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  • Chemistry  (5,599)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (768)
  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS  (325)
  • BIOSCIENCES  (307)
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  • 1970-1974  (6,231)
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  • 1973  (6,231)
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  • 1995-1999
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  • 1970-1974  (6,231)
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  • 1
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    Auditory system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The physical correlations of hearing, i.e. the acoustic stimuli, are reported. The auditory system, consisting of external ear, middle ear, inner ear, organ of Corti, basilar membrane, hair cells, inner hair cells, outer hair cells, innervation of hair cells, and transducer mechanisms, is discussed. Both conductive and sensorineural hearing losses are also examined.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 667-691
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  • 2
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    Toxicology (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Oxygen toxicity is examined, including the effects of oxygen partial pressure variations on toxicity and oxygen effects on ozone and nitrogen dioxide toxicity. Toxicity of fuels and oxidizers, such as hydrazines, are reported. Carbon monoxide, spacecraft threshold limit values, emergency exposure limits, spacecraft contaminants, and water quality standards for space missions are briefly summarized.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 455-487
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  • 3
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    The vestibular system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The end organs, central nervous system connections, and static and dynamic characteristics of the vestibular system are presented. Vestibular servation in man and vestibular side effect prevention from space missions involving artificial gravity generation are also considered. Vestibular models and design criteria for rotating space vehicles are appended.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 533-609
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  • 4
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    Vision (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Some data on human vision, important in present and projected space activities, are presented. Visual environment and performance and structure of the visual system are also considered. Visual perception during stress is included.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 611-665
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  • 5
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    Respiratory system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The general anatomy and function of the human respiratory system is summarized. Breathing movements, control of breathing, lung volumes and capacities, mechanical relations, and factors relevant to respiratory support and equipment design are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 489-531
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  • 6
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    Subjective and nystagmus reactions considered in relation to models of vestibular function (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Modelling will become increasingly important as more knowledge is accumulated, because it offers advantages in predicting reactions of individuals in a variety of situations, including novel aerospace environments, and in specifying a few parameters which should have considerable clinical significance. However, the need for continuing experimental crosschecks of these models has been illustrated by several sets of results which would not have been predicted by any existing models.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 211-219
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  • 7
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    Artifacts produced during electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve in cats (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Evidence is presented to indicate that evoked potentials in the recurrent laryngeal, the cervical sympathetic, and the phrenic nerve, commonly reported as being elicited by vestibular nerve stimulation, may be due to stimulation of structures other than the vestibular nerve. Experiments carried out in decerebrated cats indicated that stimulation of the petrous bone and not that of the vestibular nerve is responsible for the genesis of evoked potentials in the recurrent laryngeal and the cervical sympathetic nerves. The phrenic response to electrical stimulation applied through bipolar straight electrodes appears to be the result of stimulation of the facial nerve in the facial canal by current spread along the petrous bone, since stimulation of the suspended facial nerve evoked potentials only in the phrenic nerve and not in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. These findings indicate that autonomic components of motion sickness represent the secondary reactions and not the primary responses to vestibular stimulation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 115-123
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  • 8
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    Perception of the upright and susceptibility to motion sickness as functions of angle of tilt and angular velocity in off-vertical rotation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Motion sickness susceptibility of four normal subjects was measured in terms of duration of exposure necessary to evoke moderate malaise (MIIA) as a function of velocity in a chair rotated about a central axis tilted 10 deg with respect to gravitational upright. The subjects had little or no susceptibility to this type of rotation at 2.5 and 5.0 rpm, but with further increases in rate, the MIIA endpoint was always reached and with ever shorter test durations. Minimal provocative periods for all subjects were found at 15 or 20 rpm. Higher rotational rates dramatically reversed the vestibular stressor effect, and the subjects as a group tended to reach a plateau of relatively low susceptibility at 40 and 45 rpm. At these higher velocities, furthermore, the subjects essentially lost their sensation of being tilted off vertical. In the second half of the study, the effect of tilt angle was varied while the rotation rate was maintained at a constant 17.5 rpm. Two subjects were completely resistant to symptoms of motion sickness when rotated at 2.5 deg off vertical; with greater off-vertical angles, the susceptibility of all subjects increased sharply at first, then tapered off in a manner reflecting a Fechnerian function.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 99-103
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  • 9
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    Crew microbiology (DTO 71-19) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: States of microbial imbalance as a result of human altitude chamber confinement occurred, for the most part, only in those genera and species of bacteria, yeast, and fungi which are classified as transients and are not part of the true indigenous flora of the crewmembers. Inasmuch as no crew illness events occurred and only subtle changes in the indigenous flora were noted, it appears that confinement of 56-days in a Skylab simulated environment does not mediate toward shifts in bacterial populations which have obvious clinical significance.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 10
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    Use of Lorente de No's neuron circuit model for describing acceleratory nystagmus (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results of a previous metric analysis and an electronic simulation of acceleratory nystagmus are given. On this basis, a tentative mathematical model for describing acceleratory nystagmus is reported. The essential content of the model is Lorente de No's neuron circuit, to which the two-factor theory of excitation has been applied.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 263-272
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  • 11
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    Systems analysis of the vestibulo-ocular system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The vestibulo-ocular system is examined from the standpoint of system theory. The evolution of a mathematical model of the vestibulo-ocular system in an attempt to match more and more experimental data is followed step by step. The final model explains many characteristics of the eye movement in vestibularly induced nystagmus. The analysis of the dynamic behavior of the model at the different stages of its development is illustrated in time domain, mainly in a qualitative way.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 237-249
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  • 12
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    Use of Steinhausen's model for describing periodic Coriolis star nystagmus (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Phase lag, maximal slow phase velocity, and beat frequency were measured in periodic Coriolis star nystagmus. The results have been described by Steinhausen's model of the semicircular canal system. Estimates of the biophysical constants have been obtained. It is concluded that this model is a good functional approximation for describing, and also for interpreting, the behavior of the system.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 251-262
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  • 13
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    On visual-vestibular interaction (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Experimental evidence is presented regarding visual vestibular interaction, and the results of three studies on the subject are briefly noted. An attempt to put together some of these observations with elementary notions of a visual vestibular interaction program is shown in the form of a flow chart representation of a possible model. This is a nonlinear model in which visual and vestibular influences are linearly weighted when they are in relative agreement but switch to the more believable one when they are in disagreement. A solution to the human space orientation problem is depicted by a schema for optimal subjective orientation based on several sensory modalities.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 205-210
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  • 14
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    Responses to rotating linear acceleration vectors considered in relation to a model of the otolith organs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Human subjects were exposed to a linear acceleration vector that rotated in the transverse plane of the skull without angular counterrotation. Lateral eye movements showed a sinusoidal change in slow phase velocity and an asymmetry or bias in the same direction as vector rotation. A model is developed that attributes the oculomotor response to otolithic mechanisms. It is suggested that the bias component is the manifestation of torsion of the statoconial plaque relative to the base of the utricular macula and that the sinusoidal component represents the translational oscillation of the statoconia. The model subsumes a hypothetical neural mechanism which allows x- and y-axis accelerations to be resolved. Derivation of equations of motion for the statoconial plaque in torsion and translation, which take into account forces acting in shear and normal to the macula, yield estimates of bias and sinusoidal components that are in qualitative agreement with the diverse experimental findings.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 221-236
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  • 15
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    Otolithic influences on extraocular and intraocular muscles (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Selective stimulation of utricular gravireceptors leads to gross activation of the bulbar reticular formation where a strong interaction with evoked spino-bulbo-spinal reflex activity occurs. The utricular neurons encountered by microelectrodes in the lateral vestibular nuclei show four types of elicited activity; two of these display an increased firing rate, and two exhibit pronounced inhibitory effects. Application of a stimulus of long duration and constant intensity to the utricle has shown that rapid adaptation of the peripheral receptors is a prominent feature. The effects of selective utricular stimulation upon eye movements, as recorded by the corneoretinal potential method, have been studied in experiments on cats and monkeys and it can be firmly stated that prolonged stimulation of the utricle can evoke strong primary nystagmus, followed by a secondary nystagmus at the cessation of stimulation. The action of utricular stimulation on ocular reflexes has been examined further, with particular attention to evoked pupillary reactions in both cats and monkeys: constriction during the fast phase of the brisk conjugate eye movement, and dilatation during the flow phase.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 195-201
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  • 16
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    Habituation of vestibular responses: An overview (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An historical survey of vestibular habituation experiments has been undertaken. Methodological problems are presented briefly, and the influence of arousal on vestibular responses is detailed. Data obtained from animals and from man are treated separately. At least for man, the term habituation may be better defined by a dynamic change in the form of vestibular responses than by a simple response reduction.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 157-193
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  • 17
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the vestibular end organs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The vestibular end organs, after chemical fixation, were freeze dried, coated with gold and palladium, and studied in the scanning microscope. Scanning microscopy gives a good three dimensional view of the sensory areas and allows study of both gross anatomy and microstructures. Cross anatomical features of the structure of the ampullae are demonstrated. The form of the statoconia in different species of animals is shown. New aspects of the structure of the sensory hairs are revealed. The hair bundles in the central areas of the cristae and in the striola of the maculae differ structurally from the hair bundles at the periphery of the sensory regions. Furthermore, some hair bundles consisting of very short stereocilia were observed. The relationship between the cupula and the statoconial membrane to the epithelial surface is discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 145-156
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  • 18
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    Anti-motion-sickness therapy (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Neither alterations in environmental temperature nor moderate intake of alcohol was found to alter susceptibility to motion sickness in subjects exposed to rotation in the Pensacola slow rotation room. Scopolamine with d-amphetamine was found to be the most effective preparation for the prevention of motion sickness under the experimental conditions of the studies reported here. Promethazine in combination with d-amphetamine was in the same range of effectiveness. Drug actions suggest that acetylcholine and norepinephrine may be involved in motion sickness.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washinton Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 109-114
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  • 19
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    Spectral composition of a measuring signal during measurements of vibration rates of a moving body (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Cybernetics diagnostics of machines and mechanisms using the spectral approach is discussed. The problem of establishing the accuracy of determination of the spectral composition is investigated. In systems with rectilinear or rotary movement, the vibrations appear in the form of movement rate vibrations, which are equivalent to frequency modulation of the signal, in proportion to the mean movement rate of the body. The case of a harmonic signal which reproduces and analyzes the characteristics of the frequency modulated signal is discussed. Mathematical models are developed to show the relationships of the parameters.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 275-278
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  • 20
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    Certain characteristics and capture regions of nonlinear vibrating systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Free vibrations of a system and vibrations which are multiples of them in frequency are discussed. The corresponding periodic forced vibrations of the type n/m (n is the number of periods of disturbance between periods of movement and m is the number of periods of movement in one period of disturbance), generated by a harmonic or close to harmonic disturbance, are propagated close to the corresponding curves of the free vibrations and their frequency multiples. It has been proposed that investigation of transitional modes of motion and capture regions be carried out by precise methods in phase space, with the least number of coordinates. Thus, for example, for nonautonomous second order equations (for example, the Duffing equations), in place of three variables (coordinates, velocity, phases), it is proposed to use two: velocity during transition of the coordinate through zero and phase.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 256-259
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  • 21
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    Transitional modes of motion and capture regions of vibroshock systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A numerical analysis of the transitional modes of motion for a vibroshock system was conducted. The capture regions of the system are emphasized. The three initial parameters for a nonautonomous vibroshock system with one degree of freedom are identified as: (1) coordinates, (2) velocity, and (3) time. Mathematical models are developed to show the relationship of the parameters. Graphs are included to show the nature of the capture regions and to portray the trajectory of motion of mass with time, by solution of differential equations during increase and decrease in time.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 250-255
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  • 22
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    The relationship of transient vibrational processes at a point in a plate to the nature of sudden kinematic disturbances (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A solution is given to the problem of a transient vibration process in a fastened plate, during a sudden displacement of the edge. Some partial cases of excitation are examined in which the packing can be calculated and the explicit type of change in a deformation over time can be found. Some examples are presented.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 204-207
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  • 23
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    Structural analysis of vibroacoustical processes (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The method of automatic identification of acoustical signals, by means of the segmentation was used to investigate noises and vibrations in machines and mechanisms, for cybernetic diagnostics. The structural analysis consists of presentation of a noise or vibroacoustical signal as a sequence of segments, determined by the time quantization, in which each segment is characterized by specific spectral characteristics. The structural spectrum is plotted as a histogram of the segments, also as a relation of the probability density of appearance of a segment to the segment type. It is assumed that the conditions of ergodic processes are maintained.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 179-180
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  • 24
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    Use of the dispersion ratio in estimating the nonlinear properties of an object of diagnosis (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: An experimental investigation for estimating the nonlinearity of a diagnostic object was carried out on a single-stage, spur gear reducer. The linearity of the properties of spur gearing (including the linearity of its mode of operation) was tested. Torsional vibrations of the driven wheel and transverse (to the meshing plane) vibrations of the drive wheel on its support were taken as the two outputs of the object to be analyzed. The results of the investigation showed that the degree of nonlinearity of a reducing gear is essentially connected with its operating mode, so that different mathematical models of it can correspond to different values of the system parameters.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 157-159
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  • 25
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    Part 1: The stability of equilibrium shapes of elastic systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-01
    Description: The stability of equilibrium shapes of elastic systems is examined. Stability loss in the case of similar equilibrium shapes, the disappearance of stable equilibrium shapes, and the disappearance of any forms of equilibrium are discussed. The error made by Euler in analyzing stability loss is pointed out, and Mises' truss is used as an example of stability loss in the case of similar equilibrium shapes.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Stability and Oscillation of Elastic Systems: Mod. Concepts, Paradoxes and Errors (NASA-TT-F-751); p 1-183
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  • 26
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    Part 2: Oscillations of elastic systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-01
    Description: Problems of oscillations of linear systems are discussed, including systems with a fractional number of degrees of freedom as well as free oscillations of a cantilever in the field of centrifugal forces. Four methods of solving the problem of the action of periodic instantaneous impulses are presented. The Tacoma catastrophe is analyzed and used as an example of aeroelastic oscillations. Problems of nonlinear system oscillations include the vibration maintenance of rotation, the Sommerfeld effect, and self-oscillations of a quasi-system with dry friction.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Stability and Oscillation of Elastic Systems: Mod. Concepts, Paradoxes and Errors NASA-TT-F-751); p 184-418
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  • 27
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    The ferrioxalate actinometry system of the microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The fluid actinometry portion of the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191) was designed for measurement of the solar energy that penetrates certain optical filter systems during exposure in space. Potassium ferrioxalate was used to measure energy at peak wavelengths of 254, 280, and 300 nanometers because of its high degree of sensitivity and its linear response to the middle ultraviolet regions.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 169-178
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  • 28
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    Effects of space environment on T-7 bacteriophage and spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Two strains of Bacillus subtilis were exposed to components of the ultraviolet spectrum in space. Both strains possess multiple genetic markers, and one of the strains is defective in the ability to repair ultraviolet damage. The T-7 bacteriophage of Escherichia coli was also exposed to selected wavelengths and energy levels of ultraviolet light in space. Preliminary findings do not reveal anomalies in survival rates. Data are not yet available on detailed genetic analyses.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 65-85
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  • 29
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    Background and general design of the microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) system (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Nine different species of organisms were exposed to space flight conditions during the Apollo 16 mission. Each test system was selected because it provided a quantitative method of evaluating some medically important phenomenon. The experiment design and each of the test systems are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 3-19
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  • 30
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    Infectivity and egg production of Nematospiroides dubius as affected by space flight and ultraviolet irradiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Nematospiroides dubius was tested to determine the infective potential of the third stage larvae and the egg-production and egg-viability rates of the resulting adults after they are exposed to space flight and solar ultraviolet irradiation. The results are indicative that space-flown larvae exposed to solar ultraviolet irradiation were rendered noninfective in C57 mice, whereas flight control larvae that received no solar ultraviolet irradiation matured at the same rate as the ground control larvae. However, depressed egg viability was evident in the flight control larvae.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 51-64
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  • 31
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    The high energy multicharged particle exposure of the microbial ecology evaluation device on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The high energy multicharged cosmic-ray-particle exposure of the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device package on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft was monitored using cellulose nitrate, Lexan polycarbonate, nuclear emulsion, and silver chloride crystal nuclear-track detectors. The results of the analysis of these detectors include the measured particle fluences, the linear energy transfer spectra, and the integral atomic number spectrum of stopping particle density. The linear energy transfer spectrum is used to compute the fractional cell loss in human kidney (T1) cells caused by heavy particles. Because the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device was better shielded, the high-energy multicharged particle exposure was less than that measured on the crew passive dosimeters.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 179-189
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  • 32
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    Thermoluminescent dosimetry for the Apollo 16 microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Lithium fluoride thermoluminescent chips were used to provide an integrated dose from the broad spectrum of ionizing radiation to the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191). The chips were positioned in the flight hardware to provide data on ionizing radiation within specific volume segments. A uniform radiation dose of 4.8 x 0.001 plus or minus 2 x 0.0001 joule/kg resulted.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 191-197
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  • 33
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    Effect of solar irradiation on extracellular enzymes of Aeromonas proteolytica (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The bacterium Aeromonas proteolytica was selected for studying the effects of solar irradiation on extracellular enzymes because it produces an endopeptidase that is capable of degrading proteins and a hemolysin that is active in lysing human erythrocytes. Possible alterations in the rate of enzyme production in response to the test conditions are currently underway and are not available for this preliminary report. Completed viability studies are indicative that little difference exists among the survival curves derived for cells exposed to various components of ultraviolet irradiation in space.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 137-151
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  • 34
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    Postflight analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis organisms exposed to space flight conditions (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Cultures of B. thuringiensis returned from space flight appeared to be normal to slightly affected adversely in their ability to produce three toxins that affect insects. In addition, it can be stated that B. thuringiensis spores are very resistant to ultraviolet irradiation at the individual wavelengths and energy levels previously described. Full sunlight, however, does have a detrimental effect on the viability of B. thuringiensis spores.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 105-120
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  • 35
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    Mycological studies housed in the Apollo 16 microbial ecology evaluation device (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Survival, death, and phenotype count have yielded variation in the number of fungi recovered from the controls and the flight exposed cuvettes during preliminary analysis of postflight first phase data. Also the preliminary analysis was indicative that fungi exposed to specific space flight conditions demonstrated variable survival rates and phenotype counts. Specific space flight conditions included full light space exposure for Chaetomium globosum, exposure at 300- and 254-nanometer wavelengths for Rhodotorula rubra, full light and 280-nanometer wavelength exposure for Trichophyton terrestre, and 254-nanometer wavelength exposure for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In general, phenotype counts for flight cuvettes and survival rates for control cuvettes were higher compared with the remaining cuvettes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 121-135
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  • 36
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    Effects of space vacuum and solar ultraviolet irradiation (254 nanometers) on the colony forming ability of Bacillus subtilis spores (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Bacillus subtilis spores are highly resistant to harsh environments. Therefore, in the Apollo 16 Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191), these spores were exposed to space vacuum or solar ultraviolet irradiation, or both, to estimate the change of survival for terrestrial organisms in space. The survival of the spores was determined in terms of colony-forming ability. Comparison of the flight results with results of simulation experiments on earth applying high vacuum or ultraviolet irradiation, or both, revealed no remarkable difference. Simultaneous exposure to both these space factors resulted in a synergistic effect (that is, an ultraviolet supersensitivity). Therefore, the change of survival in space is assumed to depend on the degree of protection against solar ultraviolet irradiation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 87-103
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  • 37
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    Fungi and bacteria (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Spacecraft equipment is usually protected from fungi and bacteria by incorporating a fungicide-bactericide in the material, by a fungicide-bactericide spray, or by reducing the relative humidity to a degree where growth will not take place. A unique method to protect delicate, expensive bearings in equipment was to maintain a pressure (with dry air or nitrogen) slightly above the outside atmosphere (few millibars) within the working parts of the equipment, thus preventing fungi from entering equipment.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 2 p
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  • 38
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    Brain blood-flow changes during motion sickness (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The possibility of diminished blood flow in the brain is studied as one of the factors resulting from an increase in skeletal muscle blood volume concomitant with other characteristics of motion sickness. Thermistors are implanted in the thalamus of dogs and blood flow changes are recorded while they are subjected to sinusoidal movement on a two pole swing. Results of these initial steps in a proposed long term exploration of different areas of the brain are presented.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 105-107
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  • 39
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    Environmental noise experiment (DTO 71-22) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Only general conclusions can be reached of the effect of Skylab simulation chamber noise on the crewmen. Two crewmen experienced a small hearing decrement in-chamber, but there was no pattern as to the ear and frequency affected. Temporary hearing threshold shifts were observed in all three crewmen postchamber. These postchamber threshold shifts were perhaps the most significant finding of the study. However, no lasting detrimental effects on the crew's hearing were found.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 8 p
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  • 40
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    Sleep-monitoring, experiment M133 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab sleep-monitoring experiment simulated the timelines and environment expected during a 56-day Skylab mission. Two crewmembers utilized the data acquisition and analysis hardware, and their sleep characteristics were studied in an online fashion during a number of all night recording sessions. Comparison of the results of online automatic analysis with those of postmission visual data analysis was favorable, confirming the feasibility of obtaining reliable objective information concerning sleep characteristics during the Skylab missions. One crewmember exhibited definite changes in certain sleep characteristics (e.g., increased sleep latency, increased time Awake during first third of night, and decreased total sleep time) during the mission.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 21 p
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  • 41
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    Metabolic activity, experiment M171 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab metabolic activity experiment determines if man's metabolic effectiveness in doing mechanical work is progressively altered by a simulated Skylab environment, including environmental factors such as slightly increased pCO2. This test identified several hardware/procedural anomalies. The most important of these were: (1) the metabolic analyzer measured carbon dioxide production and expired water too high; (2) the ergometer load module failed under continuous high workload conditions; (3) a higher than desirable number of erroneous blood pressure measurements were recorded; (4) vital capacity measurements were unreliable; and (5) anticipated crew personal exercise needs to be more structured.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 15 p
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  • 42
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    Mineral balance, experiment M071 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Concern for the long term metabolic consequences of weightless flight was the basis for the conception of the Skylab medical experiment to measure mineral balance. Proper interpretation of obtained data that diminished atmospheric pressure has no appreciable effect, or at least no protective effect, on calcium metabolism. The absence of changes in calcium metabolism indicates that a stable baseline observation has been made for Skylab as far as the effects of atmosphere or calcium metabolism are concerned.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 43
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    Lower body negative pressure, experiment M092 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Evaluation of orthostatic intolerance has been achieved by the use of lower body negative pressure (LBNP). The LBNP technique, though independent of gravity, simulates its effect by exposing the legs and the lower abdomen to reduced ambient pressures. This LBNP experiment, conducted during the 56-day simulation of the Skylab environment, was designed to supply baseline information on cardiovascular responses to periodic orthostatic stress. Impaired orthostatic tolerance, manifested by the increased heart rate, diminished systolic and pulse pressure, and increased tendency to syncope in the upright position, or during LBNP, was not observed in this experiment.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 44
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    Vestibular mechanisms underlying certain problems in a rotating spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Vestibular side effects are discussed with the aid of a conceptual framework based on an analysis of vestibular input-output relations. These side effects tend to fall into two main categories: (1) Reflex phenomena, and (2) motion sickness, a delayed epiphenomenon. Although the symptomatology of motion sickness is similar wherever experienced, both the eliciting stimuli and the opportunity to adapt may differ in different motion environments. These differences not only are exemplified when motion sickness is compared in a weightless and in a rotating environment, but they also point to important differences in the problem of preventing (or treating) motion sickness in these two very different environments.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 35-39
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  • 45
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    Red blood cell metabolism (M114), part D (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Statistically significant differences were found between Skylab simulation crews and controls for glycolytic enzymes. The absence of simultaneous controls for the pre- and postchamber analyses leaves the significance of the findings in the crew during these periods indeterminate.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 2 p
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  • 46
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    Special hematologic effects (M115), part E (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: All routine hematological measurements for the Skylab simulation test were within normal astronaut population limits for the CDR, SPT, and PLT, with one exception: A significant lymphopenia was observed in the PLT during the post test period, possibly the reflection of increased adrenal corticoid secretion. No ultrastructural red cell membrane abnormalities were observed in any of the subjects, nor were any red corpuscle morphological abnormalities noted. Slight elevations in the PLT's red corpuscular potassium were observed in the younger corpuscles after chamber entrance and again upon egress. This probably represents newly released young red cells from hematopoietic tissue. Flame photometric analyses confirm the fact that potassium is indeed higher in the younger cells of all subjects examined.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 47
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    Investigation of man's immune system (M112), part B (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Fifty-six days of residence in a Skylab-type environment produce essentially no change in the reactivity of the human immune system, as typified by the rate of RNA or DNA synthesis in small lymphocytes. The one point of divergence between the Skylab simulation crew and previous Apollo crews, a marked depression in synthesis rates on the fourteenth day after the chamber study, may be due to some technical difficulty in the experiment. Lymphocyte morphology changes paralleled functional changes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 48
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    Hematology/immunology (M110 series) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The hematology/immunology experiments in the Skylab mission study various aspects of the red blood cell, including its metabolism and life span, and blood volume changes under zero gravity conditions to determine the precise mechanism of the transient changes which have been seen on the relatively brief missions of the past.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 5 p
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  • 49
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    The role of perilymph in the response of the semicircular canals to angular acceleration (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A new model for the response of the semicircular canals to angular motion is postulated. This model is based on evidence that the bony canal is not compartmentalized and assumes that the ampulla wall is highly flexible. It is shown that the perilymph induces a cupula displacement far greater than that produced by the endolymph alone. The predicted dynamic behavior of the canals on the basis of this model is found to be consistent with experimental observations.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 135-141
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  • 50
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    The vestibular system of the owl (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Five owls were given vestibular examinations, and two of them were sacrificed to provide serial histological sections of the temporal bones. The owls exhibited a curious variability in the postrotatory head nystagmus following abrupt deceleration; sometimes a brisk nystagnus with direction opposite to that appropriate to the stimulus would occur promptly after deceleration. It was found also that owls can exhibit a remarkable head stability during angular movement of the body about any axis passing through the skull. The vestibular apparatus in the owl is larger than in man, and a prominent crista neglecta is present. The tectorial membrane, the cupula, and the otolithic membranes of the utricle, saccule, and lagena are all attached to surfaces in addition to the surfaces hearing hair cells. These attachments are very substantial in the utricular otolithic membrane and in the cupula.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 127-132
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  • 51
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    Medical operations: Crew surgeon's report (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: To assure the safety and well being of the Skylab environment simulation crewmembers it was necessary to develop a medical safety plan with emergency procedures. All medical and nonmedical test and operations personnel, except those specifically exempted, were required to meet the medical standards and proficiency levels as established. Implemented programs included health care of the test crew and their families, occupational medical services for chamber operating personnel, clinical laboratory support and hypobaric and other emergency support.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 15 p
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  • 52
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    Effects of SMEAT on the oral health of crewmen (DTO 71-2) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The oral health status of three astronauts was monitored before, during and after a 56-day simulation of the Skylab mission. Laboratory and clinical parameters which are considered to be ultimately related to dental impairments were evaluated. The most notable changes were observed in increased counts of mycoplasma and S. mutans, decreased counts of enteric bacilli, decreased saliva flow rates, increased secretory IgA and salivary lysozyme levels, and increased clinical scores of dental plaque, calculus and inflammation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 53
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    Bioassay of body fluids, experiment M073 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Body fluids were assayed in this experiment to demonstrate changes which might have occurred during the 56-day chamber study in fluid and electrolyte balance, in regulation of calcium metabolism, in overall physiological and emotional adaptation to the environment, and in regulation of metabolic processes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 14 p
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  • 54
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    Bone mineral measurement, experiment M078 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Measurement tests revealed few deviations from baseline bone mineral measurements after 56 days in a Skylab-type environment. No mineral change was observed in the right radius. One individual, however, showed a possible mineral loss in the left os calcis and another gained mineral in the right ulna. The cause of the gain is unclear but may be attributable to the heavy exercise routines engaged in by the crewmember in question. Equipment problems were identified during the experiment and rectified.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 55
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    Blood volume and red cell life span (M113), part C (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Prechamber, in-chamber, and postchamber blood samples taken from Skylab simulation crewmembers did not indicate significant shortening of the red cell life span during the mission. This does not suggest that the space simulation environment could not be associated with red cell enzyme changes. It does show that any changes in enzymes were not sufficiently great to significantly shorten red cell survival. There was no evidence of bone marrow erythropoetic suppression nor was there any evidence of increased red cell destruction.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 4 p
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  • 56
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    Cytogenetic studies of the blood (M111), part A (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The cytogenetic study of the crew appears to indicate that Skylab-type environmental conditions have no deleterious effect upon chromosomal material. The findings are, however, less clear-cut than might be desired, due in large measure to confounding of the experimental design by the administration of isotope injections for the purposes of other experiments and to the lack of control subjects.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 3 p
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  • 57
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    Program organization (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab medical experiments altitude test plan is outlined. Described are the scope and objectives of the program, the management system under which it would be conducted, requirements for configuration of the test facility, test control documentation, data processing, and detailed test objectives.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 5 p
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  • 58
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    Introduction (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The objective of the Skylab medical experiment altitude test was to provide a nearly full scale simulation of a 56-day Skylab mission for studying physiological changes produced in man by the long term exposure to space conditions. Evaluated in the altitude chamber tests were human cardiovascular/hemodynamic responses, musculoskeletal/metabolic effects, endocrine/electrode factors, and neurophysiological indices.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 59
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    Identification of an object by input and output spectral characteristics (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The problem is discussed of identification of a linear object of known structure, the movement of which is described by a system of differential equations of the type y = Ay + Bu, where y is an n-dimensional output vector, u is an m-dimensional vector of stationary, random disturbances (inputs), A and B are matrices of unknown parameters of the dimension, n x n and n x m, respectively. The spectral and reciprocal spectral densities of the inputs and outputs are used as the initial information on the object.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 139-141
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  • 60
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    Investigation of vibrations of working elements of a two coordinate scanner (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Radial and axial vibration measurements on the scanning disk and the data storage board of an optical-mechanical scanner are evaluated. Statistical processing of the observational data establishes the excitation source and determines the effect of disk torsional vibrations on the data storage board.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 105-106
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  • 61
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    Diagnostics of load vibrations at the inlet of a mechanism (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The torque of a drive shaft in a magnetic recording device was studied by oscillographic recordings. Statistical evaluation of the dynamic spectral densities showed that the principle source of disturbing forces is loading in the drive shaft radial play.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 103-104
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  • 62
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    Analysis of vibration characteristics of thin plates covered with a thin viscous layer (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The equation of motion was used to examine the problem of vibrations of a thin elastic plate covered with a thin viscous layer. Mathematical formulation and the solution of the problem are given.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 89-90
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  • 63
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    Experimental estimation of the statistical parameters of vibrations of a shell (using a digital computer), 2 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The statistical characteristics of complex variation amplitudes of shells excited by harmonic force sources in the sound frequency range are examined. Vibrations were measured with a multichannel unit, permitting the component values of a complex vibration amplitude for the i-th measurement point to be obtained at each measured point. An estimation was also made of the nature of the vibration field structure.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 68-73
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  • 64
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    Automation of measurement of spatial damping parameters (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A traveling wave unit was built to process measurement data on spatial damping parameters and to simplify statistical treatment of the results. Mean values of the loss coefficient, lengths of flexual waves, and wave propagation velocities for a given set of discrete functions were determined. Results are given in a table.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 81-82
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  • 65
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    A mathematical modeling method for determination of local vibroacoustic characteristics of structures (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A method is proposed for determining vibroacoustic characteristics from the results of measurements of the distribution of vibrational energy in a structure. The method is based on an energy model of a structure studied earlier. Equations are written to describe the distribution of vibrational energy in a hypothetical diffuse energy state in structural elements.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 74-77
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  • 66
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    Experimental estimation of the statistical parameters of vibrations of a shell (using a digital computer), 1 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The distribution pattern of the amplitudes of vibrations, measured at various points on the surface of a shell, stimulated by a point source of harmonic force in the sound frequency range was studied experimentally. This pattern permits a valid spacing estimate to be carried out of the average structural characteristics of the vibrations, which are used for both estimation of the vibration excitability of the structure and for estimation of the effectiveness of use of a vibration-absorbing covering.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 61-67
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    Statistical parameters of reverberating fields, calculated by computer (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A method, developed for making measurements in reverberation chambers in the steady state mode, is reported. Spatial distribution patterns of the square of the sound pressure vs type of exciting signal were produced theoretically and checked experimentally in a reverberation chamber. Results of measurements of spatial irregularities of the field with pure tones and with noise bands in the 200 to 2,000 Hz frequency range were used for calculating statistical parameters of the reverbation fields by computer. The calculation program included determination of density probability function, integral distribution pattern, mathematical expectation, normalized dispersion of the mean square of the pressure.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 57-60
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  • 68
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    Investigation of vibrations in electric power transmission lines (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Research was begun into the dynamic characteristics of wires, including the self-damping properties. A series of wire insulator fastenings, with and without dampers, was also developed.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 48-49
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  • 69
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    Analytic description of vibrations in a piping system with pulsating flow (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Various calculation schemes were proposed for describing vibrations in a piping system with pulsating flow. Methods were selected and applied according to the type of irregularities examined: concentrated ones, extended ones, or complex ones. The selection of a method also depends on comparability of the extent of the irregularities with the pressure wavelength and velocity in the flow. Relations were found which permit a description of the interaction of a pulsating flow with any irregularity in the system. For complex systems with varying temperatures and some irregularities, relations were obtained, which reflect the varying phase displacement of the forces in these irregularities. The effect of the frictional torque on pipeline supports, in the presence of flexural and torsional vibrations was investigated, on the assumption that the frictional torque depends linearly on the angular velocity.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 51-52
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  • 70
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    Investigation of the reactions of skin panels in relation to duration of acoustical loading (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Certain characteristics of the reactions of typical skin panels of a passenger aircraft to acoustical loading are being investigated, for development of an objective method of diagnostics for skin condition, under the operations and maintenance sections of civil aviation. There are a number of difficulties connected with the solution of this problem. The reactions of skin panels exposed to the noises of the exhaust jets are dependent on the aircraft operating conditions, the geometric parameters and limiting conditions of the panels.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 41-43
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  • 71
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    The use of a digital computer for calculation of acoustic fields of complex vibrating structures by the reciprocity principle (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A program was compiled for calculating acoustical pressure levels, which might be created by vibrations of complex structures (an assembly of shells and rods), under the influence of a given force, for cases when these fields cannot be measured directly. The acoustical field is determined according to transition frequency and pulse characteristics of the structure in the projection mode. Projection characteristics are equal to the reception characteristics, for vibrating systems in which the reciprocity principle holds true. Characteristics in the receiving mode are calculated on the basis of experimental data on a point pulse space velocity source (input signal) and vibration response of the structure (output signal). The space velocity of a pulse source, set at a point in space r, where it is necessary to calculate the sound field of the structure p(r,t), is determined by measurements of acoustic pressure, created by a point source at a distance R. The vibration response is measured at the point where the forces F and f exciting the system should act.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 53-56
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  • 72
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    Construction of a mathematical model of the human body, taking the nonlinear rigidity of the spine into account (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A mathematical model of the human body was constructed, under the action of harmonic vibrations, in the 2.5-7 Hz frequency range. In this frequency range, the model of the human body as a vibrating system, with concentrated parameters is considered. Vertical movements of the seat and vertical components of vibrations of the human body are investigated.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 38-40
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  • 73
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    Compensation of vibrations of a unidimensional structure and a plane acoustical field (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Endless structures are realized in practice, in the presence of loss and to an adequate extent, owing to which, reflections from the edges to the center part of the structure can be disregarded. In the absence of losses, reflections from the boundary frequently have to be taken into account. In this case, besides compensation for waves passing through the boundary, the reciprocal connection system can be used for compensation of the total field ahead of the boundary. In these cases, the system converters can be located in a different manner relative to the boundary and to one another. Each of the locations has inherent peculiarities, which must be taken into account in solving specific problems.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 222-228
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  • 74
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    Active damping of unidimensional structures (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The vibration characteristics of an unidimensional structure are discussed. The cases considered are: (1) a rigid pipe in which a wave propagates, (2) an infinite string along which a transverse wave propagates, (3) a rod along which longitudinal or torsional columns propagate, and (4) generally a unidimensional propagation of some one mode of vibrations which is nondegenerating with distance. Mathematical models are developed to show the performance of the mechanical devices under various damping conditions.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 216-221
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  • 75
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    A centre for accommodative vergence motor control (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Latencies in accommodation, accommodative-vergence, and pupil-diameter responses to changing accommodation stimuli, as well as latencies in pupil response to light-intensity changes were measured. From the information obtained, a block diagram has been derived that uses the least number of blocks for representing the accommodation, accommodative-vergence, and pupil systems. The signal transmission delays over the various circuits of the model have been determined and compared to known experimental physiological-delay data. The results suggest the existence of a motor center that controls the accommodative vergence and is completely independent of the accommodation system.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Vision Research; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 76
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    A variable step incremental procedure (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a variable step incremental procedure for the solution of nonlinear equations in finite element structural analysis. The proposed procedure is effective in improving the accuracy of the basic incremental technique and in providing, in addition, an accurate estimate of the discretization error. The proposed approach is highly appropriate for solving problems for which the user has no a priori estimate of the step size to use.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering; 7; 4, 19; 1973
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  • 77
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    Further discrete variable results for a panel flutter optimization problem (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Numerical solutions are presented for the problem of minimum weight design of a thin one-dimensional, simply supported, solid panel in compression, with one side exposed to a parallel high supersonic air flow. The flutter speed is held fixed and a minimum thickness constraint is imposed.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering; 7; 4, 19; 1973
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  • 78
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    Dietary carbohydrate increases brain tryptophan and decreases serum-free tryptophan (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 244; July 6
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  • 79
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    Use of three-dimensional photoelasticity in fracture mechanics (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The philosophy of fracture mechanics is reviewed and utilized to formulate a simplified approach to the determination of the stress-intensity factor photoelastically for three-dimensional problems. The method involves a Taylor Series correction for the maximum in-plane shear stress (TSCM) and does not involve stress separation. The results are illustrated by applying the TSCM to surface flaws in bending fields. Other three-dimensional problems solved by the TSCM are cited.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 80
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    Evaluation of fatigue-crack growth rates by polynomial curve fitting (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Fundamental characterization of the constant-amplitude fatigue crack propagation is achieved by an analysis of the rate of change of crack length with change in number of applied loading cycles, defining the rate values such that they are consistent with the basic assumption of smoothness and continuity in the fatigue crack growth process. The technique used to satisfy the analytical conditions and minimize the effects of local material anomalies and experimental errors is that of fitting a smooth curve to the entire set of basic data by least square regression. This yields a well-behaved function relating the number of cycles to the crack length. By taking the first derivative of the function, the crack growth rate is obtained for each point. The class of curve fitting functions used in the analysis is the polynomial of degree n.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal of Fracture; 9; Mar. 197
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  • 81
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    Possibilities for the evolution of the genetic code from a preceding form (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of the interaction between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons suggests a model for the evolution of the genetic code. Modification of the nucleic acid following the anticodon is at present essential in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes to ensure fidelity of translation of codons starting with A, and the amino acids which could be coded for before the evolution of the modifying enzymes can be deduced.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 246; Nov. 2
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  • 82
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    Noise coupling between accommodation and accommodative vergence (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For monocular viewing, the fluctuations in accommodative lens power in the frequency range from 0.5 to 3 Hz were found to be considerably greater than those in accommodative vergence movements of the covered eye. Considering the close synkinesis between these motor responses for step changes or slow variations in accommodative stimulus, this finding is unexpected. This apparent lack of synkinesis is found to result mainly from the fact that the decrease in small-signal linear gain with increasing frequency is more rapid in the case of the accommodative vergence system than in the case of the accommodation system, rather than from some nonlinear phenomenon.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Vision Research; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 83
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    The effect of bedrest on adrenal function (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Eight male subjects were subjected to continuous bedrest for 24-80 weeks for the purpose of studying metabolic responses. Three of the subjects did supine exercises daily during part of the study. Adrenal function was examined in relation to adrenal cortical and medullary excretions. The results reveal an increase in hydrocortisone throughout the test period, a decrease in norepinephrine and no change in epinephrine. These data suggest that exercise could decrease the severity of deconditioning caused by bedrest.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Space Life Sciences; 4; Sept
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  • 84
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    An improved numerical process for solution of solid mechanics problems (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper gives an overview of the development and status of an improved numerical process for the solution of solid mechanics problems. The proposed process uses a mixed formulation with the fundamental unknowns consisting of both stress and displacement parameters. The problem is formulated either by means of first-order partial differential equations or in a variational form by using a Hellinger-Reissner-type mixed variational principle. For presentation purposes, the components of a numerical process are characterized and the criteria for an ideal process are outlined. Commonly used finite-difference and finite-element procedures are examined in the light of these criteria and it is shown that they fall short in a number of ways. The proposed numerical process, on the other hand, satisfies most of the optimality criteria and appears to be particularly suited for use with the forthcoming generation computers.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 85
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    A refined analysis of composite laminates (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The purpose of this paper is to develop a sufficiently accurate analysis, which is much simpler than exact three-dimensional analysis, for statics and dynamics of composite laminates. The governing differential equations and boundary conditions are derived by following a variational approach. The displacements are assumed piecewise linear across the thickness and the effects of transverse shear deformations and rotary inertia are included. A procedure for obtaining the general solution of the above governing differential equations in the form of hyperbolic-trigonometric series is given. The accuracy of the present theory is assessed by obtaining results for free vibrations and flexure of simply supported rectangular laminates and comparing them with results from exact three-dimensional analysis.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration; 30; Oct. 22
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  • 86
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    Vibration characteristics of aluminum plates reinforced with boron-epoxy composite material. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analytical and experimental data on the vibration characteristics of cantilevered winglike flat trapezoidal aluminum plates are presented. The plates had been reinforced with boron-epoxy composite material which had been placed symmetrically about the plate middle surface. The effect of filament orientation on the mode shapes and frequencies of the first ten modes and on the damping coefficients of several of the lowest frequency modes has been investigated experimentally. Experimental data are compared with results from a finite-element analysis. Stiffness properties of the composite material for use in the analysis were determined from vibration tests of composite reinforced aluminum beams.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Composite Materials; 7; July 197
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  • 87
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    Fracture analysis of surface- and through-cracked sheets and plates. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Neuber stress-concentration relation for notches in an elastic-plastic material subjected to shear loading was generalized for a crack in a finite plate subjected to tensile loading. An equation was derived which related the linear elastic stress-intensity factor, the applied stress, and two material parameters. The equation was then used as a two-parameter fracture criterion for surface- and through-cracked specimens. Fracture data from the literature on surface- and through-cracked sheet and plate specimens of steel, titanium alloy, titanium weldment, and aluminum alloy tested at room and cryogenic temperature were analyzed according to the proposed equation. For surface cracks, wide ranges of crack-depth to crack-length ratio and crack-depth to specimen-thickness ratio were considered. For through cracks, wide ranges of crack length and specimen width were also considered.-
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 88
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    Prebiotic activation processes. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Questions regarding the combination of amino acids and ribonucleotides to polypeptides and polynucleotides are investigated. Each of the reactions considered occurs in the solid state in plausible prebiotic conditions. Together they provide the basis for a unified scheme of amino acid and nucleotide activation. Urea, imidazole and Mg(++) are essential catalytic components of the reaction mixtures. However, these compounds could probably be replaced by other organic molecules.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 244; Aug. 17
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  • 89
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    The elastic layer with a cylindrical hole subjected to a nonuniform axisymmetric radial displacement. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A problem in the linear theory of elasticity is considered wherein a layer with a circular cylindrical hole is subjected to a nonuniform axisymmetric radial displacement. The solution utilizes Navier's equations of elasticity which are solved by means of extended Hankel transforms. A special case in which the radial displacement is a linear function of the axial coordinate is presented. Numerical results are given in graphical form for the case when hole radius and layer thickness are equal. The inversion integrals were evaluated numerically using Longman's technique for computing infinite integrals of oscillatory functions.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Acta Mechanica; 17; 1-2,; 1973
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  • 90
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    Effect of simulated lunar impact on the survival of bacterial spores. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In order to test the effect of impact on organisms, the survival of bacterial spores after being propelled at high velocity in Pyrex and plastic beads into crushed basalt was measured. The beads were fired into sterilized canisters by both a conventional powder and a light gas gun. Results indicate that at the minimum (2.4 km/sec) lunar capture velocity, the number of colony forming units (CFUs) decreased by five orders of magnitude, and at 5.5 km/sec, statistically a more probable capture velocity, no CFUs were found. The decrease in CFUs observed with increasing velocity indicates that the spores were most probably killed by the impact.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Space Life Sciences; 4; Apr. 197
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  • 91
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    Brain calcium - Role in temperature regulation. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Perfusion of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus with excess calcium ion in ground squirrels produces a drop in core temperature. The magnitude of the drop is directly dependent on ambient temperature. Respiration, heart rate, and oxygen consumption are also reduced during perfusion of calcium ion. It is concluded that the depression of body temperature during calcium ion perfusion is due to generalized depression of the neurons of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Science; 181; Aug. 17
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  • 92
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    A simple method for studying slow crack growth. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple, inexpensive method for studying slow crack growth is described. The method entails measurements of load relaxation at constant displacement using a double torsion specimen. It is demonstrated that the data generated using this technique are in excellent agreement with data obtained using the more complex conventional techniques, for a range of materials - steel, titanium, glass, aluminum oxide, PMMA. These encouraging initial results suggest that additional and more detailed studies using this test procedure are merited.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Testing and Evaluation; 1; July 197
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  • 93
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    Structural optimization by methods of feasible directions. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A general design algorithm based on methods of feasible directions is presented. Zoutendijk's method of feasible directions is first presented as applied to structural design. This method is modified to improve numerical stability of the design process and is then further modified to deal efficiently with infeasible designs. The algorithm requires the analytic gradient of the objective function and the constraint functions which are active at a given stage in the design process. Gradient information is not required for nonactive constraints. Complex constraint functions may be ignored in the initial design stages because violation of these constraints is efficiently overcome later in the design process. The algorithm is demonstrated with elastic design of redundant trusses.
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  • 94
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    Computer based analyses of the response of box type structures to random pressures. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of the vibration of the internal structure of a relatively simple flight vehicle structural model consisting of a multicellular box in which two parallel outer face plates (skins) are connected together by several internal plates (ribs) which are parallel to each other and normal to the face plates. Such a box is representative of a wing or stabilizer structure. Three representations of the structure were considered in the computation. The simplest model which can account for the coupling between the face plates and the ribs is a two-dimensional assembly of beams. A more realistic, yet still simple, three-dimensional model has been developed using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The third computational method employed was the NASTRAN finite-element displacement method. The computational results are compared with experimental data.
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  • 95
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    Developing structures technology for the day after tomorrow. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: To prepare for new demands on aircraft structures, NASA has established a number of goals. These include automatic analysis and design, building confidence in advanced composites, improving the technology base for future supersonic and hypersonic vehicles, validating concepts for active controls, developing methods for predicting aircraft loads and aeroelasticity, and generating design methods for assuring structural integrity. Progress made in achieving these goals is discussed in detail.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 11; July 197
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  • 96
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    Changes in functional construction of bone in rats under conditions of simulated increased gravity. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation was conducted to determine experimentally whether femur bones are altered in cross-sectional area or cross-sectional shape by chronic centrifugation at different G-levels in conformance to Wolff's law. It was found that the centrifuged animals exhibit on the average smaller body masses, femur lengths and femur cross sections, as compared to their corresponding age controls. The mean inhibitory effect of chronic centrifugation upon body and femur growth can be measured in a shortcut approximation by calculating the decrease of body masses and femoral dimensions on a percentage basis.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte; 139; 1973
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  • 97
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    Lowest critical velocity of rotating shafts. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effect of the gyroscopic moment on the appearance of a first imaginary critical velocity (minimum negative value of lambda) is investigated and shown to have an important effect on the computation of the first critical velocity. A numerical procedure is developed which can be used for overcoming the difficulties arising when the first real and the first imaginary roots are similar in modulus. As an example, a real shaft with two supports was analyzed. For the computation the real shaft was subdivided into ten sections, and for two of them (representing compressor and turbine) the gyroscopic moment was taken into account. The present method is especially useful when high speed computational facilities are not available.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; June 197
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  • 98
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    Effect of out-of-planeness of membrane quadrilateral finite elements. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigation of the effect of using plane quadrilateral membrane elements for modeling nonplanar structures. The effect is assessed by analyzing a simplified finite element model with the aid of the structure network analysis program. The results obtained indicate that the use of planar quadrilateral membrane elements for modeling bending problems can lead to large errors if the four points that define the quadrilateral are not in the same plane.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; May 1973
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  • 99
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    Mixed finite-difference scheme for analysis of simply supported thick plates. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A mixed finite-difference scheme is presented for the stress and free vibration analysis of simply supported nonhomogeneous and layered orthotropic thick plates. The analytical formulation is based on the linear, three-dimensional theory of orthotropic elasticity and a Fourier approach is used to reduce the governing equations to six first-order ordinary differential equations in the thickness coordinate. The governing equations possess a symmetric coefficient matrix and are free of derivatives of the elastic characteristics of the plate. In the finite difference discretization two interlacing grids are used for the different fundamental unknowns in such a way as to reduce both the local discretization error and the bandwidth of the resulting finite-difference field equations. Numerical studies are presented for the effects of reducing the interior and boundary discretization errors and of mesh refinement on the accuracy and convergence of solutions. It is shown that the proposed scheme, in addition to a number of other advantages, leads to highly accurate results, even when a small number of finite difference intervals is used.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computers and Structures; 3; Sept
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    Effect of artificial gravity on thermoregulation, respiratory metabolism and intermediary metabolism of animals (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Metabolic alterations in animals exposed to radial acceleration are reported. Temperatures in acutely stressed animals dropped profoundly in correlation with decreased food consumption. Repeated exposure of the acutely stressed animal caused a decrease in hypothermic response whereas deceleration or reduction of G load did not significantly change body temperatures. Adrenal corticosteroids affected significantly the animal's recovery rate. No changes occured in body temperature patterns of chronically centrifuged animals after full adaptation; their respiratory rate increased very significantly in terms of CO2 output as did their glucose uptake by muscle tissues and their insulin responsiveness or sensitivity.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Regulatory Biol.: Depressed Metab.; p 27-51
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