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  • Articles  (3,639)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)  (2,610)
  • Cell Press
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (3,639)
  • 1977  (2,175)
  • 1975  (1,464)
Collection
  • Articles  (3,639)
Source
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (3,639)
Year
Journal
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Misorientation contrast of crystal subgrain boundaries in Berg–Barrett X-ray micrographs (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A stereographic projection method of analysis has been developed for analyzing the misorientation contrast of crystal subgrain boundaries which are observed in Berg–Barrett X-ray micrographs. The boundary appearance is described in terms of the geometry of the boundary with respect to the crystal surface, the angular misorientation of the adjacent subgrains, and the X-ray diffraction conditions. The rotation axis for the misorientation of adjacent subgrains, including the sense of the rotation, and the amount of misorientation is determined from the width and relative contrast of the boundary in various images. Experimental results are described for subgrain boundaries in zinc crystals solidified along different crystallographic growth directions. The Burgers vectors of the dislocations composing the subgrain boundary are indirectly determined by this method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009478
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of strain and lattice parameter in epitaxic layers (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 42-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A means of measuring strain and lattice parameter directly in epitaxic layers by `double-crystal' X-ray diffraction is presented. The method described has three major advantages; that it is achieved by a simple addition to a commercial goniometer; that the area of sample illuminated is defined solely by the collimator; and that single or double-crystal diffraction can be selected, simultaneously if needed, on exactly the same specimen area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009491
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A silicon powder diffraction standard reference material (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A silicon powder Standard Reference Material, SRM-640, has been prepared for use as a standard in powder diffractometry. Powder diffraction measurements were performed with a tungsten internal standard and a high-angle goniometer. The measured a/λ is 3.525176. With λ(Cu Kα1 peak) taken as 1.5405981 Å, a = 5.430880 (35) Å, uncorrected for refraction. Comparison of a with values obtained with a single-crystal from one of the boules reveals a difference of 3 parts in 105. This difference suggests a subtle systematic error in powder diffractometry or a change in lattice spacing near crystal boundaries. Use of the SRM should permit individual measurements of lattice parameters to be made reproducible to near 1 part in 105 and an absolute accuracy of at least 3 parts in 105.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009508
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    The separation of displacement and substitutional disorder scattering: a correction for structure-factor ratio variation (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The assumptions in the Borie & Sparks [Acta Cryst. (1971). A27, 198–201] procedure for the separation of order- and displacement-dependent components of diffuse X-ray scattering from a binary system AB are examined with the use of the concentration deviation (spin-like) notation. The more limiting assumption, that the structure-factor ratio η = (mAfA + mBfB)/(fA−fB) is constant in reciprocal space, is shown to produce an incomplete separation for normal variations in η. A matrix-inversion method for completing the separation is suggested for those cases in which the approximate equality of the Debye–Waller factors (DWF) of the individual atomic species indicates that some terms of the scattering equation may be neglected. The extension suggested by Ramesh & Ramaseshan [Acta Cryst. (1971). A27, 569–572] that anomalous dispersion induced changes in η could be used to separate the atomic static displacement properties of the various atomic pairs is shown to require a change in η greater than the variation of η across the reciprocal-space volume. Some difficulties of obtaining such a change are pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009740
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Positional information in solid-solution models (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The role of positional information in determining the thermodynamics of crystalline solid solutions is considered. It is noted that, with certain exceptions (e.g.b.c.c. Fe–B), such solutions can be classified as being exclusively either substitutional or interstitial with respect to each solute. Calculation of thermodynamic properties of intersitital solutions requires knowledge of the types of sites preferentially occupied by the solute. The problem of determining that occupancy is considered for several binary systems. A cumulant expansion technique, which meets with good success in describing dilute, high-temperature, interstitial solutions, is applied to the case of high-temperature binary substitutional systems of similar metals. The technique is shown to be of limited utility in this application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009776
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scattering of X-rays by correlated defect distributions (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 127-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It may be essential in certain cases (e.g. non-dilute alloys and dislocations) to take into account the (pair and higher-order) correlations in the defect distribution. To this end the kinematic expression for the total scattered intensity is rewritten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009818
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linear local order (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 132-132 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: If the occurrence of one or two-dimensional local order in alloys or in neutron-irradiated materials has been known for many years, the observation by X-ray and neutron scattering of quasi-one-dimensional order due to displacements or correlated motions of atoms along independent chains is more recent. Examples to be discussed are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009843
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Crystallographers (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 75-75 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009612
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Tenth General Assembly and International Congress of Crystallography (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 76-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009624
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Elastic diffuse neutron scattering on Ih ice (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 128-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Structural studies showed that oxygen atoms in Ih ice are well ordered whereas hydrogen atoms are `statistically' distributed on two possible sites on each O–H–O bond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188987500982X
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Diffuse scattering studies of defects in irradiated copper (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 185-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The integral Huang diffuse X-ray scattering from crystals containing small dislocation loops can be analyzed to obtain two types of information: (1) the size distribution of the loops and (2) the total number of point defects contained in the loops. This technique has been applied to copper crystals irradiated under a number of conditions of neutron irradiation flux, dose and temperature, for which loops are produced, and to selected annealing studies of these loops, with all X-ray measurements made at room temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010035
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Quantitative interpretation of X-ray line broadening of plastically deformed crystals (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 191-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Explanations for the broadening of X-ray line profiles of plastically deformed crystals in terms of the density and the distribution of the dislocations introduced during deformation are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010060
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  • 13
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    Study of the \def\lambdabar{\ifvmode\noindent\fi{\hbox{$\lambda$}\kern-0.35em\raise0.7ex\hbox{-}\kern0.2em}}\lambdabar" phase in Zr–Nb alloys by Mössbauer and X-ray diffuse scattering (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 140-140 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The ω phase transformation in Zr–Nb alloys has been studied by measuring the X-ray diffuse scattering in the (110) plane and the Mössbauer diffuse scattering along the 〈111〉 direction of separate single crystals with compositions ranging from 8 to 30% Nb.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009867
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    The relation between displacive disorder, premartensitic instabilities and the martensitic transformation in β-Cu–Zn alloys (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 141-141 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A simple crystallographic approach in obtaining the final martensitic structure [3R, 1R, 2H) from the initial displacive modes is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009879
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Theory of diffuse scattering from crystals with point defects (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 142-142 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The theory of the diffuse scattering from crystals with small concentrations of point defects and small clusters is reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009909
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  • 16
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    Analytic expressions for displacement fields of dislocation loops in anisotropic cubic crystals (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 143-143 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Analytic expressions for the dilation and the stress tensor in reciprocal space are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009910
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  • 17
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    An investigation of the nature of the -X,Z growth sector boundary in synthetic quartz (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 203-203 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The boundary between the −X and Z growth regions in synthetic quartz has been studied using X-ray topography and other techniques and it has been found that the crystal lattice remains coherent at the boundary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010151
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  • 18
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    Electron-diffraction and electron-microscopy methods for the study of ordering in crystals (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 204-204 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The diffraction of electrons is, in principle, a very sensitive probe of the relative atomic positions in ordered or disordered crystals. The full potential of electron diffraction and electron microscopy methods for the study of local atomic arrangements has not been realised because of the difficulties of conducting experiments under sufficiently well defined conditions and because of the complications introduced by the dynamical diffraction processes involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010175
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  • 19
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    Investigation of the strain field of bismuth in lead by diffuse elastic neutron scattering (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 183-183 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The diffuse elastic neutron scattering due to distortion of the Pb host lattice around Bi substitutional atoms has been measured at the HFR in Grenoble and the results discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188987501000X
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Measurement of diffuse X-ray scattering between reciprocal-lattice points as a new experimental method in determining interstitial structures (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 175-183 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: For interstitials the scattering cross section between the Bragg reflections is very sensitive to the position of the defect atom and the displacements of the neighbouring lattice atoms. In contrast to this the scattering near the Bragg reflections (Huang scattering) is mainly governed by the displacement field at large distances from the defect and gives information about defect symmetry and strength [Trinkaus, H. (1972). Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 51, 307–319]. For determining structures of point defects a measurement of scattering far from reciprocal-lattice points is therefore the best suited and most direct method. X-ray measurements of point-defect scattering in this region far from reciprocal-lattice points are difficult. With conventional X-ray set-ups it is not possible to separate the defect scattering from the thermal diffuse and Compton background scattering which is up to two orders of magnitude larger in the case of typical defect concentrations of some 10−4. Such measurements, however, become possible if large X-ray sources of high luminous density are used in connexion with multidetector arrangements. As an example an experimental arrangement [Haubold, H.-G. & Schilling, W. (1975). To be published; Haubold, H.-G. (1974). Rep. Kernforschungsanlage Jülich, JUL-1090-FF] is reviewed, in which the scattering cross-section of self-interstitials in aluminium was measured in samples containing an atomic density of interstitials up to 5 × 10−4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009983
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  • 21
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    Pseudopotential calculations of lattice distortions around impurities in simple metals (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 184-184 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Second-order pseudopotential calculations are known to reproduce fairly well the structure and phonon spectra of many simple metals. The validity of the underlying assumption of linear screening for impurities with valences and core radii close to those of the host can be checked a posteriori and by comparing calculated properties with measurements on dilute alloys, and, especially, coherent elastic neutron scattering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010011
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Theory of the scattering from crystals containing strongly distorting defect clusters (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 185-185 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Analytical methods to describe the scattering from crystals containing defect clusters with strong displacement fields are reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010047
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  • 23
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    Small-angle scattering in neutron irradiated copper (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 193-194 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Work which has been started at Pelindaba on small-angle scattering in neutron irradiated copper is described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010084
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  • 24
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    Measurement of relative void surface energies in irradiated metals by small-angle scattering (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 193-193 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Voids formed in neutron irradiated metals are faceted on various crystallographic planes. This faceting has been shown to cause significant anisotropy in the small-angle scattering pattern. It is shown that it is possible to obtain the specific void surface energies from small-angle diffuse scattering data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010072
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  • 25
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    Studies of lattice defects using weak diffracted beams (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 224-224 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The weak-beam method of electron microscopy provides a means for studying lattice defects with greatly increased resolution compared with normal diffraction contrast techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010321
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  • 26
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    Dilatation thermique du cyclopentadienyl thallium TlC5H5 entre 78 et 295 K (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 386-387 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The thermal expansion of cyclopentadienylthallium, TlC5H5, was determined in the range 78 to 295 K, using X-ray powder diffractometry. Expansion is very anisotropic: α1 = 125 ± 12, α2 = 97 ± 5, α3 = 0 ± 4 (all 10−6 K−1). Directions and ratio of the two greatest expansion coefficients: α1 and α2, are explained by considering the shortest distances Tl+–Tl|+ in this ionic structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010746
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  • 27
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    Crystal data for some guanidinium salts (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 392-395 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Several guanidinium salts have been studied since, because they contain six hydrogen atoms per unit charge, they are likely to contain multiple hydrogen bonding systems [see e.g. Adams & Small (1974). Acta Cryst. B30, 2191–2193], which are of interest in themselves and are also likely to cause stabilization of the structure. The crystal data of a range of salts were collected and are given. Space group and approximate cell dimensions were obtained from oscillation and Weissenberg photographs. Powder diffraction data [0° to 60° (2&thgr; using Cu Kα)] were indexed and the cell parameters refined using the programs PIRUM of Werner [Program No. 1, World List of Crystallographic Computer Programs (3rd. ed.): J. Appl. Cryst. (1973). 6, 309–346] and CELFIT of Bracher [UKAEA Research Report, AERE-R5412 (1967)].
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  • 28
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    Crystal data on ortho-substituted benzaldehydes (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 397-397 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Unlike the position with negatively charged substituents, little has been done on benzaldehydes ortho-substituted with positively charged groups. This is more especially true in the field of crystallography where only the X-ray and neutron diffraction study of o-nitrobenzaldehyde has been reported [Coppens & Schmidt, Acta Cryst. (1964). 17, 222–228; Coppens, Acta Cryst. (1964). 17, 573–578]. Preliminary results of a structural investigation on Se- and Te-containing benzaldehydes are presented. The main purpose is to corroborate and to complete the conclusion of recent n.m.r. work on the conformation of these molecules [Baiwir, Llabres, Denoel & Piette, Mol. Phys. (1973). 25, 1–7]. The following compounds have been studied: C6H4.COH.TeCl, C6H4.COH.TeBr, C6H4.COH.TeI, C6H4 COH.SeCl, C6H4.COH.SeBr. The crystal structure of the second (TeBr) has been recently reported [Baiwir Llabres, Dideberg, Dupont & Piette, Acta Cryst. (1974). B30, 139–143] and the structure of the last (SeBr) is presently in the final stage of refinement.
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  • 29
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    Crystallographers (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 402-402 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010837
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    Electronic absorption and internal and external vibrational data of atomic and molecular ions doped in alkali halide crystals by S. C. Jain, A. V. R. Warrier and S. K. Agarwal (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 403-403 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875010862
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    Liquid-structure analysis by energy-scanning X-ray diffraction: mercury (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 405-414 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Quantitative liquid-structure analysis using energy-scanning diffraction rather than the traditional angle-scanning diffraction is introduced. In the experimental method, white radiation and a solid-state detector are employed. This new method is inherently faster and less beset with problems of experimental instability than are angular-scanning methods. However, many differences in analysis are introduced. In particular, measurement of the primary beam spectrum, the nature of the absorption and dispersion corrections, details of the polarization correction, the ranges of the atomic scattering factor and of the incoherent scattering term, and the mating of different scattering regimes all require special consideration. Application of the new instrumental method and the reconstructed analytical procedure to liquid mercury at room temperature has produced a result in agreement with other recent studies.
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    A new small-angle X-ray scattering facility utilizing a rotating anode, pin-hole collimation and a position-sensitive proportional counter (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 421-429 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new small-angle X-ray scattering facility which utilizes a 6 kW rotating anode, pin-hole collimation, and a position-sensitive proportional counter has been developed. As presently constructed, the minimum scattering vector κ (= 4π sin &thgr;/2) which can be reached with Cu Kα radiation is 5 × 10−3 Å−1. Under these conditions the flux incident on the specimen has been found to be 6 × 105 photons s−1. The system has several advantages compared with traditional long-slit geometries; namely, (i) it can quantitatively measure anisotropic scattering distributions, (ii) it avoids large mathematical corrections of the data for slit-smearing effects, and (iii) it minimizes double Bragg scattering in crystalline materials and multiple diffuse scattering in amorphous or liquid materials. To illustrate the performance of this instrument, the scattering curves obtained from four widely different samples are shown. These are: polyethylene, a neutron-irradiated aluminium single-crystal containing voids, a dilute suspension of Ludox spheres, and duck tendon collagen. Quantitative comparisons of the performance with a Kratky camera and with the neutron small-angle scattering facility in Jülich are given.
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    Accurate lattice constants from multiple reflection measurements. II. Lattice constants of germanium silicon, and diamond (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 457-458 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The lattice constants of a diamond platelet and of large single, undoped, crystals of silicon and germanium have been determined from measurements of multiple diffraction patterns by the method described in Part I [Post (1975). J. Appl. Cryst. 8, 452–456]. The mean values, based on measurements of eight to twelve reflections, and their standard deviations are: diamond a = 3.566986 Å, Aa/a = 2.6 × 10−6; silicon a = 5.430941 Å, Aa/a = 2 × 10−6; germanium a = 5.657820 Å, Δa/a = 1.6 × 10−6.
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    Manganese ion site distribution studies in tourmaline by anomalous X-ray scattering methods (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 469-472 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The Mn3+ site distribution in a manganese-containing tsilaisite tourmaline sample has been determined as 46±3 wt. % in the larger Y octahedral sites and 54± 3 wt. % in the smaller Z octahedral sites. For this, a novel application of anomalous X-ray scattering techniques, in conjunction with the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction procedure, has been used. This method appears to be versatile and applicable to many different elements.
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    Absorption correction for crystals in capillary tubes (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 491-492 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: An inexpensive calculation is outlined for determining those reflexions suffering large absorption errors, and for correcting those with smaller errors.
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    A very inexpensive device for collecting X-ray data below the ambient temperature (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 496-496 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Crystallographers (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 496-497 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    X-ray investigation of copper selenides Cu2−xSe (2.00≥2-x≥1.72) (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 375-379 
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    Notes: The lattice parameters and the linear coefficient of the lattice thermal expansion of f.c.c. β-Cu2−xSe (1.86 ≥ 2−x ≥ 1.72) were determined by means of the Debye–Scherrer X-ray diffraction technique in the temperature range 25–336°C. The concentration and temperature dependence of the coefficient of thermal expansion are discussed. In addition the equilibrium phase diagram of the Cu–Se system in the region of a non-stoichiometric Cu2−xSe compound (2.00 ≥2−x ≥1.72) was redetermined, with special consideration of the homogeneity range of the f.c.c. β-Cu2−xSe, and compared with previously published results.
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    Crystal data for thallium germanium sulphide, Tl2GeS3 (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 391-391 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Crystals of Tl2GeS3 were grown by solidification from melts. The compound is triclinic with lattice parameters a = 8.06, b = 12.70, c = 6.76 Å, α = 96°39′, β = 93°10′, γ = 99°31′. Powder data are given.
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    Programme Fortran pour l'analyse tridimensionnelle des textures sans hypothèse restrictive sur les symétries de l'échantillon (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 589-597 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A computer program has been written in Fortran for the numerical calculation, using generalized spherical harmonics, of the texture of a sample, even when it has no symmetry. Automatically plotted pole figures, corrected and normalized, make it possible to begin to control the results. Reconstituted pole figures are plotted as a function of Cmνl. The calculations, based on the theoretical developments of Bunge [Mathematische Methoden der Texturanalyse. (1969). Berlin: Akademie Verlag] were carried out with different numerical analyses so as to reduce the size of the calculation and the time taken.
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    Determination of structure factors by white X-ray diffraction from a powder sample of GaP (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 578-581 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The white X-ray diffraction method with the use of a powder sample [Laine, Läihteenmäki & Kantola (1972). X-ray Spectrosc. 1, 93–98] was improved by paying special attention to the following four points: (i) the determination of the energy spectrum of incident white X-rays, (ii) the measurement of the energy dependence of the relative absorption coefficient, (iii) the correction for the contribution from thermal diffuse scattering, and (iv) the correction for the anomalous dispersion. The determination of the structure factors of GaP is shown as an example of its applications. The structure factors determined were compared with those obtained by the usual angle dispersive method with monochromated X-rays on the same sample. It is shown that these two sets of structure factors mostly agree within the limit of reproducibility.
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    An analysis of errors in the Fourier coefficients of the α1 line profile (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 612-614 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The errors in the Fourier coefficients of the α1 component obtained by α2 elimination are investigated analytically. The effects of counting statistics, of an incorrect intensity ratio of the α1 and α2 components and of an incorrect doublet separation are calculated. The mean-square error in the Fourier coefficient caused by counting statistics is a periodic function of the harmonic number, while errors in the intensity ratio and in the doublet separation primarily affect the first Fourier coefficients. The results are confirmed by computer simulations and by computations with experimental line profiles. The α2 elimination methods assume a perfect shape identity of the α1 and α2 components, but this assumption is not completely justified. Deviations might be interpreted as local errors in the doublet separation and the intensity ratio.
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    Textures of cold-rolled pure aluminum measured by neutron and X-ray diffraction (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 628-635 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The textures of undirectionally and reversed rolled aluminium sheets were measured using thermal neutrons and Cu and Mo Kα radiation. The samples for the X-ray measurements were prepared in three different ways so that the degree of correspondence between textures as measured with neutrons and X-rays could be investigated. It is shown that agreement can be achieved if the X-rays used penetrate sufficiently into the sample and if a composite type sample is used.
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    Further studies on the dielectric behaviour of cadmium iodide polytypes (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 32-36 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric constants (εr) of several cadmium iodide polytypes have been measured and found to be higher than that of the parent 4H structure. The dielectric constants for several long-period polytypes have been found to lie between 60 and 190 whereas the 4H parent structure has a value in the range of about 15 to 30. In particular, both increasing polytype periodicity and increasing disorder increase the dielectric constant, e.g. from 16 for an ordered 4H structure to 114 for a 32H structure and 67 for a highly disordered 4H structure. In the absence of disorder a particular polytype has its own characteristic dielectric constant value, e.g. the two 14H polytypes which have a common εr value of 63.
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    X-ray misorientation contrast for a (lineage) subgrain boundary (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 57-59 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The separation or overlapping of adjacent subgrain images in Berg–Barrett X-ray (reflection) micrographs is described for a reasonably general misorientation between the crystal subgrains. The five crystallographic parameters which describe the diffraction experiment also specify, effectively, the direction of the rotation axis for the misorientation, the amount of the angular misorientation, and the relative orientation of the subgrain boundary interface.
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    Recording of electron-diffraction patterns of radiation-sensitive materials in the high-voltage electron microscope with luminescent radiographic screens (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 62-63 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: An effective method for greatly reducing the electron exposure of radiation-sensitive organic or biological specimens while recording their diffraction patterns in a high-voltage (MeV range) electron microscope is described. It involves recording on double-coated screen-type medical X-ray film and backing it with a luminescent radiographic screen which intercepts the transmitted electrons and emits visible light that exposes the bottom emulsion of the film. Values of sensitivity, resolution, and enhancement ratio are tabulated: the latter values range up to 41. Typical patterns taken with l-valine are shown.
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    X-ray line-profile analysis. II. Determination of the crystallite-diameter distribution function (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 191-196 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A new procedure for solving the integral equation which connects the crystallite-diameter distribution function pν(D) to the pure diffraction profile is presented here. The representation of pν(D) is based on a polynomial expansion modulated by a generalized Cauchy function. The influence of the truncation of the diffraction profile and of the number of coefficients of the polynomial expansion is studied. This procedure has been applied with success to some catalysts, the granulometry of which is known by other experimental approaches.
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    Crystal data for methylammonium manganese(II) trichloride dihydrate, CH3NH3MnCl3.2H2O (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 201-202 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Methylammonium manganese(II) trichloride dihydrate crystallizes with a monoclinic unit cell, a = 7.795 (2), b = 9.154 (2), c = 11.462 (4) Å, β = 91.28 (3)°, space group P21/c. Its structure is related to that of α-RbMnCl3.2H2O.
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    Crystal data for the low-temperature phase of Pb3(VO4)2 (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 132-132 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Pb3(VO4)2 is monoclinic at low temperatures with space group P21. The lattice constants are a = 15.042, b = 6.106, c = 18.586 Å, β = 111.88°. The indexed powder diagram is given.
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    Paracrystalline nature of myelin (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 141-146 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: An analysis of thickness variances from an electron-microscope cross-section of myelin sheath shows that the standard deviation varies proportionally to the square root of the number of intervening lamellae. This result implies that the lamellar irregularities are additive and that a paracrystalline stacking model is an appropriate representation for the myelin structure. The X-ray diffraction data from myelin exhibit the characteristics of a paracrystalline material. Both electron microscope and X-ray diffraction evidence suggest that myelin is paracrystalline rather than crystalline.
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    A further solution for a two-dimensional model of crystal-growth disorder (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 344-348 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The paper refers to a previously described two-dimensional model of crystal-growth disorder in which the type of molecule or atom at a given lattice site is dependent on the previous neighbour in the two crystal directions. It is shown that a special case of the model for which some mathematical and simulation results have been published corresponds to the situation when the statistical properties of the lattice are symmetric to reflection in a plane. This symmetry may be achieved by applying a constraint to the growth probability parameters and, moreover, enables a solution to be found for the statistical properties of the lattices.
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    The small-angle scattering of neutrons by surface imperfections (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 172-176 
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    Notes: It is shown that the neutron small-angle scattering of pure polycrystalline metals is strongly connected with surface imperfections in the samples (surface irregularities and oxide layers) rather then with the grain boundaries. It is also shown that the asymptotic form of the scattering cross section of the surface imperfections is q−4 like the Porod law.
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    Temperature dependence of the orthorhombic asymmetry of gallium metal (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 180-183 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Precision strain-gauge measurements of the basal-plane lattice asymmetry (a−b)/[(a + b)/2] in gallium metal have been made in the temperature range 190 K 〈 T〈 300 K. When analyzed in conjunction with previously published data these results indicate that the asymmetry is positive from the melting point, TM = 303 K, down to at least 2 K. The asymmetry reaches a limiting value of 5750 × 10−6 at low temperatures and is decreasing rapidly toward zero near TM. The extrapolated `tetragonality' temperature is T* ̃354 K.
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    Crystallographers (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 210-210 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 211-211 
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    Developments in electron microscopy and analysis edited by J. A. Venables (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 212-212 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Profile analysis of X-ray powder diffractometer data: structural refinement of La0.75Sr0.25CrO3 (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 405-411 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Data have been collected from a standard silicon sample with Cu Kβ radiation selected by means of a pyrolytic graphite monochromator mounted in the scattered beam. The peak shapes can be described reasonably well by Lorentz-type functions, but not by a Gaussian function. These results have been applied to the profile refinement of data for rhombohedral La0.75Sr0.25CrO3, a perovskite-type compound which is slightly distorted from the ideal cubic structure. The analysis, which employs a slightly modified version of a neutron profile program [Rietveld (1969), J. Appl. Cryst. 2, 65–71] indicates that the best compromise for the peak shape is a modified Lorentz function of the form A[1 + C(Δ2&thgr;)2]−1.5 fitted over a range of two halfwidths on each side of the Bragg peak position. The results are compared with a similar refinement of neutron data collected from the same sample.
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    A new method for the evaluation of small-angle scattering data (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 415-421 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new numerical method is presented for simultaneous smoothing, desmearing and Fourier transformation of X-ray and neutron small-angle scattering data. The method can only be applied to scattering curves from dilute particle systems, i.e. for scattering media whose distance distributions are zero beyond a certain value. The distance distribution of the scattering medium is approximated by a linear combination of about 20 to 30 cubic B-splines. These spline functions have a restricted extension in real space. Their coefficients are adjusted by a weighted least-squares operation so that the series, after being Fourier transformed and smeared according to the geometry and wavelength distribution, represents an optimum smoothed approximation of the experimental data. Tendencies towards oscillations in the least-squares operation are suppressed by a new stabilization routine. The method offers a new possibility for the estimation of the radius of gyration, which is generally superior to the Guinier approximation.
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    A comparison of the porosities of the β-phases of (4-methylpyridine)4Ni(NCS)2 and (4-vinylpyridine)4Co(NCS)2 (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 315-320 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The channel systems of (4-methylpyridine)4Ni(NCS)2 and (4-vinylpyridine)4Co(NCS)2 are described and compared. Much similarity is found and the minimum diameters of free passage are estimated in each case. It is concluded that both complexes are clathrates with notable zeolitic properties.
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    Laser-induced twinning in ferroelastic Gd2(MoO4)3 (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 349-350 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Gadolinium molybdate was twinned by irradiating the crystals for a few seconds with a 10.6 μm CO2 laser. Slit-shaped regions were irradiated to produce localized heating, thereby setting up suitably oriented thermal stresses of sufficient size to induce mechanical twinning. Ferroelastic twin patterns are difficult to control by this method because the required slit orientations are not parallel to domain-wall directions.
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    Crystal data for Ba2ZnS3 (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 356-356 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Crystal orientation where the calculated adjustment exceeds the allowed movement on one arc (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 502-503 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Two modifications of commercial units available for the automation of X-ray diffractometers (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 503-503 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Turning cylindrical crystals in a common lathe (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 504-504 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Prices of Acta Crystallographica and Journal of Applied Crystallography (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 507-508 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Industrial crystallisation by J. W. Mullin (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 508-509 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Electron microscopy in the study of materials by P. J. Grundy and G. A. Jones (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 509-510 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Al2SiO5, Al2GeO5 and Cr2GeO5 kyanites: X-ray powder data and infrared absorption spectra (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 329-332 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Kyanite phases Al2SiO5 (I), Al2GeO5 (II) and Cr2GeO5 (III) were synthesized at 20 kb/1000°C (I, II) and at 1 atm/1150°C (III). Powder X-ray patterns for II and III are presented in comparison with that of I. Triclinic lattice constants are a0 = 7.127 (7.253, 7.422), b0 = 7.858 (8.011, 8.244), c0 = 5.570 (5.649, 5.815) Å, α = 89.99 (89.97, 90.58), β = 101.22 (101.23, 101.10), γ = 106.04 (106.05, 106.01)°, and V0 = 293.6 (308.9, 339.9) Å3 for the kyanite phases I (II, III, respectively). Infrared absorption spectra of I (II, III) were measured between 1400 and 200 cm−1. Band shifts produced by the isomorphous substitutions allow tentative band assignments of the Al2SiO5-kyanite spectrum: 1032, 1009, 940 cm−1 ν3 (SiO4); 898 cm−1 ν1 (SiO4); 720, 438 cm−1 ν4, ν2 (SiO4) ?; banes between 674 and 505 cm−1 and at 467 cm−1 are mainly due to octahedral Al–O vibrations.
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    Die Mineralfunde der Schweiz by R. L. Parker (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 343-344 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes and News (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 343-343 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Méthode du faisceau convergent: application à la sélection et à l'étude de cristaux polytypiques (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 352-355 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: An attractive use of a convergent-beam camera is described. Its advantages, with respect to classical methods, are pointed out. The short exposure time provided by this device is very useful in the selection and detailed study of polytypic crystals. Some X-ray photographs obtained from a titanium sulphide polytypic crystal are displayed.
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    Méthode d'analyse du profil de bande produite par des feuillets diffractants ayant une forme anisométrique (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 365-371 
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    Notes: Solids characterized by lamellar structure are often made from ribbon or lath-shaped sheets. Such a morphology has been observed in phyllosilicates (hectorite or nontronite, for example) and in carbon fibres. This contribution aims to show that elongated planar sheets can be detected from the profile of the X-ray diffraction bands yielded by the powdered solid. The numerical technique originally developed by Brindley & Méring [Acta Cryst. (1951). 4, 441–447] for isometric layers, has been extended to ribbon or lath-shaped elementary layers. An example of application is given when the sheet is a carbon layer.
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    Etude par diffraction des rayons X sur poudre de la transition ordre–désordre du ferrocène Fe(C5H5)2 (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 380-385 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: About fifty X-ray powder diagrams were recorded in the range 15 to 295 K, by means of a prototype diffractometer and a high-efficiency cryostat, so that a very precise study of the anisotropic structural evolution of ferrocene could be made. The cell parameters and volume have been computed. These parameters present a discontinuity at 164 K; the cell is triclinic below and monoclinic above this temperature. The transition is first order. The principal thermal expansion coefficients have been computed and their evolution, in terms of temperature, has been related to the anisotropic change of the intermolecular contacts in the crystal. Assumptions about the mechanism of transition and about the ferrocene configuration in the ordered phase are expressed.
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    Precession photography: orienting crystals by means of the stereographic projection (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 388-389 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A graphical construction on the Wulff net permits corrections on both arcs and the dial to be determined even if neither of the arcs is parallel to the film and/or the outer arc reading is large. The procedure requires that the orientation errors be multiplied by an arbitrary common factor smaller than ten, while the biggest multiplied error should be less than ten degrees: the corrections are obtained graphically and divided by the factor. Corrections thus obtained are within 10% of their true values.
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    Synthesè et données cristallographiques de trois polymolybdates de thallium I (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 398-400 
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    Notes: Tl2Mo7O22 is monoclinic with space groupe C2/c or Cc and with a = 20,512 (6); b = 5,526 (2); c = 19,460 (6) Å; β = 125,20 (3)°: Z = 4. Tl2Mo4O13 is orthorhombic with space group Pbca and with a = 7,583 (3); b = 15,409 (3); c = 18,798 (3) Å; Z = 8. Tl7Mo2O7 is monoclinic with a = 8,427 (2); b = 5,690 (2); c = 7,935 (2) Å; β = 108,90 (2)°; Z = 2. The indexed powder diagrams are given.
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    Acta Crystallographica and Journals of Applied Crystallography (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 402-402 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Silicon carbide – 1973. (Proceddings of the Third International Conference, Florida, 1973) edited by R. C. Marshall, J. W. Faust Jr and C. E. Ryan (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 403-403 
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    X-ray line-profile analysis. I. A method for unfolding diffraction profiles (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 184-190 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A new method for unfolding X-ray diffraction profiles is reported. The procedure is based on the minimization of an economical function defined as the sum of the squared relative differences between the experimental function and a calculated profile. The latter is numerically computed from the convolution equation by fitting the pure diffraction profile with a damped polynomial. The influence of the truncation and the width of the instrumental function is studied; some results are given concerning the evaluation of a constant background for both the experimental and instrumental functions and its influence on the precision of the results. Finally, the perturbation produced by the simulation of statistical noise is discussed.
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    Données cristallo-chimiques sur le tétrapolyphosphate mixte de germanium et ammonium: (NH4)2GeP4O13 (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 200-200 
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    Notes: The tetrapolyphosphate (NH4)2GeP4O13 is triclinic (P{\bar 1}), with a unit cell: a = 15.08 (1), b = 7.763 (5), c = 4.914 (5) Å, β = 98.18 (1), β = 96.53 (1), γ = 84.04 (1)° and Z = 2. This salt is isotypic with the corresponding salt of silicon: (NH4)2SiP4O13, previously described by the author.
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    Crystal data for two series of solid solutions: (RbxK1−x) Ag4I5 and (RBxK1−x)2AgI3 (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 203-205 
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    Notes: Cell data for cubic solid electrolytes RbAg4I5 (i) and KAg4I5 (ii) are accurately given: (i) a = 11.235±0.006 Å, (ii) a = 11.143±0.006 Å. Precise crystal data are also shown for orthorhombic Rb2AgI3 (a = 19.957 + 0.006, b = 10.227±0.003, c = 4.896±0.003 Å) and K2AgI3 (a = 19.522±0.009, b = 10.011± 0.003, c = 4.775±0.003 Å). Crystallographic behaviour with respect to the value of x for (RbxK1−x)Ag4I5 and (RbxK1−x)2AgI3 solid solutions is described.
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    The proper description of low-temperature X-ray diffraction apparatus (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 209-210 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes and News (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 211-211 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Perfection et stabilité thermique des structures lamellaires de l'eutectique Pb–Sn (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 213-219 
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    Notes: In directionally solidified Pb–Sn eutectic, prepared by the Bridgman technique, it has been found that it is possible to obtain grains of nearly perfect lamellar structure and stable at elevated temperatures. The interlamellar spacing λ is 1 μm and the mean distance \bar D between fault lines 20 λ whereas they are respectively 1.5 μm and 7 λ in neighbouring grains. The orientation relation is: growth direction || [2\bar 11]Pb and ⊥ (12\bar 1)Sn, lamellar interfaces || (47\bar 1)Pb and (523)Sn. The spacing between planes perpendicular to the growth direction is the same in both phases. By studing the orientation relation with Bollmann's theory, zero planes and interfaces are found to be parallel. The coherent interphase boundary can explain the particularities of these grains. Their origin is discussed and related to the nucleation conditions.
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    Structural model for the \def\lambdabar{\ifvmode\noindent\fi{\hbox{$\lambda$}\kern-0.35em\raise0.7ex\hbox{-}\kern0.2em}}\lambdabar"-phase transformation (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 220-227 
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    Notes: The intensity distribution observed in neutron diffraction experiments in Zr–20% Nb alloys is analyzed in terms of the essential anharmonicity in the free energy, believed to be important in the Group IVb transition metals. It is found that a second-order approximation in the atomic displacements for calculating the diffuse intensity readily accounts for the main features of the intensity distribution. In particular, the observed ratio of intensities between certain superlattice reflections is shown to be related in a straightforward manner to the ratio of harmonic to anharmonic free-energy coefficients. Furthermore. in order to describe the observed curvature in the diffuse streaking in some Ti and Hf alloys, the displacement field of a localized ω-like particle is obtained by adding longitudinal displacement plane waves with wave vectors distributed on one octant of a spherical surface centered at the 〈111〉 octahedral site of the reciprocal lattice, and passing through point km ∼ 0.71 [ 111 ]. Computer-generated patterns of dots simulating such displacement fields were Fourier-transformed optically, yielding diffuse intensity' in excellent agreement with the circular streaking found experimentally in electron diffraction patterns of certain Ti and Hf alloys.
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    X-ray diffraction studies of aqueous solutions of urea (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 256-261 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: An X-ray diffraction method has been used to study the influence of solute concentration on molecular associations in aqueous solutions of urea. Calculations, from experimental intensities, of unsharpened electronic radial distribution functions (RDF) are presented for the range of urea concentration from 0.83 to 16.8 mol Kg−1 (5 to 100% solutions). The changes in RDF with increasing urea concentration are complex. Unequivocal interpretation of the distribution functions is not possible, but the major effect of the relatively bulky urea molecules on the water structure appears to be caused by distortion of the water matrix. At urea concentrations of 50% and 100%, features of the RDF not visible in the RDF's at lower concentrations indicate the presence of long-range (over a distance of about 8 Å) structural relationships possibly due to urea–urea interactions: such an interpretation would make urea–urea hydrogen-bonded associations unlikely at lower urea concentrations.
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    Powder neutron diffraction–refinement of the total pattern (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 277-280 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A technique for including all neutrons scattered by the specimen in the refinement procedure is described. This eliminates the sensitivity of atomic parameters to the choice of background level which occurs when only the profile is used in the refinement.
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    Dislocation contrast in X-ray synchrotron topographs (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 281-286 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The contrast of dislocations in X-ray topographs taken in the Guinier–Tennevin mode with synchrotron radiation has been studied. In reflections where high orders were insignificant, dislocation images appeared very similar to those in Lang topographs taken with characteristic radiation. At large specimen-to-plate distances orientation contrast is important in the direct image. The sense of the Burgers vector of dislocations showing double contrast can be deduced.
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  • 88
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    Interprétation de la déformation et de la recristallisation monocristaux d'aluminium tractionnés suivant un axe 〈011〉 à l'aide de modèle de transformation de Rowland (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 308-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Aluminium single crystals have been elongated at 78 K along an axis close to 〈110)〉. During the recrystallisation process new crystals appear in the vicinity of the deformation bands (deformation heterogeneities) and have only two orientations. The mechanism of the single and double Rowland transformations of the matrix may be responsible of these orientations. It is also found that the double Rowland transformation may account for the change between the initial and final orientations of the matrix (after an 80° elongation). The correspondence between the slip deformation of the matrix and a deformation, due to the double Rowland transformation which may be localized in the deformation bands, is established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877013521
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  • 89
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    Low-angle X-ray scattering with C Kα radiation (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 412-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene latex spheres of 1.011 and 0.234 μm diameter were used to observe low-angle X-ray scattering. For particles of about 1 μm in diameter the central scattering has not been observed accurately with characteristic X-rays such as Cu Kα and Mo Kα radiations, because it is strongly affected by the primary beam and the parasitic scattering of the slits. The present results show that the central scattering of particles of this size can be measured within 22′ without such influences by the use of C Kα radiation (wavelength 44.7 Å).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877013867
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  • 90
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    The use of integrals of the Airy diffraction intensity profile in X-ray topography of `spike' diffuse reflexions (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 422-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The average radius of platelet-like defects in crystals may be estimated by the non-destructive technique of X-ray topography of `spike' diffuse reflections, applicable to platelet radii several orders of magnitude smaller than the resolution limit of conventional X-ray topographic techniques. With the most favourable diffraction geometry, the diffuse topograph image may be regarded simply as the convolution of the platelet number density projected along the diffracted beam direction with the Airy diffraction intensity pattern appropriate to the radius of individual platelets. Different integrals of the Airy diffraction intensity profile are involved in photometric traverses of `spike' section topographs and of `spike' projection topographs. The required integrals are evaluated and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877013880
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  • 91
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    X-ray energy-dispersive diffractometry using synchrotron radiation (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The special features of X-ray energy-dispersive powder and single-crystal diffraction using synchrotron radiation are discussed on the basis of experiments performed at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY. The method is shown to be of particular value for fast structure identifications, experiments for which large scattering vectors are important, studies of phase transformations and chemical reactions at elevated temperatures and high-pressure studies. Studies of time-dependent phenomena using pulsed external fields are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877013910
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  • 92
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    Méthode vectorielle d'analyse de la texture des matériaux polycristallins de réseau cubique (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 458-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new method of texture analysis is presented that possesses the main advantages of both the Bunge–Roe and Williams methods. The general relations between pole densities and orientation distribution are given as well as an example of the result that can be obtained when only a single incomplete pole figure is available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188987701396X
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  • 93
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    A new automatic triple-crystal X-ray diffractometer for the precision measurement of intensity distribution of Bragg diffraction and Huang scattering (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 450-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A computer-controlled diffractometer has been built which permits intensity measurements to be made in any direction in reciprocal space in the diffraction plane with step sizes down to 0.01′′ of arc. Three examples illustrate the performance and application of the instrument: (a) perfect silicon, (b) gadolinium gallium garnet with growth striations and (c) niobium with low-angle grain boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877013958
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  • 94
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    Establishment of a President's Fund (1977)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 685-685 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739477001715
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  • 95
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    Report of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA)–International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) Joint Committee on Nomenclature (1977)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 681-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This report lists nomenclature recommendations resulting from a six-year study of problems common to the disciplines of mineralogy and crystallography. The recommendations include definitions of polytypism, topotaxy, syntaxy, and epitaxy, certain criteria for mineral names, preferred format for chemical formulae, and preferred symbols for crystallographic axes and repeat distances. Two recommended systems of structural symbols to be used to differentiate polytypes are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739477001703
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  • 96
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    Optical properties of ions in solids (Proceedings of NATO Advanced Study Institute, Erice, Italy, june 1974) by B. Di Bartolo (1977)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 685-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739477001739
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  • 97
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    Analysis of a faulted 4H structure of CdI2 (1977)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 687-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A faulted 4H structure of CdI2 gives a diffraction pattern composed of sharp spots and diffuse streaks. The structure was solved by assuming that the sharp spots come from the 'average structure' and the diffuse streaks from one-dimensional disorder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739477001764
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  • 98
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    Sextets in P1: The probabilistic theory of the six-phase structure invariant φ = φh + φk + φl + φm + φn + φp (1977)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 697-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It is assumed that a crystal structure P1 is fixed and that the 31 non-negative numbers R1, R2, . . ., R6; R12, R13, . . ., R56; R123, R124, . . ., R156 are also specified. The random variables (vectors) h, k, 1, m, n, p are assumed to be uniformly and independently distributed in the regions of reciprocal space defined by and |Eh| = R1, |Ek| = R2, . . . , |Ep| = R6; (1) |Eh + k| = R12, |Eh + l| = R13, . . . , |En + p| = R56; (2) |Eh + k + l| = R123, |Eh + k + m| = R124, . . . , |Eh + n + p| = R156; (3) and h + k + l + m + n + p = 0. (4) Then the structure invariant φ = φh + φk + φl + φm + φn + φp, as a function of the primitive random variables h, k, l, m, n, p, is itself a random variable, and its conditional probability distribution, given (1), (2) and (3), is derived from the main result of the previous paper [equation (3.1); Fortier & Hauptman (1977). Acta Cryst. A33, 694-696.] and compared with the distribution when only (1) is given. The distribution leads to estimates for cos φ in terms of the 31 magnitudes (1), (2) and (3).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S056773947700179X
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  • 99
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    Verification of crystal elastic anisotropy theory by ultrasonic diffraction experiments (1977)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 704-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This paper points out an indirect but convincing experimental verification of certain theories concerning elastic-wave propagation in anisotropic media. Relations between the Poynting vector and the propagation vector for longitudinal wave propagation near, but not exactly parallel to, certain pure-mode axes permit the calculation of the ultrasonic diffraction from large single apertures (transducers) oriented for propagation exactly along the pure-mode axes. Then the diffraction loss versus distance, measured in oriented single crystals, permits the verification of the theories concerning these relations and concerning ultrasonic diffraction. It is shown that five items of theory have been verified by the ultrasonic diffraction measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739477001818
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  • 100
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    Transformation orientée de l'hydrate 2H2O β en hydrate 2H2O α du nitrate de calcium. Interprétation structurale des formes cristallines des deux hydrates (1977)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 717-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The observed habits of crystals of the compounds α-Ca(NO3)2.2H2O and β-Ca(NO3)2.2H2O can be explained in terms of the crystal structure with the Hartman theory. A structural interpretation is given of the growth of α-phase crystals from a β-phase crystal with the [110] directions of the two phases parallel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739477001843
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