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  • GEOPHYSICS  (837)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1975-1979  (837)
  • 1976  (449)
  • 1975  (388)
  • 1
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    Mathematical modelling of undrained clay behavior (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The proposed general analytical model describes the anisotropic, elastoplastic, path-dependent, stress-strain properties of inviscid saturated clays under undrained conditions. Model parameters are determined by using results from strain-controlled simple shear tests on a saturated clay. The model's accuracy is evaluated by applying it to predict the results of other tests on the same clay, including monotonic and cyclic loading. The model explains the very anisotropic shear strength behavior observed for weak marine clays.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 95-102
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  • 2
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    Current status of understanding quasi-permanent fields associated with earthquakes (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The basic concepts relating to displacement fields associated with earthquakes are described. Factors discussed include: understanding the geologic and tectonic setting, the discovery of fault creep, and an extended range of possible models of strain buildup. Problems in tectonic modeling reviewed relate to understanding (1) frictional heat generation on faults, (2) the character of stress and strain on faults below the depth of earthquakes, and (3) the predictability of major earthquakes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Res. Found. Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocea; 103-110
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  • 3
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    The geoid: Definition and determination (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The principles and problems relative to the determination of the geoid are outlined. Factors discussed include: gravity data requirements for a precise geoid; mean sea level; and satellite altimetry. It is indicated that geoid undulations can be determined on a global basis to plus or minus 3 m. Application of geoid information to oceanography and the determination of sea surface topography considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean; 69-77
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  • 4
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    OGO 3 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 3 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to these experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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  • 5
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    OGO 2 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 2 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with a bibliography of papers pertaining to that experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 7 p
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  • 6
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    OGO 6 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 6 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 9 p
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  • 7
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    OGO 5 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 5 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 10 p
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  • 8
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    Geodynamics experiment MA-128 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Geodynamics Experiment was performed to assess the feasibility of tracking and recovering high frequency components of the earth gravity field by utilizing a synchronous orbiting tracking station such as Applications Technology Satellite 6. Two prime areas of data collection were selected for this experiment. The first area is the center of the African continent, and the second area is the Indian Ocean depression centered at latitude 5 N and longitude 75 E. Preliminary results show that the detectability objective of the experiment has been achieved in both areas as well as in several additional anomalous areas around the globe. Gravity anomalies of the Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges of ocean trenches, and of the Diamantina depth are specific examples.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 16 p
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  • 9
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    Overview of the OGO program (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The objectives and background, approach and mission profiles are discussed along with the configuration, and accomplishments of the program. The results of experiments for OGO 1,2,3, and 4 are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 27 p
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  • 10
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    OGO 4 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 4 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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  • 11
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    Spacecraft and experiment characteristics with literature references (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 1 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to that experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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  • 12
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    Doppler tracking experiment MA-089 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Doppler tracking experiment was designed to test the feasibility of improved mapping of earth gravity field anomalies by means of the low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking method. All prescribed data have been retrieved and are currently being reduced and analyzed. Baseline data taken while the docking module was still attached to the command and service module indicated that the equipment operated satisfactorily. The efficacy of the two frequency ionospheric correction method has been demonstrated, and preliminary reduction of a data sample has successfully removed extraneous signatures down to the 50-millihertz level, where the rotational motion of the docking module is revealed. Photographs of the docking module, taken shortly after jettison, show that its rotation was stable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 31 p
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  • 13
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    The earth's rotation (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The state-of-the-art technology in the study of the three dimensional rotation of the earth about its center of mass is summarized. A survey of appropriate reference frames and problems involved in defining them is given along with an outline of the accuracy with which the earth's rotation can be measured relative to these frames. The various spectral features of changes in the axis orientation and spin rate of the solid earth and the physical mechanisms known or likely to effect and/or affect them are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Res. Found. Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean; 27-39
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  • 14
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    The colors of space (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Visual observations, as made by cosmonauts, of the earth's surface, physical processes occurring in the earth's atmosphere, and optical phenomena are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 51-56
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  • 15
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    Diurnal variations of odd nitrogen and ionic densities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere - Simultaneous solution of photochemical-diffusive equations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 1
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  • 16
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    A relationship between synchronous-altitude electron fluxes and the auroral electrojet, appendix A (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous observations during four substorms are reported from the Lockheed auroral particle spectrometer on ATS-5 and the University of Alberta meridian magnetometer chain (Canada). During the four events studied, there was a good correlation between the magnitude of the trapped electron fluxes in the energy range from 1.8 to 53 keV and the magnitude of the electrojet current as measured by a station in the magnetometer chain at a latitude close to that expected for the ATS conjugate point. The Hall effect was studied and a model electrojet was constructed which gave a good absolute agreement between the two measured quantities. The results are consistent with the convection electric field remaining approximately constant during a substantial portion of each of the substorms studied. The temporal variations of the electrojet were apparently controlled by conductivity changes in the ionosphere as determined by the precipitating auroral electrons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Analysis of Data from the Lockheed Experiment on ATS-5; 24 p
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  • 17
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    Measurements of NH3 absorption coefficients with a C-13/O-16/2 laser (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of NH3 absorption coefficients are presented for several transitions of a C-13(O-16)2 laser for small concentrations of NH3(p less than 1 torr) for absorption lines broadened to 1 atm with N2. NH3 absorption coefficients were determined for laser transitions R(8)(920.2194 wavelengths/cm) to R(28)(933.8808 wavelengths/cm) of the 00 1 - (10 0,02 0)I band. The strongest absorption coefficient K = 36.09 + or - 1.43 per (atm-cm) was measured for the R(18) transition for the NH3 line, aQ(6,6), and is larger than has been found in any previous measurements with a CO2 laser. The dependence of K on total pressure was also obtained for select transitions, and the frequency separation between the R(18) laser transition and the neighboring NH3 line aQ(6,6) was determined to be 550 + or - 50 MHz. These results are significant for long path absorption monitoring of NH3 with CO2 lasers since the path length can be reduced by approximately 40% and for heterodyne detection of NH3 since the relative position of the laser transition to the NH3 absorption line is well within the bandpass of Hg-Cd-Te photomixers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Sept
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  • 18
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    Thermal structure of the ionosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A brief review is presented of recent progress made toward gaining a more complete understanding of the thermal structure of the ionosphere. Important heat sources for the ionosphere are described, including the solar EUV flux, midlatitude interactions between the magnetosphere and ionosphere, electric-field enhancements at high latitudes, particle precipitation in the auroral oval, and polar-wind heating. Discrepancies between electron-temperature measurements by satellite probes and incoherent-backscatter techniques are noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 19
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    Ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling. I - Thermal plasma (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The complex interaction of the cold plasma of the plasmasphere and ionosphere with the hot plasma of the ring current and the plasma sheet is studied. It is seen that a coupling, probably through wave particle interactions, exists which seems to have a strong influence on the temperature of the plasma of the outer plasmasphere and on the detailed dynamics of the bulge region, especially the formation of detached plasma regions or plasma tails. Also, there is evidence that the outer plasmasphere may display very high temperatures, and that detached plasma regions are closely associated with ring current injections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysical and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 20
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    Radiation in the atmosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Questions of radiative transfer in realistic atmospheres are considered along with aspects related to radiative energy budgets and the solar constants, the radiative properties of atmosphere and surfaces, radiation instruments and measurements, and radiative interactions in dynamical systems. A number of special topics are discussed, taking into account remote sensing, air pollution, and the effect of turbulence on the propagation of light through the atmosphere. It is pointed out that numerous recent studies have been conducted of the properties and effects of atmospheric aerosols.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 13; July 197
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  • 21
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    Access of solar electrons to the polar regions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Riometric and forward-scatter radio-wave absorption measurements at high polar latitudes in both hemispheres are compared with absorption calculations based on satellite observations in the magnetosheath to determine whether a north-south asymmetry in the solar electron flux occurred during a polar-cap absorption (PCA) event. Detection of solar electrons in interplanetary space is shown to have occurred simultaneously with detection of HF radio-wave absorption, indicating that the initial stage of the PCA was due to the arrival of solar electrons. A north-south asymmetry is observed in the electron flux, and it is found that the flux precipitating over the South Pole did not exceed the mean unidirectional intensity of the electrons detected in space. The ratio between fluxes in the low and high polar latitude regions over Antarctica during a period of solar electron anisotropy is found to be comparable with that obtained during periods of isotropy. These results are shown to be consistent with the idea of an open magnetosphere and with the conclusion that an anisotropic solar electron flux may be rendered isotropic at the magnetopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; June 197
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  • 22
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    Temporal variations in the dawn and dusk midlatitude trough positions measured /Ariel 3, Ariel 4/ and modelled (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 23
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    Alkyl substituted cyclic ethers in 2,300 M yr old Transvaal algal stromatolite (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two cyclic ethers have been identified for the first time from insoluble polymer-like kerogen in a Precambrian rock by ozonolysis, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The ethers are 2-n-propyl-3-methyltetrahydrofuran and 2-n-propyltetrahydropyran. These compounds could prove to be the oldest indigenous biochemical fossils. The sample was obtained 750 m stratigraphically above the base of the Transvaal Sequence from an outcrop approximately 315 km north-east of Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 255; June 26
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  • 24
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    Identifications of the polar cap boundary and the auroral belt in the high-altitude magnetosphere - A model for field-aligned currents (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 25
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    Standing waves at low Mach number laminar bow shocks (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Explorer 43 data were used to study 34 bow shock crossings observed from 5 to 16 earth radii upstream of the average bow shock location. Waves with periods of 6 to 130 s having amplitudes up to delta-B/B = 1 were detected. Wave polarization for the low-frequency waves is right-handed in relation to the average field direction when the observer moves from the upstream to downstream direction but is left-handed when the observer moves in the opposite sense. This fact identified the waves as standing whistler waves in the coordinate system of the shock. The waves are in agreement with collisionless low Mach number laminar shock theory. When the measured parameters were used to calculate theoretical wavelengths, the observed wave frequencies could be used to calculate velocities for the shock-wave coordinate system past the spacecraft; such velocities are mostly between 10 and 30 km/s. It is suggested that the higher-frequency propagating whistler waves may evolve from the standing whistler waves through a decay instability.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 26
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    Full non-linear treatment of the global thermospheric wind system. I - Mathematical method and analysis of forces. II - Results and comparison with observations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The equations of horizontal motion of the neutral atmosphere between 120 and 500 km are integrated with the inclusion of all nonlinear terms of the convective derivative and the viscous forces due to vertical and horizontal velocity gradients. Empirical models of the distribution of neutral and charged particles are assumed to be known. The model of velocities developed is a steady state model. In Part I the mathematical method used in the integration of the Navier-Stokes equations is described and the various forces are analyzed. Results of the method given in Part I are presented with comparison with previous calculations and observations of upper atmospheric winds. Conclusions are that nonlinear effects are only significant in the equatorial region, especially at solstice conditions and that nonlinear effects do not produce any superrotation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; Feb. 197
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  • 27
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    Magnetic field depression at the earth's surface calculated from the relationship between the size of the magnetosphere and the Dst values (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Jan. 1
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  • 28
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    A Study of Ionospheric and atmospheric electric fields by means of balloon measurements near the southern polar cusp (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: . In the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3; 19 p
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  • 29
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    Earth's bowshock and its vicinity (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Phenomena associated with the bowshock, such as its thickness, velocity, and associated waves are described. There are transverse waves radiating away from the shock and at times stationary waves fixed to it. Reflected protons generate waves far upstream. Electrostatic waves occur in the shock.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 30
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    Heat budget of ionospheric electrons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Heat input calculations were detached from solar extreme UV data and monatomic oxygen densities were derived from simultaneously measured data sets (ion composition 146-191 km) in a study of the heat budget of ionosphere electrons. Earlier inferences that cooling predominates over heating are supported. A search for additional heat sources or a revision of the cooling rates is recommended, by way of balancing the heat budget. Importance is attached to electron cooling by fine structure excitation of monatomic oxygen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Annales de Geophysique; 32; Oct
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  • 31
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    The mesosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The mesosphere is an atmospheric region characterized by a negative gradient of solar energy absorption and temperature. Although the distribution of most minor constituents is dominated by photochemistry, vertical transport does have a pronounced effect on many of them. The basic dynamic principles are discussed along with their application to the important mesospheric motions: acoustic-gravity waves, tides, planetary-scale waves, and eddy motions. Oxides of nitrogen and hydrogen are also examined which strongly influence the balance of odd oxygen (O and O3). Brief discussions of the chemistry of carbon compounds and of excited species are also included. The chemistry of ionic species in the mesosphere is very important because it strongly influences the propagation and absorption of radio waves. Because of ion clustering and negative-ion formation, such chemistry is extremely complex. The current state of knowledge is discussed in some detail. The principles involved in constructing models for predicting the distribution of minor constituents, both neutral and ionic, are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Surveys; 2; 1976
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  • 32
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    Coincident observations of ionospheric troughs and the equatorial plasmapause (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Electron-density observations made in the topside ionosphere by the Ariel 4 and Isis 2 satellites are examined in conjunction with results obtained by Explorer 45 when it traversed the near-equatorial plasmapause with one hour (both UT and MLT) of the Ariel and Isis traversals of the same L coordinate. Both dusk and night observations are analyzed, and an attempt is made to show that depressions in ionospheric electron density occur in the vicinity of the plasmapause field line. It is concluded that the electron distributions observed in the electron-density troughs at 550 km near dusk by Ariel and at 1400 km near midnight by Isis do not always parallel variations in the light-ion distribution inferred from the Explorer plasmapause traversals and that there appears to be no specific feature of the main ionospheric trough which can be used to identify the plasmapause field line except in a statistical sense.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 24; Dec. 197
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  • 33
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    Some aspects of the stratospheric Cl-ClO-Cl cycle - Possible roles of ClO, ClNO3 and HOCl (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The possible inhibitory effect of excited ClO produced during chlorine-sensitized ozone decomposition on the stratospheric Cl-ClO-Cl cycle is investigated. Collisional deactivation of excited ClO is discussed, chemical reactions involving excited ClO are examined, and the possible roles of HO2 and NO2 in weakening the Cl-ClO-Cl cycle are evaluated. It is noted that the formation of HOCl through a reaction between ClO and HO2 implies that the Cl-ClO-Cl cycle has not been completed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 24; Dec. 197
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  • 34
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    Effects of the atmosphere on remote sensing (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The interaction between electromagnetic radiation and the earth's atmosphere is considered, taking into account windows in the electromagnetic spectrum, solar and terrestrial radiation, physical properties of the atmosphere, and clouds. The characteristics of upwelling radiation in the visible wavelengths are discussed along with infrared radiation and microwaves. Attention is given to radiant emittance, radiance, contrast, effects of atmospheric turbulence, ocean color, and questions concerning the classification of surface features with the aid of computers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 35
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    Magnetospheric whistler ducts observed by ISIS satellites (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The latitudinal width of the magnetospheric whistler duct has been estimated by the first and final invariant latitudes of whistler echoes and the conservation of the magnetic flux for the centered dipole field, using 105 whistler echoes in ISIS VLF data received at Kashima, Japan for 1972-1973. The latitudinal distribution of whistler duct occurrence shows a maximum at invariant latitudes of 40-45 degrees near the maximum occurrence latitude of ground whistlers. The radial width of magnetospheric whistler duct in the geomagnetically equatorial plane increases with invariant latitude of the geomagnetic flux tube in which whistlers propagate.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Research Laboratories; vol. 23
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  • 36
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    Terrestrial kilometric radiation. I - Spatial structure studies (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of lunar occultations of earth at 250 kHz, obtained with the Radio Astronomy Explorer 2 satellite, have been used to derive two-dimensional maps of the location of the sources of terrestrial kilometric radiation (TKR). By examining the two-dimensional source distributions as a function of the observer's location (lunar orbit) with respect to the magnetosphere, the average three-dimensional location of the emission regions can be estimated. Although TKR events at 250 kHz can often be observed at projected distances corresponding to the 250-kHz electron gyro or plasma level (about 2 earth radii), many events are observed much farther from earth (about 5 to 15 radii). On the dayside, emission was apparently observed in the region of the polar cusp and the magnetosheath at a magnetic latitude of about 70 deg; in the night hemisphere, emission is found to be associated with regions of the magnetotail at latitudes of at least 70 deg. The nightside emission is suggestive of a mechanism involving plasma-sheet electron precipitation in the premidnight sector.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Dec. 1
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  • 37
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    Thermospheric storms and related ionospheric effects (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A comparative study of thermospheric storms for equinox and winter conditions is presented based on neutral-composition measurements from the Aeros-A neutral-atmosphere temperature experiment. The main features of the two storms as inferred from changes in N2, Ar, He, and O are described, and their implications for current theories of thermospheric storms are discussed. On the basis of the study of the F-region critical frequency measured from a chain of ground-based ionospheric stations during the two storm periods, the general characteristics of the ionospheric storms and the traveling ionospheric disturbances are described. It is suggested that the positive and negative phases of ionospheric storms are different manifestations of thermospheric storms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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  • 38
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    Exospheric temperature inferred from the Aeros-A neutral composition measurement (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The derivation of exospheric temperature from satellite drag measurements is based on an assumption of invariant conditions of the neutral atmosphere at 120 km. Since it has been established that atomic oxygen, which is usually the major neutral constituent in the region of drag measurements, is subject to considerable variability with season, latitude, and solar and geomagnetic activity in the altitude region of 120 km, its value as an indicator of exospheric temperature is questionable. Ogo 6 neutral mass spectrometer measurements revealed that molecular nitrogen is a better indicator of exospheric temperature, since it is not subject to changes caused by eddy mixing and is therefore relatively less variable near the turbopause. However, theoretical arguments show that argon, even though it is a minor constituent, is relatively less variable with respect to changes in eddy diffusion coefficient and hence a better indicator of exospheric temperature than O and N2. In this paper the relative merits of these gases for deriving exospheric temperature are investigated by using observational data from the Aeros-A Nate experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 1
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  • 39
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    Thirteenth-order orbital resonance on a Diademe 2 fragment (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A strong thirteenth-order resonance has been observed in an analysis which is based on U.S. Navy tracking data regarding the slowly decaying orbit of a Diademe 2 fragment. The exact commensurability for the orbit occurred in late 1973. The major changes due to the resonance were over by late 1974. Approaches for a significant improvement of thirteenth-order geopotential terms are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 10
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  • 40
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    Remote sensing of the ionospheric F layer by use of O I 6300-A and O I 1356-A observations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility of using airglow techniques for estimating the electron density and height of the F layer is studied on the basis of a simple relationship between the height of the F2 peak and the column emission rates of the O I 6300 A and O I 1356 A lines. The feasibility of this approach is confirmed by a numerical calculation of F2 peak heights and electron densities from simultaneous measurements of O I 6300 A and O I 1356 A obtained with earth-facing photometers carried by the Ogo 4 satellite. Good agreement is established with the F2 peak heights estimates from top-side and bottom-side ionospheric sounding.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 41
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    Local time variation of equatorial thermospheric composition determined by the San Marco 3 Nace (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of the Neutral Atmospheric Composition Experiment (Nace) on the Italian San Marco 3 satellite are analyzed. The analysis provides a comprehensive description of the daily variations in the densities of O, N2, Ar, and He in composition of the lower thermosphere, and also indicates that transport processes (possibly occurring elsewhere in the atmosphere) play an important part in the daily variation of the thermospheric composition at altitudes between 220 and 250 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 42
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    A calculation of auroral hiss with improved models for geoplasma and magnetic field (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Intensities of auroral hiss generated by the Cerenkov radiation process by electrons in the lower magnetosphere are calculated with respect to a realistic model of the earth's magnetosphere. In this calculation, the magnetic field is expressed by the Mead-Fairfield Model (1975), and a static model of the iono-magnetospheric plasma distribution is constructed with data accumulated by recent satellites (Alouette-I, -II, ISIS-I, OGO-4, -6 and Explorer 22). The energy range of hiss producing electrons and the frequency range of the calculated VLF are 100-200 keV, and 2-200 kHz, respectively. The higher rate of hiss occurrence in the daytime side, particularly in the soft electron precipitation zone in the morning sector, and the lesser occurrence of auroral hiss in night-time sectors must be due to the local time dependence of the energy spectra of precipitating electrons rather than the difference in the geomagnetic field and in the geoplasma distributions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; May 1975
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  • 43
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    Error enhancement in geomagnetic models derived from scalar data (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation conducted by Backus (1970) regarding the possible existence of two harmonic functions of certain characteristics in three-dimensional space is considered. The derivation of a model of the main geomagnetic field from scalar data is discussed along with a numerical simulation study. It is found that experimental discrepancies between vector field observations and the predictions of the model may have a mathematical origin, related to the work of Backus.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; May 1
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  • 44
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    Ionospheric effects of X-ray source Scorpius XR-1 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple two-ion model was employed to evaluate the ionospheric effects of various nocturnal ionization sources. The model was used to calculate the decay of the electron number density at 90 km with and without illumination by Scorpius XR-1 X rays. Reflection parameters for the determination of the effect of cosmic x-ray sources on radio wave propagation were also obtained. The results obtained in the investigation do not support the proposal made by Anathakrishnan and Ramanathan (1969) that the X-ray source in Scorpius XR-1 affects the nighttime lower ionosphere of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; May 1975
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  • 45
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    E.l.f./v.l.f. emissions observed on Ariel 4 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Ariel 4 satellite was designed to study wave-particle phenomena in the magnetosphere by measuring the electromagnetic wave fields over a wide frequency range and the fluxes and pitch angle distributions of energetic particles. We describe here the results of a preliminary study of the various v.l.f./e.l.f. electromagnetic wave phenomena which are observed. These include man-made signals from v.l.f. transmitters, impulsive noise originating in thunderstorms and emissions arising from magnetospheric energetic charged particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 46
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    15th order resonance terms using the decaying orbit of TETR-3 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Fifteenth-order commensurability of the orbit of TETR-3 (1971-83B) is studied. The study is designed to obtain good discrimination of 15th-order resonances through a better range of inclinations. The first low inclination orbit, 33 deg, is used for this purpose; it is very sensitive to the high degree terms which were rather poorly represented by previously analyzed orbits.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; Mar. 197
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  • 47
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    Relation of variations in total magnetic field at high latitude with the parameters of the interplanetary magnetic field and with DP 2 fluctuations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Apr. 1
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  • 48
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    Silicon ions below 100 km - A case for SiO2/+/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation regarding the occurrence of Si ions is conducted, taking into account an unusual metal ion structure observed during a meteor shower event. Loss processes involving silicon oxides are considered in connection with a study of the reasons for the unique Si(+) distribution found. It is suggested that below 100 km Si(+) is rapidly depleted by two- and three-body reactions with molecular oxygen, forming SiO2(+) which then recombines.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Mar. 197
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  • 49
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    Ion composition irregularities and ionosphere-plasmasphere coupling - Observations of a high latitude ion trough (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; Apr. 197
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  • 50
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    Isolated cold plasma regions - Observations and their relation to possible production mechanisms (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Regions of enhanced cold plasma, isolated from the main plasmasphere along the Explorer 45 (53-A) orbit in the equatorial plane, have been detected by using the sheath-induced potentials seen by the electric field experiment. The occurrence of these regions has a strong correlation with negative enhancements of Dst, and their locations are primarily in the noon-dusk quadrant. The data support the concept that changes in large-scale convection play a dominant role in the formation of these regions. Plasma tails that are predicted from enhancements of large-scale convection electric fields in general define where these regions may be found. More localized processes are necessary to account for the exact configuration and structure seen in these regions and may eventually result in detachment from the main plasmasphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Mar. 1
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  • 51
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    Dynamics of Mid-latitude light ion trough and plasma tails (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Light ion trough measurements near midnight made by the Bennett RF ion mass spectrometer on Ogo 4 operating in the high-resolution mode reveal the existence of irregular structure on the low-latitude side of the mid-latitude trough. By using two different relations between the equatorial convection electric field, assumed to be spatially invariant and directed from dawn to dusk, and Kp, a model development was made of the outer plasmasphere. The model calculations produced multiple plasma tails that compare favorably with the observed thermal proton irregularities. The model development produces an outer plasmasphere boundary location that varies similarly to the observed minimum density point of the light ion trough. However, the measurements are not extensive enough to yield conclusive proof that one of the electric field models is better than the other.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Mar. 1
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  • 52
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    Ion effects on ionospheric electron resonance phenomena (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ion effects are often observed on topside-sounder-stimulated electron plasma wave phenomena and the present study is concerned with the spur effect relative to electron plasma resonance. A spur appears after a time delay corresponding to the proton gyroperiod and is observed mainly on the resonances at the electron plasma frequency and the harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. Proton spurs occur at the harmonic resonances only, when the electron plasma waves associated with these resonances are susceptible to the Harris instability and when the electromagnetic wave can be initiated by the sounder pulse. This instability results from a sounder-stimulated anisotropic electron velocity distribution. The observations suggest that energy is fed into the harmonics of the longitudinal plasma wave from the electromagnetic wave through wave-mode coupling. The observations were made during eight passes of the Alouette-2 satellite.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 10; Feb. 197
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  • 53
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    A planetary radio astronomy discussion of the 1.55 cm microwave emission of the earth (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Using 1.55 cm observations of the earth made by the Electrically Scanned Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) experiment on Nimbus 5, the appearance of the earth from Venus is simulated. A single antenna unable to resolve the earth's disk would give a time-averaged disk temperature of 183 K. In one rotation, the disk temperature would vary from 194 K to 172 K. During the 1973 inferior conjunction, a radio telescope with 1 arc sec resolution would resolve most of the major surface features of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 24; Feb. 197
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  • 54
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    A global magnetic anomaly map (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A subset of Pogo satellite magnetometer data has been formed that is suitable for analysis of crustal magnetic anomalies. Through the use of a thirteenth-order field model fit to these data, magnetic residuals have been calculated over the world to latitude limits of plus or minus 50 deg. These residuals, averaged over 1-degree latitude-longitude blocks, represent a detailed global magnetic anomaly map derived solely from satellite data. The occurrence of these anomalies on all individual satellite passes independent of local time and their decay as altitude increases imply a definite internal origin. Their wavelength structure and their correlation with known tectonic features further suggest that these anomalies are primarily of geologic origin and have their sources in the lithosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 10
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  • 55
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    Adiabatic Hamiltonian of charged particle motion in a dipole field (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Hamiltonian for a dipole field is developed, and the result is expressed by an analytic approximation accurate to within about 1%. This allows extension of results derived for equatorial particles to particles with arbitrary pitch angles; in particular, it makes available even in the presence of electric fields orthogonal to the magnetic field a function K that is preserved by the bounce-averaged motion. This function provides at once the equations of drift paths in (alpha, beta) or of their projections onto the equatorial plane; the derivation of a pacing function that times the progress of particles along such drift paths is also described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 56
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    The motion of a proton in the equatorial magnetosphere (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In a time-independent model of the magnetosphere including a dipole magnetic field, a convection electric field (deduced from polar orbit observations), and an electric field due to the earth's rotation, the motion of a proton in the equatorial plane is analyzed. By means of the Hamiltonian of the motion, three regimes of motion are identified. A method is then developed for determining for any given observation point which arrival energies correspond to trapped particles and which represent 'open' trajectories.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 57
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    A quantitative magnetospheric model derived from spacecraft magnetometer data (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The model is derived by making least squares fits to magnetic field measurements from four Imp satellites. It includes four sets of coefficients, representing different degrees of magnetic disturbance as determined by the range of Kp values. The data are fit to a power series expansion in the solar magnetic coordinates and the solar wind-dipole tilt angle, and thus the effects of seasonal north-south asymmetries are contained. The expansion is divergence-free, but unlike the usual scalar potential expansion, the model contains a nonzero curl representing currents distributed within the magnetosphere. The latitude at the earth separating open polar cap field lines from field lines closing on the day side is about 5 deg lower than that determined by previous theoretically derived models. At times of high Kp, additional high-latitude field lines extend back into the tail. Near solstice, the separation latitude can be as low as 75 deg in the winter hemisphere. The average northward component of the external field is much smaller than that predicted by theoretical models; this finding indicates the important effects of distributed currents in the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 58
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    The equatorial helium ion trough and the geomagnetic anomaly (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The latitudinal characteristics of He+ in the equatorial region are compared with those of O+ and H+. These ions, in different altitude regions, exhibit certain features which are characteristics of the ionospheric geomagnetic anomaly. It is shown that the latitudinal distributions of these ions are related to their vertical distribution at the equator via their respective scale heights and the geomagnetic dipole geometry. To a first order, the positions of the latitudinal maxima of a given ion may be related to its peak altitude at the equator by a proposed expression.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 37; Feb. 197
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  • 59
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    Solar activity and the motions of the upper atmosphere (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A possible mechanism for the action of solar radiation on the motion of the upper atmosphere is considered that includes the time dependent interplanetary field contour line and its effect on zonal wind velocity. A strong correlation is reported between this induction mechanism and those indices of solar activity that characterize the magnetic fields of the solar plasma.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Phys. of the Sea and Atmosphere NASA-TT-F-16225; p 17-21
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  • 60
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    On the lidar determination of atmospheric transmittance (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A solution of the lidar equation is given with the aim of determining the attenuation coefficient of the atmosphere under conditions of the existence of a relation between it and the effective backscatter area. The errors of determining the attenuation coefficient from measurements of the echo signal power are analyzed. A proposed method of determining that coefficient by sounding with variable pulse lengths is examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radar Meteorology (NASA-TT-F-14797); p 134-143
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  • 61
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    Possible isotopic shifts with changes in the geomagnetic field (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The geomagnetic fields of the past geological epochs are studied on the basis of observations on the rock residual magnetization. This paper evaluates the shifts in the isotopic composition of the same elements in the rocks affected by cosmic rays. The possibility of using the shifts in the isotopic composition for revealing geomagnetic field inversions is discussed. Geomagnetic field inversion periods traced by the rock residual magnetization are in good agreement with the periods of the greatest qualitative changes in the animal world throughout the last 500 million years.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 164-169
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  • 62
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    Secular variations of L, B-coordinates (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The calculation results of L, B-coordinates for different years from 1957 to 1967 are given. Periodic calculations of the geomagnetic coordinates for different epochs are considered to be very urgent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 159-163
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  • 63
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    Effect of threshold rigidity variations on the electron production rate in the atmosphere (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Current systems formed during magnetic disturbances cause threshold energy variations of cosmic ray particles. The latter, in turn, are a source of electron production in the terrestrial atmosphere. The paper gives the calculations of the electron production rate with the count of threshold variations during magnetic disturbances.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 154-158
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  • 64
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    The effect of cosmic rays on thunderstorm electricity (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The inflow of charges of small ions, formed by cosmic rays, into thunderstorm cells is estimated on the basis of rocket measurements of ionic concentrations below 90 km. Out of the two processes that form the thunderstorm charge (generation and separation of charges), the former is supposed to be caused by cosmic rays, and the nature of separation is assumed to be the same as in other thunderstorm theories.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 145-147
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  • 65
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    Possibility of controlling the earth's negative charge and the unitary variation of its electric field by cosmic rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The dependence of the atmospheric conductivity upon the cosmic ray intensity, the possibility of charge generation in thunderstorms by cosmic rays, the dependence of the troposphere electricity on the stratosphere, the relationship between the unitary variation of the earth's electric field intensity and that of cosmic ray intensity (daily, yearly and 11-year latitudinal dependence of both values), deny first, the exceptional role of the tropospheric processes in maintaining the terrestrial charge and unitary variation, and, second, compel one to consider the cause mentioned above to be the result of the influence of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 148-153
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  • 66
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    Altitudinal, diurnal and latitudinal dependences for ionic concentrations formed by corpuscular fluxes in the stratosphere and mesosphere (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: On the basis of over 15 rocket measurements of ionic concentrations below 80 km, the height, daily and latitudinal dependences between positive ionic concentrations and cosmic ray intensity below 60 km as well as between ionic concentrations and corpuscular streams within the 60-80 km altitude range are compared. It is shown that ionic concentration and cosmic ray intensity below 60 km at night are likely to be interrelated, in conformity with Chapman's theory of the simple layer. In daytime, all phenomena are aggravated by photodetachment and ion exchange reactions with the participation of ozone. Between 60-80 km, besides ordinary cosmic rays, there must exist an additional corpuscular stream.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 142-144
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  • 67
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    Atmospheric effects and sidereal-diurnal variations in extended air showers (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations are presented on the variations of extended air shower intensity with an average power of 1.4 x 10,000 and 1.4 x 100,000 particles at sea level. The effect of disintegrating particles and the essential role of cascades formed above the lower third of the atmosphere are examined. However, the authors failed to discover anisotropy of initial particles with an energy of 10 to the 14th power to 10 to the 15th power eV with an accuracy of up to 0.1%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 133-137
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  • 68
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    Balloon borne experiments to measure horizontal and vertical electric fields at stratospheric altitudes (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 3; 28 p
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  • 69
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    The Nimbus 4 infrared spectroscopy experiment. III - Observations of the lower stratospheric thermal structure and total ozone (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Dec. 20
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  • 70
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    Field-aligned currents observed by the Ogo 5 and Triad satellites (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Triad (at a height of 800 km) and Ogo 5 (in the high altitude magnetosphere) magnetic field observations have shown the existence of a field-aligned current system consisting of currents flowing in the polar cap boundary layer and those flowing in another layer located equatorward of the former. In the polar cap boundary layer (identified as the high-latitude boundary of the plasma sheet in the nightside magnetosphere), the current flows into the ionosphere on the morning side and away from the ionosphere on the afternoon side. In the lower-latitude layer, the current directions are reversed. The current in the polar cap boundary layer is considered as the primary field-aligned current system.
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  • 71
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    Geomagnetic storm effects on the thermosphere and the ionosphere revealed by in situ measurements from OGO 6 (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The temporal response of the densities of upper-atmospheric ion and neutral constituents to a particular geomagnetic storm is studied using simultaneous ion and neutral-composition data obtained by the OGO 6 satellite during consecutive orbits at altitudes greater than 400 km. The investigated constituents include H(+), O(+), N2, O, He, and H. Derivation of the H density is reviewed, and the main effects of the storm are discussed, particularly temporal and global variations in the densities. It is found that: (1) the H and He densities began to decrease near the time of sudden commencement, with the decrease amounting to more than 40% of the quiet-time densities during the maximum stage at high latitudes; (2) the O and N2 densities exhibited an overall increase which began later than the change in H and He densities; (3) the H(+) density decreased differently in two distinct regions separated near the low-latitude boundary of the light-ion trough; and (4) the O(+) density showed an increase during earlier stages of the storm and decreased only in the Northern Hemisphere during the recovery phase. Certain physical and chemical processes are suggested which play principal roles in the ionospheric response to the storm
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 24; Nov. 197
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    Diffusive isothermal partitioning in a layered medium with geologic applications (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The diffusive isothermal partitioning of solute in a layered two-phase material has been analyzed to help elucidate the phenomenon of solute partitioning in multiphase lunar and terrestrial materials and to estimate the cooling history of samples. After reviewing the physical chemistry of partitioning and the case of an infinite one-dimensional diffusion couple, we solve in analytic form the case of a finite one-dimensional couple. The solution can be used to estimate cooling histories or to interpret laboratory experiments on partitioning. A sample calculation is included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Nov. 10
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  • 73
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    On the magnetic mirroring as the basic cause of parallel electric fields (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Among the different proposed mechanisms for generating parallel electric fields, magnetic mirroring of charged particles seems to be the most plausible. In the present paper, it is suggested that magnetic mirroring is the basic cause of parallel electric fields in the magnetosphere and that the magnetic mirroring effect may be able to form the basis of an auroral theory that can remove a major portion of the ambiguity of observations. In the model proposed, the parallel electric field is due to a magnetic confinement of a negatively charged hot collision-free plasma. A transfer of electron gyroenergy into wave energy tends to weaken this confinement; if this energy transfer becomes too strong, the parallel potential gradient will break down. Hence, from this model, in contrast to certain other models of parallel electric fields, only a small fraction of the total auroral particle energy may be expected to be transformed into electromagnetic wave energy during the acceleration process.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Nov. 1
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  • 74
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    Energetics of the midlatitude thermosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Thermospheric energetics is examined from the point of view of atomic and molecular processes which convert solar EUV radiative energy into kinetic energy of the ambient electron, ion, and neutral gases. The energy flow from photon to photoelectron-ion pair through energy loss and ion-molecule transfer to eventual electron-ion recombination is traced in detail. Upper and lower bounds are placed on the efficiency of conversion of radiative to thermal energy. Implications for the question of consistency of measured solar EUV fluxes and ionospheric models are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 38; Aug. 197
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  • 75
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    Dynamical effects in the distribution of helium in the thermosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses some phenomena, mainly observed by satellites, which illustrate the use of helium as a tracer for studying the morphology and history of atmospheric responses to energy inputs of varying amplitudes and durations. The effects observed include (1) the annual north-south excursion of the sub-solar point producing the winter helium bulge, (2) the 24-hour diurnal variation, where the helium density peak is phase-shifted to the morning in the lower thermosphere, (3) high latitude magnetospheric heating of the thermosphere, with helium indicating regions of probable upwelling of the heated gas, and (4) gravity wave formation and propagation, with the attendant implications for transport of energy from one region of the atmosphere to another.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 38; Aug. 197
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  • 76
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    Algorithms for computing the geopotential using a simple density layer (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Several algorithms have been developed for computing the potential and attraction of a simple density layer. These are numerical cubature, Taylor series, and a mixed analytic and numerical integration using a singularity-matching technique. A computer program has been written to combine these techniques for computing the disturbing acceleration on an artificial earth satellite. A total of 1640 equal-area, constant surface density blocks on an oblate spheroid are used. The singularity-matching algorithm is used in the subsatellite region, Taylor series in the surrounding zone, and numerical cubature on the rest of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Sept. 10
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  • 77
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    Molecular oxygen abundances in the thermosphere from atmosphere Explorer-C ion composition measurements (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Sept. 1
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  • 78
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    V.L.F. emission from ring-current electrons (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Characteristics of VLF emissions detected by satellite in association with enhancements of ring-current electrons during magnetic storms and substorms are described along with the associated enhancements in electron intensities and the anisotropies of the ring-current electron distribution. It is shown that the emissions are observed only when the satellite is outside the plasmasphere, that the beginning of the emissions coincides with the satellite's encounter with the large electron fluxes in that region, and that the increase in electron intensities associated with the observed emissions is limited only to low-energy electrons. The frequency distributions of emissions with peak frequencies above and below half the electron gyrofrequency at the equator is analyzed. The bimodal frequency distribution of the equatorial whistler-mode emissions is explained in terms of different production regions for emissions at frequencies above and below half the equatorial electron gyrofrequency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 263; Sept. 2
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  • 79
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    Lidar measurement of stratospheric dust from St. Augustine Volcano (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The detection of a stratospheric dust layer of probable volcanic origin over Hampton, Va., on the evening of Jan. 28, 1976, with a 20-inch lidar system is reported. A digitized cathode-ray-tube trace of a return signal from altitudes of 12 to 24 km on January 28 is provided, and it is shown that 38% of the return was due to stratospheric aerosol. Noting that measurements on January 22 and February 2 showed no traces of this stratospheric dust layer, trajectories of dust-laden air parcels are followed from initiation at 0000 GMT on January 24 at the St. Augustine Volcano on Augustine Island, Alaska (59 deg N, 153 deg W). Analysis of the trajectories indicates that dust injected into the stratosphere at 59 deg N, 153 deg W could have been transported to Virginia in about 4 days. It is concluded that if the St. Augustine Volcano was the source of the dust, at least 23 deg of meridional transport from polar latitudes was observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 57
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  • 80
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    Composition effects in thermospheric gravity waves (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Classical linearized gravity wave theory is employed to derive relationships between amplitude ratios and phase angles of atmospheric constituents undergoing acoustic-gravity wave oscillations. These results are compared with recently reported Atmospheric Explorer-C satellite data. Calculated amplitude and phase characteristics, for a large class of pure internal gravity wave oscillations, are in accord with the AE-C satellite measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Dec. 197
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  • 81
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    OH emission intensity measurements during the 1969 NASA Airborne Auroral Expedition (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Absolute intensity measurements of the (8, 6) OH band obtained during 10 flights of the December 1969 NASA Auroral Airborne Expedition are presented. Nightglow intensities higher by a factor of 2 than the usual values are recorded during flights 8, 14, and 15. The OH variations are compared with the evolution of the green line and O2(1 Delta g) emissions measured by other experimenters on board the aircraft. Before sunrise the twilight variations of OH down to a solar depression angle of 5 deg show a rapid decrease. A theoretical prediction of the OH, O I 5577 A, and O2(1 Delta g) emissions is evaluated by means of an extensive time-dependent oxygen-hydrogen model of the 25- to 150-km region. Twilight decrease of the OH emission is interpreted in terms of mesospheric ozone photodissociation. Nighttime variations of the emissions may be reproduced if modifications of the dynamic regime are introduced into the model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 82
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    Topside optical view of the dayside cleft aurora (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photometers on the ISIS-II spacecraft provide a view of the atomic oxygen 5577-A and 6300-A emissions and the N2(+) 3914-A emission detected as dayside aurora in the magnetospheric cleft region. The 6300-A emission forms a continuous and permanent band across the noon sector, at about 78 deg invariant latitude, with a defined region of maximum intensity that is never less than 2 kR (uncorrected for albedo) and is centered near magnetic noon. There are significant differences in the intensity patterns on either side of noon and their responses to geomagnetic activity. Discrete 3914-A auroral forms appear within this region at preferred locations that cannot be precisely specified but which tend to the poleward edge of the 6300-A emission in the evening and the equatorward edge in the morning, where the difference between the two emissions is greatest. It is concluded that the discrete auroras observed by all-sky cameras in the day sector follow the 6300-A emission through the cleft region, though a definite cleft boundary is not defined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 24; Oct. 197
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  • 83
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    Effect of nearby supernova explosions on atmospheric ozone (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation has been conducted of the probable effects of a nearby supernova event on the ozone layer of the earth. It is found that the ozone depletion, although smaller than that estimated by Ruderman (1974), is still significant, and could, as a result of cosmic rays, extend over periods of time from 1000 to 10,000 years. However, the probability of the occurrence of such an event within the past 100 million years appears to be low. The calculated ozone depletion seems to be the major effect of a supernova on a earth-like planet at a distance in the range from 5 to 10 pc.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 263; Sept. 30
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  • 84
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    Evolution of the ionosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies were made of the electron density profiles at various stages of atmospheric evolution, with the assumption that the atmospheric composition has changed due to the gradual increase of oxygen while the nitrogen level has remained constant. The result of model calculations indicates that when the oxygen content is less than about 1% of the present earth's atmosphere level, the major ions in the F2 region will change from O(+) to N(+). The maximum number density of N(+) ions reaches approximately 10 million per cu cm because of the absence of a rapid loss mechanism for N(+). The height of the N(+) ion density peak is much lower than the height of the F2 layer peak of the current ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Sept. 1
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  • 85
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    Ion chemistry of N2/+/ and the solar ultraviolet flux in the thermosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We have analyzed daytime composition measurements in the thermosphere from Atmosphere Explorer-C by use of a theory of the ion chemistry. Predicted and measured N2(+) densities are compared to infer global variation of the solar ionizing flux. Results indicate that the solar flux of Hinteregger measured on Atmosphere Explorer-C provides an adequate basis for the calculation of solar ultraviolet photoionization rates. The role of metastable species is examined, and theoretical O+(2D) densities are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Aug. 1
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  • 86
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    The interpretation of ionospheric radio drift measurements. IX - Direct comparisons between field-aligned ion drifts by incoherent scatter and Kinesonde measurements (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 38; July 197
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  • 87
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    Diurnal variations in the thermosphere. I - Theoretical formulation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A nonlinear perturbation theory is formulated for the solution of the multicomponent equations of energy, mass, and momentum conservation in the atmosphere. The theory is three-dimensional and includes the effects of heat conduction and advection, viscosity, ion drag, and diffusion. The theory is described as a superposition of mathematical modes obtained by expanding the physical quantities into vector and spherical harmonics. The coupling between the various modes, both linear and nonlinear, is included. The theory provides a basis for the treatment of the thermosphere and its interaction with the lower atmosphere, where 'mode coupling' is most important. As an example, a comparison is presented between one-dimensional and three-dimensional calculations of the fundamental mode of the diurnal component in the thermosphere. Coupling between the lowest modes is considered to describe the physical conditions of the lower thermosphere where inertia and Coriolis forces become dominant over the ion-drag and viscous forces. In this region, the latitude structures of the temperature, wind field, and diffusively controlled oxygen are shown to change significantly.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 1
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  • 88
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    ATS-5 observations of plasma sheet particles before the expansion-phase onset, appendix C. (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Behavior of the plasma sheet around its earthward edge during substorms was studied by using high resolution (every 2.6 sec) measurements of proton and electron fluxes by ATS-5. In the injection region near midnight the flux increase at the expansion-phase onset is shown to lag behind the onset of the low-latitude positive bay by several minutes. Depending upon the case, before the above increase (1) the flux stays at a constant level, (2) it gradually increases for some tens of minutes, or (3) it briefly drops to a low level. Difference in the position of the satellite relative to the earthward edge and to the high-latitude boundary of the plasma sheet is suggested as a cause of the above difference in flux variations during the growth phase of substorms. Magnetograms and tables (data) are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Analysis of Data from the Lockheed Experiment on ATS-5; 25 p
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  • 89
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    Winter bulge and diurnal variations in hydrogen inferred from AE-C composition measurements (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In situ mass spectrometric measurements of ion and neutral particle thermospheric compositions have been used to infer the latitudinal and diurnal variations of thermospheric atomic hydrogen for solstice conditions. Local time-dependent and local time-independent components of the observed hydrogen distribution were separated on the basis of a model generated by expanding the log of neutral hydrogen concentration in terms of spherical harmonics. Results are compared with analogous data on N2 concentration; the comparison reveals an anticorrelation between gas temperature and hydrogen concentration. The slope of this anticorrelation line represents the 'zero flux condition' from the exosphere theory of Hodges (1973), thus further bearing out the conclusion that exospheric flow is the dominant process governing the global distribution of hydrogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Sept
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  • 90
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    Growth of metric noise continuum storms and its relation to the source of microwave S-emissions (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The relationship between metric noise continuum storms and the S-component of solar microwave emissions is examined by considering the properties of a solar active region and its relation to LF radio burst emissions observed by IMP 6. It is noted that the development of radio noise continuum sources in metric frequencies or less is usually preceded by the appearance of an S-emission source, which is formed in complex sunspot groups such as beta-gamma and gamma types. A model for the development of radio noise continuum sources in metric and decametric frequencies is proposed in which the development of relationships between emissions is closely connected to the growth of magnetic-field lines above associated sunspot groups into complex configurations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; Sept
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  • 91
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    Protons as the prime contributors to storm time ring current (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Following a large sudden commencement on June 17, 1972, a large magnetic storm evolved, with a well-developed main phase and recovery phase. Explorer 45 (S3-A), with its apogee near 16 hours local time in June, measured the equatorial particle populations and magnetic field throughout this period. By use of data obtained during the symmetric recovery phase it is shown that through a series of self-consistent calculations, the measured protons, with energies from 1 to 872 keV, can account for almost all of the observed ring current magnetic effects within the limits of experimental uncertainties. This enables us to set an upper limit to the heavy ion contribution to the storm time ring current of a few percent of the proton contribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 1
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  • 92
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    In situ measurements of plasma drift velocity and enhanced NO/+/ in the auroral electrojet by the Bennett spectrometer on AE-C (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous measurements of ion composition and plasma drift velocity by the Bennett mass spectrometer on the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite reveal a direct correlation between enhancements in NO(+) concentration and ion drift velocity in the southern auroral oval. Low altitude (137 to 250 km) data obtained between 1700 and 2400 hr magnetic local time on October 22, 1974, reveal a region of westward plasma flow at velocities up to 1.3 km/s between 62 and 68 deg invariant latitude, with corresponding NO(+) enhancements of up to a factor of 20. A narrow region of reverse flow at about 0.9 km/s was also measured. These drift observations are consistent with convective flow patterns derived from electric field measurements, and their correlation with NO(+) appears to support the suggestion that NO(+) enhancements would be expected in regions of drift owing to the dependence on ion energy of the reaction O(+) + N2 yields NO(+) + N.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; June 197
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  • 93
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    Source mechanism for terrestrial kilometric radiation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intense electromagnetic radiation of near earth origin, observed by the OGO, IMP, and Hawkeye satellites, can be explained in terms of plasma oscillations near the upper hybrid frequency which are stimulated in the high latitude regions at distances within 5 earth radii. The wave energy is converted from the longitudinal electrostatic mode to the transverse electromagnetic mode as it travels in the slightly inhomogeneous magnetosphere, and it is reflected at the point where the wave frequency equals the local electron plasma frequency. Peak emission region occurs near 2 earth radii. The original plasma oscillations are generated in the turbulent plasma produced by precipitating electrons associated with discrete auroral arcs. The mechanism has possible applications to studies of the irregular structure of the magnetospheric thermal plasma and to models for the decametric radiation from Jupiter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Feb. 197
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  • 94
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    Substorm-injected protons and electrons and the injection boundary model (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of observations of substorm-associated enhancements of proton and electron fluxes: (1) makes a strong case for the existence of a boundary limiting the regional particle injection associated with substorms, (2) supports the hypothesis that the injection process is almost instantaneous (less than approximately 5 min), and (3) indicates that the injection takes place within a large region extending at least several earth radii tailward of the injection boundary. The injection boundary model is superior to others in that it simultaneously explains: (1) the drift and energy dispersion of substorm-injected protons between 1 and 30 keV, (2) the relative behavior of protons with 81 deg and 27 deg pitch angles, (3) the absence of observed electrons below 30 keV, and (4) the time dispersion of impulsively injected electrons seen outside the plasmapause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 95
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    Magnetospheric mapping with a quantitative geomagnetic field model (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Mapping the magnetosphere on a dipole geomagnetic field model by projecting field and particle observations onto the model is described. High-latitude field lines are traced between the earth's surface and their intersection with either the equatorial plane or a cross section of the geomagnetic tail, and data from low-altitude orbiting satellites are projected along field lines to the outer magnetosphere. This procedure is analyzed, and the resultant mappings are illustrated. Extension of field lines into the geomagnetic tail and low-altitude determination of the polar cap and cusp are presented. It is noted that while there is good agreement among the various data, more particle measurements are necessary to clear up statistical uncertainties and to facilitate comparison of statistical models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 96
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    A radio picture of the earth (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique called passive microwave remote sensing can be used to obtain a new view of the planet earth by means of radio telescopes carried aboard artificial satellites. An important relationship between the observed radio brightness temperature and the surface conditions provides the basis for the new technique. A radio image is presented of the entire earth on the basis of Nimbus microwave-image data taken January 12-16, 1973.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 49; Jan. 197
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  • 97
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    A simulation experiment of photochemical reactions in the mesosphere (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An ionospheric simulation experiment has been performed in a large vacuum chamber. The chamber is filled with NO and other gases including N2, O2, CO2, NH3 and H2O in the pressure range of 0.01 torr. A lamp which produces photons at 1236- and 1165-A by means of microwave discharge in krypton is utilized as an ionization source. In addition to 30+ large quantities of the water cluster ions 55+, H3O(+).(H2O)2, 73+, H3O(+).(H2O)3 and 91+, H3O(+).(H2O)4 were observed when nitric oxide and water were present. This closely approximates the condition of the terrestrial D region. After long periods of UV irradiation 74+ and 104+ ions grow in intensity. These ions are tentatively identified as NO(+).N2O and NO(+).NO.N2O. In addition the series 18+, 36+, 54+, and 72+ is detected which can be labeled NH4(+), NH4(+).(H2O), NH4(+).(H2O)2 and NH4(+).(H2O)3. These same species of ions are observed with the introduction of ammonia into the chamber. Presumably both N2O and NH3 are products of the photolysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity; 27; 6, 19; 1975
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  • 98
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    Representation of magnetic fields in space (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Several mathematical methods which are available for the description of magnetic fields in space are reviewed. Examples of the application of such methods are given, with particular emphasis on work related to the geomagnetic field, and their individual properties and associated problems are described. The methods are grouped in five main classes: (1) methods based on the current density, (2) methods using the scalar magnetic potential, (3) toroidal and poloidal components of the field and spherical vector harmonics, (4) Euler potentials, and (5) local expansions of the field near a given reference point. Special attention is devoted to models of the magnetosphere, to the uniqueness of the scalar potential as derived from observed data, and to the L parameter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 14; May 1976
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  • 99
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    Stratospheric ozone as viewed from the Chappuis band (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Total stratospheric ozone values above high-altitude stations in southern California from 1912 to 1950 and northern Chile from 1918 to 1948 are determined using data obtained by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, including transmission measurements made in the Chappuis band (0.5 to 0.7 micron). The results show that at both sites, total ozone amounts commonly exhibit variations of as much as 20% to 30% on time scales ranging from months to decades. Consideration of the amount of incident solar energy absorbed by the Chappuis band suggests that ozone acts as a shutter on the incoming solar radiation and provides a trigger mechanism between solar activity and climatic change.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 261; May 27
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  • 100
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    Nitric oxide formation by meteoroids in the upper atmosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The process of nitric oxide formation during atmospheric entry of meteoroids is analyzed theoretically. An ablating meteoroid is assumed to be a point source in a uniform flow with a continuum regime evolving in its wake. The amount of nitric oxide produced by high-temperature reactions of air in the continuum regime is calculated by numerical integration of chemical-rate equations. The results, when summed over the observed mass, velocity, and entry-angle distributions of meteoroids, provide annual global production rates of nitric oxide as a function of altitude. The peak production of nitric oxide is found to occur at altitudes between 90 and 100 km, the total annual rate being about 40 million kg. The present results suggest that the large concentration of nitric oxide observed below 95 km could be attributed to meteoroids instead of photodissociation of nitrogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 10; 7, 19; 1976
    Format: text
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