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  • Articles  (27)
  • man  (11)
  • 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects
  • Evolution
  • Scanning electron microscopy
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  • Springer  (27)
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  • American Geophysical Union
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  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974  (27)
  • 1973  (27)
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  • Articles  (27)
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  • Springer  (27)
  • AGU
  • American Geophysical Union
  • Copernicus
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 2000-2004
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974  (27)
Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of solvent structure in ligand substitution and solvent exchange at some divalent transition-metal cations (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 2 (1973), S. 217-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Cation ; energies ; H. S. Frank ; M. Eigen ; R. G. Wilkins ; kinetics ; ligand substitution ; mechanism ; mixed solvents ; nonaqueous ; solvation ; solvent ; solvent structure ; solvent exchange ; transition metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of the solvent in reactions involving ions is considered in relation to the structure of liquids. The rate constants and activation parameters for ligand substitutions at divalent transition metal cations in various solvents are compared with those for solvent exchanges. The differences are related to structural properties of the solvents, represented by their heats of evaporation and fluidities, and interpreted with the aid of a model developed from that of Frank and Wen. Water is not a typical solvent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651974
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the fixation of observable mutations distributed randomly among the three nucleotide positions of the codon? (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 2 (1973), S. 123-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Nucleotide Substitutions ; Evolution ; Codons ; Cytochromesc ; Hemoglobins ; Fibrinopeptides A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution among the three nucleotide positions of the codons of 642 mutations fixed during the descent of 49 sequences of cytochromec was examined. This was compared to the distribution expected if the number of ways of getting a selectively acceptable amino acid alternative from a single nucleotide replacement at each coding position were random,i.e. proportional to the total number of ways of changing the encoded amino acid by a single nucleotide replacement at each coding position. It was found that the observed distribution was significantly different from random, there being 40% more mutations in the first coding position than in the second whereas one would have expected 10% more in the second than in the first. The probability of the result occurring by chance is 〈 10−6. The same test was made on the distribution of 347 mutations fixed in the descent of 19 sequences of alpha hemoglobin and 286 mutations fixed in the descent of 16 beta and 4 delta hemoglobins. The result for the alpha hemoglobins was a similar non-randomness but the probability of its occurring by chance rose to 0.005. The result for the beta-delta hemoglobins was in the same direction but was not significant (p = 0.3). The degree of non-randomness among the three genes in the distribution of fixations over the three nucleotide positions of their codons appears to be correlated (negatively) with their rates of evolution, the plasticity required of the molecule to adapt to new environments, and the recency of exploitation of opportunities for change in functional specificity provided by such processes as gene duplication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01653992
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Are human hemoglobin variants distributed randomly among the positions? (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 2 (1973), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Hemoglobin ; Evolution ; Mutation ; Fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution of human hemoglobin variants has previously been studied by Vogel (1972) who concluded that the distribution was random although no statistical analysis was presented. This work points out that there are four biases in the data, one in the manner in which the number of variants is counted, another in the method by which they are detected and which favors charge changes, a third in the fact that for a few codons the same amino acid replacement may be brought about by two or three single nucleotide replacements, and a fourth in the non-random sampling procedure which favors variants producing clinical symptoms. Nevertheless, the distribution of beta hemoglobin variants is confirmed to be random as Vogel suggests. The alpha hemoglobin variants are distinctly non-randomly distributed, the best fit requiring that 69 of the alpha positions be considered invariable. The above biases could account for this result but other considerations combine to suggest the following: 1, about half of all alterations of alpha hemoglobin will not survive to sampling whereas nearly all beta variants can; 2, deleterious mutants that survive to sampling but are destined to be eliminated by selection are more likely to be observed in beta than in alpha hemoglobin; and 3, mutations destined to go to fixation are more likely to occur in beta than in alpha hemoglobin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01653998
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of nucleic acid replication: The possible role of simple repeating sequence polypeptides therein (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 2 (1973), S. 205-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Nucleic Acid ; Evolution ; Growing Point ; Templating ; Alternating Sequence Polypeptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our concept of nucleic acid replication does not explain the movement in that process—i.e., the existence of a socalled “growing point”. This omission may manifest itself in a failure to understand primitive nucleic acid replication. The latter may not be merely a “templating” process. Primitive nucleic acid replication is postulated to involve a particular type of peptide that establishes a “growing point”—a polypeptide in whichalternate amino acid residues are basic. Possible interactions of such a peptide with single and double stranded nucleic acid and its possible mode(s) of synthesis in a primitive environment are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01654001
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary excretion of nortriptyline and five of its metabolites in man after single and multiple oral doses (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1973), S. 174-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tricyclic antidepressant ; nortriptyline ; metabolism ; urine ; pharmacokinetics ; twins ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urinary excretion of nortriptyline (NT) and five of its metabolites was studied by quantitative gas chromatography in 22 twins and 7 unrelated healthy subjects after single (1 mg/kg) and multiple oral doses (0.4 mg/kg t.i.d.) of NT hydrochloride. A mean recovery of 62% of the dose was found after both single and multiple doses. The metabolite pattern in the urine was qualitatively and quantitatively identical in the two regimes, but there were marked variations in the pattern of metabolites between individuals. The disappearance rate of NT from the plasma was mainly determined by the metabolism of NT to 10-hydroxynortriptyline, which varied considerably between individuals. The data suggest that in certain rapid NT metabolizers, the upper limit for the overall clearance of NT from the plasma (if extrahepatic metabolism is assumed to be negligible) might be set by the blood flow through the liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00564899
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The availability of orally administered nortriptyline (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1973), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tricyclic antidepressant ; nortriptyline ; single-dose kinetics ; plasma/blood concentrations ; metabolites ; absorption ; availability ; apparent volume of distribution ; plasma/blood clearances ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The availability of an orally administered drug may be defined as the fraction of the total dose that enters the blood. Three healthy subjects were given identical doses of nortriptyline hydrochloride (NT-HCl) by the oral and intramuscular routes. The availability was assessed by comparing the total areas under the NT plasma concentration-time curves produced by the two methods of administration. The concentrations of NT in plasma and blood were determined by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry and were found to be almost identical. The observed availability of NT in these subjects ranged between 56 and 70% (mean 64%). The availability predicted from the parenteral plasma levels (assuming an average hepatic blood flow of 1.7 l/min) differed from the observed availability in one subject, perhaps because of the known variation in liver blood flow between individuals. The gastrointestinal absorption of NT-HCl was complete, since the recovery of the main metabolite, 10-hydroxynortriptyline, was the same after the two routes of administration. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the data showed that there might exist interindividual differences in the apparent volume of distribution of NT, (Vd)β. There was no apparent relationship between the variations in availability of NT and “steady-state” plasma levels or the disposition plasma half-lives of the drug. The calculated (Vd)β and (t 1/2)β of NT for each subject were in good agreement with those obtained from a previous study of single oral does of NT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00564900
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug K 4277 after oral administration to man (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 256-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: K 4277 ; anti-inflammatory agents ; metabolism ; man ; oral administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fate of the new analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent α-[4-(1-oxo-2-iso-indolinyl)-phenyl]-propionic acid (compound K 4277) in healthy volunteers has been investigated by a radio-isotope method and gas-liquid chromatography. After oral administration, the drug was absorbed rapidly and completely and occurred in plasma mainly as unchanged compound bound extensively to plasma proteins. Its disappearance from plasma followed at least a bi-exponential function and was almost complete in 24 to 48 h. Most of the drug is excreted in urine as a glucuronide and a lesser amount as the unchanged compound. There were only negligible amounts of other metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00644742
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Difference in the central actions of phenytoin and phenobarbitone in man, measured by critical flicker fusion threshold (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Critical flicker fusion ; phenytoin ; phenobarbitone ; serum drug concentration ; man ; epilepsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The central effects of single oral doses of phenobarbitone and phenytoin have been determined in six normal volunteers by measuring the critical flicker fusion threshold (CFF) under double-blind, placebo controlled conditions at intervals of up to 7 h after ingestion of the drug. Blood samples were taken at the same time for estimation of the serum concentration of the drugs by gas chromatography. Phenobarbitone in a dose of 180 mg produced a significant fall in CFF, and the time-course of this change mirrored the time-course of the serum concentration of the drug, which reached a peak of 21.8 µM (5.2 µg/ml) at 1.5 h. Phenytoin in doses of 200 mg, 300 mg and 400 mg produced no significant change in CFF even though an adequate serum concentration of the drug had been achieved (28.8 µM, 7.2 µg/ml, with the 400 mg dose). It was concluded that the two drugs differ in their action on the neural mechanisms tested by this procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561802
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The metabolism of amphetamine in dependent subjects (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; drug dependence ; metabolism ; urine ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The metabolism of (+)-[14C] amphetamine has been studied in two women who had been taking 90–100 mg of Dexedrine ((+)amphetamine sulphate; Smith, Kline & French) daily for several years but who showed no evidence of overt amphetamine toxicity. The urinary metabolites were identified, estimated and compared with the results previously obtained from two drug naive male subjects who had received 20 mg of (±)amphetamine (Caldwellet al., (1972b). The same metabolites were found, but the dependent subjects excreted in 24 h more unchanged amphetamine (about 30% of dose) than the naive subjects (20%). This may be a reflection of the dose, which in dependent subjects was five times that of naive subjects. The dependent subjects excreted in 24 h slightly more norephedrine (2.9, 4.1% of dose) and 4′-hydroxynorephedrine (1.1, 1.6%) than the naive subjects (norephedrine, 2.2, 2.6%; 4′-hydroxynorephedrine, 0.3, 0.4%), but the difference in percentage of dose may not be significant. However, in absolute terms the dependent subjects are producing at least five times as much norephedrines as the naive subjects because of the larger dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558282
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma kinetics of methaqualone in man after single oral doses (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 187-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Methaqualone ; single dose kinetics ; plasma concentration ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of methaqualone were followed for several days after single oral doses in 5 healthy subjects. The analysis of methaqualone was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (mass fragmentography). The plasma levels of methaqualone were interpreted according to a two compartment model. The elimination rate of methaqualone was found to be much slower than has been reported previously, half lives in the β-phase ranging from 19.6 to 41.5 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558284
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity as a measure of sympathetic activity during halothane anaesthesia in children (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 228-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Dopamine-β-hydroxylase ; man ; plasma ; sympathetic activity ; halothane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As an index of sympathetic nervous system activity, the level of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) in plasma was measured in 82 children, mean age 6±0.3 years, before and during halothane anaesthesia. Plasma DBH fell markedly in 50% of cases irrespective of the anaesthetic technique, i.e. halothane with or without nitrous oxide, and with or without premedication by pethidine and/or atropine; enzyme activity was unchanged in 25% of the children; and in the remaining 25%, DBH activity increased. The heart rate fell significantly in cases in whom DBH activity was lowered, and it remained almost unchanged, when DBH rose during anaesthesia. A fall in plasma DBH activity during anaesthesia was found particularly in children who appeared excited and anxious before anaesthesia; enhanced preanaesthetic sympathetic tone in this group was indicated by plasma DBH activities and heart rates higher than in the other groups. It is concluded that halothane may not only reduce elevated sympathetic activity, but also in most cases may oppose sympathetic counter-regulation which should occur in reponse to its direct cardiovascular depressant effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00644737
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of activated charcoal on plasma levels of nortriptyline after single doses in man (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1973), S. 236-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Activated charcoal ; tricyclic antidepressant ; nortriptyline ; intoxication ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six healthy volunteers were given nortriptyline (NT) in doses of 0.86–1.00 mg/kg. There was a significant (P〈0.05) decrease in absorption of the drug if 5 g of activated charcoal was administered half an hour afterwards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00567010
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum levels of thioridazine in psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazines ; thioridazine ; serum levels ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rate of absorption of thioridazine varied greatly in ten healthy volunteers who took 100 mg in the morning after an overnight fast. The peak level in blood was also variable and it was reached 1 1/4 to 4 h after dosing. Maximal concentrations in the blood varied widely from 0.13 µg/ml to 0.52 µg/ml. No relation was found between the weight or sex of the subjects and the pharmacokinetics of the drug. The serum half life of thioridazine in three healthy volunteers was 9, 10 and 10 h respectively. In a group of 22 patients receiving less than 5 mg/kg body weight a day, there was a strong correlation between the dose and the morning or evening concentration of thioridazine in the blood. A positive correlation was also observed between the age of the patient and the serum level in those who received doses of less than 5 mg/kg body weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558283
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of alclofenac treatment regimes in man (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Alclofenac ; antiphlogistic ; man ; pharmacokinetics ; dosage regimes ; plasma levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A one compartment open model has been found to fit plasma concentration data previously obtained in man after single oral doses of alclofenac; the parameters of the model are: $${\text{t}}_{\tfrac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}} $$ abs=1.3±0.7h, $${\text{t}}_{\tfrac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}} $$ el=3.5±1.2h, Vd/F=17±6. The model has been used successfully to predict steady-state plasma levels of alclofenac after multiple oral doses. One treatment schedule (initial dose 500 mg, maintenance dose 250 mg five times a day) was administered to two volunteers for five days and the plasma levels of alclofenac determined daily. The latter were in good agreement with computer predictions based on the model. It is now possible, therefore, to select the most suitable dosage regimes for this drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00644743
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Duration of beta-receptor blockade after oral administration of LB-46 (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1973), S. 214-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; beta-blockade ; oral administration ; man ; alprenolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duration of beta-receptor blockade after single oral doses of LB-46 has been investigated by the isoproterenol infusion technique. A single 5 mg dose of LB-46 caused beta-receptor blockade lasting for 45 min to about 15 h; the range of action after 10 mg LB-46 orally was 30 min to 24 h. The duration of action of an equipotent dose of alprenolol was shorter. The therapeutic implications of these results are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00567006
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of the human cerebral ventricular system (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fourth ventricle ; Human ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the ultrastructural differences exhibited by the varigated ependymal lining of the near-term human fetal 4th ventricle. The central portion of the fourth ventricular floor, including the median sulcus is punctuated by numerous clumps of cilia. The density of cilia here is not as great as that described for other regions of the human cerebral ventricular system; accordingly, underlying substructure can be noted. There are distinct differences between ependymas that line the floor of the fourth ventricle with those of the adjacent area postrema. The latter region possesses not cilia, but instead exhibits a dense knap of microvilli. The ultra-architecture of the choroid plexus is relatively similar to that of other circumventricular organs with the exception that it possesses small isolated groups of cilia as well as microvilli. These findings are discussed with respect to the dynamics of local CSF movement and flow, ependymoabsorption and ependymosecretion
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307461
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  • 17
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    The olfactory epithelium of the lantern fish, Tarletonbeania crenularis (myctophidae) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfaction ; Fishes ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory rosettes of Tarletonbeania crenularis are contained within paired membranous olfactory chambers opening to the exterior through a pair of nostrils. The margins of the anterior nostril form an infundibulum that may direct a current of water between the lamellae of the olfactory rosette and out of the posterior nostril as the fish swims through the water. The number of lamellae in a rosette is variable, and each consists of an olfactory epithelium containing receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells, mucus cells and bipolar neurons. The olfactory surface for the most part is nonciliated and appears rugose in scanning electron micrographs. Receptor elements are located along the central axis of the rosette and on the surfaces of the distal margins of the lamellae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307076
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  • 18
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    Fine structure of eyespots in tornarian larvae (Phylum: Hemichordata) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 89-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Larva ; Hemichordate ; Ultrastructure ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eyespots of tornariae of enteropneusts (Ptychodera flava from Hawaiian waters and an unknown species from southern California) were studied by electron microscopy. An ocellus is composed of two types of cells: sensory and supportive. The former is characterized by a bulbous cilium (with 9+2 axoneme) at its distal end, one or sometimes two arrays of microvilli from its sides below the cilium, and a basal axon. The latter features large, clear vesicles which presumably contained the reddish-orange pigment seen in the ocellus of a living larva. Five-day old tornariae of P. flava are positively phototactic. Both cilium and microvilli may function as photoreceptors. The tornarian ocellus studied is compared with eyespots of other invertebrates, and the evolutionary significance of its putative photoreceptors is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306706
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  • 19
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the retinal pigment epithelium in chick embryos and chicks (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 543-552 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal pigment cells ; Retinal cell differentiation ; Retinal receptor cells ; Chicken ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of the retinal pigment epithelium in chick embryos and young chicks was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It is demonstrated, that pigment cells not only have fine processes on their retinal surface, but also to a considerable extent on their basal cell membrane. The occurrence of these processes was studied during differentiation of the retina. The appearance of these surface differentiations can no longer be interpreted solely as the result of membrane infoldings but to be mainly the result of membrane sprouting processes. The formation of processes on the retinal surface of pigment cells precedes that of the processes on the choroidal surface. The length of the mature processes on the apical surface is greater than the length of those on the basal surface. The appearance of the fine cell processes is correlated with the functions of pigment epithelium and with the differentiation of retinal receptor cells. This study illustrates that the technique of scanning electron microscopy is not limited to the examination of naturally occurring tissue surfaces, but can be extended to the investigation of tissue fractures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347182
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  • 20
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    Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen an pinealen Sinneszellen der Forelle,Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 585-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei) ; Pineal organ ; Photoreceptor cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Bild des Pinealorgans vonSalmo gairdneri kann man drei verschiedene Außengliedtypen der Photorezeptoren unterscheiden. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Ultrastrukturkonzepte von Rüdeberg (1969) und Bergmann (1971) diskutiert. Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Studien erleichtern die anatomische Klassifizierung von pinealen Sinneszellen aufgrund ihrer Außengliedform.
    Notes: Summary The outer segments of pineal photoreceptor cells ofSalmo gairdneri were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The scanning electron micrographs showed three different types of outer segments. These results are discussed with respect to the ultrastructural concepts of Rüdeberg (1969) and Bergmann (1971). Scanning electron microscopy permits better anatomical classification of pineal photoreceptor cells according to the form of their outer segments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572298
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  • 21
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    A scanning electron microscope study of the papilla basilaris of Gekko gecko (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 307-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ductus cochlearis ; Lizard ; Sensory hair cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sensory hair cells of the ventral 2/3 of the papilla basilaris of Gekko gecko are divided into anterior (pre-axial) and posterior (post-axial) portions by a mid-axial gap or hiatus where there are no hair cells. There is no separation of the hair cells in the dorsal third of the papilla. There are three tectorial membrane modifications: an attached thickened membrane covering the pre-axial hair cells, sallets covering the post-axial hair cells, and an attached filamentous membrane covering the dorsal hair cells. The number of hair cells is greatest ventrally and decreases dorsally. There are approximately 2000 to 2100 hair cells. The kinocilia of the hair cells of the anterior halves of both the pre- and the post-axial vertical hair-cell rows are oriented posteriorly, while the kinocilia of the posterior halves are oriented anteriorly. The kinocilia of the hair cells of the dorsal third of the papilla are mostly oriented posteriorly. Thus, kinocilial orientation of the ventral 2/3 of the papilla is doubly bidirectional, and the dorsal 1/3, largely unidirectional.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307037
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    Electronic Resource
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    Collar cells in planula and adult tentacle ectoderm of the solitary coral Balanophyllia regia (anthozoa eupsammiidae) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 57-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collar cells ; Planula ; Larva, Balanophyllia regia (coral) ; Sense organs ; Evolution ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The planula larva of the solitary coral Balanophyllia regia has an ectoderm of flagellate, diplosomal collar cells. The collar of these cells is composed of a ring of microvilli linked with mucus strands. Four types of flagellate gland cells, three types of nematocyst and spirocysts are present in the planula ectoderm. The function of these ectoderm cells is discussed. The mesogloeal muscular and packing tissues of the planula are briefly described. The tentacle of the adult coral, examined for comparison, has an ectoderm of flattened flagellate cells with a shallow collar. Collar cells similar to those of the planula are occasionally found on the tentacle and their function is not known. Independent sensory cells built on a modified collar cell plan with collar of thickened microvilli are common in the tentacle. These are quite separate from the three kinds of tentacular nematocyte. Distended glandular areas occur in the tentacle ectoderm. The flagellate tentacle gastrodermis, muscle and mesogloeal region are briefly described. The evolutionary significance of collar cell ectoderm in a planula is discussed and the occurrence of collar cells throughout the animal kingdom, reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307189
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rastermikroskopische Untersuchungen der olfaktorischen Rezeptoren im Riechepithel des Goldfisches (Carassius auratus) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 439-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Olfactory receptors ; Fish ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch rastermikroskopische Untersuchungen lassen sich mehrere, morphologisch unterschiedliche Rezeptoren in der Regio olfactoria des Goldfisches (Carassius auratus) unterscheiden. Dabei muß vorläufig offen bleiben, ob den morphologischen Varianten entsprechende funktionelle Unterschiede zuzuordnen sind. Auf den Lamellen der Riechrosette sind Sinneszellareale und in ihnen Flimmerzellgruppierungen zu beobachten. Die wechselnde Dichte der verschiedenen Rezeptoren in einzelnen Sinneszellarealen wird betont. Die Befunde werden zu Riechtheorien und zu der Frage in Beziehung gesetzt, ob es eine räumliche Zuordnung von Zonen des Riechepithels zu bestimmten Anteilen des Bulbus olfactorius gibt.
    Notes: Summary Investigations by scanning electron microscopy demonstrate the existence of several morphologically different types of olfactory receptors in Carassius auratus. The structural differences, however, do not allow a definite classification of sensory cells into functionally different elements. The olfactory organ has a central axis with lamellae emerging at both sides of it. On these lamellae sensory areas with densely packed receptor cells and with groups of ciliated cells exist. The terminals of the receptor cells show a great polymorphism of their surface. The morphologically different receptor cells are not equally distributed over the olfactory organ but differ from each other in quantity and density. The morphological results are discussed in relation to olfactory theories and in relation to the question whether there are topographical projections between the peripheral olfactory organ and the Bulbus olfactorius.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307104
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arteriovenous anastomoses in the cat carotid body (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 515-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Carotid body ; Cat ; Corrosion casting technique ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den arteriennahen, peripheren Bereichen des Glomus caroticum der Katze wurden arteriovenöse Verbindungen nachgewiesen, die ihrem Charakter nach unterschiedlich sind. Es ist allerdings noch nicht zu entscheiden, ob derartige Anastomosen regelmäßig vorkommen und wie sie funktionieren. Die beschriebenen Gefäßverbindungen konnten lichtmikroskopisch anhand von histologischen Serienschnitten und mit Hilfe einer weiterentwickelten Korrosionstechnik im Rasterelektronenmikroskop dargestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary In artery surrounding areas in the periphery of the carotid body of the cat we found arteriovenous anastomoses differing in respect to their character. So far, it is not yet to decide the frequency of their occurrence and their functional significance. The anastomoses were demonstrated by light microscopy of serial sections and by scanning electron microscopy with a more developed corrosion casting technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306712
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricle of sheep (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral ventricles ; Ependyma ; Sheep ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricle of sheep demonstrates areas of ciliated ependymal cells at the dorsal and middle third. The cilia of the dorsal portion of the ventricle have biconcave discs that are attached to each cilium by a slender stalk. The lower third and floor of the ventricular wall, as well as the pineal recess, are largely covered by ependymal cells that possess numerous microvilli with only a few isolated cilia scattered along cell surfaces. The infundibular recess is papillated with apical blebs of the ependymal cells that project into the lumen of the recess. Measurements of these surface elements indicate an average diameter of 0.28 μ for cilia, 0.10 μ for microvilli and 0.50 μ for the apical blebs of the infundibular recess. The functional significance of the regional differences in surface structures is discussed in relation to cerebrospinal fluid movement, ependymoabsorption and ependymosecretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307437
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    Electronic Resource
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    Infrastructure superficielle de la vésicule vitelline et du sac péricardique de l'embryon de Poecilia reticulata (Poisson Téléostéen) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 235-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teleost yolk sac ; Pericardial sac ; Chloride cell ; Osmoregulation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le microscope électronique à balayage montre l'existence d'un réseau complexe de microcrêtes à la surface de la vésicule vitelline et du sac péricardique de l'embryon de Poecilia reticulata. Cette étude permet également de préciser la localisation, l'aspect et la répartition des «cellules à chlorure» et de proposer un schéma tridimensionel de l'organisation infrastructurale de la paroi de la vésicule vitelline. Un choc osmotique détermine rapidement un mouvement d'étalement des cellules épithéliales sur la surface apicale libre des «cellules à chlorure». La signification de ces résultats est discutée en rapport avec le problème de l'osmorégulation embryonnaire chez les Poissons, en particulier chez les Cyprinodontes vivipares de la famille des Poeciliidae.
    Notes: Summary A complex network of microridges is revealed by scanning electron microscopical examination of the yolk sac and embryonic pericardial sac surface of Poecilia reticulata. This study also specifies the localization, aspect and distribution of “the chloride cells”. A tridimensional diagram of the ultrastructural organization of the yolk sac wall is suggested. Osmotic stress quickly induces an overlapping of adjacent epithelial cells on the free apical surface of the “chloride cells”. These findings are discussed in relation to the problem of embryonic osmoregulation in fishes and especially in viviparous Poeciliids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00311356
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of the bullfrog's retina and pigment epithelium (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 451-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Pigment epithelium ; Photoreceptors ; Rana catesbiana ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retina and pigment epithelium of the bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Fixed-dehydrated tissues were critical point dried with CO2, then cracked in the plane of the long axis of the photoreceptors. The cellular layers of the retina and the lateral surfaces of pigment epithelial cells were visualized. The four major types of frog photoreceptor were identified: red rod, green rod, single cone, and double cone. Cone myoids were observed to be contracted in light-adapted retinas and elongated in more dark adapted retinas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306765
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