enough information at the beginning of the optimization process. The W.K.B. method easily yields some interesting information such as the number of propagating modes and the shape of the index profile near its maximum.
    Notes: Résumé On sait qu'il est possible de déduire le profil d'indice d'un guide optique à partir des constantes de propagation de ses différents modes avec d'autant plus de précision qu'il y a davantage de modes. Toutefois un tel calcul d'optimisation peut être long et coûteux si on ne dispose pas d'information suffisante pour commencer le calcul. La méthode B.K.W. donne plusieurs informations intéressantes: elle permet de calculer aisément le nombre des modes qui se propagent, et elle permet de préciser la forme du profil d'indice au voisinage de son maximum.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 399-411 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In this paper we give an exact solution of the coupled differential equation system as developed by Kogelnik [1] for the case of symmetrical recording without neglecting the second differentials for the reflection volume hologram. This solution is applicable to dielectric, absorption and so-called mixed volume holograms. There are some remarkable distinctions between our results and those got by Kogelnik for the case of absorption and mixed holograms. It is shown, that under special assumptions and approximations or for special combinations of the material parameters we get the same relations as Kogelnik.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die im Teil I für Transmissionshologramme durchgeführten Untersuchungen auf Reflexionshologramme übertragen. Es zeigt sich, daß die exakte Lösung des von Kogelnik [1] abgeleiteten Differentialgleichungssystems für Reflexionshologramme zu erheblichen Abänderungen gegenüber der Theorie von Kogelnik führt. Das trifft insbesondere für reine Absorptionsgitter und gemischte Gitter zu. Die von Kogelnik erhaltenen Resultate ergeben sich als Spezialfälle der von uns gewonnenen Gleichungen nach Ausführung entsprechender Näherungen bzw. bei bestimmter Wahl der Materialparameter.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 413-416 
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    Notes: Abstract A weak scattering medium produces random phases in a transmitted or reflected wavefront distributed over less than 2π. The far-field speckle pattern has a central maximum. The statistics of intensity in this maximum are calculated and the applications of the results to surface roughness measurement are indicated.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 417-419 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 420-421 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 425-427 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 428-429 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. ii 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 431-442 
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    Notes: Abstract Nd pentaphosphate is a crystalline material with very high Nd concentration (30 times higher than 1 % Nd doped YAG) and yet low concentration quenching. It is an excellent material to construct optically pumped, miniaturized, low threshold lasers, oscillating at 1.05μsm. Material characteristics including spectroscopic properties relevant to laser properties are reviewed. Experiments on pulsed and CW laser action in this material including the recent achievement of a miniaturized fibre laser with only 12×12 um cross section are summarized.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 443-446 
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    Notes: Abstract Acrylic resin is presented as a well suited material for waveguides. The losses due to scattering and absorption in the film are less than 0.13 dB cm−1. The mode-structure has been investigated as a function of the angle of incidence and the film thickness, both by experiment and numerical calculation. It is demonstrated that acrylic resin is an appropriate material for forming integrated optical components for beam refraction, reflection and splitting.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 447-450 
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    Notes: Abstract Tests on Kodak Ortho Resist (KOR) have been made for application to integrated optics. This material is interesting with respect to other photoresists for its high sensitivity over a wide wavelength range. Optical waveguides and gratings have been realized with KOR. In particular gratings with high frequency have been used to test the possibility of air-film coupling via their evanescent diffracted waves.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 451-455 
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    Notes: Abstract A solid-solution Li(Nb,Ta)O3 thin film optical waveguide was fabricated onto a y-plate LiTaO3 substrate by the epitaxial-growth-by-melting (E.G.M.) technique, in which single-crystal powder of Li(Nb0.75Ta0.25)O3 was used. The waveguide supported eight TM and six TE modes. Studies on optical waveguiding mode indices indicated that the refractive index distribution obeys well the Fermi function. The parameters of the Fermi function were determined, and their values are discussed on the basis of the LiNbO3-LiTaO3 pseudo-binary phase diagram.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 459-464 
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    Notes: Abstract We have demonstrated experimentally the coupling between two thin-film waveguides with a sputter-etched grating as the phase-matching element. A maximum coupling efficiency of only 27% has been measured. Using the weak interaction perturbation analysis, we have found that the loss due to the scattering into the substrate modes is a dominator factor responsible for the measured low efficiency.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 524-536 
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    Notes: Abstract An asymptotic theory of saturated fluctuations of laser irradiance diffracted by a thin layer of turbulent medium is built. The treatment is carried out in the phase screen approximation for the case of a power law spectrum of inhomogeneities in the layer. Asymptotic forms of the covariance of irradiance fluctuations are obtained and the character of the scintillation index approach to the asymptotic value is investigated. Calculations are made for collimated and focused laser beams.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 456-458 
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    Notes: Abstract Curved stripe waveguides have been prepared by thermal diffusion of Ag+-ions into glass through an aluminium mask. Five identical guides with different curvatures were investigated. Each guide was ∼18 μm wide and the radius of curvatureR varied from 148 to 770 μm. The radiation loss in π/2-bends was measured with a fibre probe. Attenuations from ∼3 to ∼20 dB were observed in the bends depending onR, on the order of the mode launched and on the width of the graded-index region at the edges of the guide. It is shown that the results obtained for well-confined modes agree very well with calculations based on a recently published theory that is applicable to a curved slab guide with diffused boundaries.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 465-473 
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    Notes: Abstract Organic materials have been shown to be quite useful for the fabrication of integrated-optics devices. The fabrication of low loss (0.1 dB cm−1) sheet-film waveguides and studies of high gain (100 dB cm−1) thin-film laser amplifiers and oscillators are reviewed. Techniques employing photosensitive components have made it possible to make three-dimensional waveguides which have the lowest losses reported so far (0.2 dB cm−1 in single-mode structures). Surface and index gratings and related devices made with organic materials are also discussed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 474-480 
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    Notes: Abstract PRGT is a photosensitive device with resonant properties compatible with the elements of microelectronics and integrated optics. The photosensitive element is a single crystal platelet of CdS, the mechanical resonance of which determines the resonant frequency of the device. The flexural mechanical vibrations of the platelet excited from an a.c. light flux are detected and converted into an electrical signal by means of a MOS-transistor. Without optimization of the parameters of the device a mean value of the sensitivity as high as 3 A lm−1 was obtained reaching 10 A lm−1 for some devices for frequencies up to 3 kHz. A low frequency analyser for a laser Doppler anemometer is also described.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 493-504 
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    Notes: Abstract Practical and technical considerations for an instrument designed to measure high magnetic fields by Faraday effect are given. Magnetic fields up to 2 Tesla were measured and the results compared to those of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance technique. Results of measurements at low temperatures are also reported.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 515-519 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 505-514 
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    Notes: Abstract A procedure is presented for determining the parameters of stable resonators characterized by full exploitation of the laser medium. The fundamental mode radiation is generated with an efficiency close to usual multimode one, and in particular it is insensitive to fluctuations of the pump-induced lensing of the laser medium. Experimental verification of the procedure and data about efficiency and beam quality are presented. These resonators, called ‘dynamic stable resonators’, are preferred to unstable resonators in applications needing a highly reproducible uniform intensity distribution.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 481-492 
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    Notes: Abstract Closed form approximate expressions are derived for the mode-coupling, radiation loss and losses of each guided mode in multimode clad-type dielectric slab waveguides due to the index inhomogeneities of the core material. The analysis considers the inhomogeneities of the core-index in the axial and transverse directions and includes correlation lengths of any magnitude. It allows us to conclude that there will be considerable mode-dependency for the mode-coupling and radiation loss if the axial and/or transverse correlation lengths are of the order of or greater than the wavelength. It is also found that the mode-coupling and radiation loss peak at some value of the axial correlation length, and the radiation loss can be reduced by increasing the refractive-index difference of the core and cladding materials. Finally, it is shown that if the correlation lengths are shorter than, or of the order of the wavelength, the losses of each guided mode will mainly be due to the radiation process. But, in the case where the axial correlation length is much greater than the wavelength, the scattering into other guided modes is the dominant mechanism.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 520-523 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 7 (1975), S. 540-540 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 1-15 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 43-53 
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    Notes: Abstract Concentrated sodium chloride solutions are commonly used in electrochemical machining and a knowledge of their conductance is important. A study was made of the conductivity of a range of concentrations from 0.01 M to 5 M to temperatures 〉500°C and to pressures of 2000bar. The conductances were found to go through maxima at 250–300°C after increasing in magnitude by a factor of 〉4.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 55-62 
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    Notes: Abstract Halogen ion discharge from the solid electrolytes AgI, AgBr, and 2Me4NI · 13 AgI on pressed-powder graphite electrodes at room temperature was examined by cyclic voltammetry on Ag¦AgX¦C solid state cells. Iodine discharge from AgI occurs rapidly, reversibly, and with a moderate ‘undervoltage’ ascribable to iodine monolayer buildup. Bromine discharge from AgBr is strongly irreversible and was seen to occur in two stages; a small, permanently saturable discharge attributed to direct formation of bromine-graphite ‘residue’ compounds, and a steady-state main discharge attributed to formation and fast diffusion of bromine in interlamellar graphite compounds. Iodine discharge from 2Me4NI · 13 AgI appears to occur via the formation of Me4NI3. On continuous 0–500mV voltammetric cycling, incomplete electrolyte recombination leads first to a new iodine discharge reaction and finally to cessation of Faradaic activity.
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    Notes: Abstract The short time overload capacity of the carbon-air electrode in a strongly alkaline electrolyte can be increased by addition of organic redox substances such as duroquinone (DQ) or 2-amino-1.4-naphthoquinone (ANQ). DQ, however, slowly decomposes in alkalies, while ANQ is quite stable even in 9M KOH. Small amounts of both quinones have a catalytic effect on the oxygen reduction at the carbon-air electrode.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 71-78 
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    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical studies were made of the behaviour of gold electrodes in degassed acidic solutions containing between 0.00l to 0.03 M thiourea and between 10−5 to 10−3 M gold(I)thiourea. At anodic overpotentials of up to 0.3 V the dissolution of gold was rapid, and nearly reached the maximum diffusioncontrolled rate. The exchange current density was greater than 10−6 A cm−2, and dissolution proceeded at 100% efficiency. At higher anodic potentials, thiourea was oxidized to formamidine disulphide and other sulphur-containing compounds and the dissolution of gold became partly inhibited, while the current efficiency decreased markedly. The reduction of gold(I)thiourea was diffusion-controlled at cathodic overpotentials between −0.15 to −0.35 V, after which slight inhibition was observed. Thiourea itself did not contribute to the cathodic reaction, but formamidine disulphide could be reduced on a freshly deposited gold surface; in the absence of gold(I)thiourea in the solution, the reduction of formamidine disulphide caused rapid passivation of the gold surface. In 0.01 M thiourea and 0.1 M sulphuric or perchloric acid, the diffusion coefficient of the Au(CS(NH2)2) 2 + ion was 1·1 x 10−5 cm2 s−1 at 30°C. The standard reduction potential at 30° C of the redox couple Au(CS(NH2)2) 2 + ¦Au on a fresh gold surface wasE 0=0.352 V, but on a passivated gold surface this value increased to as much asE 0=041V.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 93-93 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 111-120 
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    Notes: Abstract The technical problems of the conventional one-tube oxygen pump-gauge are reviewed. Several causes of error are shown: the semipermeability of the electrolyte tube, the electric coupling between the pump and the gauge, the existence of local cells due to electric leads deposited on the electrolyte, spurious zero-current voltages. A new set-up involving a microgauge is described. It is capable of producing and measuring within a few per cent accuracy, oxygen-inert gas mixtures with oxygen concentrations ranging down to a few 10−2ppm.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 125-128 
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    Notes: Abstract Benzylamine is used as a photographic fixing agent, as a corrosion inhibitor and also as a raw material for the preparation of powerful explosives which are easy to handle. The conventional method adopted for the preparation of benzylamine is the catalytic hydrogenation of benzonitrile in absolute ethanol under high pressure. In the present communication, a novel electrolytic reduction technique for the conversion of benzonitrile to benzylamine, using a palladium black deposited on graphite cathode, is described. Galvanostatic polarization studies, using both a stationary and a rotating cylindrical palladium black deposited cathode, revealed that there is considerable depolarization only in a very low current density regions. The identity of benzylamine has been confirmed by NMR, mass spectral and infrared data. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen analysis also support the identity of benzylamine. This simple electrochemical reduction technique opens up a new route for the reduction of cyanide groups to the primary amine groups.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 137-143 
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    Notes: Abstract Copper electrodeposits grown from a fluidized bed electrolyte appear to be unaffected by mechanical action of the inert particles. Additions of thiourea to the electrolyte caused some improvement in levelling at lower current densities but, at the limiting value, additions of up to 10−2 M gave no improvement. Micrographic evidence is presented to suggest that a simultaneous dissolution process may account for the transition from nodular to powder growths at the limiting current density.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 151-154 
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    Notes: Abstract Current density-time curves were measured at various cathodic potentiostatic pulses of short duration (⩽ 0·1 s) on stationary and moving horizontal copper wires of 0·51 mm diameter in 0·24 M CuSO4-2·36 M H2SO4 solution. The magnitudes and the shapes of theI-t curves were greatly influenced by the wire speeds. The limiting current densities from these transients,E I L, are higher and increase with wire speed at a smaller rate than the potentiodynamicI L. The role of uncompensated IR-drop is discussed.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 159-163 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The oxygen evolution reaction on titanium based Pt-Ir catalyzed DSA has been investigated. The steady state polarization curves of the electrodes with the various contents and different pH values of electrolyte have been determined. A good Tafel linearity with slopes of 40 and 120 mV dec−1 were obtained. The conclusion is drawn that the second electrochemical step is rate-determining. The overvoltage of the oxygen evolution reaction at 1 A cm−2 compares most favourably with published data for other materials.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 94-94 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 187-195 
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    Notes: Abstract The ionic conduction in sintered Bi2O2-Y2O3 was investigated by measuring the conductivity and the emf of an oxygen concentration cell using the specimen tablet as electrolyte. The face centred cubic phase in this system was found to show high oxide ion conduction accompanied by a little electronic conduction when exposed to air. This phase was stable with a composition of 25 ∼ 43 mol % Y2O3 over a wide range of temperatures, and the oxide ion conductivity increased with decrease in Y2O3. The conductivities of (Bi2O3)0.75 (Y2O3)0.25 were 1.6×10−1 Ω−1 cm−1 at 700°C and 1.2×10−2 Ω−1 cm−1 at 500°C values which are many times higher than those of stabilized zirconia (ZrO2)0.90(Y2O3)0.10 at corresponding temperatures. Specimens containing less than 25 mol % Y2O3 showed a phase transition at 700 ∼ 580°C and the conductivities decreased remarkably below these temperatures. High oxide ion conduction in the fcc phase is attributed to the migration of oxide ion vacancies which were present in an appreciable amount.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 237-248 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrolytic upgrading of D2O-enriched water is used for production of 99.8% D2O for CANDU-type nuclear reactor operation. Considerably enhanced values of the electrolytic H/D separation factorS can be achieved by employing additives such as urea or guanidine in the electrolyte and the increasedS values are consequently of practical significance for the overall operating economy of D2O cooled reactors. The effects of additions of urea, guanidine and cyanoguanidine to aqueous H2SO4 and KOH solutions on the hydrogen/deuterium separation factorS at Pt and Fe electrodes have been investigated. The adsorption of urea and guanidine was studied at the platinum electrode by means of H-electrosorption measurements using cyclic voltammetry. The additives, especially urea, enhanceS and values near the theoretically expected maximum for a free-proton transition state are found at Fe. The following possibilities for the origin of the effects of urea (or guanidine) are considered: (1) Urea causes a kinetically significant change of orientation and structure of water in the double-layer; (2) urea acts as an alternative proton source to H2O in the double-layer on account of its adsorption; (3) the adsorbed urea causes a local equilibrium enrichment of H w.r.t. D in comparison with the H/D ratio in the bulk water solution and hence gives rise to a change inS and (4) the OH-bonding frequencies in the H2O proton-transfer transition state are changed in the double-layer due to H-bonding with adsorbed urea or guanidine.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 249-254 
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    Notes: Abstract The use of a ‘rotating bipolar electrode’ (RBE) cell to achieve a transfer of a substance (copper) from solutions of low concentration to high concentration is described. The RBE cell employed consists of a central, rotating, cylindrical electrode, surrounded by axial wiper blades which form three compartments through which the electrode surface passes during rotation. An outer electrode in each compartment governs the potential of the rotating electrode, and copper is deposited on the electrode surface in two of the compartments, and stripped in the other. Stripping can be achieved by either electrochemical or chemical means. Very high compartment concentration ratios (〉250) can be achieved and sustained by using cells with more than two compartments. The process can be operated with conditions thermo-dynamically more advantageous than possible with conventional cells. Typical costs for a RBE cell process are given.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 263-269 
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    Notes: Abstract The feasibility of using alkali carbonates as electrolytes in carbon concentration cells has been investigated. The following cell was set up: The test electrode (LHS) was a carbon-permeableα-iron membrane in contact with a gaseous or liquid metal environment whose carbon activity could be varied. Experiments involving argon and liquid sodium environments at 970 K showed that the potential of theα-Fe test electrode was a function of its carbon activity. The potential of the electrode,α-Fe, C ¦ CO 3 2− , was also measured as a function of carbonate ion activity and current. It was concluded that the predominant electrode reaction at the iron electrode was reversible and involved carbon and carbonate species or species with which they were in equilibrium.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 279-290 
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    Notes: Abstract The alkali metals were electrodeposited from various solutions in propylene carbonate (PC). Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs were electrodeposited from solutions of their chlorides and AlCl3 in propylene carbonate (PC) at ambient temperature. In addition, lithium was deposited from LiCl, LiBr, LiClO4, LiPF6, and LiBF4 solutions in PC. Sodium was reduced from NaClO4, NaPF6, and NaBF4 solutions. Potassium was obtained from KPF6 solution. A new process is proposed for the production and electrorefining of the alkali metals at ambient temperature. Alkali metal amalgam from the commercial mercury-chlorine cell is transferred into an AlCl3-PC electrorefining cell, where the alkali metal is dissolved anodically from the amalgam, and deposited in a pure form at the cathode.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 291-297 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of mass transport on the electrochemical behaviour of carbon gas-diffusion air electrodes in alkaline solution was investigated on the basis of ΔE(i) curves. These curves are obtained by subtraction of potential values for an electrode operating with airE air(i) from potential values for the same electrode operating with pure oxygenE oxygen(i) at the same current densityi. Three different regions on these curves connected with different modes of mass transport are recognized. A model of the gas-diffusion air electrode which takes into account the diffusion of the gas, diffusion of the dissolved gas, electrochemical reaction and IR drop is used to explain the experimental results.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 319-328 
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    Notes: Abstract A fully automatic system which directly plots semiconductor carrier concentration profiles to any required depth is described. An electrolytic Schottky barrier permits simultaneous controlled dissolution and capacitance-voltage measurements. Examples of profiles obtained in multiple epitaxial layer structures ofn-type gallium arsenide are given.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 359-361 
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 351-358 
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    Notes: Abstract The processes which take place in the iron electrode during cycling in alkaline solution were investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy and the reaction products were determined quantitatively. It was proved thatβ-FeOOH is invariably formed at the end of the second anodic reaction in 5 N KOH. At the end of charging there is always a certain amount of residual Fe(OH)2. After three to five cycles in 5 N KOH containing 9 gl−1 LiOH,β-FeOOH is converted into Fe3O4. At the same time a drop is observed in the capacity of the electrode. At the end of charging under these conditions a certain amount of Fe3O4 was always found.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The insulating capabilities of pure propylene carbonate (PC) have been studied, taking into account the oxidation and reduction of this solvent and its impurities. At high water concentrations (〉 10−2 mol−1), the accessible potential range of PC, 10−1 moll−1 Et4NClO4 solutions, is limited by the reduction and oxidation of water. Its reduction forms hydrogen and OH− ions which quickly hydrolyse PC and gives propanediol 1–2 and bicarbonate ions. At low water concentrations (〈 5 × 10−3 moll−1), it is shown that electrochemical reduction of PC takes place, giving propylene and bicarbonate ions. On the other hand, some facts hint at an oxidation of PC at the anode. The influence of the electrode material (stainless steel, aluminium, platinum) on the potential range has also been investigated. These electrochemical processes are the controlling factors of the high voltage conduction of carefully deionized PC (resistivity in the 1011–1012 Ω cm range). It is shown that electron transfer at liquid/metal interfaces occurs mainly through electrochemical reactions on plane parallel electrodes as well as on very small diameter wire (20–200μm). The insulating behaviour of deionized PC is fairly satisfactory; with aluminium electrodes the current density increases slowly with voltage and reaches no more than 10−6 A cm−2 at high electric fields (105V cm−1). Thus, rather unexpectedly, a very high dielectric constant (70) does not necessarily imply an excessive conductivity at high voltage. Other work cited in reference has shown that the conductive behaviour of a (deionized) liquid under high voltage depends very critically on the properties of the degradation products formed at the electrodes. The case of PC is very favourable, in spite of its very high dielectric constant, since these products (propane-diol and carbonic acid) are very poor electrolytes. On the other hand deionized acetonitrile soon loses its initial resistivity because of proton-catalyzed hydrolysis giving acetate ions. Another example is the liquid crystal MBBA.
    Notes: Résumé On étudie le comportement du carbonate de propylène pur en haute tension après avoir recherché par voie électrochimique les réactions d'oxydation ou de réduction de ce solvant ou de ses impuretés. Aux teneurs en eau élevées (10−2M), le domaine d'électroactivité en réduction du CP en présence de perchlorate de tétraéthylammonium est limité par la réduction de l'eau. Il y a libération d'hydrogène et les ions OH− formés provoquent l'hydrolyse rapide du CP donnant du propanediol 1–2 et des ions bicarbonates. Aux faibles teneurs en eau (〈 5 × 10−3M), la réduction électrochimique du solvant donnant du propylène et des ions bicarbonates est mise en évidence. L'influence de la nature du métal (acier inoxydable, aluminium) sur le domaine d'électroactivité est également examinée. Ces phénomènes électrochimiques sont les facteurs déterminant la conduction en haute tension du CP soigneusement désionisé (gamme de résistivité de 1011 à 1012 Ω cm). On montre que sur des électrodes planes, parallèles comme sur un fil de très petit diamètre (20 à 200μm) le transfert électrique métal-solution se fait par réactions électrochimiques. Le CP se comporte à l'état pur comme un liquide diélectrique relativement inerte. Sur des électrodes en aluminium, la densité de courant ne croît que lentement avec la tension et n'atteint 10−6 A cm−2 qu'à des valeurs élevées du champ électrique (∼ 105 V cm−1). Ainsi contrairement à ce qui est généralement admis, une valeur élevée de constante diélectrique d'un solvant n'est pas forcément associée à une conduction élevée en haute tension. En se référant à nos autres travaux, nous montrons que le comportement en haute tension d'un liquide désionisé dépend de manière critique des propriétés des produits de dégradation formés aux électrodes. Le cas du CP est très favorable en dépit de sa grande constante diélectrique, puisque les produits des réactions électrochimiques (propane diol, acide carbonique) sont des electrolytes très faibles. Au contraire, l'acétonitrile désionisé perd vite sa résistivité initiale en raison de son hydrolyse acide donnant des ions acétates. Un autre exemple est le cristal liquide MBBA.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 313-318 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the design characteristics and optimization procedures leading to an improvement in the maximum cell capacity obtainable with standard size lithium cells at low discharge rates. General relations have been derived between the cell capacity and the porosity of carbon cathode structures at various stages of cell discharge, based on a cell reaction mechanism proposed earlier. A total materials balance relation has been established for the components involved in the cell reaction in cylindrical cells made for a long range application. Design calculations have been carried out for a typical standard size cylindrical cell. A satisfactory agreement has been achieved between the predicted and the realized performance of cells built according to these calculations.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 305-312 
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    Notes: Abstract Current density-potential curves and the dependency of current density on flow velocity were measured for reaction systems which are controlled by diffusion in packed and fluidized bed electrodes with conducting and non-conducting particles. Analogous measurements were carried out with plane electrodes, and the corresponding dependencies of the current density factori b/ipl were determined. For bed electrodes with conducting particles, the current density factor can be approximately described as the product of a surface scale-up factor and a diffusion-controlled factor of the order of 5. Parallel to the current flow direction, the effectiveness of a bed electrode with conductive particles covers only a layer thickness of less than 1 cm. Maximum current densities are found with both conducting and non-conducting particles at flow velocities above the fluidization point.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 203-214 
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    Notes: Abstract RuO2 films on Ta and Pt as supports have been prepared by thermal decomposition of RuCl3 at different temperatures in various atmospheres. Bulk and surface electronic properties of these films have been deduced from their behaviour as electrodes with respect to reactions involving or not involving the adsorption of reactants and/or products, (for example Fe2+/Fe3+, I−/I2, H2/H+ and some simple organic reactions). Results indicate that the non-stoichiometry of the oxide film is a function of the temperature of preparation and also of the atmosphere of annealing. In particular, smaller fractions of Ru3+are obtained as the temperature of preparation is increased and/or the atmosphere of annealing is made more oxygenated. Kinetics of electrode reactions suggest an essentially metallic nature for RuO2 films. They behave very well with redox systems but exhibit poor electrocatalytic features in that rates of reactions involving adsorption steps are usually lower on RuO2 films than on noble metals. Possible reasons for this are discussed in detail.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 221-228 
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    Notes: Abstract The flow electrolysis of a solution of 2.0×10−3 M K3Fe(CN)6 in 2 M KCl in water on porous graphite electrodes is described. The electrodes have been composed of crushed graphite of three grain size ranges: 0.7÷1.0, 0.4÷0.7, and 0.25÷0.4 mm. Electrodes of three different heights have been investigated, and the solution flow rate ranged between 0.009 and 0.25 ml s−1. The dependence of the logarithm of the limiting current and of the limiting degree of conversion on the logarithm of the flow rates is shown for the electrodes. The obtained experimental results are interpreted by means of the described earlier semiempirical model of the limiting current on flow-through porous electrodes.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 39-41 
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    Notes: Abstract A simple and rapid method, based on the open-circuit decay of potential, is described for the determination of the current efficiency with which metals are electrodeposited. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 17-38 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Current research and development work in solar energy utilization is very briefly reviewed. Attention is drawn to the possible use of photoelectrochemical effects to convert solar energy directly to electric power or synthetic fuel. Photoelectrochemical cells that have been proposed for this purpose are classified into three types, and a detailed description of their mode of action is given. The solar spectrum at the earth's surface and terrestrial receipts of solar energy are discussed. The factors that limit the power conversion efficiency of photoelectrochemical cells are described, and a brief reference is made to the thermodynamics of photoelectric transducers. Some work that, although not directly related to solar energy conversion, is of possible relevance, is summarized: the topics covered are the photosensitization of processes at semiconductor electrodes, pigment films on metal electrodes, and the primary processes of energy and charge transfer in natural and artificial photosynthetic membranes.
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 5 (1975), S. 63-69 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of a quasi-solid gel electrolyte and its utilization in a lithium cell are described. The conditions of compatibility between constituents are defined as gelling of the system and absence of selfdischarge. Also defined are the electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties required. Two types of electrolytes are considered: (1) Ternary thermoplastic gels, principally based on polyvinyl acetals and polyacrylonitrile. Thin separators made of these materials generally require a porous or mesh support. (2) Thermosetting self-supporting gels, obtained by cross-linking hydroxylated polyvinyl acetals or certain fluorinated polymers, which give the best compromise between mechanical properties, ionic conductivity, and solvent retention. Discharge tests made on single Li/CuS cells and on 10 V batteries indicate that these new solid elements show definite promise for applications which require high energy densities (1 kWh dm−3) at low drains (≪1 mA cm−2).
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