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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,260)
  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS  (433)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (955)
  • 1970-1974  (738)
  • 1977  (955)
  • 1974  (738)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (955)
  • 1970-1974  (738)
Year
  • 1
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    Image data processing of earth resources management (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Various image processing and information extraction systems are described along with the design and operation of an interactive multispectral information system, IMAGE 100. Analyses of ERTS data, using IMAGE 100, over a number of U.S. sites are presented. The following analyses are included: investigations of crop inventory and management using remote sensing; and (2) land cover classification for environmental impact assessments. Results show that useful information is provided by IMAGE 100 analyses of ERTS data in digital form.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 201-218
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  • 2
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    Noise and vibration level reduction by covering metal structures with layers of damping materials (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: One of the most important methods of reducing the noise and vibration level is the damping of the secondary sources, such as metal plates, often used in vehicle structures, by means of covering materials with high internal viscosity. Damping layers are chosen at an optimum thickness corresponding to the frequency and temperature range in which a certain structure works. The structure's response corresponding to various real situations is analyzed by means of a measuring chain including electroacoustical or electromechanical transducers. The experimental results provide the dependence of the loss factor and damping transmission coefficient as a function of the damping layer thickness or of the frequency for various viscoelastic covering materials.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 246-253
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  • 3
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    Vibration and recoil control of pneumatic hammers (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Vibration sources are described for pneumatic hammers used in the mining industry (pick hammers), in boiler shops (riveting hammers), etc., bringing to light the fact that the principal vibration source is the variation in air pressure inside the cylinder. The present state of the art of vibration control of pneumatic hammers as it is practiced abroad, and the solutions adopted for this purpose, are discussed. A new type of pneumatic hammer with a low noise and vibration level is presented.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 79-84
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  • 4
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    Vibration control in forge hammers (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Special measures are discussed for calculating, designing and executing a forge hammer foundation, so that the vibrations that occur during its working will not be transmitted to neighboring machinery, workrooms and offices. These vibrations are harmful to the workers near the forge hammer.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 73-78
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  • 5
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    Experimental determination of the vibration level in 5,100 kW electric locomotive assemblies (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Because of the high vibration level occurring during the running of electric locomotives, mechanical defects occur in the control mechanisms of auxiliary services. This fact has given rise to the necessity of determining the values of these vibrations in electric locomotives during their running. Measurements were conducted on the Craiova-Drobeta-Turnu Severin line, and measures to reduce the vibration level in electric locomotives were instituted.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 50-54
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  • 6
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    Random vibrations of linear viscoelastic beams with lumped masses (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A method is presented of determining the mean square transversal deflection of an isotropic and homogeneous linear viscoelastic beam having a certain number of lengthwise distributed lumped masses. It is assumed that the beam is acted upon by a stationary random process uniformly distributed along the beam. The method is useful in vibration level control by means of additional lumped masses.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 36-42
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  • 7
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    Random vibrations of quadratic damping systems (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An oscillating system with quadratic damping subjected to white noise excitation is replaced by a nonlinear, statistically equivalent system for which the associated Fokker-Planck equation can be exactly solved. The mean square responses are calculated and the optimum damping coefficient is determined with respect to the minimum mean square acceleration criteria. An application of these results to the optimization of automobile suspension damping is given.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 29-35
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  • 8
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    The response of many-storied structures under seismic actions (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A seismic action which is characterized by the acceleration function of the seismic motion is analyzed. The equations of motion in the direction of the seismic action are determined for a completely rigid ground and for a ground with linear deformability characteristics (rotation deformability). The equation for the rotation motion is derived by considering elastic and viscoelastic properties of the foundation ground. The differential equations are written by treating the mechanical model of a many-storied structure as a fixed vertical beam with a uniformly distributed mass as well as with concentrated masses on each floor.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 43-49
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  • 9
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    Insulation of nonlinear and random vibrations in the mining industry (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The insulation of nonlinear and random vibrations is considered for some ore preparing and sorting implements: rotary crushers, resonance screens, hammer mills, etc. The appearance of subharmonic vibrations is analyzed, and the conditions for their appearance are determined. A method is given for calculating the insulation of these vibrations by means of elastic elements made of rubber. The insulation of the random vibrations produced by Symons crushers is calculated by determining the transmissability and deformation of the insulation system for a narrow band random response.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 22-28
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  • 10
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    A mathematical model for storied buildings subjected to automatic loom stresses (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Expressions are derived for the displacements of a many storied building subjected to the action of classical weaving looms located at different levels of the building. The building is regarded as a vertical fixed beam with a uniformly distributed mass as well as concentrated masses at each level. The calculation relations are obtained on the assumption of harmonic variation of the forces acting at each level as well as the assumption of narrow band stationary random excitatory forces.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 15-21
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  • 11
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    Study of vibrations produced by a vibrating beam used for vibrating concretes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: For compacting concretes in building, vibrating beams are used. The vibrations are generated by inertial vibrators, and the beam is normally displaced by the operator by means of a handle that is elastically fastened to the beam by means of rubber pads. Considered are vibrations transmitted to the operator, taking into account the beam's shock vibration motions. The steady state motion of a dynamic beam pattern is studied, and results of experimental tests with existing equipment are presented.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 1A (NASA-TT-F-15375); p 9-14
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  • 12
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    Stresses in dome-shaped shells of revolution with discontinuities at the apex (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Asymptotic solutions of Novozhilov's equations of shells of revolution are derived for axisymmetric and first harmonic loadings. The solutions obtained are valid throughout the shallow and nonshallow regions. Stresses in dome shaped shells of revolution with a discontinuity in the form of a circular hole, a circular rigid insert, or a nozzle at the apex have been investigated. Numerical results are obtained for spheres, ellipsoids, and paraboloids, containing a discontinuity under a internal pressure and moment. Curves depicting stress distributions are given. The influence of three types of discontinuity on the stresses of the shells is also given.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Multivariant Function Model Generation; 118 p
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  • 13
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    Application of advanced signal processing techniques to the rectification and registration of spaceborne imagery (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: The development of an ERTS/MSS image processing system responsive to the needs of the user community is discussed. An overview of the TRW ERTS/MSS processor is presented, followed by a more detailed discussion of image processing functions satisfied by the system. The particular functions chosen for discussion are evolved from advanced signal processing techniques rooted in the areas of communication and control. These examples show how classical aerospace technology can be transferred to solve the more contemporary problems confronting the users of spaceborne imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 245-255
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  • 14
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    The application of natural science data to land management decision-making (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: A natural environmental analysis process which allows the decision maker to know the probable consequences of a decision prior to the act is developed. Emphasis is placed on the fit between the natural environment and the social, economic, and functional attributes of man's communities and the transition from nature in its present state to various forms and intensities of development. Applications of the analysis are examined. It is concluded that the analysis is a workable system for land use management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 219-228
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  • 15
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    Current structural vibration problems associated with noise (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: As the performance of aerospace vehicles has increased, the noise generated by the propulsion system and by the passage of the vehicle through the air has also increased. Further increases in performance are now underway for space vehicles such as the space shuttle vehicle and for short distance takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft, and are being planned for supersonic aircraft. The flight profiles and design features of these high-performance vehicles are reviewed and an estimate made of selected noise-induced structural vibration problems. Considerations for the prevention of acoustic fatigue, noise transmission, and electronic instrument malfunction are discussed.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AGARD Noise Mech.; 16 p
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  • 16
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    Comment on satellite altimeter data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SKYLAB mission SEASAT-B altimeter observations in combination with surface gravity measurements provide useful data on the marine geoid and expected ocean perturbations from analyses of seamount structures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 38
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  • 17
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    Inclusion of transverse shear deformation in finite element displacement formulations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A stiffness matrix is derived for a beam element with transverse shear deformation. It is shown that straightforward energy minimization yields the correct stiffness matrix in displacement formulations when transverse shear effects are considered. Since the TIM4 beam element does not represent the geometric boundary conditions for a cantilever beam the rotation of the normal must be retained as a grid point degree of freedom.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Nov. 197
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  • 18
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    Baring high-albedo soils by overgrazing - A hypothesized desertification mechanism (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations are reported of high-albedo soils denuded by overgrazing which appear bright, in high contrast to regions covered by natural vegetation. Measurements and modeling show that the denuded surfaces are cooler, when compared under sunlit conditions. This observed 'thermal depression' effect should, on theoretical grounds, result in a decreased lifting of air necessary for cloud formation and precipitation, and thus lead to regional climatic desertification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science; 186; Nov. 8
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  • 19
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    Microcraters formed in glass by projectiles of various densities (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An experiment was conducted investigating the effect of projectile density on the structure and size of craters in soda lime glass and fused quartz. The projectiles were spheres of polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB), aluminum, and iron with velocities between 0.5 and 15 km/sec and diameters between 0.4 and 5 microns. The projectile densities spanned the range expected for primary and secondary particles of micrometer size at the lunar surface, and the velocities spanned the lower range of micrometeoroid velocities and the upper range of secondary projectile velocities. There are changes in crater morphology as the impact velocity increases, and the transitions occur at lower velocities for the projectiles of higher density. The sequence of morphological features of the craters found for PS-DVB impacting soda lime glass for increasing impact velocity, described in a previous work (Mandeville and Vedder, 1971), also occurs in fused quartz and in both targets with the more dense aluminum and iron projectiles. Each transition in morphology occurs at impact velocities generating a certain pressure in the target. High density projectiles require a lower velocity than low-density projectiles to generate a given shock pressure.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 10
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  • 20
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    Approximate techniques of structural reanalysis (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study is made of two approximate techniques for structural reanalysis. These include Taylor series expansions for response variables in terms of design variables and the reduced-basis method. In addition, modifications to these techniques are proposed to overcome some of their major drawbacks. The modifications include a rational approach to the selection of the reduced-basis vectors and the use of Taylor series approximation in an iterative process. For the reduced basis a normalized set of vectors is chosen which consists of the original analyzed design and the first-order sensitivity analysis vectors. The use of the Taylor series approximation as a first (initial) estimate in an iterative process, can lead to significant improvements in accuracy, even with one iteration cycle. Therefore, the range of applicability of the reanalysis technique can be extended. Numerical examples are presented which demonstrate the gain in accuracy obtained by using the proposed modification techniques, for a wide range of variations in the design variables.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computers and Structures; 4; Aug. 197
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  • 21
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    Static, stability, and dynamic analysis of shells of revolution by numerical integration - A comparison (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent innovations in digital computer technology have enabled engineers to analyze shell structures of complex configurations without unduly restrictive approximations. An attempt is made to compare the various programs now generally available from the point of view of the advantages of the relative technique utilized, as well as the programmed state of the art. Many of the comparisons are based on the sample problems solved by the STARS-2 system of programs. These examples indicate both the structural detail which can be analyzed by, and the analytical capabilities available in, the numerical shell-of-revolution programs. All advantages and differences are demonstrated by use of solutions for realistic shell problems in the areas of statics, stability, vibrations, and dynamic response of shells subjected to time-dependent loadings.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 22
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    Forced vibrations of multi-component compliant tanks and feedlines (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analytical and experimental research program was performed to investigate the effects of flexible tanks and lines and the total system dynamic response of a simple physical system which had some of the essential features of a liquid-fueled launch vehicle. Several vessel-wall materials were used to obtain a range of elastic moduli. Water was used to simulate the fuel and an electromagnetic shaker provided external excitation such as might originate from a rocket-propulsion system. Experimental data were compared to values obtained from mathematical models for the many degree-of-freedom lumped-mass representation.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 23
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    Nonproportional loading limit for structures (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The design of most structures involves ensuring integrity for several independent loading conditions. Often, it is rational to design these, exploiting the ductility of the materials to reduce structural costs. Then, ensuring integrity evokes the need for nonmonotonic limit analyses. A groundwork is laid for implementing these analyses. An alternate limit load characterization to that of Greenberg is provided, a mathematical statement of the problem leading to both monotonic (proportional) and nonmonotonic limit loads values is formulated, a direct limit load analysis procedure for analysis within a finite-element framework is described, and limit loads for sets of simple structures are evaluated. A direct limit analysis process is described, and monotonic limit loads are characterized. The process furnishes 'exact' values of limit loads with increasing efficiency as the number of structural elements and force redundancy decreases. Tests show that the accuracy of predicting nonmonotonic limit loads is very sensitive to the number of degrees of freedom in the analysis compared with the total number in the model.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computers and Structures; 4; Mar. 197
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  • 24
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    Rare earth and trace element geochemistry of metabasalts from the Point Sal ophiolite, California (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 37; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 25
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    Pattern recognition of Landsat data based upon temporal trend analysis (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Delta Classifier defined as an agricultural crop classification scheme employing a temporal trend procedure is applied to more than 100 different Landsat data sets collected during the 1974-1975 growing season throughout the major wheat-producing regions of the United States. The classification approach stresses examination of temporal trends of the Landsat mean vectors of crops in the absence of corresponding ground truth information. It is shown that the resulting classifications compare favorably to ground truth estimates for wheat proportion in those cases where ground truth is available, and that the temporal trend procedure yields estimates of the wheat proportion that are comparable to the best results from maximum likelihood classification with photointerpreter-defined training fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 6; 4, 19; 1977
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  • 26
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    Adhesive fracture mechanics (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In studies of fracture mechanics the adhesive fracture energy is regarded as a fundamental property of the adhesive system. It is pointed out that the value of the adhesive fracture energy depends on surface preparation, curing conditions, and absorbed monolayers. A test method reported makes use of a disk whose peripheral part is bonded to a substrate material. Pressure is injected into the unbonded central part of the disk. At a certain critical pressure value adhesive failure can be observed. A numerical stress analysis involving arbitrary geometries is conducted.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal of Fracture; 10; Mar. 197
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  • 27
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    Geodetic measurements on the ocean (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper covers the topic of marine geodesy, its goals, and applications. Specifically discussed are position determination and establishment of geodetic control on the ocean bottom, ocean surface, and subsurface, and the determination of the geoid, a vertical reference surface. The various techniques used in position determination (including satellite, airborne, radio, inertial and acoustic techniques) are assessed in terms of accuracy, coverage, and contribution to the solution of specific problems associated with position and control. The results of several marine geodetic control experiments are presented. Classical techniques for the determination of the geoid are discussed and assessed, as are new techniques such as satellite altimetry. The outlook for marine geodetic measurements in the ocean is outlined in terms of what is being planned or considered for the next decade, and several recommendations are made.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 28
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    A new method for predicting response in complex linear systems. II (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes convergence and response studies in the low frequency range of complex systems, particularly with low values of damping of different distributions, and reports on the modification of the relaxation procedure required under these conditions. A new method is presented for response estimation in complex lumped parameter linear systems under random or deterministic steady state excitation. The essence of the method is the use of relaxation procedures with a suitable error function to find the estimated response; natural frequencies and normal modes are not computed. For a 45 degree of freedom system, and two relaxation procedures, convergence studies and frequency response estimates were performed. The low frequency studies are considered in the framework of earlier studies (Kayser and Bogdanoff, 1975) involving the mid to high frequency range.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration; 53; Aug. 22
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  • 29
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    Simultaneous crystallization of feldspar intergrowths from the melt (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Mineralogist; 62; 1977
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  • 30
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    Remote sensing techniques applied to multispectral recognition of the Aranjuez pilot zone (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A rectangular (7 x 14 km) area 40 km S of Madrid was remote-sensed with a three-stage recognition process. Ground truth was established in the first phase, airborne sensing with a multispectral scanner and photographic cameras were used in the second phase, and Landsat satellite data were obtained in the third phase. Agronomic and hydrological photointerpretation problems are discussed. Color, black/white, and labeled areas are displayed for crop recognition in the land-use survey; turbidity, concentrations of pollutants and natural chemicals, and densitometry of the water are considered in the evaluation of water resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IAA/Ingenieria Aeronautica y Astronautica; 29; Mar. 197
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  • 31
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    The measurements of latitude, time, and height variations at a single laser tracking station (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent analysis of laser data for determining variation of latitude have been based on apparent variations in the orbital inclination of the satellite derived from short orbital arcs of 6-8 hours. An alternative method, based on the daily adjustment of the station position to a much longer arc of 2 or 3 weeks has recently been developed and tested. In the new method a long orbital arc is derived from many days of data and is subsequently used as a reference orbit for the adjustment of the position of the station (only) on each day of the long arc for which tracking data are available. This new technique appears to give slightly better results when it is applied to a test period in August 1970, with the added advantage that earth rotation measurements can be derived from the same data at the same time. The results for the test period indicate a precision of 74 cm in variation of latitude and 0.81 ms in monitoring the earth's rotation with 6 hours of data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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  • 32
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    Remote sensing and snowpack management (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present work describes the use of an airborne electromagnetic sensing system for measuring snowpack depth, density, and water content. A transmitter sends a sequence of pulses of stepped frequencies, and the reflections are measured by a sensitive receiver. The combination of the snowpack and the earth interacts with the electromagnetic wave so as to modify the characteristics of the reflected signals. The variation of the reflected intensity with frequency provides the desired data. A theoretical analysis of return signal and snowpack parameter relationships is given, and the results of experimental verification of the theory are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Water Works Association; vol. 66
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    Wheat - Its growth and disease severity as deduced from ERTS-1 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The spectral reflectance of a cropped surface changes as the plant develops. An indicator of crop growth is leaf area index (ratio of green leaf area to soil area). The leaf area index, disease severity, and yield were determined for several winter wheat fields in Kansas during the 1973 growing season. Multispectral scanner (MSS) data from Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 (ERTS-1) showed a high correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.90) between crop growth and MSS4/MSS5, and crop growth and MSS5/MSS6. Wheat disease severity and yields were significantly correlated at the 5% level with MSS4/MSS6 and with MSS4/MSS7. Further investigation is required before ERTS imagery can be routinely used detecting and estimating disease severity and yield reduction.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 3; 4, 19; 1974
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  • 34
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    Microwave maps of the polar ice of the earth (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Synoptic views of the entire polar regions of earth have been obtained free of the usual persistent cloud cover using a scanning microwave radiometer operating at a wavelength of 1.55 cm on board the Nimbus-5 satellite. Three different views at each pole are presented utilizing data obtained at approximately one-month intervals from December 1972 to February 1973. Large discrepancies exist between the long-term ice cover depicted in various atlases and the actual extent of the canopies. The distribution of multiyear ice in the north polar region is markedly different from that predicted by existing ice dynamics models. Irregularities in the edge of the Antarctic sea ice pack occur that have neither been observed previously nor anticipated. The brightness temperatures of the Greenland and Antarctic glaciers show interesting contours probably related to the ice and snow morphologic structure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 55
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  • 35
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    New triangular plate-bending finite element with transverse shear flexibility (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Dec. 197
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  • 36
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    Contribution of space platforms to a ground and airborne remote-sensing programme over active Italian volcanoes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: ERTS-1 imagery of the volcanic areas of southern Italy was used primarily for the evaluation of space platform capabilties in the domains of regional geology, soil and rock-type classification and, more generally, to study the environment of active volcanoes. The test sites were selected and equipped primarily to monitor thermal emission, but ground truth data was also collected in other domains (reflectance of rocks, soils and vegetation). The test areas were overflown with a two channel thermal scanner, while a thermo camera was used on the ground to monitor the hot spots. The primary goal of this survey was to plot the changes in thermal emission with time in the framework of a research program for the surveillance of active volcanoes. However, another task was an evaluation of emissivity changes by comparing the outputs of the two thermal channels. These results were compared with the reflectance changes observed on multispectral ERTS-1 imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESRO European Earth-Resources Satellite Expts.; p 185-197
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  • 37
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    Infrared remote sounding (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Atmospheric radiation was measured as a function of wavelength, position, angle, and time. Radiation was determined by temperature, cloud (aerosol), composition, and surface emissivity measurements. The theory of radiative transfer is reviewed, along with retrieval methods. Instruments onboard space probes for infrared remote sounding of planetary atmospheres are also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 471-506
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  • 38
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    Refinement of the Goloseyev catalog point coordinates in the limb zone and determination of point coordinates on the back side of the moon (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Lunar photography from Zond 6 showed half the side of the moon which is not visible from the earth, and this made it possible to construct a photogrammetric grid encompassing the entire Western Hemisphere and referenced to points of the visible side, whose coordinates were taken from the Goloseyev catalog. The problem was solved using two pictures taken from approximately 9000 km above the lunar surface. The photogrammetric grid was constructed by joint statistical analysis of the measurements of both pictures and the selenographic coordinates of the catalog points. A special algorithm was developed and a program compiled realizing the maximum likelihood method which permitted working with up to 120 catalog points simultaneously.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 257-272
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  • 39
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    Determination of selenographic coordinates of lunar surface points from single pictures obtained from Zond 6 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Pictures of the lunar surface with an image of practically the entire lunar limb were obtained from the Zond 6 spacecraft. During the time of exposure, the entire lunar surface covered by these photographs was illuminated by the sun. Such single pictures were used to find the external orientation elements and selenographic coordinates of the photographed lunar surface points. The selenographic coordinate system was specified by the Goloseyev catalog and was realized by points of this catalog identified on the pictures and termed reference points. Craters located on the invisible side of the moon and also other points of the Goloseyev catalog, which could be used as control points, were taken as the points being determined. The technique used to compute the selenographic coordinates of the points is outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 272-282
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  • 40
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    Determination of dynamic corrections to point coordinates of photographs obtained by the Zond 6 and Zond 8 spacecraft (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The linear and angular motions of the Zond 6 and Zond 8 spacecraft imaging camera during the exposure cause displacements of the optical image points. In the case of instantaneous exposure of each individual point and the nonsimultaneous exposure of the complete frame, this leads to finite geometric shifts of the points without causing blurring of the photographic image. Therefore, when measuring the resulting photographic pictures, the problem arises of reducing the picture point positions to a common instant of time. This reduction is performed by means of dynamic corrections to the measured picture point coordinates. These corrections are found by using formulas of dynamic photogrammetry. Their use with the Zond space probe photographs is described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 245-257
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  • 41
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    Evaluating the accuracy of selenodesic reference grids (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Estimates were made of the accuracy of reference point grids using the technique of calculating the errors from theoretical analysis. Factors taken into consideration were: telescope accuracy, number of photographs, and libration amplitude. To solve the problem, formulas were used for the relationship between the coordinates of lunar surface points and their images on the photograph.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 231-245
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  • 42
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    Identification characteristics of certain lunar relief forms on pictures obtained from spacecraft (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This investigation was restricted to the determination of recognitional characteristics of a single type of relief form, dimple craters on the surface of maria. These craters were arbitrarily considered as closed, negative relief forms, circular in plan-view, and symmetric relative to the center. Two techniques were used to determine the shadow configuration in the craters: (1) experimental determination of the shadow edge by illuminating the models of different profile shapes with a parallel light beam; and (2) geometric construction of the shadow edge using a vertical section of the formation in the direction of the solar rays. A morphological map of the surface which includes the following factors can be compiled using the proposed identification technique: crater profile nature, crater diameter, ratio of diameter and depth, sharpness of the lip, and distribution density of the forms.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 205-215
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  • 43
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    Use of TV pictures obtained from weather satellites to study the geological structure of the earth (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented of Soviet investigations into the use of television imagery obtained from meteorological satellites for the interpretation of tectonics, lithology, and structural properties of the earth. The area investigated encompassed the eastern part of Iran, and the western regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Interpretation of the features identified during the analysis was accomplished by comparing these features with physical, geographic, geological, and tectonic maps. It was concluded that television pictures of the earth from space can be used for geological and structural analysis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 190-194
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  • 44
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    On the determination of certain astronomical, selenodesic, and gravitational parameters of the moon (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method was examined for joint construction of a selenocentric fundamental system which can be realized by a coordinate catalog of reference contour points uniformly positioned over the entire lunar surface, and determination of the parameters characterizing the gravitational field, rotation, and orbital motion of the moon. Characteristic of the problem formulation is the introduction of a new complex of inconometric measurements which can be made using pictures obtained from an artificial lunar satellite. The proposed method can be used to solve similar problems on any other planet for which surface images can be obtained from a spacecraft. Characteristic of the proposed technique for solving the problem is the joint statistical analysis of all forms of measurements: orbital iconometric, earth-based trajectory, and also a priori information on the parameters in question which is known from earth-based astronomical studies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 215-231
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  • 45
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    Experience in integrated geological and geographical interpretation of space photographs obtained in the USSR (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two examples of regional interpretation of imagery acquired from satellite photographic and television systems are discussed. The imagery was taken aboard the Zond 7 and Kosmos satellites, and depicted; (1) sand and dust storm activity in the eastern Mediterranean Sea area; and (2) landscape and structural properties of territory of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 182-189
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  • 46
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    Geological and geophysical studies from space and prospects for their development (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibilities of using images obtained by devices which detect the reflected and self-radiation of the the earth's surface and atmosphere in other parts of the spectrum, other than visible, were analyzed. Considered were: (1) infrared; (2) radiothermal; and (3) magnetic field.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 174-181
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  • 47
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    System for electronic transformation and geographic correlation of satellite television information (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An electronic transformation and correlation system has been developed for the Meteor space weather system which provides transformation and scaling of the original picture, accounts for satellite flight altitude and inclinations of the optical axes of the transmitting devices, and simultaneously superposes the geographical coordinate grid on the transformed picture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 155-164
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  • 48
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    Geographical correlation of TV and IR images obtained from weather satellites (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The requirements on the accuracy of geographical correlation of TV and IR cloud cover images are determined by the objective of the analysis of the weather information contained in these images. In the operational analysis case, the correlation accuracy need not be high. Errors of several tens of kilometers in determining the location of the cloud formation contours are considered acceptable in this case. Such correlation must be provided in real image reception time. Scientific studies require accurate correlation of the cloud formation contours. The errors in determining their position should be commensurate with the imaging system resolution. The geometric aspects of developing methods and equipment for geographical correlation of television and infrared images of cloud cover taken from Meteor satellites are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 146-155
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  • 49
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    Geographic correlation of television pictures obtained from weather satellites (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The geographical control of satellite pictures, using the terminology of aerial photography, can be treated as the problem of analysis of a single picture with the objective of obtaining a ground contour map. Studies have shown the possibility and capability of the method of composing photographic maps from transformed television pictures. Optico-mechanical transformation solves the problem of geographical correlation for operational purposes. However, this technique does not compensate for electronic distortion, and accounts for earth sphericity only approximately. However, for certain purposes (studying ice drift), the maximum possible accuracy is required. Analytic geographical correlation methods using digital computers should be considered promising.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 143-145
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  • 50
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    Geometric distortions of autocollimation type scanners (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: One criterion of image quality is its geometric similarity to the control test. The ability of television, phototelevision, phototelegraphic, and other systems to transmit geometrically similar images is characterized by the geometric distortion coefficient. Linear distortions result from the inaccuracy of scanning mechanism element assembly, and distortions can be minimized during adjustment operations or may be easily compensated during image reception. Brief descriptions are given of the possible sources of nonlinear distortions which arise in these devices due to the scanning mechanism, objective distortion, or the nodding mirror.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 48-51
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  • 51
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    Geometric distortions of opticommercial panoramic television systems (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: One of the problems solvable by the spaceborne television system, topographical surveying, makes high demands on image quality, particularly on the geometric distortions introduced by the television camera. It is the geometric distortions which determine measurement accuracy and, consequently, the possibility of creating reliable planetary surface maps. Comparative analysis of the different television systems capable of solving the problem showed that the requirements on quality of the transmitted images are best satisfied by television cameras with opticomechanical scanning. The design of panoramic television systems and the process of image construction by the opticomechanical camera are discussed. Results indicate that panoramic television cameras have the necessary instrumental accuracy and permit determination of the direction to objects with an error practically equal to the resolution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 51-59
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  • 52
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    Determining iconometric parameters of imaging devices using a wide-angle collimator (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of determining the iconometric parameters of the imaging device can be solved if the camera being calibrated is used to obtain the image of a group of reference points, the directions to which are known. In order to specify the imaging device coordinate system, it is sufficient in principle to obtain on the picture the images of three reference points which do not lie on a single straight line. Many more such points are required in order to determine the distortion corrections, and they must be distributed uniformly over the entire field of view of the camera being calibrated. Experimental studies were made using this technique to calibrate photographic and phototelevision systems. Evaluation of the results of these experiments permits recommending collimators for calibrating television and phototelevision imaging systems, and also short-focus small-format photographic cameras.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 41-47
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  • 53
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    Future development of IR thermovision weather satellite equipment (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The self radiation of the surface being viewed is used for image synthesis in IR thermovision equipment. The installation of such equipment aboard weather satellites makes it possible to obtain cloud cover pictures of the earth's surface in a complete orbit, regardless of the illumination conditions, and also provides quantitative information on the underlying surface temperature and cloud top height. Such equipment is used successfully aboard the Soviet satellites of the Meteor system, and experimentally on the American satellites of the Nimbus series. With regard to surface resolution, the present-day IR weather satellite equipment is inferior to the television equipment. This is due primarily to the comparatively low detectivity of the IR detectors used. While IR equipment has several fundamental advantages in comparison with the conventional television equipment, the problem arises of determining the possibility for future development of weather satellite IR thermovision equipment. Criteria are examined for evaluating the quality of IR.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 29-41
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  • 54
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    Iconics and iconology (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The term iconics covers the complex of methods and equipment for obtaining images, integrated on a common methodological basis. The concept combines such methods and equipment for obtaining images as photography, television, phototelevision, thermovision, and radar. The term iconics has been used previously, but in a narrower sense, as the name for the theory of image reproduction systems, primarily in the sense of their optimization. Iconics must include two branches; theoretical and practical. The system optimization problem then takes its place in theoretical iconics along with other problems. The term iconology has been proposed to cover the complex of image interpretation methods and equipment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 1-20
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  • 55
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    Prospects for the development of phototelevision methods in space studies (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In-space imaging of the surface of celestial bodies can be carried out by both television and photographic equipment. Television equipment of various types has the important property of being capable of transmitting imagery in real time. Frequently this is not possible because of the nature of information transmission over the spacecraft-ground communication line. The inadequate energy handling capacity of the communication lines usually requires storage of the video information aboard the spacecraft for subsequent transmission at a definite time and rate. For this purpose, the television camera can be connected with a magnetic memory, or the television imagery may be stored on photographic film. The television/photographic film system has been termed phototelevision. The choice of a system of one type or the other is dictated by several considerations, the most important of which are the size and weight characteristics, other conditions being the same (power consumption, reliability, etc.). The advantages and disadvantages of the two systems are discussed and examples are given of types of satellites on which the two types have been employed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Space Iconics (NASA-TT-F-798); p 21-28
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  • 56
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    Mineral resources, geological structures, and landform surveys (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Since March 1973 there has been a shift in ERTS results in geology from the initial show-and-tell stage to a period in which scientific studies predominated, and now to an emphasis on effective applications having economic benefits and clearcut relevance to national needs. Many years will be spent on geological tasks resulting from ERTS alone; reconnaissance mapping in inaccessible regions, map revisions, regional or synoptic analysis of crustal fractures, assessment of dynamic surficial processes, systematic search for mineral wealth, use of sophisticated enhancement techniques, recognition of potential geologic hazards, and many more applications that still need to be defined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 147-167
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    Land use and mapping (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The ERTS program provides data that can be used to derive information relative to the actual use of the land resource, in a practical and timely manner. ERTS data provide coverage of total land areas, and its repetitive nature enables the detection and monitoring of changes taking place in land use. Generally, the techniques and the procedures used to extract information from ERTS data may be categorized as pertaining to either the interpretations of ERTS imagery or to the use of digital data and computer techniques. Examples are given of the use of ERTS-1 data for land use classification in: (1) New England areas; (2) Chesapeake Bay and Washington, D.C.; (3) Mississippi Gulf Coast; (4) Los Angeles, California; (5) Houston, Texas; and (6) Phoenix, Arizona.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 138-146
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    Water resources (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: ERTS-1 applications in snow and ice monitoring, surface water monitoring, including monitoring of wetland areas and flood inundated area mapping, and also watershed monitoring for runoff prediction are discussed. Results also indicate that geological features can be noted which relate to ground water. ERTS-1 data can be used successfully in operational situations by water resources management agencies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 126-137
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  • 59
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    Agriculture, forestry, range resources (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The necessary elements to perform global inventories of agriculture, forestry, and range resources are being brought together through the use of satellites, sensors, computers, mathematics, and phenomenology. Results of ERTS-1 applications in these areas, as well as soil mapping, are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 116-125
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  • 60
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    Automated strip mine and reclamation mapping from ERTS (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In response to the urgent need for a faster and more economical means of generating strip mine and reclamation maps, a study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of using ERTS computer compatible tape for automatic mapping. The procedure uses computer target spectral recognition techniques as a basis for classification. The area encompassed by this investigation includes five counties in eastern Ohio that comprise nearly 7,500 square kilometers (3,000 square miles). The counties have been disrupted by coal mining since the early 1800's, and strip mining has been practiced in all of them. The environmental effects of strip mining are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 87-101
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  • 61
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    A review of initial investigations to utilize ERTS-1 data in determining the availability and distribution of living marine resources (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The National Marine Fisheries Service has been studying the application of aerospace remote sensing to fisheries management and utilization for many years. The 15-month ERTS study began in July 1972 to: (1) determine the reliability of satellite and high altitude sensors to provide oceanographic parameters in coastal waters; (2) demonstrate the use of remotely-sensed oceanographic information to predict the distribution and abundance of adult menhaden; and (3) demonstrate the potential use of satellites for acquiring information for improving the harvest and management of fisheries resources. The study focused on a coastal area in the north-central portion of the Gulf of Mexico, including parts of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. The test area used in the final analysis was the Mississippi Sound and the area outside the barrier islands to approximately the 18-meter (10-fathom) curve.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 76-86
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  • 62
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    ERTS program of the US Army Corps of Engineers (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Army Corps of Engineers research and development efforts associated with the ERTS Program are confined to applications of investigation, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of water resource projects. Problems investigated covered: (1) resource inventory; (2) environmental impact; (3) pollution monitoring; (4) water circulation; (5) sediment transport; (6) data collection systems; (7) engineering; and (8) model verification. These problem areas were investigated in relation to bays, reservoirs, lakes, rivers, coasts, and regions. ERTS-1 imagery has been extremely valuable in developing techniques and is now being used in everyday applications.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 62-75
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    An evaluation of the suitability of ERTS data for the purposes of petroleum exploration (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This investigation was undertaken to determine the types and amounts of information valuable to petroleum exploration that are extractable from ERTS data and to determine the cost of obtaining the information from ERTS relative to costs using traditional or conventional means. In particular, it was desirable to evaluate this new petroleum exploration tool in a geologically well-known area in order to assess its potential usefulness in an unknown area. In light of the current energy situation, it is felt that such an evaluation is important in order to best utilize technical efforts with customary exploration tools, by rapidly focusing attention on the most promising areas in order to reduce the time required to go through the exploration cycle and to maximize cost savings. The Anadarko Basin lies in western Oklahoma and the panhandle of Texas (Figure 1). It was chosen as a test site because there is a great deal of published information available on the surface and subsurface geology of the area, there are many known structures that act as traps for hydrocarbons, and it is similar to several other large epicontinental sedimentary basins.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 50-61
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    Geologic evaluation and applications of ERTS-1 imagery over Georgia (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Satellite imagery and other remote sensing tools and techniques have provided a powerful tool to assist geologic research; significantly increased the mapping efficiency of field geologists; shown new lineaments associated with known shear and fault zones; delineated new structural features; provided a tool to reevaluate tectonic history; helped to locate potential ground-water sources and areas of aquifer recharge; defined areas of geologic hazards; shown areas of heavy siltation in major reservoirs; and, by close interval repetition, aided in monitoring surface mine reclamation activities and the environmental protection of the intricate marshland system. The Georgia Geological Survey has been engaged in regional mapping for the new state geologic map. ERTS-1 images enlarged to compatible mapping scales have increased field geologic mapping efficiency by at least 25%. There are a number of areas where data from ERTS-1 imagery has allowed a notably higher level of precision than has been available with any amount of field work on the ground.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 41-49
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    Environmental surveys in Alaska based upon ERTS data (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Alaskan applications of ERTS data are summarized. Areas discussed are: (1) land use; (2) archaeology; (3) vegetation mapping; (4) ice reporting and mapping; (5) permafrost; (6) mineral and oil exploration; (7) geological surveys; (8) seismology; (9) geological faults and structures; (10) hydrology and water resources; (11) glaciology; (12) water circulation in Cook Inlet; and (13) fish and mammal populations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 12-40
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    The Canadian ERTS program (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Under a four-year collaborative agreement between the United States and Canada, the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) reads out and distributes the ERTS data of Canada. The Canadian receiving station is at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and covers most of Canada except for the East Coast. Production statistics on Canadian ERTS imagery, a summary of several cost benefit case histories, and recommendations for the future of the international aspects of ERTS are discussed and evaluated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS Symp., Vol. 2; p 7-11
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    Interactive design of large end rings on stiffened conical shells using composites (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Design study methods and results for a composite reinforced base ring for the conical aeroshell structure of the planetary lander vehicle for Project Viking, an unmanned mission to Mars, are presented. The aeroshell is a ring and stringer-stiffened conical shell structure having a half angle of 70 degrees with a large base ring mounted at the outer edge of the cone and a large pay-load ring in the interior with many smaller rings spaced along the inside shell surface. The purpose of the structure is to develop the aerodynamic drag required to decelerate the lander in the Mars atmosphere to facilitiate a soft landing. The design of a shell structure of this complexity requires the use of the latest technology available in a large general-purpose shell buckling program. The large general-purpose non-linear shell buckling program (BOSOR 2) which was used for this purpose is described.
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    Antarctic topography from balloons (1977)
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    Description: A description is presented of an investigation involving the collection of Antarctic ice sheet surface topography data by means of balloons, floating at an altitude of about 12.5 km, which traversed the Antarctic during its 1975 summer. These balloons were part of 411 constant density balloons launched in the Southern Hemisphere during the Tropical Wind, Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment. The three sensors carried by each balloon included a radio altimeter, a pressure sensor, and an ambient temperature sensor. Data transmitted by a balloon are received by a measuring system on board the Nimbus-6 satellite. A synoptic map is presented of the 150 mbar pressure surface at 1200 GMT, December 11, 1975.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Nature; 268; Aug. 11
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    Response of a beam on an inertial foundation to a traveling load (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The response of a Bernoulli-Euler beam supported by a Winkler-type elastic foundation with inertia and subjected to a moving load is investigated. Steady-state solutions are determined for an undamped and linearly damped beam-foundation system. The effects on the response of load velocity, foundation mass, and damping are studied. For the undamped system, it is well known that the response grows without bound as a certain critical velocity is approached. It is shown that the effect of foundation mass is to reduce the critical velocity and to increase the peak deflection. The increase in peak deflection becomes more pronounced as the critical velocity is approached. As in the case of massless foundation, the deflection wave is observed to be symmetric with respect to the load. When damping is introduced, the deflection wave loses its symmetry, and the peak deflection is reduced. Results for both cases are given in graphical form.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 70
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    Rare accessory uraninite in a Sierran granite (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: One grain of uraninite was found in a single thin-section of Sierran granite. Electron and ion microprobe analysis were used to determine the composition. Since the U-Pb age calculated for the uraninite does not differ greatly from the K-Ar age of the unit in which it occurs, it is suggested that the mineral is primary and not reworked from a preexisting rock. No uraninite has been detected in heavy mineral concentrates from other rocks of the local area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Mineralogist; 62; 1977
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  • 71
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    Three dimensional beam elements synthesis applications with stress constraints, nonlinear size-stiffness relationships and various size-inertia powers (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computers and Structures; 7; Aug. 197
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  • 72
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    On the role of minicomputers in structural design (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented of exploratory studies on the use of a minicomputer in conjunction with large-scale computers to perform structural design tasks, including data and program management, use of interactive graphics, and computations for structural analysis and design. An assessment is made of minicomputer use for the structural model definition and checking and for interpreting results. Included are results of computational experiments demonstrating the advantages of using both a minicomputer and a large computer to solve a large aircraft structural design problem.
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  • 73
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    Imperfection surveys on a 10-ft-diameter shell structure (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results of an extensive imperfection survey on a 10-ft-diameter integrally stiffened cylindrical shell are presented. The shape of the measured initial imperfections is clearly influenced by details of the shell construction. The modal components of the measured imperfection surface as a function of the circumferential and of the axial wave numbers are calculated. The discrete axial power spectral density functions and the corresponding root-mean-square values of the imperfections are also determined for given circumferential wave numbers. Using the Fourier coefficients of the measured initial imperfections, buckling loads are calculated by solving the nonlinear Donnell-type imperfect shell equations iteratively. The calculated lowest buckling load compares favorably with the values usually recommended for similar shell structures.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; July 197
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  • 74
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    Thermal inertia mapping - A new view of the earth (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The thermal response of a substance to a time-varying surface power input is determined by its thermal inertia. Remote sensing (e.g., from satellites) can be utilized to measure this property, which is related to surface composition or to near-surface soil moisture. An algorithm is developed which relates thermal inertia to remote measurements of surface temperature and reflectance. Application to geosynchronous satellite data illustrates the contrast between irrigated and desert areas in the region north of the Gulf of California. The effect of local weather conditions (latent and sensible heat transfer to the atmosphere) must be estimated before precise values for thermal inertia can be specified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 20
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    A finite element technique for non-deterministic thermal deformation analyses including temperature dependent material properties (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique utilizing the finite element displacement method is developed for the static analysis of structures subjected to non-deterministic thermal loading in which the material properties, assumed isotropic, are temperature dependent. Matrix equations are developed for the first two statistical moments of the displacements using a third order series expansion for the displacements in terms of the random temperatures. Sample problems are included to demonstrate the range of applicability of the third order series solutions. These solutions are compared with results from Monte Carlo analyses and also, for some problems, with solutions obtained by numerically integrating equations for the statistical properties of the displacements. In general, it is shown that the effect of temperature dependent material properties can have a significant effect on the covariances of the displacements.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering; 11; 6, 19; 1977
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  • 76
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    Forced vibrations of simply supported orthotropic sandwich plates (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Force transmissibility, driving-point impedance, and transfer impedance of a simply supported rectangular orthotropic sandwich plate are investigated. The plate is driven by a sinusoidally varying point force either at the plate center or at any arbitrary location. The variation of force transmissibility and impedance with frequency, and the manner in which this is influenced by the various sandwich-plate parameters are studied and presented graphically.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 61
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    Symbolic manipulation techniques for vibration analysis of laminated elliptic plates (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A computational scheme is presented for the free vibration analysis of laminated composite elliptic plates. The scheme is based on Hamilton's principle, the Rayleigh-Ritz technique and symmetry considerations and is implemented with the aid of the MACSYMA symbolic manipulation system. The MACYSMA system, through differentiation, integration, and simplification of analytic expressions, produces highly-efficient FORTRAN code for the evaluation of the stiffness and mass coefficients. Multiple use is made of this code to obtain not only the frequencies and mode shapes of the plate, but also the derivatives of the frequencies with respect to various material and geometric parameters.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Proc. of the 1977 MACSYMA Users' Conf. (NASA); p 161-175
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    Civil and scientific applications of the geoid (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SEASAT-A can be used for determining the geoid to much higher accuracy on a world wide basis and in a relatively short time. Two basic objectives can be considered: (1) determination of the geoid to at least 1 meter. This accuracy will satisfy most geodetic requirements for applications purposes; and (2) determination of the geoid to better than 1-meter an oceanographic objective required for measurement of sea surface topography and sea slope, quasi-stationary departure from the geoid, ocean circulation, air and sea interaction, etc. The geodesy objective in this case will be to define a reference equipotential surface as a means by which the oceanographic requirements can be achieved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 79-84
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    Boundary value problems with incremental plasticity in granular media (1974)
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    Description: Discussion of the critical state concept in terms of an incremental theory of plasticity in granular (soil) media, and formulation of the governing equations which are convenient for a computational scheme using the finite element method. It is shown that the critical state concept with its representation by the classical incremental theory of plasticity can provide a powerful means for solving a wide variety of boundary value problems in soil media.
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    A solution to the contact of two rough spherical surfaces (1974)
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    Description: The influence of roughness on the interfacial pressure distribution in the contact of two spherical surfaces is considered. An approximate general solution is presented and it is shown that the pressure for all radii can be determined solely from a reference pressure which is, in turn, a function of two parameters - a dimensionless roughness and a dimensionless hardness. Values for the radius of contact are also presented.
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    LANDSAT data: A new perspective for geology. A review of the utilization of LANDSAT imagery for geological interpretation (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Areas in which LANDSAT satellite imagery were found most useful include regional interpretations of geological structure, updating verifying of geologic maps, mineral and petroleum exploration, and the monitoring of natural hazards such as large-scale erosion and seismicity. Investigations in these areas of application demonstrated the wide variety of uses presently undertaken or envisioned for the future.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 194-204
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  • 82
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    A feasibility demonstration of aerial photographic support for marine archaeological surveys (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of recutting remote sensing was demonstrated for location of shipwrecks in the Florida Keys, using selected films and filters for improved water penetration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 341-350
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  • 83
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    Photoarchaeology. Reconnaissance tests using color, as well as other films, indicate that exploration studies may be reduced from months to hours (1977)
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    Description: Various types of films were used to detect pre-Columbian archaeological sites in South Dakota. Natural color and color IR films (scale 1/10,000) provided the best interpretation medium.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 172-180
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    Usefulness of LANDSAT data for monitoring plant development and range conditions in California's annual grassland (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A network of sampling sites throughout the annual grassland region was established to correlate plant growth in stages and forage production to climatic and other environmental factors. Plant growth and range conditions were further related to geographic location and seasonal variations. A sequence of LANDSAT data was obtained covering critical periods in the growth cycle. Data were analyzed by both photointerpretation and computer aided techniques. Image characteristics and spectral reflectance data were then related to forage production, range condition, range site, and changing growth conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 77-101
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    Use of clear lake as standard reflectors for atmospheric measurement (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method is proposed for using clear lakes as dark backgrounds against which the atmospheric path radiance can be determined from satellite observations. If the path radiance can be determined to sufficient accuracy, the atmospheric extinction can be inferred with suitable radiative transfer models. An extensive program of observation was made to determine the magnitude and variability of the various contributors to the total radiance observed by a satellite. It is shown that the volume and surface reflectance contributions (in the absence of sunglint) are small, constant, and can be modeled accurately enough to make these an insignificant source of error. The sunglint radiance observed in this investigation may be a significant source of error. It is shown that atmospheric extinction can be inferred from the path radiance observation after systematic differences between the model and observations are removed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 731-755
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    Remote sensing exploration for metallic mineral resources in central Baja California (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensor data (primarily LANDSAT) was analyzed by photogeologic and computer-assisted enhancement techniques to evaluate the metallic mineral potential of Baja California. Overlays were prepared at 1:1,000,000 and 1:500,000 and included known geologic relationships and mineral occurrences, lineament, drainage and structural patterns, tonal anomalies, and enhancement results. Computer-assisted enhancement and classification of the test sites was performed using the IMAGE 100 system to identify subtle tonal anomalies thought related to mineralization using known sites as analysis guides. Mineral potential maps of Baja California were generated from these analyses and the ten highest priority targets visited. Preliminary assay results (atomic absorption analysis) for the samples recovered showed moderate to high geochemical anomalies for Copper (10 of 12 samples), Zinc (3 of 12 samples) and Lead (4 of 12 samples).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 683-691
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    Testing the accuracy of remote sensing land use maps (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Some of the main aspects that need to be considered in a remote sensing sampling design are: (1) the frequency that any one land use type (on the ground) is erroneously attributed to another class by the interpreter; (2) the frequency that the wrong land use (as observed on the ground) is erroneously included in any one class by the remote sensing interpreter; (3) the proportion of all land (as determined in the field) that is mistakenly attributed by the interpreter; and (4) the determination of whether the mistakes are random (so that the overall proportions are approximately correct) or subject to a persistent bias. A sampling and statistical testing procedure is presented which allows an approximate answer to each of these aspects. The concept developed and described incorporates the probability of making incorrect interpretations at particular prescribed accuracy levels, for a certain number of errors, for a particular sample size. It is considered that this approach offers a meaningful explanation of the interpretation accuracy level of an entire remote sensing land use survey.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 615-623
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    Monitoring irrigated land acreage using LANDSAT imagery: An application example (1977)
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    Description: A demonstration of the utility of LANDSAT imagery for quickly and cheaply estimating irrigated land area was conducted in the Klamath River basin of Oregon. LANDSAT color composite images, at 1:250,000 scale and acquired on two dates during the 1975 growing season, were interpreted. Irrigated lands were delineated manually, and the irrigated area was estimated, based on dot-grid sampling of the manually delineated lands. The image interpretation estimate of irrigated area was then adjusted by a comparison of interpretation results with ground data on 45 sample plots, each 2.6 square kilometers in size. Two interpreters independently estimated the irrigated area. Their adjusted estimates were 115,000 hectares and 108,000 hectares respectively, with corresponding 95 percent confidence intervals of + or - 7,880 hectares and + or - 14,000 hectares.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 515-524
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    Digital exploitation of synthetic aperture radar (1977)
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    Description: A digital processing and analysis scheme for use with digitized synthetic aperture radar data was developed. Using data from a four channel system, the imagery is preprocessed using specially designed software and then analyzed using preexisting facilities originally intended for use with MSS type data. Geometric and radiometric correction may be performed if desired, as well as classification analysis, Fast Fourier transform, filtering and level slice and display functions. The system provides low cost output in real time, permitting interactive imagery analysis. System information flow diagrams as well as sample output products are shown.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 563-570
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    LACIE: A look to the future (1977)
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    Description: The Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) is a project designed to demonstrate the applicability of remote sensing technology to monitor globally an important world food crop - wheat. The need for more timely and reliable monitoring of food and fiber supplies is discussed, and the monitoring systems currently utilized are reviewed. The fundamentals involved in assessing the impact of variable weather and economic conditions on wheat acreage, yield, and production are elucidated. The experiment's approach to production monitoring is described, and its status is reviewed. Examples of acreage and yield monitoring in the Soviet Union are used to illustrate the experiment's approach.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 429-465
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    Remote sensing of air pollutants (1977)
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    Description: Monitoring of pollutants within the troposphere is discussed. Selected specific techniques were investigated and it was shown how the use of these techniques fits into the overall national strategy for air pollution abatement.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 353-359
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    An overview of remote sensing technology transfer in Canada and the United States (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: To realize the maximum potential benefits of remote sensing, the technology must be applied by personnel responsible for the management of natural resources and the environment. In Canada and the United States, these managers are often in local offices and are not those responsible for the development of systems to acquire, preprocess, and disseminate remotely sensed data, nor those leading the research and development of techniques for analysis of the data. However, the latter organizations have recognized that the technology they develop must be transferred to the management agencies if the technology is to be useful to society. Problems of motivation and communication associated with the technology transfer process, and some of the methods employed by Federal, State, Provincial, and local agencies, academic institutions, and private organizations to overcome these problems are explored.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 325-331
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    Remote sensing and today's forestry issues (1977)
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    Description: The actual and the desirable roles of remote sensing in dealing with current forestry issues, such as national forest policy, supply and demand for forest products and competing demands for forest land are discussed. Topics covered include wood shortage, regional timber inventories, forests in tropical and temperate zones, Skylab photography, forest management and protection, available biomass studies, and monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 267-276
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    Operational utilization of remotely sensed data (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of data from environmental satellites and other remote sensing platforms in some of NOAA's operational services are described. Topics discussed include: hurricanes; severe local storms and tornadoes; forest guidance; weather forecasting; hydrology; space program support; oceanography; search and rescue; and wildlife management. Applications which have become routine, and those which are in advanced field test are included. Some applications yield a clear cut economic benefit. In other cases, benefits -- if any -- are obscure. In yet other cases, benefits in one sector may be offset by detriments in another. Illustrative examples are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 221-228
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 95
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    Rebirth of remote sensing: Do we know enough for our own good? (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Obstacles or deficiencies in on-going satellites that impede operational use of data are described. Because spectral and spatial characteristics of LANDSAT D sensors are different from earlier satellites, they deter operational planning and data use, and an operational program operated in parallel with experimental technology development is needed. Particular attention is given to the satellite sensor readout system, its current applications, and needs for the future.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 229-235
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 96
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    Remote sensing data processing: Two years ago, today, and two years from today (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Beginning with a survey of the state-of-the-art of processing remotely sensed data in early 1975, significant developments between that time and the present are chronicled, and technologies for early 1979 are projected. Current technical issues discussed include: training selection and labeling; classification and mensuration; use of satellite indicators to supplement predictions; small scale field structures; physical factors; ancillary data; geometric quality; and the cost of processing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 125-135
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  • 97
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    Microwave remote sensing of hydrologic parameters (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A perspective on the implementation of microwave sensors in future airborne and spaceborne observations of hydrologic parameters is presented. The rationale is based on a review of the status and future trends of active (radar) and passive (radiometer) microwave research as applied to the remote sensing of soil moisture content, snowpack water equivalent, freeze/thaw boundaries, lake ice thickness, surface water area, and the specification of watershed runoff coefficients. Analyses and observations based on data acquired from ground based, airborne and spaceborne platforms, and an evaluation of advantages and limitations of microwave sensors are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 67-86
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 98
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    A study of suspended solids in the Requena Dam by remote sensing (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing was applied to a preliminary study of suspended solids in the Requena Dam. Aerial and terrestrial photographs were analyzed by photointerpretation and microdensitometry. Field measurements and sampling were also made. A relationship between ground data for the concentration of suspended solids and the transmissibility of the aerial infrared film was suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 495-504
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  • 99
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    The transfer of remote sensing technology in the developing nations: An observation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The cooperation and assistance of industrialized nations and the United Nations and its agencies in promoting the transfer of remote sensing technology in developing nations was discussed. Training programs, workshops, and seminars as well as on-going globally scattered demonstration projects were evaluated and it was suggested that emphasis should shift from centralized training to scheduled regional training programs, resulting in larger local participation and on-the-spot application of the technology to solve local problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 339-351
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  • 100
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    Current and future satellites for oceanic monitoring (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Current applications and products from existing operational satellites, are reviewed. The future data and information that will become available before the end of this decade are described with emphasis on global oceanic data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 279-297
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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