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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,682)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,360)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,077)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (1,984)
  • 1975-1979  (2,135)
  • 1984  (1,984)
  • 1975  (2,135)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (1,984)
  • 1975-1979  (2,135)
Year
  • 1
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    Radar-visible wind streaks in the Altiplano of Bolivia (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Isolated knobs that are erosional remnants of central volcanoes or of folded rocks occur in several areas of the Altiplano are visible on both optical and images. The optically visible streaks occur in the immediate lee of the knobs, whereas the radar visible streaks occur in the zone downwind between the knobs. Aerial reconnaissance and field studies showed that the optically visible streaks consist of a series of small ( 100 m wide) barchan and barchanoid dunes, intradune sand sheets, and sand hummocks (large shrub coppice dunes) up to 15 m across and 5 m high. On LANDSAT images these features are poorly resolved but combine to form a bright streak. On the radar image, this area also appears brighter than the zone of the radar dark streak; evidently, the dunes and hummocks serve as radar reflectors. The radar dark streak consists of a relatively flat, smooth sand sheet which lacks organized aerolian bedforms, other than occasional ripples. Wind velocity profiles show a greater U value in the optically bright streak zone than in the radar dark streak.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 271-272
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  • 2
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    The erosion of streamlined islands, longitudinal grooves and scour marks: Implications to the origin of the Martian outflow channels (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: The diversity of proposed origins for large Martian outflow channels results from the differing interpretations given to the landforms associated with the outflow channels. In an attempt to help limit the possible mechanisms of channel erosion, detailed studies of three of the channel features were done; the streamlined islands, longitudinal grooves and scour marks. This examination involved a comparison of the martian streamlined islands with various streamlined landforms on Earth including those found in the Channel Scabland in large rivers, glacial drumlins, and desert yardangs. The comparisons included statistical analyses of the landform lengths versus widths and positions of maximum width, and an examination of the degree of shape agreement with the geometric lemniscate which was in turn demonstrated to correspond closely with true airfoil shapes. The analyses showed that the shapes of the martian islands correspond closely to the streamlined islands in rivers and the Channel Scabland land. Drumlins show a much smaller correlation. Erosional rock islands formed by glaciers are very much different in shape.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 200-202
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  • 3
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    Data availability and the role of the earth resources observation systems data center (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: With the launch of LANDSAT-1 in July 1972, and the follow-on launch of LANDSAT-2 in January of this year, routine availability of satellite imagery and electronic data of the earth's resources has become a reality. Federal data centers provide LANDSAT data to resource managers and the general public. These data centers have to date provided almost 500,000 frames of LANDSAT data at a cost of more than $2,000,000. Data from the LANDSAT satellite program, along with data and information from the Skylab manned program, are available over any location to anyone for the cost of reproduction.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 372-378
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  • 4
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    Remote sensing in Minnesota: Evaluation of programs and current needs (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aerial photographs of the entire state were used to develop information on geomorphic regions, land ownership, forest cover, soils, geology, land classification and land capability. LANDSAT imagery was included to update many photomaps for land use classification and urban development planning.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 340-350
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  • 5
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    Alaska's needs in remote sensing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Joint Federal/State remote data sensing centers are advocated to help survey Alaska for land use planning by aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery. The centers are to provide satellite derived information in land use planning and offshore oil developments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 315-318
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  • 6
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    The use of satellite data for regional planning (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The experience of the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments in its development of a regional land use inventory from computer processing of LANDSAT 1 digital tapes and the use of those data in the OKI water quality planning program are discussed. A major part of the planning program is the prediction of water quality in rivers and lakes resulting from existing and future land uses. A model has been developed that can predict the flow of sediment, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and organic wastes into major streams. An essential input to this model is an accurate map of land use derived from LANDSAT 1 digital tapes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 356-358
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  • 7
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    User requirements for project-oriented remote sensing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Registration of remotely sensed data to geodetic coordinates provides for overlay analysis of land use data. For aerial photographs of a large area, differences in scales, dates, and film types are reconciled, and multispectral scanner data are machine registered at the time of acquisition.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 319-325
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  • 8
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    Oilspill surveillance, detection, and evaluation by remote sensing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aerial and fixed platform oil spill detection systems primarily utilize remote sensors for data acquisition and pollution monitoring purposes. In addition to aerial photography and infrared reflectance sensors, a laser backscatter sensor and an ultraviolet fluorescence sensor are considered for application in pollution surveillance systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 271-279
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  • 9
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    Remote measurement of shoreline changes in coastal Alabama (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: It is shown that remotely sensed data, whether in digital or imagery form, provide objective, systematic measurements of coastal zone characteristics when compared with traditional measurement techniques. An example is given for Alabama shoreline parameters using LANDSAT 1 composite mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 224-231
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  • 10
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    South Louisiana remote-sensing environmental information system (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Satellite gathered remote sensor data were used to update a basic environmental atlas of southern Louisiana to reflect recent dynamic geological changes, such as erosion by wave action along the coast and active delta building in the lower part of the Mississippi Basin. Standard pattern recognition programs were utilized to update LANDSAT pictures for three categories (generalized land use, ecological zones and vegetation) to obtain a simulated color photomap for LANDSAT frames for further rectification by a table lookup program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 217-223
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  • 11
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    Louisiana comprehensive planning information system (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A statewide computerized land use mapping system is reported that uses polygons to identify inventories from aerial photography by employing the USGS classification system. In addition, the system provides soil, population, and housing census data as well as economic indicators that can be useful in relating to the overall system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 326-339
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  • 12
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    Remote sensing in Arizona (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Orthophotoquads prepared from high altitude photography and LANDSAT imagery were utilized for land use mapping and urban development planning. LANDSAT imagery of rough terrains were evaluated by photographic projection on a viewer screen for enlargement of details.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 300-314
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  • 13
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    Status of coastal zone management techniques (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Remote panchromatic imagery was applied to develop a coastal zone management atlas that provides for land cover or vegetation surveys as well as land use stereographic mapping for regional planning purposes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 173-175
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  • 14
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    Remote-sensing applications in the State of Mississippi (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A computer derived land use classification scheme for infrared LANDSAT imagery was developed and applied to update existing Mississippi coastline data. Inventory classifications were accomplished by photographic enlargement and photointerpretations showing color coded resources on the ground.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 282-290
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  • 15
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    Remote-sensing applications as utilized in Florida's coastal zone management program (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Land use maps were developed from photomaps obtained by remote sensing in order to develop a comprehensive state plan for the protection, development, and zoning of coastal regions. Only photographic remote sensors have been used in support of the coastal council's planning/management methodology. Standard photointerpretation and cartographic application procedures for map compilation were used in preparing base maps.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 232-241
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  • 16
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    California nearshore surface currents (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: During the oceanic period from July to November, the southward flowing California current dominates the nearshore current patterns. Commencing about the middle of November and extending to mid-February, the Davidson current, a northward moving countercurrent, is the dominant inshore transporter of water and suspensates. The phenomenon of upwelling is prevalent during the period from the middle of February to the end of July. Thus, every year along the coast of California, there are three successive current seasons: the oceanic, the Davidson, and the upwelling. This paper is a discussion of the nature of these nearshore currents. In addition, the capabilities of various remote sensing platforms and systems for providing methods of monitoring the coastal processes associated with the current seasons of California are demonstrated herein.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 195-216
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  • 17
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    Information flow of land and water-related data in the State of Wisconsin (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Digital data from the infrared LANDSAT imagery were used to classify eutrophication levels of lakes in an effort to observe the effect of thermal discharges from power stations. LANDSAT data were also applied to identify and monitor wetlands, for soil surveys, sedimentation transport, and in general to assist in land use planning and resources management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 291-296
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  • 18
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    Applications of remote-sensing technology to environmental problems of Delaware and Delaware Bay (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Digital processing of multispectral LANDSAT data was used to develop a computerized model for predicting oil slick movement within the Delaware Bay. LANDSAT imagery was also used to monitor offshore waste disposal sites for mapping of wetlands, and charting of tidal currents.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 188-194
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  • 19
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    Information needs: Perceived and real for state decisionmakers (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Remote sensing techniques provide important information for land and water use planning organizations in order to assess coastal developments and their impact on water resources, sediment transport, erosion, and marine biology. Political expediency requires pertinent data acquisition and data dissemination to local populations for coastal zone management decision making.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 176-187
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  • 20
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    Coast Guard/NOAA/NASA Great Lakes Project Icewarn (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The operational feasibility of using remote sensing to provide all weather ice formation for Great Lakes winter navigation is explored. A combination airborne pulsed radar system to measure actual ice thickness, a satellite data link system, and a hand drawn interpretive ice chart proved valuable for extending winter navigation through the icepack.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 261-270
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  • 21
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    Remote sensing in the State of Ohio. 1. Public policy. 2. System development (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Different types of satellite and conventional remote sensing data are used to monitor urban growth and the pattern of development. Software programs were developed for a growth allocation model that uses LANDSAT information as the basic component.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 351-355
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  • 22
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    Remote-sensing applications for Texas (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The earth resources remote sensing activity of Texas and its applications are reported. A combination of digital, photographic, and traditional methods is being used to manage the water impoundments inventory, a land use survey, a wildlife habitat survey, and a coastal zone survey.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 297-299
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  • 23
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    Remote sensing, a sketch of the technology (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Information is provided on how a potential user of remote sensing technology can gain access to all of the products and services he will need to get started. It was envisioned that these include data, training, hardware, and software. A very brief tutorial summary of the fundamentals of the technology is presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 367-370
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  • 24
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    Policy implications in developing a land use management information systems (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The current land use map for the city of Los Angeles was developed by the guesstimation process and provides single stage information for each level in the critical geographical hierarchy for land use planning management. Processing and incorporation of LANDSAT data in the land use information system requires special funding; however, computergraphic maps are able to provide a viable information system for city planning and management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 359-365
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  • 25
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    Multiprocess evolution of landforms in the Kharga Region, Egypt: Applications to Mars (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: In order to understand better the polygenetic evolution of landforms on the martian surface, field studies were conducted in and around the Kharga Depression, Egypt. The Kharga region, on the eastern edge of Egypt's Western Desert, was subject to erosion under mostly hyperarid climatic conditions, punctuated by brief pluvial episodes of lesser aridity, since early Pleistocene time. The region contains numerous landforms analogous to features on the martian surface: yardangs carved in layered surficial deposits and in bedrock, invasive dune trains, wind-modified channels and interfluves, and depressions bounded by steep scarps. Like many of the topographic depresions on Mars, the Kharga Depression was invaded by crescentic dunes. In Egypt, stratigraphic relations between dunes, yardangs, mass-wasting debris, and wind-eroded flash-flood deposits record shifts in the relative effectiveness of wind, water, and mass-wasting processes as a function of climate change.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 225-227
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  • 26
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    Experiments examining the shapes of isolated bars in comparison with those occurring in braided rivers (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Sand bars and islands within braided rivers have characteristic rhomboid or diamond shapes, often becoming very complex in form as the density of islands increases. Similar forms are observed in the martian outflow channels where the islands occur in groups. This contrasts with the more isolated martian islands which have airfoil shapes, as do isolated streamlined islands in rivers and in the Channeled Scabland. These observations indicate that the bar and island forms are controlled by the density of the islands, with increasing island interaction and flow modification as the density increases. As a continuation of previous flume experiments on the shapes of isolated islands, a new series of experiments investigate the modifications produced by a progressive increase in island density, finally leading to a true braided system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 198-199
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  • 27
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    Characteristics of the SIR-A system and images (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Sample images obtained with the Shuttle Imaging Radar A (SIR-A) are presented, along with design and performance features of the SIR-A, Seasat and Landsat images of the same scenes for comparison purposes. The SIR-A functions at the L-band 25 cm at a frequency of 1278 GHz with a spectral bandwidth of 6 MHz. The images were taken at an angle of 47 deg and furnished a resolution of 40 m from an altitude of 259 km. The images covered a ground swath 50 km wide. The images are provided to assist in the development of effective techniques for interpreting radar imagery. The SIR-A instrument is a precursor of another imaging device which will be flown around Venus. The images provided include sections of France, Sardinia and Algeria.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photo Interpretation (ISSN 0031-8523); 23; 4-17
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  • 28
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    Information/user services, summary (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Various aspects of the technology which are available to users now are described. Specific topics discussed include: data distribution: availability of and access to data; technology transfer: system use illustrations and availability of training; hardware systems descriptions: processing hardware constructed and available; data processing techniques: individual processing techniques; and future developments: a sampling of future technology.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 123-127
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  • 29
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    The Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE). Part 2: Yield estimates from meteorological information (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Crop-weather models developed for wheat from an assembled base of approximately 45 years of climatic records and historic wheat yield and production data at the stratum level are described. Utilization of meteorological data acquired by the NOAA satellites is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 63-65
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  • 30
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    Department of the Interior program (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The remote sensing activities of the Department of Interior are summarized. The use of satellite imagery in land and water management is described. Specific topics discussed include: land use mapping, exploration and discovery of metal, oil, and gas deposits, location of geological faults, and repetitive monitoring of dynamic environmental phenomena related to water resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 33-36
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  • 31
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    Lack of agreement over the use and ownership of the internationally shared resources (such as air space, outer space and the oceans) leading to international conflict (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The lack of adequate institutional mechanisms to regulate, monitor and govern the use of commonly owned world resources appears to be politically destabilizing and subject to socioeconomic pressures of overpopulation, food shortages, cartelism, terrorism, and wealth distribution to developing countries. The capacity and propensity to wage war and its potential consequences are elaborated. It is shown that technology is one of the dominant factors affecting the exploration and management of commonly shared resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Future Environment; 29 p
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  • 32
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    Applications of ERTS imagery to mappings sediments of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: ERTS images were compared to surficial geologic maps, prepared through traditional field studies. Lithologic boundaries, bedrock outcrops, bedrock structures, and geomorphologic features were examined. An area southeast of the Twin Cities, located chiefly in northern Dakota County was studied, as well as the New Brighton 15-minute quadrangle located in portions of Ramsey and Anoka Counties. Visual comparison of geologic maps and ERTS imagery demonstrated the limitations of this approach to geological investigations. Bedrock outcrops and bedrock structure in the metropolitan area do not appear on ERTS imagery. However, certain glacial sediments can be identified and are potentially mappable. Certain geomorphological features were also discernable.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Minn. Univ. A study of Minn. Forests and Lakes using Data from Earth Resources Technol. Satellites; 30 p
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  • 33
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    Remote sensing applications to hydrology in Minnesota (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Development of low lying southeastern shore of Pike Lake is described as part of the Rice Creek watershed study. Several small wetlands in Arden Hills, Minnesota were incorporated into the drainage plans as pollutant and nutrient sinks rather than being infilled. Lake water quality in the St. Paul-Minneapolis metropolitan area was analyzed using Landsat images. In the same urban area, the inventory and seasonal change of the open water were also studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: A Study of Minn. Forests and Lakes using Data from Earth Resources Technol. Satellites; 66 p
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  • 34
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    The utility of surface temperature measurements for the remote sensing of surface soil water status (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments carried out on an Avondale loam soil indicated that the thermal inertia concept of soil water content detection is reasonably sound. The volumetric water contents of surface soil layers between 2 and 4 cm thick were found to be linear functions of the amplitude of the diurnal surface soil temperature wave for clear day-night periods. They were also found to be linear functions of the daily maximum value of the surface soil-air-temperature differential. Tests on three additional soils ranging from sandy loam to clay indicated that the relations determined for Avondale loam could not be accurately applied to these other soil types. When the moisture characteristic curves of each soil were used to transform water contents into pressure potentials, however, it was found that soil water pressure potential could be determined without prior knowledge of soil type, and thus its value as a potential soil water status survey tool was significantly enhanced.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; July 20
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    Analysis of Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data for classification of forest stands in Baldwin County, Alabama (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computer-implemented classification has been derived from Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data acquired over Baldwin County, Alabama on January 15, 1983. One set of spectral signatures was developed from the data by utilizing a 3x3 pixel sliding window approach. An analysis of the classification produced from this technique identified forested areas. Additional information regarding only the forested areas. Additional information regarding only the forested areas was extracted by employing a pixel-by-pixel signature development program which derived spectral statistics only for pixels within the forested land covers. The spectral statistics from both approaches were integrated and the data classified. This classification was evaluated by comparing the spectral classes produced from the data against corresponding ground verification polygons. This iterative data analysis technique resulted in an overall classification accuracy of 88.4 percent correct for slash pine, young pine, loblolly pine, natural pine, and mixed hardwood-pine. An accuracy assessment matrix has been produced for the classification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 36
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    Satellite land remote sensing advancements for the eighties; Proceedings of the Eighth Pecora Symposium, Sioux Falls, SD, October 4-7, 1983 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Among the topics discussed are NASA's land remote sensing plans for the 1980s, the evolution of Landsat 4 and the performance of its sensors, the Landsat 4 thematic mapper image processing system radiometric and geometric characteristics, data quality, image data radiometric analysis and spectral/stratigraphic analysis, and thematic mapper agricultural, forest resource and geological applications. Also covered are geologic applications of side-looking airborne radar, digital image processing, the large format camera, the RADARSAT program, the SPOT 1 system's program status, distribution plans, and simulation program, Space Shuttle multispectral linear array studies of the optical and biological properties of terrestrial land cover, orbital surveys of solar-stimulated luminescence, the Space Shuttle imaging radar research facility, and Space Shuttle-based polar ice sounding altimetry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Landsat inventory of surface-mined areas using extendable digital techniques (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Army Eng. Topographic Labs. Workshop for Environmental Applications of Multispectral Imagery; p 253-272
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  • 38
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    Computer mapping of Landsat data for environmental applications (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Army Eng. Topographic Labs. Workshop for Environmental Applications of Multispectral Imagery; p 118-134
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  • 39
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    Offshore oil in the Alaskan Arctic (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Oil and gas deposits in the Alaskan Arctic are estimated to contain up to 40 percent of the remaining undiscovered crude oil and oil-equivalent natural gas within U.S. jurisdiction. Most (65 to 70 percent) of these estimated reserves are believed to occuur offshore beneath the shallow, ice-covered seas of the Alaskan continental shelf. Offshore recovery operations for such areas are far from routine, with the primary problems associated with the presence of ice. Some problems that must be resolved if efficient, cost-effective, environmentally safe, year-round offshore production is to be achieved include the accurate estimation of ice forces on offshore structures, the proper placement of pipelines beneath ice-produced gouges in the sea floor, and the cleanup of oil spills in pack ice areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 225; 371-378
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  • 40
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    Calculations of radar backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered soils (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation has the objective to develop a simple 'user's' model for simulating the measured radar backscattering coefficients from vegetation-covered fields in conjunction with the data obtained by Jackson et al. (1980, 1982). The theoretical work reported by Fung and Eom (1981) provides the basis for the model. Certain modifications are related to a consideration of the effect of a vegetation canopy. The first part of the model is concerned with a description of scatter from rough bare soil, while the second part takes into account the effect of a vegetation cover. It is shown that the measured angular distribution of the backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered fields can be satisfactory reproduced by using the developed model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 119-133
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  • 41
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    Atmospheric effect on classification of finite fields (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The atmospheric effect on the upward radiance of sunlight scattered from the earth-atmosphere system is strongly influenced by the contrasts between fields and their sizes. In this paper, the radiances above finite fields are computed to simulate radiances measured by a satellite. A simulation case including 11 agricultural fields and four natural fields (water, soil, savanah, and forest) is used to test the effect of field size, background reflectance, and optical thickness of the atmosphere on the classification accuracy. For a given atmospheric turbidity, the atmospheric effect on classification of surface features may be much stronger for nonuniform surfaces than for uniform surfaces. Therefore, the classification accuracy of agricultural fields and urban areas is dependent not only on the optical characteristics of the atmosphere, but also on the size of the surface elements to be classified and their contrasts. It is concluded that new atmospheric correction methods, which take into account the finite size of the fields, are needed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 95-118
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  • 42
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    The influence of autocorrelation in signature extraction - An example from a geobotanical investigation of Cotter Basin, Montana (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The presence of positive serial correlation (autocorrelation) in remotely sensed data results in an underestimate of the variance-covariance matrix when calculated using contiguous pixels. This underestimate produces an inflation in F statistics. For a set of Thematic Mapper Simulator data (TMS), used to test the ability to discriminate a known geobotanical anomaly from its background, the inflation in F statistics related to serial correlation is between 7 and 70 times. This means that significance tests of means of the spectal bands initially appear to suggest that the anomalous site is very different in spectral reflectance and emittance from its background sites. However, this difference often disappears and is always dramatically reduced when compared to frequency distributions of test statistics produced by the comparison of simulated training sets possessing equal means, but which are composed of autocorrelated observations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 315-332
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  • 43
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    Objective assessment of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data for land cover mapping (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The validity of using data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) of the satellites NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 for land cover mapping is assessed by making comparisons with much higher resolution LANDSAT multi-spectral scanner (MSS) data. Near synchronous data for both systems are analysed for test sites in the Imperial Valley, California, the Nile Delta, and southern Italy. The results strongly indicate that despite the very coarse resolution of the AVHRR data compared with conventional MSS data they are sufficiently strongly correlated to suggest that the former have significant potential for land cover mapping, especially at small scales and for large areas. Hence the outstanding benefits of AVHRR data, namely their high temporal frequency, relative cheapness and low data volumes for image processing, may readily be taken advantage of for such tasks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 497-504
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  • 44
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    Thermal microwave emission from vegetated fields - A comparison between theory and experiment (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radiometric measurements over bare field and fields covered with grass, soybean, corn, and alfalfa were made with 1.4- and 5-GHz microwave radiometers during August-October 1978. The measured results are compared with radiative transfer theory treating the vegetated fields as a two-layer random medium. It is found that the presence of a vegetation cover generally gives a higher brightness temperature T sub B than that expected from a bare soil. The amount of this T sub B excess increases with increase in the vegetation biomass and in the frequency of the observed radiation. The results of radiative transfer calculations, which include a parameter characterizing ground surface roughness, generally match well with the experimental data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 143-150
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  • 45
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    Inversion of vegetation canopy reflectance models for estimating agronomic variables. II - Use of angle transforms and error analysis as illustrated by Suits' model (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technique for inverting a vegetation canopy reflectance model described earlier (Goel and Strebel, 1983) is investigated further. The novel concept of an 'angle transform' is introduced. This concept allows the formation of functions of reflectances at different view zenith and azimuth angles, which are either sensitive or insensitive to a certain agronomic parameter. A proper combination of these functions can allow determination of all the important agronomic and spectral parameters from measured canopy reflectance data. The technique is demonstrated using Suits' (1972) model for homogeneous canopies. It is shown that leaf area index, leaf reflectance and transmittance, and average leaf angle all can be determined from the canopy reflectance at a set of selected view zenith and azimuth angles. A sensitivity analysis of the calculated values to the errors in the data is also carried out. Guidelines are formulated for the number and types of observations required to obtain the values of a particular canopy variable to within a given degree of accuracy for a given level of error in the measurement of canopy reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 14; 77-111
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  • 46
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    Mapping of glacial landforms from Seasat radar images (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Glacial landforms in the drumlin drift belt of Ireland and the Alaska Range can be identified and mapped from Seasat synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. Drumlins cover 60 percent of the Ireland scene. The width/length ratio of individual drumlins can be measured on the SAR images, allowing regional differences in drumlin shape to be mapped. This cannot be done with corresponding Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) images because of lower spatial resolution and because of shadowing effects that vary seasonally. The Alaska scene shows the extent and nature of morphological features such as medial and lateral moraines, stagnant ice, and fluted ground moraine in glaciated valleys. Perception of these features on corresponding Landsat MSS images is limited by seasonal diffrences in solar illumination. Because SAR is not affected by such differences or by cloud cover, it is particularly well suited for monitoring glacial movement. The disadvantage of distorted high-relief features on Seasat SAR images can be reduced in future SAR systems by modifying the radar illumination geometry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Quaternary Research (ISSN 0033-5894); 22; 314-327
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    Statistical analysis of Thematic Mapper Simulator data for the geobotanical discrimination of rock types in southwest Oregon (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An evaluation of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the geobotanical discrimination of rock types based on vegetative cover characteristics is addressed in this research. A methodology for accomplishing this evaluation utilizing univariate and multivariate techniques is presented. TMS data acquired with a Daedalus DEI-1260 multispectral scanner were integrated with vegetation and geologic information for subsequent statistical analyses, which included a chi-square test, an analysis of variance, stepwise discriminant analysis, and Duncan's multiple range test. Results indicate that ultramafic rock types are spectrally separable from nonultramafics based on vegetative cover through the use of statistical analyses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 525-530
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    Feature selection and the information content of Thematic Mapper simulator data for forest structural assessment (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An assessment is made of the information content of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the case of a forested region, in order to determine the sensitivity of such data to forest crown closure and tree size class. Principal components analysis and Monte Carlo simulation indicated that channels 4, 7, 5 and 3 were optimal for four-channel forest structure analysis. As the number of channels supplied to the Monte Carlo feature selection routine increased, classification accuracy increased. The greatest sensitivity to the forest structural parameters, which included succession within clearcuts as well as crown closure and size class, was obtained from the 7-channel TMS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 482-489
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    A summary of the history of the development of automated remote sensing for agricultural applications (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An historical account is given of the development of technology for the processing of satellite-acquired multispectral data aimed at the identification of the type, condition, and ontogenic stages of agricultural areas. During 1972 and 1973, research established the feasibility of automating digital classification for the processing of large volumes of Landsat MSS data. This capability was successfully demonstrated during the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment, which estimated wheat crop production on a global basis. This achievement in turn led to the Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing, which investigated other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and expanded the study of key commercial crops in important agricultural areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 473-482
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    Use of Landsat-derived profile features for spring small-grains classification (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present model for the temporal behavior of agricultural greenness is applied to the extraction of Landsat-derived profile features, distinguishing small from large grain crops. An additional feature derivable from the temporal behavior of the ratio of greenness to brightness is noted which aids in the separation of crops from other vegetation. A limited training set of 20 pure pixels/class, obtained from ground data, is subjected to the Ho-Kashyap (1965) linear classifier. The initial correct classification value for pure pixels of about 85 percent drops to 75 percent for all Landsat pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 783-797
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    Improved classification of small-scale urban watersheds using thematic mapper simulator data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The utility of Landsat MSS classification methods in the case of small, highly urbanized hydrological basins containing complex land-use patterns is limited, and is plagued by misclassifications due to the spectral response similarity of many dissimilar surfaces. Landsat MSS data for the Conley Creek basin near Atlanta, Georgia, have been compared to thematic mapper simulator (TMS) data obtained on the same day by aircraft. The TMS data were able to alleviate many of the recurring patterns associated with MSS data, through bandwidth optimization, an increase of the number of spectral bands to seven, and an improvement of ground resolution to 30 m. The TMS is thereby able to detect small water bodies, powerline rights-of-way, and even individual buildings.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 761-770
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  • 52
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    Spring wheat-leaf phytomass and yield estimates from airborne scanner and hand-held radiometer measurements (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An attempt has been made to relate hand-held radiometer measurements, and airborne multispectral scanner readings, with both different wheat stand densities and grain yield. Aircraft overflights were conducted during the tillering, stem extension and heading period stages of growth, while hand-held radiometer readings were taken throughout the growing season. The near-IR/red ratio was used in the analysis, which indicated that both the aircraft and the ground measurements made possible a differentiation and evaluation of wheat stand densities at an early enough growth stage to serve as the basis of management decisions. The aircraft data also corroborated the hand-held radiometer measurements with respect to yield prediction. Winterkill was readily evaluated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 771-781
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    Granitic terrains viewed remotely by Shuttle infrared radiometry - Some compositional predictions (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ratios of intensities of near-infrared spectral bands, measured in reflectance, quantitatively predict the iron content of granitic rocks. Such data from the 1.60- and 1.05-micron bands of the Shuttle multispectral infrared radiometer have been used to study granitic rocks along orbits crossing Baja California, Mexico, and the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Both regions are arid and relatively to essentially free of vegetation, and there is no indication in the spectra that surface chemical alteration masks the true composition of the unweathered rock. Predicted values of iron are consistent with known compositional types of most of the rocks along the orbital paths. Results demonstrate that the near-infrared method used is a powerful technique to average the variability of these rocks on the scales of meters to kilometers.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9439-944
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    Retrieval of vertical moisture profiles with microwave radiometry (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical correlation technique is applied to the retrieval of vertical moisture profiles from downlooking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation at microwave wavelengths. Only an optimum subset of available radiometer channels is selected for estimating water vapor at specific pressure levels. To test its validity the algorithm was applied, in a numerical experiment, to 50 independent tropical radiosondes over a sea surface. It was also used to retrieve continuous sequences of atmospheric moisture profiles from a set of data obtained with a 4-channel microwave radiometer carried aboard an aircraft over a land surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 449-451
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    Comparison of sea surface wind speed fields by SEASAT radar altimeter, scatterometer and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer with an emphasis on the Southern Ocean (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The SEASAT altimeter (ALT), scatterometer (SASS), and scanning microwave multichannel radiometer (SMMR) measured sea surface wind speed. During the satellite lifetime from June to October 1978, the Austral winter, the highest wind speeds were recorded in the Southern Ocean. Three-month, monthly, and three-day surface wind speed fields deduced from the three Seasat wind speed sensors are compared. The monthly and three-day fields show a pronounced mesoscale (1000 km) variability in wind speed. At all space and time scales analyzed, differences of 40% are found in the magnitude of the wind speed features, with the ALT consistently yielding the lowest wind speed and the SMMR the highest.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 403-409
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    Passive microwave characteristics of the Bering Sea ice cover during Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) West (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Passive microwave measurements of the Bering Sea were made with the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory during February. Microwave data were obtained with imaging and dual-polarized, fixed-beam radiometers in a range of frequencies from 10 to 183 GHz. The high resolution imagery at 92 GHz provides a particularly good description of the marginal ice zone delineating regions of open water, ice compactness, and ice-edge structure. Analysis of the fixed-beam data shows that spectral differences increase with a decrease in ice thickness. Polarization at 18 and 37 GHz distinguishes among new, young, and first-year sea ice types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 379-384
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    Observation of variations in the composition of sea ice in the Greenland MIZ during early summer 1983 with the Nimbus-7 SMMR (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data acquired with the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 Satellite for a six-week period in Fram Strait were analyzed with a procedure for calculating sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature. Calculations were compared with independent observations made on the surface and from aircraft to check the validity of the calculations based on SMMR data. The calculation of multiyear fraction, which was known to be invalid near the melting point of sea ice, is discussed. The indication of multiyear ice is found to disappear a number of times, presumably corresponding to freeze/thaw cycles which occurred in this time period.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 373-378
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  • 58
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    Soil moisture from temperature measurements at the Earth's surface, update (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Soil moisture budgets at the Earth's surface were investigated based on soil and atmospheric temperature variations. A number of data sets were plotted and statistically analyzed in order to accentuate the existence and the characteristics of mesoscale soil temperature extrema variations and their relations to other parameters. The correlations between diurnal temperature extrema for air and soil in drought and non-drought periods appear to follow different characteristic patterns, allowing an inference of soil moisture content from temperature data. The recovery of temperature extrema after a precipitation event also follows a characteristic power curve rise between two limiting values which is an indicator of evaporation rates. If these indicators are applied universally to regional temperature data, soil moisture content or drought conditions can be inferred directly from temperature measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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    Accuracy of mapping the Earth's gravity field fine structure with a spaceborne gravity gradiometer mission (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spaceborne gravity gradiometer is a potential sensor for mapping the fine structure of the Earth's gravity field. Error analyses were performed to investigate the accuracy of the determination of the Earth's gravity field from a gravity field satellite mission. The orbital height of the spacecraft is the dominating parameter as far as gravity field resolution and accuracies are concerned.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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    SEASAT altimetry for surface height of inland seas (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The capability of spaceborne altimetry to record the level, or monitor changes in the level, of inland seas was assessed. SEASAT altimetry data from Lake Baikal in Siberia; the Caspian, Black, and Aral Seas in the southern Soviet Union; the Great Salt Lake in the United States; lakes and reservoirs in northwestern and central China; and snow cover in northwestern India and on the Tibetan Plateau were examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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    Time dependent land and vegetation canopy temperatures (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple interactive biosphere is presented based on an electrical analog of turbulent transport processes that produce heat and moisture fluxes between land and the atmosphere. A network of resistances that effect temperature or vapor pressure fluxes are identified and entered into the quasi steady state equations. A set of solutions that depict a realistic diurnal cycle is included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 285-291
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    Changes in vegetation spectra with leaf deterioration under two methods of preservation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Changes in leaf spectra caused by mineralization under different conditions of preservation are measured using a three-band portable radiometer which simulates three Thematic Mapper bands 3, 4, and 5. Daily spectral measurements of white oak (Quercus alba) leaves did not distinguish among the fresh, bottled, and bagged vegetation in the spectral bands 3 and 5 for up to four days after collection. The reflected energy of the preserved vegetation increased thereafter, reportedly due to the loss of chlorophyll and dehydration. It is concluded that the measurement procedure is sufficiently sensitive as to discern documented patterns of variation in reflectance measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 1737-174
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    An evaluation of simulated Thematic Mapper data and Landsat MSS data for discriminating suburban and regional land use and land cover (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An airborne multispectral scanner, operating in the same spectral channels as the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), was used in a region east of Denver, CO, for a simulation test performed in the framework of using TM to discriminate the level I and level II classes. It is noted that at the 30-m spatial resolution of the Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) the overall discrimination for such classes as commercial/industrial land, rangeland, irrigated sod, irrigated alfalfa, and irrigated pasture was superior to that of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner, primarily due to four added spectral bands. For residential and other spectrally heterogeneous classes, however, the higher resolution of TMS resulted in increased variability within the class and a larger spectral overlap.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 1713-172
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    EROS main image file - A picture perfect database for Landsat imagery and aerial photography (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Program was established by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1966 under the administration of the Geological Survey. It is primarily concerned with the application of remote sensing techniques for the management of natural resources. The retrieval system employed to search the EROS database is called INORAC (Inquiry, Ordering, and Accounting). A description is given of the types of images identified in EROS, taking into account Landsat imagery, Skylab images, Gemini/Apollo photography, and NASA aerial photography. Attention is given to retrieval commands, geographic coordinate searching, refinement techniques, various online functions, and questions regarding the access to the EROS Main Image File.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Database (ISSN 0162-4105); 7; 35-52
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    Sensitivity of thermal inertia calculations to variations in environmental factors (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The sensitivity of thermal inertia (TI) calculations to errors in the measurement or parameterization of a number of environmental factors is considered here. The factors include effects of radiative transfer in the atmosphere, surface albedo and emissivity, variations in surface turbulent heat flux density, cloud cover, vegetative cover, and topography. The error analysis is based upon data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite for July 1978 at three separate test sites in the deserts of the western United States. Results show that typical errors in atmospheric radiative transfer, cloud cover, and vegetative cover can individually cause root-mean-square (RMS) errors of about 10 percent (with atmospheric effects sometimes as large as 30-40 percent) in HCMM-derived thermal inertia images of 20,000-200,000 pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 211-232
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  • 66
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    Mapping alluvial fans in Death Valley, California, using multichannel thermal infrared images (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Alluvial fans have been mapped in Death Valley, California using NASA's 8-12 micron six-channel airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS). Both composition and relative age differences were recognized. Age unit boundries are generally consistent with those obtained by conventional mapping. Composition was verified by field investigation and comparison with existing geologic maps. Bedrock and its young derived fan gravels have similar emissivities. The original composition of the fans is modified by differential erosion and weathering, permitting relative age mapping with TIMS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1153-115
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  • 67
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    Active airborne infrared laser system for identification of surface rock and minerals (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Emissivity and reflectivity in the thermal infrared spectral region (8-13 microns) may be used to discriminate among rocks and minerals. Although considerable success has been achieved in remote sensing classification of rock types based on emissivity measurements made with NASA's Thermal Infreared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), classification based on reflectivity offers several advantages: much narrower bandwidths are used, higher signal to noise ratios are possible, and measurements are little affected by surface temperature. As a demonstration, an airborne CO2 laser instrument was flown along the margin of Death Valley, California. Measurements of spectral reflectance collected with this device were compared with emissivity measurements made with the TIMS. Data from either instrument provided the means for recognizing boundaries between geologic units including different rock types and fan surfaces of different ages.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1149-115
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  • 68
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    Assessment of Landsat multispectral scanner spectral indexes for monitoring arid rangeland (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Correlations between spectral indices and vegetation parameters in south-central New Mexico were used to determine the utility of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) spectral indices in arid rangeland monitoring. In addition, spectral index change for 1976-1980 was calculated from retrospective MSS data and compared with qualitative ground truth in order to evaluate vegetation change detection by means of spectral indices. Brightness index change consistently differentiated between cover increase and decrease, but index change appears to have been offset from true cover change; this may at least partly be attributed to the failure of the methods used to standardize MSS scenes for differences in sensor response. Green vegetation indices, by contrast to brightness indices, failed to consistently differentiate between cover increase and decrease.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 512-519
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  • 69
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    Considerations of and improvements to large-scale vegetation monitoring (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The NOAA-7 polar orbiting sun-synchronous operational satellite carries the 5-channel advanced very high-resolution radiometer which acquires data globally at a spatial resolution of 4 km on a daily basis. These data provide a means for frequently monitoring global vegetation at continental scales. Techniques for compositing and cloud screening a green leaf density vegetation index product for Africa are presented for 9 sequential days beginning August 16, 1982 and are compared with a semi-operational vegetation index product produced by NOAA.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 496-502
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  • 70
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    All you ever wanted to know about remote sensing (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A brief review of remote sensing state-of-the-art is presented. Emphasis is placed on an understanding of remote sensing terminology. Passive and active sensors and sensor platforms from the spacecraft program to the ground truth program are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 11-28
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  • 71
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    Regional inventories and mapping of land resources and environmental geology using remotely sensed data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Black-and-white stereoscopic aerial photographs at a scale of 1:20,000, 1:40,000, and 1:65,000 and controlled aerial photo mosaics at a scale of 1:24,000 were the basic data utilized for most mapping. Color and color infrared aerial photography (1:20,000) was employed to man the barrier islands, and color infrared photography (1:120,000) was used to map sand and mud units of the coastal plain north of Houston. LANDSAT-1 imagery in Bands 4, 5, and 7 (1:250,000) was utilized to examine land use and certain resource units statewide. Side scanning radar and LANDSAT imagery were studied experimentally toward mapping land suitability units in carbonate terranes with high relief and certain other terranes. Large-scale color and color infrared aerial stereoscopic photographs supply the most information for regional mapping. black-and-white photography is the most practical data for mapping because of scale, complete coverage, availability, and relatively low cost.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Surv. Symp., Vol. 1-B; p 1029-1057
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    Multispectral sensing of citrus young tree decline (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Computer processing of MSS data to identify and map citrus trees affected by young tree decline is analyzed. The data were obtained at 1500-feet altitude in six discrete spectral bands covering regions from 0.53 to 1.3 millimicrons as well as from instrumental ground truths of tree crowns. Measurable spectral reflectance intensity differences are observed in the leaves of healthy and diseased trees, especially at wavelengths of 500 to 600 nm and 700 to 800 nm. The overall accuracy of the method is found to be 89%.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 41; May 1975
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  • 73
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    Earth resources satellite systems for flood monitoring (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The environmental satellites NOAA-2 and ERTS-1 observed flooding in United States' rivers such as the Mississippi during 1973. Combination of NOAA-2 observation frequency and the ERTS-1 resolution provides an adequate satellite system for monitoring floods. Several polar-orbiting satellites of the ERTS type could view flooded areas at a reasonably high resolution every three to five days. A high-resolution earth-synchronous satellite would further enhance flood mapping by providing observations whenever clouds are absent.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Apr. 197
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  • 74
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    Earth observations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The development of the Earth Resources Technology Satellites for making earth observations from space is discussed. The programmatic elements of the ERTS program are defined. The specific results of the program which are considered are as follows: (1) analysis of snowmelt runoff, (2) analysis of Mississippi River floods of 1973, (3) global ice surveys with an electrically scanning microwave radiometer, (4) the microwave signature of snow fields, (5) analysis of strip mining activities, (6) sea surface studies using microwave techniques during the Bering Sea experiment, (7) cloud types and measurement of rainfall, and (8) performance of various remote sensors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci. and Technol.; p 179-233
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  • 75
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    EPA requirements and programs (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The proposed ERTS-DCS system is designed to allow EPA the capability to evaluate, through demonstrable hardware, the effectiveness of automated data collection techniques. The total effectiveness of any system is dependent upon many factors which include equipment cost, installation, maintainability, logistic support, growth potential, flexibility and failure rate. This can best be accomplished by installing the system at an operational environmental control agency (CAMP station) to insure that valid data is being obtained and processed. Consequently, it is imperative that the equipment interface must not compromise the validity of the sensor data nor should the experimental system effect the present operations of the CAMP station. Since both the system which is presently in use and the automatic system would be in operation in parallel, conformation and comparison are readily obtained.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 115-120
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    USDI requirements and programs (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Interior Department plans for the utilization of data collection systems such as the one on ERTS-1 and others scheduled for future use are very briefly discussed. The savings offerred in manpower, acquisition and dissemination of useful data, and the operational potential of data collection systems are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 101-104
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  • 77
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    NOAA requirements and programs (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Service programs in NOAA that contemplate using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GEOS) Data Collection System (DCS) are considered. The GEOS DCS will be operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service of NOAA as an integral part of the national operation environmental satellite program. This plan is concerned with that part of the GEOS program connected with collection and relay of data from remote locations. Service programs include: (1) hydrological data collection; (2) oceanographic data collection; (3) marine observations from data buoys; (4) Tsunami warning service; and (5) meteorological service.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 107-114
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    US Army Corps of Engineers requirements and programs (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Plans by the Corps of Engineers to utilize data collection systems to support their mission of development, utilization, and conservation of the water resources of the Nation, flood control, water management, hydroelectric power, maintenance of navigable waterways, reservoir construction, and river basin control are briefly addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 105-106
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    A summary of ERTS-1 data collection system applications (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Geographically, applications were made over nearly the entire area where direct readout could be accomplished using the data acquisition stations in the ERTS-1 system. The extreme areas included Iceland, the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, Hawaii and Central America. In the discipline sense the majority of applications were in the water resources area with other applications being formally and informally reported in meteorology, oceanography, volcano surveillance and forestry. Installation and maintenance of the data collection platforms, as is true with nearly all new systems, was not accomplished without difficulty. On the whole, however, it has gone well enough so that it is agreed that it is a system which is amenable to installation in a variety of physical situations and the installation is accomplished with an ease commensurate with eventual use in an operational system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 97-100
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  • 80
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    Space data relay systems (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Significant progress has been achieved in simplifying platform concepts through random access techniques. This is particularly important in applications such as balloons where weight is critical. In applications, where weight restriction may not be a problem, the concept lends itself to uncomplicated designs and low cost. Nevertheless, ordered systems offer inherent advantages in managing data flow which justifies their use. With continuing improvements in technology, particularly low power receivers, ordered systems should become quite competitive with random systems for many applications.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 73-82
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    ERTS-1 data collection system: Status and performance (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Data Collection System flown on the first Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) relays earth resources data from remotely located in-situ sensors to Goddard Space Flight Center. Data is received at Goddard at least twice each day from every sensor installation and is distributed to users (who operate the sensors and transmitters) by mail and teletype. The system consists of a data formatting and transmitting unit, called the Data Collection Platform (DCP), a receiver and a retransmitter aboard ERTS-1; and receiving, demodulating and decoding equipment located at the Goldstone, California and Goddard data acquisition stations. Data is transmitted from the data acquisition stations to the ERTS Control Center at Goddard, then to the NASA (ERTS) Data Processing Facility (NDPF) where it is processed and distributed to users. Experience to date indicates that the design of the ERTS-1 Data Collection System is adequate for operational use for 50% of the users and, with minor modifications, could meet the requirements of 75%. Some users will have to augment the system by other data collection techniques to meet their operational requirements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 83-96
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  • 82
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    Auxiliary DCP data acquisition system (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An airborne DCP Data Aquisition System has been designed to augment the ERTS satellite data recovery system. The DCP's are data collection platforms located at pertinent sites. With the appropriate sensors they are able to collect, digitally encode and transmit environmental parameters to the ERTS satellite. The satellite in turn relays these transmissions to a ground station for processing. The satellite is available for such relay duty a minimum of two times in a 24-hour period. The equipment is to obtain continuous DCP data during periods of unusual environmental activity--storms, floods, etc. Two circumstances contributed to the decision to design such a system; (1) Wallops Station utilizes surveillance aircraft in support of rocket launches and also in support of earth resources activities; (2) the area in which Wallops is located, the Delaware and Chesapeake Bay areas, are fertile areas for DCP usage. Therefore, by developing an airborne DCP receiving station and installing it on aircraft more continuous DCP data can be provided from sites in the surrounding areas at relatively low cost.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 65-72
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  • 83
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    ERTS-1 DCS technical support provided by Wallops Station (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Wallops Station accepted the tasks of providing ground truth to several ERTS investigators, operating a DCP repair depot, designing and building an airborne DCP Data Acquisition System, and providing aircraft underflight support for several other investigators. Additionally, the data bank is generally available for use by ERTS and other investigators that have a scientific interest in data pertaining to the Chesapeake Bay area. Working with DCS has provided a means of evaluating the system as a data collection device possibly applicable to ongoing Earth Resources Program activities in the Chesapeake Bay area as well as providing useful data and services to other ERTS investigators. The two areas of technical support provided by Wallops, ground truth stations and repair for DCPs, are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 53-56
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    Performance of the ERTS-1 DCS in a prototype volcano surveillance system (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A prototype volcano surveillance system has been installed on 15 volcanoes in four states and four countries. The need for this system, the techniques used, the method of implementation, the major problems, the results, and the future seen for such a system are briefly reviewed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 31-44
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    USDI DCS technical support: Mississippi Test Facility (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The objective of the technical support effort is to provide hardware and data processing support to DCS users so that application of the system may be simply and effectively implemented. Technical support at Mississippi Test Facility (MTF) is concerned primarily with on-site hardware. The first objective of the DCP hardware support was to assure that standard measuring apparatus and techniques used by the USGS could be adapted to the DCS. The second objective was to try to standardize the miscellaneous variety of parameters into a standard instrument set. The third objective was to provide the necessary accessories to simplify the use and complement the capabilities of the DCP. The standard USGS sites have been interfaced and are presently operating. These sites are stream gauge, ground water level and line operated quality of water. Evapotranspiration, meteorological and battery operated quality of water sites are planned for near future DCP operation. Three accessories which are under test or development are the Chu antenna, solar power supply and add-on memory. The DCP has proven to be relatively easy to interface with many monitors. The large antenna is awkward to install and transport. The DCS has met the original requirements well; it has and is proving that an operation, satellite-based data collection system is feasible.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 57-64
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    Use of ERTS-1 DCS in the management and control of water resources systems (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The ERTS-1 experimental hydrologic Data Collection Platform System that has been established at the New England Division (NED), the reasons for getting involved with the experiment, some of the initial problems associated with the data collection hardware, and a preliminary conclusion based on operating experiences are reviewed. The New England Region includes the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. The entire area consists of approximately 97,000 sq. km. (60,000 square miles), half of which is in the state of Maine. The limits of the NED are all of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont to the western limits of the Connecticut River basin, Massachusetts, Connecticut to the western edge of the Housatonic River basin and Rhode Island. All reservoirs have flood control as a primary purpose. Other uses include water supply, recreation and low flow augmentation. However, none of the reservoirs are presently operated for hydroelectric power, navigation, or irrigation purposes. Basically then, flood control regulation is NED's primary concern.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 45-52
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    Mobile data buoy system (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Mobile Data Buoy System was conceived to serve the users requirement for obtaining water quality parameters from two separate watershed systems. In view of the cost constraints of the ERTS program it was obvious that the network of 10 sampling stations required could not be of the fixed installation type; therefore, it was decided to go to a system of battery powered buoys of a size that could be used in one watershed system for a period of time and then moved to another by use of a relatively small 6.7 m (22 foot) boat. The basic idea of the water quality measurement program was to establish the water quality pattern of change from the headwaters of the watersheds to and through the Mobile Bay. This would allow the investigator to develop a good picture of the state's major water resources and the pressures from pollution that are being imposed. At this point in deployment of this mobile system of buoys, it is too early to put a quantitative value on the system, however it appears less expensive than known fixed installations as to first cost. It has a basic advantage in that it can be moved, at very little expense, to alternate sites where it is desired to obtain water quality data. It is to be noted this buoy system which covers a 80 Km (50 mile) stretch of the Black Warrior River and then skips down 483 Km (300 miles) to Mobile Bay for the next measurements would not be feasible unless there is a satellite to collect and relay the data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Data Collection System; p 21-30
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  • 88
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    Data retransmission from water survey of Canada gauging stations using the ERTS data collection system (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Nine sites were selected for installation of Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) with the objective of obtaining one near real time water level reading a day from each site. Also the dependability, costs and other aspects of the system could be studied and decisions made with respect to the feasibility of operating a much larger network of DCPs. The number of transmissions received each day from the gauging stations varies from a maximum of 26 to 12 and a minimum of 10 to 3, depending on the location. Quality checks of data have indicated that the data are good. None of the nine DCPs have failed once they have been successfully activated. The experience with the ERTS data collection system has been excellent. The DCP appears to be a rugged, reliable piece of equipment. The ones installed at water survey sites have withstood temperatures less than -40 C and the antennas have withstood wind speeds of over 80 kph (50 mph) and snow loads of 0.6 m (2 ft).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 17-20
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    The use of Earth Resources Technology Satellite for relaying hydrologic data in the Delaware River basin (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The earth resources data acquisition systems on ERTS are providing data from the earth's surface that have great potential for resources management. The Data Collection System is providing water resources data several times a day from widely scattered locations in the Delaware River Basin. Within the constraints of an experimental test, the data are being processed and released to water resources agencies in near-real time. The results of ERTS investigations have shown that there is a potential application for satellite-borne systems for earth resources data acquisition. It is becoming clear that the solutions to many natural resource problems can be found faster and more efficiently with the help of data acquisition systems such as those on the ERTS observatory. Under operational conditions, low cost battery-operated DCP's could provide the Geological Survey with data from a large number of field instruments. These data could be used by the Geological Survey to monitor the operational status of field instrumentation and could be used by cooperating agencies to monitor a wide range of earth resources conditions. Under operational conditions, the data flow could be in real time. The delay from time of data acquisition by ERTS to the time of data availability to data users could be reduced to seconds, rather than the present lag time of a few hours.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Data Collection System; p 5-16
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  • 90
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    Water resources, summary (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The application of remote sensing products to the development and understanding of water resources problems is considered. Geology and hydrogeology, analysis of watersheds, snow and ice, prediction of runoff from snowmelt, hydrologic land use classifications, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, flood hazards, and water quality surveys are among the topics discussed. Suggestions for further use of remotely sensed data are given along with increased user requirements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 151-171
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  • 91
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    Land use/state and local users, summary (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Alternative approaches to remote sensing applications in state and local resource management problems are discussed. Examples of application of remotely sensed data are given. User requirements for future applications are emphasized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 129-150
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  • 92
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    Geology, summary (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Trends in geologic application of remote sensing are identified. These trends are as follows: (1) increased applications of orbital imagery in fields such as engineering and environmental geology - some specific applications include recognition of active earthquake faults, site location for nuclear powerplants, and recognition of landslide hazards; (2) utilization of remote sensing by industry, especially oil and gas companies, and (3) application of digital image processing to mineral exploration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 99-121
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  • 93
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    The Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE). Part 3: A systematic approach to the practical application of remote-sensing technology (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The application of remote sensing technology by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is examined. The activities of the USDA Remote-Sensing User Requirement Task Force which include cataloging USDA requirements for earth resources data, determining those requirements that would return maximum benefits by using remote sensing technology and developing a plan for acquiring, processing, analyzing, and distributing data to satisfy those requirements are described. Emphasis is placed on the large area crop inventory experiment and its relationship to the task force.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 66-77
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  • 94
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    Applications of earth resources technology to human needs (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The application of remote sensing technology in the fields of health and education is examined. The technology and accomplishments of ATS 6 and the development of a nationwide telecommunications system to meet the varied needs of the health and education communities are among the topics discussed. The economic and social aspects of utilizing and benefiting from remote sensing technology are stressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 29-32
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  • 95
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    Turbidity in extreme western Lake Superior (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data were obtained from ERTS images for western Lake Superior for 1972-74. Data examination showed that for easterly winds the turbidity originating along the Wisconsin shore and the resuspension areas are transported northward then out along a N.E. path where it disperses, and often, for large storms, contaminates the Duluth water intake. Contaminants such as dredging fines anywhere along these paths would likewise find their way to the intake areas in concentrations comparable to the relative red clay concentration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: A Study of Minn. Forests and Lakes using Data from Earth Resources Technol. Satellites; 25 p
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  • 96
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    Geophysical studies of floating ice by remote sensing (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper presents an overview of recent remote-sensing techniques as applied to geophysical studies of floating ice. The current increase in scientific interest in floating ice has occurred during a time of rapid evolution of both remote-sensing platforms and sensors. Mesoscale and macroscale studies of floating ice are discussed under three sensor categories: visual, passive microwave, and active microwave. The specific studies that are reviewed primarily investigate ice drift and deformation, and ice type and ice roughness identification and distribution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 97
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    Satellites - New global observing techniques for ice and snow (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility that the variation in areal extent of the snow cover may be related by empirical means to the average monthly run-off in a given watershed was demonstrated by comparing run-off records from the Indus River Basin in south-east Asia with a series of snow-cover maps obtained from Nimbus-3 and 4 imagery. Similar studies using the higher spatial resolution available with ERTS-1 imagery were carried out for the Wind River Mountains watersheds in Wyoming, where it was found that the empirical relationship varied with mean elevation of the watershed. In addition, digital image enhancement techniques are shown to be useful for identifying glacier features thought to be related to extent of snow cover, moraine characteristics, debris coverage, and the like. Finally, longer wavelength observations using sensors on board the Nimbus-5 satellite are shown to be useful for indicating crystal size distributions and onset of melting on glacier snow cover.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 98
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    Satellite microwave observations of the Utah Great Salt Lake Desert (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave data acquired over the Great Salt Lake Desert area by sensors aboard Skylab and Nimbus 5 indicate that the microwave emission and backscatter were strongly influenced by contributions from subsurface layers of sediment saturated with brine. This phenomenon was observed by Skylab's S-194 radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz, S-193 RADSCAT (Radiometer-Scatterometer) operating at 13.9 GHz, and the Nimbus 5 ESMR (Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer) operating at 19.35 GHz. The availability of ESMR data over an 18-month period allowed an investigation of temporal variations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Nov. 197
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  • 99
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    A comparison between active and passive sensing of soil moisture from vegetated terrains (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comparison between active and passive sensing of soil moisture over vegetated areas is studied via scattering models. In active sensing three contributing terms to radar backscattering can be identified: (1) the ground surface scatter term; (2) the volume scatter term representing scattering from the vegetation layer; and (3) the surface volume scatter term accounting for scattering from both surface and volume. In emission three sources of contribution can also be identified: (1) surface emission; (2) upward volume emission from the vegetation layer; and (3) downward volume emission scattered upward by the ground surface. As ground moisture increases, terms (1) and (3) increase due to increase in permittivity in the active case. However, in passive sensing, term (1) decreases but term (3) increases for the same reason. This self conpensating effect produces a loss in sensitivity to change in ground moisture. Furthermore, emission from vegetation may be larger than that from the ground. Hence, the presence of vegetation layer causes a much greater loss of sensitivity to passive than active sensing of soil moisture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Scattering Models in the Microwave Regime; 35 p
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  • 100
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    Scattering from randomly oriented circular discs with application to vegetation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A vegetation layer is modeled by a collection of randomly oriented circular discs over a half space. The backscattering coefficient from such a half space is computed using the radiative transfer theory. It is shown that significantly different results are obtained from this theory as compared with some earlier investigations using the same modeling approach but with restricted disc orientations. In particular, the backscattered cross polarized returns cannot have a fast increasing angular trend which is inconsistent with measurements. By setting the appropriate angle of orientation to zero the theory reduces to previously published results. Comparisons are shown with measurements taken from milo, corn and wheat and good agreements are obtained for both polarized and cross polarized returns.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Scattering Models in the Microwave Regime; 10 p
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