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  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The insulating capabilities of pure propylene carbonate (PC) have been studied, taking into account the oxidation and reduction of this solvent and its impurities. At high water concentrations (〉 10−2 mol−1), the accessible potential range of PC, 10−1 moll−1 Et4NClO4 solutions, is limited by the reduction and oxidation of water. Its reduction forms hydrogen and OH− ions which quickly hydrolyse PC and gives propanediol 1–2 and bicarbonate ions. At low water concentrations (〈 5 × 10−3 moll−1), it is shown that electrochemical reduction of PC takes place, giving propylene and bicarbonate ions. On the other hand, some facts hint at an oxidation of PC at the anode. The influence of the electrode material (stainless steel, aluminium, platinum) on the potential range has also been investigated. These electrochemical processes are the controlling factors of the high voltage conduction of carefully deionized PC (resistivity in the 1011–1012 Ω cm range). It is shown that electron transfer at liquid/metal interfaces occurs mainly through electrochemical reactions on plane parallel electrodes as well as on very small diameter wire (20–200μm). The insulating behaviour of deionized PC is fairly satisfactory; with aluminium electrodes the current density increases slowly with voltage and reaches no more than 10−6 A cm−2 at high electric fields (105V cm−1). Thus, rather unexpectedly, a very high dielectric constant (70) does not necessarily imply an excessive conductivity at high voltage. Other work cited in reference has shown that the conductive behaviour of a (deionized) liquid under high voltage depends very critically on the properties of the degradation products formed at the electrodes. The case of PC is very favourable, in spite of its very high dielectric constant, since these products (propane-diol and carbonic acid) are very poor electrolytes. On the other hand deionized acetonitrile soon loses its initial resistivity because of proton-catalyzed hydrolysis giving acetate ions. Another example is the liquid crystal MBBA.
    Notes: Résumé On étudie le comportement du carbonate de propylène pur en haute tension après avoir recherché par voie électrochimique les réactions d'oxydation ou de réduction de ce solvant ou de ses impuretés. Aux teneurs en eau élevées (10−2M), le domaine d'électroactivité en réduction du CP en présence de perchlorate de tétraéthylammonium est limité par la réduction de l'eau. Il y a libération d'hydrogène et les ions OH− formés provoquent l'hydrolyse rapide du CP donnant du propanediol 1–2 et des ions bicarbonates. Aux faibles teneurs en eau (〈 5 × 10−3M), la réduction électrochimique du solvant donnant du propylène et des ions bicarbonates est mise en évidence. L'influence de la nature du métal (acier inoxydable, aluminium) sur le domaine d'électroactivité est également examinée. Ces phénomènes électrochimiques sont les facteurs déterminant la conduction en haute tension du CP soigneusement désionisé (gamme de résistivité de 1011 à 1012 Ω cm). On montre que sur des électrodes planes, parallèles comme sur un fil de très petit diamètre (20 à 200μm) le transfert électrique métal-solution se fait par réactions électrochimiques. Le CP se comporte à l'état pur comme un liquide diélectrique relativement inerte. Sur des électrodes en aluminium, la densité de courant ne croît que lentement avec la tension et n'atteint 10−6 A cm−2 qu'à des valeurs élevées du champ électrique (∼ 105 V cm−1). Ainsi contrairement à ce qui est généralement admis, une valeur élevée de constante diélectrique d'un solvant n'est pas forcément associée à une conduction élevée en haute tension. En se référant à nos autres travaux, nous montrons que le comportement en haute tension d'un liquide désionisé dépend de manière critique des propriétés des produits de dégradation formés aux électrodes. Le cas du CP est très favorable en dépit de sa grande constante diélectrique, puisque les produits des réactions électrochimiques (propane diol, acide carbonique) sont des electrolytes très faibles. Au contraire, l'acétonitrile désionisé perd vite sa résistivité initiale en raison de son hydrolyse acide donnant des ions acétates. Un autre exemple est le cristal liquide MBBA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 6 (1976), S. 515-519 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical properties of biphenylnitriles and phenylbenzoates are given and are compared with those of other liquid crystal (LC) families. The experimental results prove that a small gap and the reversibility of the reactions occurring at the electrodes favourably influence the LC life-time during d.c. dynamic scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62 (1996), S. 1679-1692 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The lifetime of HV capacitors is drastically enhanced when epoxides are added to the liquid impregnant of the polypropylene films. The aim of this work was to understand the mechanism of action of such an additive. Aging of the dielectric was performed at a high AC field [135 MV/m]. The liquid impregnant, pure benzyltoluene or benzyltoluene with specially selected additives, was saturated with O2 in order to accelerate PP aging. The degradation of the polypropylene films has been evaluated by the variation of their mean breakdown voltage and by FTIR microspectroscopy. The liquid impregnant has been characterized by gas chromatography. Our results show that the electrical stress enhances an oxidative degradation mechanism of the polymer and the liquid. Epoxides with two or more epoxy groups per molecule and other monomers of two or three functionalities inhibit this degradation. In the presence of such additives, electrical aging leads to the formation of a crosslinked polymeric deposit on the electrodes and the films. We attribute the good behavior of these components, and especially of epoxides in HV capacitors, to their ability to polymerize under an electrical stress and to form a protective layer that further prevents degradation. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 1121-1124 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1999-12-01
    Print ISSN: 1286-0042
    Electronic ISSN: 1286-0050
    Topics: Physics
    Published by EDP Sciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1998-10-01
    Print ISSN: 1286-0042
    Electronic ISSN: 1286-0050
    Topics: Physics
    Published by EDP Sciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1969-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-9606
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7690
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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