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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (955)
  • Chemical Engineering  (850)
  • 1980-1984  (1,094)
  • 1975-1979  (711)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1981  (1,094)
  • 1975  (711)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,094)
  • 1975-1979  (711)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    The long term energy problem and aeronautics (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The projected increase in energy consumption by transportation in general and civil aviation in particular is directly opposed to the dwindling supplies of natural petroleum crude oil currently used to produce aircraft fuels. This fact dictates the need to develop even more energy conservative aircraft and propulsion systems than are currently available and to explore the potential of alternative fuels to replace the current petroleum derived hydrocarbons. Advances in technology are described in the areas of improved component efficiency, aircraft and engine integration, control systems, and advanced lightweight materials that are needed to maximize performance and minimize fuel usage. Also, improved turbofan and unconventional engine cycles which can provide significant fuel usage reductions are described. These advancements must be accomplished within expected environmental constraints such as noise and pollution limits. Alternative fuels derived from oil shale and coal are described, and the possible technological advancements needed to use these fuels in aircraft engines are discussed and evaluated with relation to potential differences in fuel characteristics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 183-210
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  • 2
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    Citizen's actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The role played by individual citizens as consumers of energy was examined, with emphasis on studying ways in which their action could result in energy conservation. It was shown that there are ways that energy can be conserved in this way, with citizens acting either individually or in groups. The potential savings are significant, but the actual savings may be quite small. The citizens need to be motivated to save and to believe in a conservation ethic; developing such an ethic is difficult, and perhaps not responsive to the shotgun approach now being attempted. The true course of action may be to synthesize new societal structures that provide the maximum evolution of culture within the limitation of scarce energy resources.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 16 p
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  • 3
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    Input-output analysis of some sector actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Selected energy conservation actions previously discussed in depth but separately in the areas of the energy industry, the industry sector, the transportation sector, and the residential and commercial sector, were brought together and assessed as a group. Particular emphasis was devoted to identifying secondary or indirect impacts and multiple interactions. Preliminary results obtained from the ECASTAR energy input-output model suggest that the impacts of energy conservation actions can be grossly misrepresented if secondary impacts are not included in the assessment. A methodology which stresses the importance of secondary and multiple interactions permeates the underlying philosophy of this discussion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. 16p (SEE N76-21686 12-44)
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  • 4
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    Future US energy demands based upon traditional consumption patterns lead to requirements which significantly exceed domestic supply (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Energy consumption in the United States has risen in response to both increasing population and to increasing levels of affluence. Depletion of domestic energy reserves requires consumption modulation, production of fossil fuels, more efficient conversion techniques, and large scale transitions to non-fossile fuel energy sources. Widening disparity between the wealthy and poor nations of the world contributes to trends that increase the likelihood of group action by the lesser developed countries to achieve political and economic goals. The formation of anticartel cartels is envisioned.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Future Environment; 39 p
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  • 5
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    Hydrogen utilization and alternatives (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The historical uses of hydrogen are described along with potential new uses which could develop as a result of the diminishing supply of conventional fossil fuels such as natural gas. A perspective view of hydrogen, both as a chemical feedstock and as a fuel, is necessary to understand its relationship to the overall national energy projections. These projections, which show energy usage in terms of use sectors, forms of energy, and sources of energy, do not specifically identify hydrogen as a component of the energy system. By superimposing the traditional roles upon the new opportunities for hydrogen on the energy projections, the role of hydrogen and future projections is developed within the context of the national energy projections. Use, supply, and other factors affecting application are interrelated and are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 47 p
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  • 6
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    Production cost methods and data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The general gas cost equation for utility financing is presented. Modifications and assumptions made in order to apply the cost equation to hydrogen production are described. Cost data are given for various methods of hydrogen production. The cost matrix procedure is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 10 p
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  • 7
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    Factors affecting the broadened use of hydrogen (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The future role of hydrogen is considered. Specific factors discussed include: storage, transmission, and distribution problems; materials compatibility and safety; environmental and social implications of increased hydrogen usage; and the economics related to expanding hydrogen use.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 21 p
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  • 8
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    Supply options (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of captive hydrogen (produced and consumed on site) and merchant hydrogen (externally supplied) is considered. A low-merchant-captive ratio market and a high-merchant-captive ratio market are described and compared.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 8 p
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  • 9
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    Economics (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Tables covering the selling price of hydrogen as a function of each process temperature studied are presented. Estimated selling price, based on capital costs and operating and maintenance costs, is included. In all cases, no credit was given for the methane component of hydrogen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 17 p
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  • 10
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    Hydrogen from coal (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Hydrogen production from coal by hydrogasification is described. The process involves the solubilization of coal to form coal liquids, which are hydrogasified to produce synthetic pipeline gas; steam reforming this synthetic gas by a nuclear heat source produces hydrogen. A description is given of the hydrogen plant, its performance, and its effect on the environment.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 8 p
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  • 11
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    Environmental considerations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comparison was made between the environmental impact of the present nuclear-heated process and the currently commercial hydrogen-producing process utilizing coal for heating, i.e., the Lurgi coal gasification process. This comparison is based on the assumption that both plants produce the same quantity of H2, i.e., 269 cu m/sec of approximately the same purity, that all pollution abatement equipment is of the same design and efficiency for both the Lurgi process and the nuclear process, and that the energy required for the fresh nuclear fuel and the fuel recycle is generated in a power plant which is also provided with pollution abatement equipment. The pollution caused by the auxiliary units is also taken into account. As regards process water usage, the data show that the water required for the nuclear route, including the nuclear fuel production, is approximately 78% of that required for the Lurgi route.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 15 p
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  • 12
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    Process description (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The production of hydrogen from coal by hydrogasification and subsequent steam hydrocarbon reforming was studied. Process heat and power requirements are supplied by an HTGR. The process is examined as a function of a maximum reforming (process) temperature of 922 K (1200 F) to 1367 K (2000 F). The major parameters for the five cases selected are summarized in a table. A fixed thermal capacity of 3000 MW for the HTGR heat source was used as a basis. The resulting hydrogen production rates and the corresponding hydrogen purity are also given in a table.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 96 p
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  • 13
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    Production of hydrogen by direct gasification of coal with steam using nuclear heat (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems related to: (1) high helium outlet temperature of the reactor, and (2) gas generator design used in hydrogen production are studied. Special attention was given to the use of Oklahoma coal in the gasification process. Plant performance, operation, and environmental considerations are covered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 14
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    Citizen's actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The various ways in which energy may be conserved by individual citizens as consumers were explored. The following barriers against citizens implementing an effective conservation program were described: credibility gap between producers and consumers, consumptive lifestyles, inverted rate structure, low fuel costs, and initial costs compared to life cycle costs. The following indices for saving energy were identified: time to develop alternatives, scarcity of fuels, reduction of dependence on imports, and decreasing environmental pollution. The various approaches to encourage energy conservation by individuals were described, followed by specific conclusions and recommendations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 42-49
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  • 15
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    Example of input-output analysis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thirty sectors included in the ECASTAR energy input-output model were listed. Five of these belong to energy producing sectors, fifteen to manufacturing industries, two to residential and commercial sectors, and eight to service industries. The model is capable of tracing impacts of an action in three dimensions: dollars, BTU's of energy, and labor. Four conservation actions considered were listed and then discussed separately, dealing with the following areas: increase in fuel efficiency, reduction in fuel used by the transportation and warehousing group, manufacturing of smaller automobiles, and a communications/transportation trade-off.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 15-20
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  • 16
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    New energy technologies for buildings (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The principal objective of the present work is to identify a variety of strategic approaches which could significantly enhance the rate of commercial development and deployment of total energy systems, fuel cells, and solar conversion. Emphasis is on the need for integration of research, conference, legislation, federal program, and industrial program aspects, leading to a fruitful feedback and follow-through process involving new energy technologies. The discussions are on a general, lay level. Recommendations made feature (1) action which improves the environment for innovation and change, (2) action which decreases risk and creates positive incentives, and (3) action which reflects the distance a particular technology is from commercialization and widespread use, as determined by its position on a development/diffusion scale.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 17
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    Laser energy conversion (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Laser radiation could possibly provide a feasible approach for the transmission of energy between stations and vehicles in space and on earth. The transmitted energy could be used for the operational requirements of the receiving space station, lunar base, or spacecraft. In addition, laser energy could also be employed to provide power for the propulsion of vehicles in space. The present status of development regarding the various technological areas involved in an implementation of these objectives is examined, taking into account the possibility of further advances needed to satisfy the technical requirements. Attention is given to laser-induced chemistry for converting the radiation energy into chemical energy. Other subjects considered are related to photovoltaics, optical diodes, thermo-electronics, laser rockets, and photon engines.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; July-Aug
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  • 18
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    Conservation and the industry sector (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following six highly energy intensive industries were studied as targets of energy conservation opportunity: food and kindred products, paper and allied products, chemicals and allied products, petroleum and coal products, stone, glass and clay products, and primary manufacturing. After studying conservation actions within each industry the actions were grouped under three broad categories: increased combustion efficiency, process improvement, and good housekeeping. Some of the results were: (1) approximately 2.18 quads could be saved in 1980 and 2.57 quads in 1985 by installing cogenerative facilities in 50% of the industries, (2) regenerative air-preheaters could result in a 10-15% increase in furnace efficiency representing a 15-25% fuel savings (2.3 to 3.9 quads in 1980 and 2.7 to 4.5 quads in 1985), (3) several major industries have potential for energy savings by recycling-aluminum (0.2 quads), steel (1 quad), glass (0.006 quads), paper and cement (0.08 quads).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 14 p
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  • 19
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    ECASTAR systems approach (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The methodology of ECASTAR was presented and a discussion of the application of technology to energy conservation was given. This methodology constitutes an overview and blueprint for the analysis of energy conservation actions, and is subdivided into the following sections: the systems approach, constraints and criteria, application of the method (systems approach display, ECASTAR team, study phases and objectives, requirements and impacts, trade-off, integration, and feedback), an example of the method (technology applications).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 30 p
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  • 20
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    Hydrogen uses (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Brief descriptions are given of some of the present and future uses of hydrogen. Industrial synthesis, process uses, and applications to other sectors of the national economy are also considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 8 p
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  • 21
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    European activities in the hydrogen energy field (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Research activities in the hydrogen energy field in the European community are reviewed. Countries included in the discussion are: Austria, Belgium, England, Federal Republic of Germany, and Italy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 3 p
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  • 22
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    Three strategies for conservation (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The three strategies considered as energy conservation oriented were given: national energy conservation, electrification, and diversification. The first one applies to the near term period (now-1985), the second one to the mid term (1985-2000), and the third one to the far term (2000- ). The rest of this section was focussed on the near term period. The following proposed actions were considered: (1) roll back the price of newly discovered oil, (2) force conversion of many power plants from gas and oil to coal, (3) freeze gasoline production for three years at 1972 levels, (4) mandate automobile mileage requirements, (5) require industry to improve energy efficiency, and (6) require manufacture of household appliances with greater efficiency. Each of these six actions was described and discussed in more detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 20-30
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  • 23
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    ECASTAR methodology (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The methodology used for the ECASTAR study was described. A systems approach was utilized, in conjunction with the following tools: input/output economic analysis, net economics, and net energetics. Some of the considerations between the objective of ECASTAR, which is to assess the potential for and impacts of various energy conservation actions, were listed. These include: data base, constraints and criteria, identification and classification of energy conservation actions, relationship between actions of the conservation sector and requirements of other sectors, evaluation of actions with respect to constraints and criteria, evaluation of impacts of energy conservation actions, and presentation of the results. Each one of these topics was discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 10-15
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  • 24
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    Technique for producing 'good' GaAs solar cells using poor-quality substrates (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Relatively good GaAs solar cells can be made from poor-quality substrates by making the junction deep (greater than 1 micron) instead of shallow and by 'leaching' both the pGaAs and nGaAs regions during the growth process. AM0 efficiencies of 14.7% (19% AM1) have been obtained from substrates with starting substrate diffusion lengths of 0.6 micron.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 27; Oct. 15
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  • 25
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    Wind power (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A historical background on windmill use, the nature of wind, wind conversion system technology and requirements, the economics of wind power and comparisons with alternative systems, data needs, technology development needs, and an implementation plan for wind energy are presented. Considerable progress took place during the 1950's. Most of the modern windmills feature a wind turbine electricity generator located directly at the top of their rotor towers.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 26
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    High-efficiency graded band-gap Al/x/Ga/1-x/As-GaAs solar cell (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed theoretical analysis of an n-on-p graded band-gap Al(x)Ga(1-x)As-GaAs solar cell yields a maximum air mass zero power conversion efficiency of 17% compared to 9% for a similar GaAs cell. The analysis includes surface and bulk minority carrier recombination, junction recombination current, spectrally varying surface reflection, and series resistance loss. The maximum efficiency is determined for a surface recombination velocity of 10,000 cm/sec and hole and electron diffusion lengths of 2.1 and 7.6 microns, respectively. The improved efficiency is primarily due to a built-in electric field, caused by the band-gap gradation, accelerating photogenerated holes toward the p-n junction. This field reduces the surface and bulk recombination of the holes, and thereby enhances their collection.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 26; Apr. 15
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  • 27
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    Transport velocity transformation - A convenient method for performance analysis of multilayer solar cell structure (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that in the case of low-level injection, space-charge quasi-neutrality, and spatially constant material parameters (including an electrostatic field), the individual layer can be treated analytically and the basic solar cell performance parameters can be evaluated from three equations. The first equation represents the transformation of the transport velocity across the layer from the other layer boundary. The second establishes the light-generated current output from the layer interface, under the influence of the transport velocities and minority-carrier density at both layer boundaries and of bulk recombination. The third equation describes the flow of these carriers across other layers. The power of the approach is considered to lie in its facility for analysis of the solar cell's performance layer by layer, giving a clear picture of the individual layer's influence on cell efficiency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-28; May 1981
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  • 28
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    Solar cell measurements (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The measurement of the electrical performance characteristics of individual solar cells is discussed. One of the reasons is determination of the output power, measurement of the effect of various degradation mechanisms, and separation of cells by current and voltage for eventual use in series and parallel combinations. Major problem areas in making accurate performance measurements are the determination of the irradiance level during measurement, the measurement and control of cell junction temperature, and the contacting of the separate current and potential leads to the cell under test. Solar cells respond to only part of the solar spectrum, irradiance measurement made with blackbody detectors lead to spectral mismatch errors. The use of reference cells with a spectral response similar to that of the test cell reduces this error. Reference cells are calibrated at standard atmospheric conditions with all cells calibrated at the same conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Midwest Research Inst. Com. Photovoltaics Meas. Workshop Proc.; p 227-233
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  • 29
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    Photovoltaics (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The federal government has sponsored a program of research and development on terrestrial photovoltaic systems that is designed to reduce the costs of such systems through technological advances. There are many potential paths to lower system costs, and successful developments have led to increased private investment in photovoltaics. The prices for photovoltaic collectors and systems that appear to be achievable within this decade offer hope that the systems will soon be attractive in utility applications within the United States. Most of the advances achieved will also be directly applicable to the remote markets in which photovoltaic systems are now commercially successful
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Science; 212; June 26
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  • 30
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    Production of hydrogen by electron transfer catalysis using conventional and photochemical means (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Alternate methods of generating hydrogen from the sulfuric acid thermal or electrochemical cycles are presented. A number of processes requiring chemical, electrochemical or photochemical methods are also presented. These include the design of potential photoelectrodes and photocatalytic membranes using Ru impregnated nafion tubing, and the design of experiments to study the catalyzed electrolytic formation of hydrogen and sulfuric acid from sulfur dioxide and water using quinones as catalysts. Experiments are carried out to determine the value of these approaches to energy conversion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 233-236
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  • 31
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    Overview of the Chemical/Hydrogen Energy Systems (C/HES) program (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The production, storage and transmission, and utilization of hydrogen are included. Management structure and the programmatic emphasis are summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 141-144
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  • 32
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    Chemical/Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Electrochemical and thermochemical systems are reviewed. Chemical heat pumps, end-use applications and systems studies, and storage systems and materials are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 145-149
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  • 33
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    An experimental study of SO3 dissociation as a mechanism for converting and transporting solar energy (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The high temperature catalytic dissocation of SO3 is an important chemical process being considered in the development and application of solar-thermal energy conversion, transport, and storage systems. A facility for evaluating chemical converter-heat exchangers at temperatures to 1000 C with high flow rates of gaseous SO3 feedstock has been assembled and operated on the NMSU campus. Several quartz and metal reactors containing different catalyst configurations have been tested. Descriptions of the test facility and of the reactors are given along with a presentation and discussion of experimental results.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 5, 19; 1981
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  • 34
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    Production cost comparisons of hydrogen from fossil and nuclear fuel and water decomposition (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The comparative costs entailed in producing hydrogen by major technologies that rely on petroleum, natural gas, coal, thermochemical cycles, and electrolysis are examined. Techniques were developed for comparing these processes by formulating the process data and economic assessments on a uniform and consistent basis. These data were normalized to permit a meaningful comparative analysis of product costs of these processes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 227-231
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    Orbiter fuel cell improvement assessment (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The history of fuel cells and the theory of fuel cells is given. Expressions for thermodynamic and electrical efficiencies are developed. The voltage losses due to electrode activation, ohmic resistance and ionic diffusion are discussed. Present limitations of the Orbiter Fuel Cell, as well as proposed enhancements, are given. These enhancements are then evaluated and recommendations are given for fuel cell enhancement both for short-range as well as long-range performance improvement. Estimates of reliability and cost savings are given for enhancements where possible.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 27 p
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    NASA's proposed fuel cell program, appendix C (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA's Role in Terrest. Energy R&T; 61 p
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  • 37
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    Contact resistivities of sputtered TiN and Ti-TiN metallizations on solar-cell-type-silicon (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The resistivities of TiN and Ti-TiN contacts on a shallow junction solar-cell-type silicon substrate have been determined by the method of the transmission line model. The contacts investigated are shown to be suitable for standard solar cells from an electrical point of view. Contact resistivity values of the order of 0.0001 ohm/sq cm as obtained for the n(+)Si-TiSi2-TiN contact system may be acceptable for concentrations up to 100 times, but lower values are necessary beyond this point.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 4, 19; 1981
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  • 38
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    Solar-assisted gas-energy water-heating feasibility for apartments (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies of residential energy use, solar-energy technology for buildings, and the requirements for implementing technology in the housing industry led to a project to develop a solar water heater for apartments. A design study for a specific apartment was used to establish a solar water-heater cost model which is based on plumbing contractor bids and manufacturer estimates. The cost model was used to size the system to minimize the annualized cost of hot water. The annualized cost of solar-assisted gas-energy water heating is found to be less expensive than electric water heating but more expensive than gas water heating. The feasibility of a natural gas utility supplying the auxiliary fuel is evaluated. It is estimated that gas-utilizing companies will find it profitable to offer solar water heating as part of a total energy service option or on a lease basis when the price of new base-load supplies of natural gas reaches $2.50-$3.00 per million Btu.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 39
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    Electrification (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrification was chosen for an assessment of conservation impact because it is almost the sole consumer of coal and nuclear power, and because electrical end use can be made to have higher overall efficiency than many present direct fuel uses. The important actions within electrification that were examined are those with the greatest impacts (coal and nuclear), the greatest technological requirements (peak shaving and transmission), and the greatest response from the decision makers (economic health and growth of utilities in an era of increasing energy costs.) A list of recommendations relating to the study of electrification was given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 25 p
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  • 40
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    Energy conservation and the transportation sector (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present status of the energy implications of the transportation systems in the United States was illustrated, with primary emphasis on the technologies and methods for achieving a substantial reduction in the associated energy price (approximately 25% of the nation's energy is consumed directly in the operation of these systems). These technologies may be classified as follows: (1) improvement of system efficiency (system operations or technological), (2) substitution for scarce energy resources (electrification, alternate fuels, use of man power, recycling), (3) curtailment of end use (managed population growth rate, education of citizenry, alternatives to personal transportation, improved urban planning, reduced travel incentives). Examples and illustrations were given. Thirty-four actions were chosen on the basis of a preliminary filtering process with the objective of: (1) demonstrating a methodological approach to arrive at logical and consistent conservation action packages, (2) recommending a viable and supportable specific set of actions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 26 p
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  • 41
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    Conservation: Toward firmer ground (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following aspects of energy conservation were discussed: conservation history and goals, conservation modes, conservation accounting-criteria, and a method to overcome obstacles. The conservation modes tested fall into one of the following categories: reduced energy consumption, increased efficiency of energy utilization, or substitution of one or more forms of energy for another which is in shorter supply or in some sense thought to be of more value. The conservation accounting criteria include net energy reduction, economic, and technical criteria. A method to overcome obstacles includes (approaches such as: direct personal impact (life style, income, security, aspiration), an element of crisis, large scale involvement of environmental, safety, and health issues, connections to big government, big business, big politics, involvement of known and speculative science and technology, appeal to moral and ethical standards, the transient nature of opportunities to correct the system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 10 p
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  • 42
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    The political economy of conservation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A political economic purview of energy conservation in the United States was delineated. The concepts of substitution and elasticity are distinguished, and further distinctions are made between short run price elasticity, cross price elasticity, and available fund elasticity. An assessment of the role which cost factors can play in conservation is given. The structure of the petroleum industry and foreign petroleum resources is discussed. Also discussed is the role of government, industry and the consumer with the economic sphere.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 10 p
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  • 43
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    Technology issues (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Factors affecting the use of hydrogen are discussed. These include: efficiency, economics, and environmental effects. Emphasis is placed on the state of development of the technologies of hydrogen production, handling, and use. The needs and deficiencies in the present technologies and the ability to meet these needs effectively are considered in detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 6 p
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  • 44
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    Future hydrogen use (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of hydrogen is related to energy consumption because hydrogen is primarily used as a feedstock in petroleum processing and in the manufacture of ammonia, methanol, and other chemicals. National energy scenarios are selected as a basis for projecting how much hydrogen will be required for established uses and how these quantities might be affected by new energy system uses for hydrogen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 6 p
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  • 45
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    ECASTAR summary and recommendations (1975)
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    Description: A methodology was presented for a systems approach to energy conservation, where conservation was depicted as the result of any action that improves the energy situation of the United States in the present and near future. The relevant constraints and criteria and their application were discussed. Among the most important are the present (capitalistic) structure of the American economy, the lead times necessary for implementation of relevant technologies, and the desire of most policymakers to maintain a reasonable standard of living with a reasonable amount of invulnerability to foreign discretion. The objective of the design group was the assessment of the potential and impact of conservation action in the United States. The U.S. economy was divided into four sectors: energy industry, industry, residential/commercial, and transportation. Each sector was analyzed for conservation actions and their impacts. The sector analysis was characterized as the system design or construction phase.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 13 p
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  • 46
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    National energy conservation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A set of energy conservation actions that cut across all sectors of the economy were analyzed so that all actions under consideration be analyzed systematically and as a whole. The actions considered were as follows: (1) roll back the price of newly discovered oil, (2) freeze gasoline production for 3 years at 1972 levels, (3) mandate automobile mileage improvements, (4) require industry to improve energy efficiency, (5) require manufacture of household appliances with greater efficiency, (6) force conversion of many power plants from gas and oil to coal. The results showed that considerable gas and oil would be saved by forcing switches to coal. However, the large scale switch to coal was shown to require greatly increased outputs from many other industries that in turn require more energy. It was estimated that nearly 2.5 quads of additional coal were needed to produce these additional requirements. Also, the indirect requirements would create more jobs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 33 p
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  • 47
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    Hydrogen market survey (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Summary tables are given for the domestic consumption of hydrogen. Data cover chemicals, refinery operations, steelmaking, and synthetic fuels. Data show major consumption to be in the area of synthetic fuel production from coal and oil shale.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 16 p
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  • 48
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    Technological assessment of selected hydrogen processes (1975)
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    Description: The production of hydrogen by steam-methane reforming is discussed. Data cover production capacity, heat sources, reformer process conditions, shift conversion, and purification.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 16 p
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  • 49
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    Diversification: Far term (2000 - ) (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diversification, intended to underly the far term of the energy conservation program, was defined to imply conservation through substitution for scarce energy resources by maximizing the total number of viable energy system types in every sector. The following requirements or aspects of diversification that must be studied were given: fuel mix and end use patterns for various alternative diversification plans, current status of diversification, advantages and disadvantages of diversification, constraints and criteria, diversification actions and their controls, and means for implementing the chosen diversification strategy. The following advantages resulting from diversification were described: competition, crisis-related situations, local energy production, decentralized plant locations, long range energy policy, and environmental overloads. The major criteria by which a diversification program should be judged, the major constraints affecting the approaches, and the road to diversification, were elaborated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 37-42
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  • 50
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    Conservation: Toward firmer ground (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following aspects of energy conservation were reviewed in order to place the problems in proper perspective: history and goals, conservation accounting-criteria, and a method to overcome obstacles. The effect of changing prices and available supplies of energy sources and their causes on consumption levels during the last few decades were described. Some examples of attainable conservation goals were listed and justified. A number of specific criteria applicable to conservation accounting were given. Finally, a discussion was presented to relate together the following aspects of energy conservation: widespread impact, involvement of government, industry, politics, moral and ethical aspects, urgency and time element.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 4-10
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    Status of the microwave power transmission components for the solar power satellite (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During the 1970-1980 time period a substantial advance has been made in developing all portions of a microwave power transmission system for the solar power satellite (SPS). The most recent advances pertain to the transmitting portion of the system in the satellite and are based upon experimental observations of the use of the magnetron combined with a passive directional device to convert it into a highly efficient directional amplifier with excellent low-noise properties and potentially very long life. The ability of its microwave output to track a phase reference makes it possible to combine it with many other radiating units to provide a highly coherent microwave beam. The ability of its output to track an amplitude reference while operating from a dc power source with varying voltage makes it possible to eliminate most of the power conditioning equipment that would otherwise be necessary.
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    Status of 100 kW experimental wind turbine generator project (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 21-36
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  • 53
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    Dispersed solar thermal generation employing parabolic dish-electric transport with field modulated generator systems (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper discusses the application of field modulated generator systems (FMGS) to dispersed solar-thermal-electric generation from a parabolic dish field with electric transport. Each solar generation unit is rated at 15 kWe and the power generated by an array of such units is electrically collected for insertion into an existing utility grid. Such an approach appears to be most suitable when the heat engine rotational speeds are high (greater than 6000 r/min) and, in particular, if they are operated in the variable speed mode and if utility-grade a.c. is required for direct insertion into the grid without an intermediate electric energy storage and reconversion system. Predictions of overall efficiencies based on conservative efficiency figures for the FMGS are in the range of 25 per cent and should be encouraging to those involved in the development of cost-effective dispersed solar thermal power systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 1, 19; 1981
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  • 54
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    Diversification of energy sources (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The concept of energy source diversification was introduced as a substitution conservation action. The current status and philosophy behind a diversification program is presented in the context of a national energy policy. Advantages, disadvantages (constraints), and methods of implementation for diversification are discussed. The energy source systems for diversification are listed and an example impact assessment is outlined which deals with the water requirements of the specific energy systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 15 p
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  • 55
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    Energy conservation and the residential and commercial sector (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed analysis of energy conservation actions relevant to the residential and commercial sector has led to the conclusion that the potential for savings is great. The task will not be easy, however, since many of the actions require significant life style changes that are difficult to accomplish. Furthermore, many of the conservation actions cited as instant solutions to the energy crisis are those with only mid to long term potential, such as solar energy or heat pumps. Three significant conservation approaches are viable: adjusting price structure, mandating actions, and educating consumers. The first two appear to be the most feasible. But they are not without a price. Higher utility bills adversely affect the poor and the elderly on fixed incomes. Likewise, strict mandatory measures can be quite distasteful. But the effect of alternatives, such as voluntary savings accomplished through education processes, is minimal in a nation without a true conservation ethic.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 22 p
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  • 56
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    Conservation in the energy industry (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The basic energy supply and utilization problems faced by the United States were described. Actions which might alleviate the domestic shortfall of petroleum and natural gas are described, analyzed and overall impacts are assessed. Specific actions included are coal gasification, in situ shale oil production, improved oil and gas recovery, importation of liquid natural gas and deregulation of natural gas prices. These actions are weighed against each other as alternate techniques of alleviating or overcoming existing shortfalls.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 11 p
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    Materials considerations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Materials problems are examined that may be encountered within a hydrogen energy system. Emphasis is placed on hydrogen embrittlement, corrosion, oxidation, and erosion. Other factors discussed include: degradation of mechanical properties of structural alloys, system reliability, and maintenance costs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Hydrogen Tomorrow; 10 p
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  • 58
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    Cryogenic storage (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Types of storage techniques available are described in terms of their present as well as future potential for liquid hydrogen storage. Examples are given and areas for further technology development are defined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Hydrogen Tomorrow; 11 p
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  • 59
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    Thermochemical cycles (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thermochemical production of hydrogen is described along with the HYDRGN computer program which attempts to rate the various thermochemical cycles. Specific thermochemical cycles discussed include: iron sulfur cycle; iron chloride cycle; and hybrid sulfuric acid cycle.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 15 p
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  • 60
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    Hydrogen production (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The state of hydrogen production technology is evaluated. Specific areas discussed include: hydrogen production fossil fuels; coal gasification processes; electrolysis of water; thermochemical production of hydrogen; production of hydrogen by solar energy; and biological production of hydrogen. Supply options are considered along with costs of hydrogen production.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 25 p
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    Conclusions (1975)
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    Description: Conclusions are presented according to general areas of technology with some specific examples of research and technology needs identified. These conclusions provide a base for the future development of detailed program plans and identify research needs that are not being given attention or are not being supported at a sufficient level. Emphasis is placed on hydrogen production and use.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 3 p
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    Technology assessment (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of process temperature (reforming temperature) on the overall hydrogen production process were examined. These effects are principally confined to the hydrogen production and the hydrogen purification processing units.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 13 p
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    Capital cost estimate (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The capital cost estimate for the nuclear process heat source (NPHS) plant was made by: (1) using costs from the current commercial HTGR for electricity production as a base for items that are essentially the same and (2) development of new estimates for modified or new equipment that is specifically for the process heat application. Results are given in tabular form and cover the total investment required for each process temperature studied.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 17 p
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  • 64
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    Hydrogen by electrolysis of water (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Hydrogen production by electrolytic decomposition of water is explained. Power efficiency, efficient energy utilization, and costs were emphasized. Four systems were considered: two were based on current electrolyzer technology using present efficiency values for electrical generation by fossil fired and nuclear thermal stations, and two using projected electrolyzer technology with advanced fossil and nuclear plants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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    Ispra Mark-10 water splitting process (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A thermochemical water splitting process, the Ispra Mark-10 chemical reaction cycle, was chosen for examining the possibility of using water to produce hydrogen on a large scale for fuel and major industrial chemical uses. The assumed energy source for the process is an HTGR (helium cooled). A process flow diagram, a material balance, and an energy balance were developed for the thermochemical reaction cycle. Principal reactions which constitute the cycle are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 52 p
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    Hydrogen manufacture by Lurgi gasification of Oklahoma coal (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Advantages and disadvantages of using the Lurgi gasification process to produce hydrogen from Oklahoma coal are listed. Special attention was given to the production of heat for the process; heat is generated by burning part of pretreated coal in the steam generator. Overall performance of the Lurgi process is summarized in tabular form.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 67
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    Electrification: Mid-term (1985 - 2000) (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrification, intended to provide a basis for the mid term period of the energy conservation program, was defined as a set of actions and/or policies that leads to an increasing proportion of total energy used in the form of electricity. The important actions within electrification are those with the greatest impacts (coal and nuclear), the greatest technological requirements (peak shaving and transmission) and the greatest response from the decision makers (economic health and growth of utilities in an era of increasing energy costs). The following areas were discussed: increased power generation from coal action, increased use of nuclear power action, improved operation of public utilities action, actions to be taken in industry, transportation and residential/commercial areas. The various ways in which electrification leads to energy conservation were clarified, and a number of specific recommendations relative to electrification were suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 30-37
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  • 68
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    Wind energy utilization: A bibliography with abstracts - Cumulative volume 1944/1974 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Bibliography, up to 1974 inclusive, of articles and books on utilization of wind power in energy generation. Worldwide literature is surveyed, and short abstracts are provided in many cases. The citations are grouped by subject: (1) general; (2) utilization; (3) wind power plants; (4) wind power generators (rural, synchronous, remote station); (5) wind machines (motors, pumps, turbines, windmills, home-built); (6) wind data and properties; (7) energy storage; and (8) related topics (control and regulation devices, wind measuring devices, blade design and rotors, wind tunnel simulation, aerodynamics). Gross-referencing is aided by indexes of authors, corporate sources, titles, and keywords.
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    Cadmium sulfide solar cells (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Development, fabrication and applications of CdS solar cells are reviewed in detail. The suitability of CdS cells for large solar panels and microcircuitry, and their low cost, are emphasized. Developments are reviewed by manufacturer-developer. Vapor phase deposition of thin-film solar cells, doping and co-evaporation, sputtering, chemical spray, and sintered layers are reviewed, in addition to spray deposition, monograin layer structures, and silk screening. Formation of junctions by electroplating, evaporation, brushing, CuCl dip, and chemiplating are discussed, along with counterelectrode fabrication, VPD film structures, the Cu2S barrier layer, and various photovoltaic effects (contact photovoltage, light intensity variation, optical enhancement), and various other CdS topics.
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    The properties of polycrystalline silicon solar cells with controlled titanium additions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: By coupling the results of electrical measurements, such as spectral response, lighted and dark I-V determinations, and deep-level-transient spectroscopy with optical and laser scan photomicroscopy, the effects of grain boundaries and impurities on silicon solar cells were evaluated. Titanium, which produces two deep levels in silicon, degrades cell performance by reducing bulk lifetime and thus cell short-circuit current. Electrically active grain boundaries induce carrier recombination in the bulk and depletion regions of the solar cell. Experimental data imply a small but measurable segregation of titanium into some grain boundaries of the polycrystalline silicon containing high Ti concentration. However, for the titanium-contaminated polycrystalline material used in this study, solar cell performance is dominated by the electrically active titanium concentration in the grains. Microstructural impacts on the devices are of secondary importance
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-28; Jan. 198
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  • 71
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    Assessment of solar-assisted gas-fired heat pump systems (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a possible application for the Goldstone Energy Project, the performance of a 10 ton heat pump unit using a hybrid solar gas energy source was evaluated in an effort to optimize the solar collector size. The heat pump system is designed to provide all the cooling and/or heating requirements of a selected office building. The system performance is to be augmented in the heating mode by utilizing the waste heat from the power cycle. A simplified system analysis is described to assess and compute interrrelationships of the engine, heat pump, and solar and building performance parameters, and to optimize the solar concentrator/building area ratio for a minimum total system cost. In addition, four alternative heating cooling systems, commonly used for building comfort, are described; their costs are compared, and are found to be less competitive with the gas solar heat pump system at the projected solar equipment costs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 154-190
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  • 72
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    Computer simulated building energy consumption for verification of energy conservation measures in network facilities (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computer program called ECPVER (Energy Consumption Program - Verification) was developed to simulate all energy loads for any number of buildings. The program computes simulated daily, monthly, and yearly energy consumption which can be compared with actual meter readings for the same time period. Such comparison can lead to validation of the model under a variety of conditions, which allows it to be used to predict future energy saving due to energy conservation measures. Predicted energy saving can then be compared with actual saving to verify the effectiveness of those energy conservation changes. This verification procedure is planned to be an important advancement in the Deep Space Network Energy Project, which seeks to reduce energy cost and consumption at all DSN Deep Space Stations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 142-146
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  • 73
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    Fuel cells feasibility (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technical and economic status of fuel cells is assessed with emphasis on their potential benefits to the Deep Space Network. The fuel cell, what it is, how it operates, and what its outputs are, is reviewed. Major technical problems of the fuel cell and its components are highlighted. Due to these problems and economic considerations it is concluded that fuel cells will not become commercially viable until the early 1990s.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 154-168
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  • 74
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    A sensitivity model for energy consumption in buildings. Part 1: Effect of exterior environment (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple analytical model is developed for the simulation of seasonal heating and cooling loads of any class of buildings to complement available computerized techniques which make hourly, daily, and monthly calculations. An expression for the annual energy utilization index, which is a common measure of rating buildings having the same functional utilization, is derived to include about 30 parameters for both building interior and exterior environments. The sensitivity of a general class building to either controlled or uncontrolled weather parameters is examined. A hypothetical office type building, located at the Goldstone Space Communication Complex, Goldstone, California, is selected as an example for the numerical sensitivity evaluations. Several expressions of variations in local outside air temperature, pressure, solar radiation, and wind velocity are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 58-88
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  • 75
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    Introduction to wind energy conversion systems technology (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 197-201
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  • 76
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    Introduction to large system design (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 13-20
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  • 77
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    Northeast Utilities' participation in the Kaman/NASA wind power program (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 59-68
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  • 78
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    Glass as encapsulation for low-cost photovoltaic solar arrays (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In photovoltaic systems, the encapsulant material that protects the solar cells should be highly transparent and very durable. Glass satisfies these two criteria and is considered a primary candidate for low-cost, photovoltaic encapsulation systems. In this paper, various aspects of glass encapsulation are treated that are important for the designer of photovoltaic systems. Candidate glasses and available information defining the state of the art of glass encapsulation materials and processes for automated, high volume production of terrestrial photovoltaic devices and related applications are presented. The desired characteristics of glass encapsulation are (1) low degradation rates, (2) high transmittance, (3) high reliability, (4) low-cost, and (5) high annual production capacity. The glass design areas treated herein include the types of glass, sources, prices, physical properties and glass modifications, such as antireflection coatings.
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  • 79
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    Parabolic dish systems at work - Applying the concepts (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An overview is given of parabolic dish solar concentrator application experiments being conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy. The 'engineering experiments' comprise the testing of (1) a small-community powerplant system, in conjunction with a grid-connected utility; (2) stand-alone applications at remote sites such as military installations, radar stations and villages; and (3) dish modules that can deliver heat for direct use in industrial processes. Applicability projections are based on a dish and receiver that use a Brayton engine with an engine/generator efficiency of 25% and a production level of up to 25,000 units per year. Analyses indicate that parabolic-dish power systems can potentially replace small, oil-fired power plants in all regions of the U.S. between 1985 and 1991.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Sunworld; 5; May 1981
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  • 80
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    Parabolic dish collectors - A solar option (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A description is given of several parabolic-dish high temperature solar thermal systems currently undergoing performance trials. A single parabolic dish has the potential for generating 20 to 30 kW of electricity with fluid temperatures from 300 to 1650 C. Each dish is a complete power-producing unit, and may function either independently or as part of a group of linked modules. The two dish designs under consideration are of 11 and 12 meter diameters, yielding receiver operating temperatures of 925 and 815 C, respectively. The receiver designs described include (1) an organic working fluid (toluene) Rankine cycle engine; (2) a Brayton open cycle unit incorporating a hybrid combustion chamber and nozzle and a shaft-coupled permanent magnet alternator; and (3) a modified Stirling cycle device originally designed for automotive use. Also considered are thermal buffer energy storage and thermochemical transport and storage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Sunworld; 5; May 1981
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  • 81
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    Steam reforming of n-hexane on pellet and monolithic catalyst beds. A comparative study on improvements due to heat transfer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Monolithic catalysts with higher available active surface areas and better thermal conductivity than conventional pellets beds, making possible the steam reforming of fuels heavier than naphtha, were examined. Performance comparisons were made between conventional pellet beds and honeycomb monolith catalysts using n-hexane as the fuel. Metal-supported monoliths were examined. These offer higher structural stability and higher thermal conductivity than ceramic supports. Data from two metal monoliths of different nickel catalyst loadings were compared to pellets under the same operating conditions. Improved heat transfer and better conversion efficiencies were obtained with the monolith having higher catalyst loading. Surface-gas interaction was observed throughout the length of the monoliths.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Conversion of Hydrocarbons for Fuel Cell Appl.; p 75-120
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  • 82
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    Recent work in advanced hydrogen production concepts (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The hydrogen photoelectrolytic conversion activity investigated the practicability of semiconductor electrolytic devises that use solar energy to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen in an apparent single step process. The photocatalytic decomposition of inorganic hydrogen compounds; i.e., hydrobromic and hydriodic acids using rhodium organic bridge complexes were also studied. The feasibility of direct high temperature thermal decompositions of water with diffusion processes for separation of the equilibrium mixture of hydrogen and oxygen into usable energy sources was examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 232
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  • 83
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    Containment materials: Status and summary (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The hydrogen containment materials are studied. The safe, reliable, and economic containment of hydrogen is essential to the success of virtually any hydrogen energy transport and storage scheme. The potential problems associated with hydrogen containment are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 224-226
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  • 84
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    Dish-mounted latent heat buffer storage (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dish-mounted latent heat storage subsystems for Rankine, Brayton, and Stirling engines operating at 427 C, 816 C, and 816 C respectively are discussed. Storage requirements definition, conceptual design, media stability and compatibility tests, and thermal performance analyses are considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Courtesy Associates, Inc. Proc. of the DOE Thermal and Chem. Storage Ann. Contractor's Rev. Meeting; p 113-117
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  • 85
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    A theoretical study of microwave beam absorption by a rectenna (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of a theoretical study of microwave beam absorption by a Rectenna are given. Total absorption of the power beam is shown to be theoretically possible. Several improvements in the Rectenna design are indicated as a result of analytic modeling. The nature of Rectenna scattering and atmospheric effects are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Workshop on Microwave Power Transmission and Reception; p 234-240
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  • 86
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    Analysis of the photo voltage decay /PVD/ method for measuring minority carrier lifetimes in P-N junction solar cells (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The photo voltage decay (PVD) method for the measurement of minority carrier lifetimes in P-N junction solar cells with cell thickness comparable to or even less than the minority carrier diffusion length is examined. The method involves the generation of free carriers in the quasi-neutral bulk material by flashes of light and the monitoring of the subsequent decay of the induced open-circuit voltages as the carriers recombine, which is dependent on minority carrier recombination lifetime. It is shown that the voltage versus time curve for an ordinary solar cell (N(+)-P junction) is proportional to the inverse minority carrier lifetime plus a factor expressing the ratio of diffusion length to cell thickness. In the case of an ideal back-surface-field cell (N(+)-P-P(+) junction) however, the slope is directly proportional to the inverse minority carrier lifetime. It is noted that since most BSF cells are not ideal, possessing a sizable back surface recombination velocity, the PVD measurements must be treated with caution and supplemented with other nonstationary methods.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 52; Sept
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  • 87
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    Autothermal reforming of sulfur-free and sulfur-containing hydrocarbon liquids (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mechanisms by which various fuel component hydrocarbons related to both heavy petroleum and coal-derived liquids are converted to hydrogen without forming carbon were investigated. Reactive differences between paraffins and aromatics in autothermal reforming (ATR) were shown to be responsible for the observed fuel-specific carbon formation characteristics. The types of carbon formed in the reformer were identified by SEM and XRD analyses of catalyst samples and carbon deposits. From tests with both light and heavy paraffins and aromatics, it is concluded that high boiling point hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatics enhance the propensity for carbon formation. The effects of propylene addition on the ATR performance of benzene are described. In ATR tests with mixtures of paraffins and aromatics, synergistic effects on conversion characteristics were identified. Indications that the sulfur content of the fuel may be the limiting factor for efficient ATR operation were found. The conversion and degradation effects of the sulfur additive (thiophene) were examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: conversion of Hydrocarbons for Fuel Cell Appl.; p 1-74
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  • 88
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    Solar energy (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The book opens with a review of the patterns of energy use and resources in the United States, and an exploration of the potential of solar energy to supply some of this energy in the future. This is followed by background material on solar geometry, solar intensities, flat plate collectors, and economics. Detailed attention is then given to a variety of solar units and systems, including domestic hot water systems, space heating systems, solar-assisted heat pumps, intermediate temperature collectors, space heating/cooling systems, concentrating collectors for high temperatures, storage systems, and solar total energy systems. Finally, rights to solar access are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 89
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    New technologies for solar energy silicon - Cost analysis of dichlorosilane process (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A reduction in the cost of silicon for solar cells is an important objective in a project concerned with the reduction of the cost of electricity produced with solar cells. The cost goal for the silicon material is about $14 per kg (1980 dollars). The process which is currently employed to produce semiconductor grade silicon from trichlorosilane is not suited for meeting this cost goal. Other processes for producing silicon are, therefore, being investigated. A description is presented of results obtained for the DCS process which involves the production of dichlorosilane as a silicon source material for solar energy silicon. Major benefits of dichlorosilane as a silicon source material include faster reaction rates for chemical vapor deposition of silicon. The DCS process involves the reaction 2SiHCl3 yields reversibly SiH2Cl2 + SiCl4. The results of a cost analysis indicate a total product cost without profit of $1.29/kg of SiH2Cl2.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 27; 6, 19; 1981
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  • 90
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    Ternary compound thin film solar cells (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A group of ternary compound semiconductor (I-III-VI2) thin films for future applications in photovoltaic devices is proposed. The consideration of these materials (CuInSe2, CuInTe2 and especially CuInS2) for long range device development is emphasized. Much of the activity to date has been concerned with the growth and properties of CuInX2 films. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses, Hall mobility and coefficient, resistivity and carrier concentration variations with substrate and film temperature as well as grain size data have been determined. Both p- and n-type films of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 have been produced. Single and double source deposition techniques have been utilized. Some data have been recorded for annealed films.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 678-695
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  • 91
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    Enhanced crystallinity of low temperature deposited silicon films on graphite subtrates (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The previously developed technique of a sandwich coating for silicon crystallinity enhancement in silicon films deposited at low temperature is applied to graphite substrates. The measured increase in silicon crystallinity is comparable to that observed earlier using a quartz substrate. The distribution of aluminum in the silicon films is determined using Auger spectroscopic depth profiling. Carbon diffusion from the substrate into the silicon film is shown to be negligible at a substrate temperature of 600 C.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 639-660
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  • 92
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    Low cost AMOS solar cell development (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recent developments at JPL have demonstrated that high conversion efficiencies are found with GaAs metal semiconductor solar cells when a particular heat treatment processing step is used to introduce an interfacial layer between the metal and the semiconductor. The new cell, called AMOS (Antireflection-Coated Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor), has open circuit voltages of 0.68-0.72 volts and efficiencies of 15% under terrestrial sunlight, as compared to values of 0.45-0.48 volts and 10%, respectively, for similar cells without an interfacial layer. Potentially higher efficiencies are feasible as further improvements are made in optimizing the interfacial layer effect and in increasing the blue response of the cells. A thin film AMOS cell is proposed that uses a thin recrystallized germanium (Ge) layer between a low cost metal substrate and the vapor phase epitaxially (VPE)-grown GaAs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 533-547
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  • 93
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    Research and development of low cost processes for integrated solar arrays (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Si reduction, purification and sheet generation work has been concentrated on gaining information about a reduction process combined with purification (higher purity arc furnace with gas blowing and gradient freezing), transport process with purification and polycrystal sheet growth potential (SiF2), plastic deformation for sheet generation, and float zone sheet recrystallization.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 172-193
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  • 94
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    Shallow junction photovoltaic device program (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The technical feasibility of using the corona discharge technique as a means for producing efficient silicon solar cells is elaborated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 387-398
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  • 95
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    Integrated photovoltaic-thermal solar energy conversion systems (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A combined photovoltaic/thermal collector has been built and is now being tested. Initial tests have concentrated on evaluating the thermal efficiency of the collector before and after the silicon cells are mounted. With likely improvements in bonding between cells and receiver and in the absorptivity of the cells, thermal efficiencies greater than 50% can be expected for the combined receiver operating at 100 C.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 297-309
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  • 96
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    Status of ERDA-DOD applications plans (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A demonstration program is reported that defines solar terrestrial photovoltaic systems as power sources for DOD applications by developing requirements and implementation plans for each demonstration project. Evaluation criteria emphasize military market potential and military advantages.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 232-249
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  • 97
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    Low cost silicon solar arrays (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The economic production of silicon solar cell arrays circumvents p-n junction degradation by nuclear doping, in which the Si-30 transmutes to P-31 after thermal neutron capture. Also considered are chemical purity specifications for improved silicon bulk states, surface induced states, and surface states.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 56-103
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  • 98
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    Very low cost thin film CdS-Cu2S solar cell development using chemical spraying (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A chemical spray process for the production of thin film CdS-Cu2S solar cells is discussed that is projected to cost less than $60/kW in very large scale production. The average efficiency of these cells has been improved from less than 0.3% in 1971 about 4.5% at present. Further developments for the process are considered to raise the efficiency, and to attain long life stability.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 404-415
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  • 99
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    Photovoltaic applications of Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of a compound parabolic concentrator as field collector, in conjunction with a primary focusing concentrator for photovoltaic applications is studied. The primary focusing concentrator can be a parabolic reflector, an array of Fresnel mirrors, a Fresnel lens or some other lens. Silicon solar cell grid structures are proposed that increase efficiency with concentration up to 10 suns. A ray tracing program has been developed to determine energy distribution at the exit of a compound parabolic concentrator. Projected total cost of a CPC/solar cell system will be between 4 and 5 times lower than for flat plate silicon cell arrays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 279-296
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  • 100
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    Assessment of the international workshop on CdS solar cells (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: General problems relating to the basic understanding of CdS/Cu2S solar cell operation, to material aspects of the cell and to manufacturing methods and cell engineering are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 400-403
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