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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 8-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulin ; Bone ; Calcium ; Resorption ; Orthophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration d'insuline cristallisée à des rats thyroparathyroidectomisés provoque une augmentation de la calcémie et de la phosphorémie. Le calcium plasmatique s'élève de façon linéaire entre 31 et 250 m Unités d'insuline/100 g de poids corporel. La courbe obtenue n'est guère différente de celle obtenue par extrait parathyroidien. L'administration simultanée d'insuline et d'extrait parathyroidien à des rats thyro-parathyroidectomisés agit sur la calcémie et la phosphorémie par un effet additif. Lorsque des os frontaux d'embryons de poulet sont cultivésin vitro en présence d'insuline cristallisée, le taux de résorption augmente. L'insuline augmente le taux de consommation en glucose des explants et induit une accumulation de citrate dans le milieu de culture. L'insuline stimule donc la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Plasmagehalt an Calcium und Phosphor bei thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten wurde durch die Verabreichung von kristallinem Insulin erhöht. Das Plasmacalcium verhielt sich zwischen 31 und 250 m Einheiten Insulin pro 100 g Körpergewicht linear. Die Steigung der erhaltenen Kurve ist nicht signifikant verschieden von derjenigen, die nach Parathyreoidea-Extrakt erhalten wird. Die gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Insulin und Parathyreoidea-Extrakt von thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten hatte eine kumulative Wirkung auf den Gehalt von Calcium und Phosphor im Plasma. Wenn Stirnbeine von Kükenembryos mit kristallinem Insulinin vitro kultiviert wurden, erhöhte sich die Resorptionsrate. Das Insulin steigerte den Glucoseverbrauch der Explantate und verursachte eine Anreicherung von Citrat im Kulturmedium. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Insulin.
    Notes: Abstract the administration of crystalline insulin to thyroparathyroidectomized rats raised their calcium and phosphorus plasma levels. The plasma calcium gave a linear response between 31 and 250 mU of insulin/100 g body weight. The slope obtained is not significantly different from that obtained with parathyroid extract. The simultaneous administration of insulin and parathyroid extract to thyroparathyroidectomized rats affected the calcium and phosphorus plasma levels in an additive fashion. When chick embryo frontal bones were cultivatedin vitro with crystalline insulin the rate of resorption increased. Insulin increased the rate of glucose consumption by the explants and induced the accumulation of citrate in the culture medium. It is concluded that insulin stimulates bone resorption.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteopetrosis ; Diphosphonates ; Bone Resorption ; Mouse ; Calcium ; Tooth ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de doses quotidiennes, administrées depuis la naissance, de deux types de diphosphonates, à savoir l'éthane-1-hydroxyle-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) et le dichlorométhylène diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), sur la croissance et le squelette de souris a été étudié. Les diphosphonates freinent la croissance: les incisives ne font pas leur éruption ou elle est plus tardive. La calcémie est normale. L'administration de Cl2MDP à une dose quotidienne de 10 mg P/kg/jour provoque des modifications squelettiques identiques à celles des souris grises létales atteintes d'ostéopétrose et les animaux meurent après quatre semaines de traitement. Par rapport aux témoins, les souris traitées présentent des os plus étroits, plus denses et plus déformés: les cavités médullaires sont comblées avec de l'os calcifié et du cartilage. La quantité totale de calcium d'un animal n'est pas augmentée par traitement au diphosphonate, par rapport à un témoin de même âge. Chez les souris grises létales et celles traitées aux diphosphonates, la plupart des anomalies est secondaire à une résorption osseuse diminuée. Ces résultats sont commentés en fonction de l'emploi des diphosphonates au cours de remaniements osseux pathologiques augmentés et en fonction du rôle de la résorption osseuse dans le maintien de la calcémie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse erhielten von der Geburt an tägliche Dosen folgender zwei Diphosphonate: entweder Äthan-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonat (EHDP) oder Dichloromethylen-Diphosphonat (Cl2MDP). Es wurde deren Wirkung auf das Wachstum und das Skelet untersucht. Die Diphosphonate verlangsamten das Wachstum, die Schneidezähne brachen nicht oder erst später durch, aber die Höhe des Plasmacalciums blieb normal. Die Verabreichung von Cl2MDP in Dosen von 10 mg P/kg/Tag führt zu Skeletveränderungen, welche denjenigen der „grey-lethal” osteopetrotischen Mäuse gleichen. Die Tiere sterben nach einer Behandlungsdauer von etwa 4 Wochen. Verglichen mit normalen Mäusen von ungefähr gleichem Alter hatten die behandelten Mäuse kleinere, dichtere und mehr keulenförmige Knochen, und die Markhöhlen waren gefüllt mit verkalktem Knochen oder Knorpel. Die Gesamtcalciummenge im Skelet wurde durch die Diphosphonatbehandlung nicht erhöht; dies ergab sich aus einem Vergleich mit der bei normalen Mäusen desselben Alters gefundenen Menge. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß bei den „grey-lethal” und bei den Diphosphonat-behandelten Mäusen viele der Abnormalitäten als Folge der herabgesetzten Knochenresorption angesehen werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse werden einerseits im Hinblick auf den Gebrauch der Diphosphonate bei pathologischen Bedingungen eines erhöhten Knochenumbaus diskutiert; andererseits werden sie im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle der Knochenresorption bei der Erhaltung des Plasmacalcium-Spiegels besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of daily doses from birth of two diphosphonates, namely either ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), on the growth and the skeleton of mice has been studied. Diphosphonates slowed growth, the incisors did not erupt or erupted later, but the level of plasma calcium remained normal. The administration of Cl2MDP at a dose rate of 10 mg P/kg/day leads to skeletal changes that are similar to those observed in grey-lethal osteopetrotic mice, and the animals die after about four weeks of treatment. As compared with normal mice of similar age, treated mice had bones that were smaller, denser and more clubshaped, and the marrow cavities were filled with calcified bone or cartilage. The total amount of calcium in the carcass was not increased by diphosphonate treatment, as compared with the amount in normal mice of the same age. It is suggested that both in the grey-lethal and diphosphonate-treated mice many of the abnormalities are secondary to decreased bone resorption. The results are discussed with respect to the use of diphosphonates in pathological conditions of increased bone turnover and with respect to the role of bone resorption in the maintenance of plasma calcium levels.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 175-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Surface ; Calcium ; Exchange ; Adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une analyse mathématique de résultats autoradiographiques de l'absorption et de l'élimination du45Ca à la surface des os de lapin, de chien et de l'homme montre qu'un modèle de diffusion à la surface osseuse n'est pas valable. Les résultatsin vivo, par contre, sont compatibles avec un compartiment superficiel unique. Les résultatsin vitro peuvent être représentés, d'un autre côté, par une série de trois compartiments: celiu du milieu est identique avec le compartiment superficiel de la situationin vivo. Le temps de séjour du calcium dans ce compartiment peut être mis en rapport avec l'énergie de liaison de l'ion clacium, au niveau du côté superficiel d'un cristal d'apatite. Il semble que l'environnement des cristaux d'apatite, 1–4 μ sous la surface osseuse, soit identique à celui d'une solution aqueuse, les rendant susceptibles d'un échange rapide de calcium, mais cette possibilité est tellement réduite dans le volume osseux que le modèle de percolation proposé par Arnold et coll, parait indéfendable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mathematische Analyse von autoradiographischen Daten betreffend Aufnahme und Abgabe von45Ca an Knochenoberflächen beim Kaninchen, beim Hund und beim Menschen zeigte, daß ein Diffusionsmodell die Knochenoberfläche nicht überzeugend beschreibt. Hingegen werdenin vivo-Daten durch ein einziges Oberflächenkompartiment gut erfaßt. Diein vitro. Daten können andererseits durch eine Serie von drei Kompartimenten dargestellt werden; das mittlere dieser Kompartimente ist identisch mit dem Oberflächenkompartiment der Versuchein vivo. Die Verweildauer des Calciums in diesem Kompartiment kann zur Bindungsenergie eines Calciumions an der Oberfläche eines Apatitkristalls in Beziehung gebracht werden. Es wird daraus abgeleitet, daß die Umgebung der Apatitkristalle, die 1–4 μ unter der Knochenoberfläche liegen, derjenigen in wässeriger Lösung gleicht und sie dadurch für einen raschen Calciumaustausch zugänglich macht, da\ jedoch diese Zugänglichkeit innerhalb des Knochenvolumens derart drastisch reduziert wird, daß das Perkolationsmodell von Arnoldet al. nicht brauchbar ist.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical analysis of autoradiographic data for the uptake and release of45Ca at bone surfaces in rabbit, dog, and man showed that a diffusion model of bone surface is not tenable. Datain vivo are, instead, well represented by a single surface compartment. Thein vitro data, on the other hand, can be represented by a series of three compartments; the middle one of these compartment is identical with the surface compartment of thein vivo situation. The residence time of calcium in this compartment can be related to the binding energy of a calcium ion at a surface site on an apatite crystal. It is concluded that the environment of the apatite crystals 1–4 μ below bone surfaces is similar to that in aqueous solution, making them available for rapid exchange of calcium but that this availability is so drastically reduced within the volume of bone that the percolation model of Arnoldet al. is untenable.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 259-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteocyte ; Calvarium ; Histology ; Development ; Calcium ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cartes tissulaires ainsi que les caractéristiques et propriétés cellularires ont été relevées au cours d'une étude de microscopie optique du développement de la calotte cranienne de souris, avant la naissance, jusqu'au 26ème jour. Les population d'ostéocytes de moitiés droite et gauche de ces calottes sont semblables, mais décroissent avec le temps dans un volume donné. De petites plages limitées de matrice osseuse se colorent pour le phosphate (ou carbonate) de façon plus nette que la matrice environnante, qui se colore légèrement après coupe. Les divers types ostéocytaires se distinguent par les réactions histochimiques du calcium et du phosphate, qui sont associés dans les cellules osseuses de façon complexe, variant dans le temps et la localisation. Ces deux constituants ne sont pas toujours présent dans les cellules des diverses régions, ou dans la même localisation dans un type cellulaire donné. En tenant compte des changements visible dans les divers types cellulaires avec le temps, dans des régions données, une hypothèse de “charge” et “décharge” cellulaire est émise.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Anläßlich einer mikroskopischen Studie über die Entwicklung des Mäuse-Calvariums von der Pränatalperiode bis zu 26 Tagen nach der Geburt wurden auch die Gewebetopographie sowie die Charakteristica und Eigenschaften der Zellen aufgezeichnet. Die Osteocyten-populationen in der linken und rechten Hälfte des Calvariums waren sich gleich, nahmen jedoch bei einem gegebenen Volumen mit der Zeit ab. Kleine isolierte Stellen von Knochen-matrix konnten leichter auf Ph sphat (oder Carbonat) angefärbt werden, als die umgebende Matrix, welche sich wohl am Schnitt, nicht aber am ganzen Stück färben ließ. Die verschiedenen Typen von Osteocyten wurden aufgrund histochemischer Calcium- und Phosphat-reaktionen bestimmt. Calcium und Phosphat waren innerhalb der Knochenzellen auf komplexe Art miteinander verbunden, die je nach Zeit und Lagerung unterschiedlich war. Zellen in abgetrennten Bereichen enthielten nicht immer Calcium und Phosphat und beide waren bei einer bestimmten Zellenart auch nicht immer am gleichen Ort abgelagert. Aufgrund der an ausgewählten Stellen beobachteten, zeitlich bedingten Veränderungen innerhalb der verschiedenen Zelltypen wird vorgeschlagen, daß es sich dabei um eine Sequenz von “Ladung” und “Entladung” der Zellen handelt.
    Notes: Abstract Tissue maps, and cell characteristics and properties were recorded in a study under the optical microscope of the development of the mouse calvarium from pre-natal to 26 days. Osteocyte populations in left and right halves of the calvarium were similar, but decreased with time for a given volume. Small isolated areas of bone matrix stained for phosphate (or carbonate) in a more readily available form from that in the surrounding matrix, which could be stained after sectioning but failed to stain in bulk. Osteocyte types were defined on the basis of histochemical methods for calcium and phosphate, which were associated inside bone cells in a complex manner, varying with time and position. The calcium and phosphate were not always present within the cell in discrete regions and were not always present in the same place in a given cell type. On the basis of a study of changes in cell types with time in selected sites a sequence of “loading” and “unloading” is proposed.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; Calcium ; Intestine ; Absorption ; Parathyroid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De jeunes rats déficients en calcitonine sont thyroparathyroidectomisés et certains de ces animaux subissent un traitement de substitution avec de la parathormone et/ou de la thyroxine. La disparition du45Ca du tractus intestinal et l'apparition de radioactivité dans la carcasse aprés 4 heures ont été mesurées comme index d'apsorption. De la calcitonine de saumon, à des doses physiologiques ou pharmacologiques, ne modifie pas l'absorptionin vivo du45Ca chez les rats déficients en calcitonine, ou en calcitonine et thyroxine, ou encore en calcitonine, thyroxine et parathormone. L'administration de parathormone augmente l'absorption en45Ca, observée chez les rats présentant une déficience de cette hormone.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Junge Ratten mit Calcitonin-Mangel wurden thyroparathyreoidektomiert, und einige dieser Ratten erhielten Parathormon und/oder Thyroxin als Ersatz. Das Verschwinden des45Ca aus dem Darm und das Erscheinen der Radioaktivität im Skelet nach 4 Std wurden als Index der Absorption gemessen. Salm-Calcitonin in physiologischen oder pharmakologischen Mengen rief keine Veränderung der Absorption von45Cain vivo in den Ratten hervor, welche nur an Calcitonin-Mangel litten. Auch die Calcitonin- und Thyroxinmangelratten und die Calcitonin-, Thyroxin- und Parathormonmagelratten zeigten keine Veräderung. Ratten, welche wieder Parathormon erhielten, zeigten noch höhere45Ca-Absorption als Parathormonmangelratten.
    Notes: Abstract Young calcitonin-deficient rats were prepared by thyroparathyroidectomy, and some of these received replacement therapy of parathyroid hormone and/or thyroxine. Disappearance of45Ca from the intestinal tract by 4 hours and appearance of the radioactivity in the carcass at 4 hours were measured as indexes of absorption. Salmon calcitonin in physiological or pharmacological dosages failed to alter thein vivo net45Ca absorption in the rats which were deficient in calcitonin alone, or in calcitonin and thyroxine, or in calcitonin, thyroxine and parathyroid hormone. Restoration of parathyroid hormone enhanced45Ca absorption above that in parathyroid deficient rats.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Parathyroid ; Calcitonin ; Bone ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du fluor, de la parathormone et de la calcitonine sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux a été étudié en culture de tissu en utilisant des demi-calottes crâniennes de souris âgées de cinq jours. Les concentrations de fluor dans les cendres des calottes crâniennes de 0,007% (groupe peu fluoré), 0,041% (groupe moyennement fluoré) et 0,107% (groupe hautement fluoré) ont été obtenues en variant l'ingestion maternelle et post-natale en fluor. Le fluor inhibe la perte de calcium des os cultivés dans le milieu témoin et celui contenant la parathormone et favorise l'enrichissement en laccium des os cultivés dans un milieu contenant de la calcitonine. De l'os mort des groupes fortement et moyennement fluorés s'enrichit plus en calcium à partir du milieu de culture que les os du groupe pauvre en fluor. Le fluor semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux essentiellement par diminution de la solubilité minérale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Fluorid, Parathormon und Calcitonin auf den Calciumstoffwechsel im Knochen wurde in einem Knochenkultur-System untersucht, wobei Halbcalvarien von 5 Tage alten Mäusen verwendet wurden. Fluoridgehalte in der Asche der Halbcalvarien von 0,007% (Gruppe mit niedrigem Fluoridgehalt), 0,041% (Gruppe mit mittlerem Fluoridgehalt) und 0,1075 (Gruppe mit hohem Fluoridgehalt) wurden erhalten, indem die Fluorideinnahme der Mütter oder der Neugeborenen verändert wurde. Fluorid hemmte den Calciumverlust aus Knochen, welche im Kontrollmedium oder in Parathormon-enthaltenden Medien kultiviert worden waren, und es förderte die Calciumaufnahme von Knochen, welche in Calcitoninenthaltendem Medium kultiviert worden waren. Die toten Knochen der Gruppen mit mittlerem und hohem Fluoridgehalt nehmen mehr Calcium aus dem Kulturmedium auf als die Knochen der Gruppe mit niederem Fluorid. Fluorid scheint vor allem durch eine Herabsetzung der Mineral-Löslichkeit auf den Calciumstoffwechsel der Knochen zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fluoride, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on bone calcium metabolism was investigated in a bone culture system using half-calvaria of five-day old mice. Fluoride levels in the ash of half-calvaria of 0.007% (low fluoride group), 0.041% (moderate fluoride group), and 0.107% (high fluoride group) were achieved by varying the maternal and neonatal intake of fluoride. Fluoride inhibited the loss of calcium from bones cultured in control medium and parathyroid hormone-containing media, and promoted the uptake of calcium by bones cultured in medium containing calcitonin. Dead bones of the moderate and high fluoride groups took up more calcium from the culture medium than bones of the low fluoride group. Fluoride appears to exert its effect on bone calcium metabolism predominantly via a reduction in mineral solubility.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Isotope ; Radiobiology ; Excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La rétention du45Ca a été déterminée pendant 388 jours après une injection intraveineuse en mesurant les excrétions urinaires et fécales et en tenant compte des pertes par la peau. Chez les deux hommes sains étudiés, les taux d'excrétion urinaire sont semblables, mais les taux d'excrétion fécale diffèrent par un facteur de deux. La rétention, exprimée en dose moin excrétion, suit une loi de puissance au bout des 4 ou 7 premières semaines mais, à une période plus précoce, un facteur exponentiel surajouté est nécessaire pour rendre compte des résultats. Les concentrations plasmatiques ont été mesurées jusqu'à quinze jours après l'injection. Les clearances rénales des deux sujets ne sont pas significativement différentes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Retention von45Ca wurde 388 Tage lang nach einer intravenösen Injektion bestimmt, indem Urin- und Stuhlausscheidungen unter Berücksichtigung des Verlustes durch die Haut gemessen wurden. Bei den zwei untersuchten gesunden Männern war die Geschwindigkeit der Ausscheidung im Urin sehr ähnlich, die Stuhlausscheidungsraten unterschieden sich jedoch durch einen Faktor von zwei. Die Retention, die als Injektionsdosis minus Ausscheidung ausgedrückt wurde, folgte nach den ersten 4 oder 7 Wochen einer Exponentialfunktion, vor diesem Zeitpunkt war aber noch ein zusätzliches Exponentialglied notwendig, um die Daten auszudrücken. Die entsprechenden Plasmakonzentrationen wurden 15 Tage lang nach der Injektion gemessen. Die Nieren-Clearance beider Männer waren nicht signifikant verschieden.
    Notes: Abstract The retention of45Ca has been determined up to 388 days after an intravenous injection by measuring the urinary and faecal excretions and correcting for the loss from the skin. In the two healthy men examined, the urinary excretion rates were very similar but the faecal excretion rates differed by a factor of two. Retention expressed as dose minus excretion followed a power law after the first 4 or 7 weeks but at earlier times an additional exponential term was necessary to account for the data. Plasma concentrations of the dose were measured up to 15 days after the injection. The renal clearances for the two subjects were not significantly different.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 239-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Americium ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Skeleton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La rétention du47Ca et du241Am au niveau de 14 régions du squelette de rats adultes et en croissance a été déterminée 7 jours après injection. Ces diverses régions présentent des activités variables en ces éléments. Les os de rats jeunes présentent des concentrations significativement plus élevées en241Am, mais non en47Ca. Les conséquences de ces résultats sur la dosimétrie de contamination interne par241Am sont envisagées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 7 Tage nach Injektion wurde die47Ca- und die241Am-Retention in 14 Regionenen des Skelets von weiblichen, im Wachstum begriffenen sowie ausgewachsenen Ratten gemessen. Die verschiedenen Skeletteile zeigten sehr unterschiedliche Fähigkeiten, diese beiden Elemente anzureichern.241Am wurde in den Knochen der jüngeren Ratten signifikant besser angereichert als47Ca. Die aus diesen Resultaten zu ziehenden Folgerungen werden im Hinblick auf die Strahlungsdosimetrie bei interner Kontamination durch241Am erörtert.
    Notes: Abstract The retention of47Ca and241Am by 14 parts of the skeleton of growing and mature female rats 7 days after injection has been measured. The various parts of the skeleton possessed widely differing abilities to concentrate both these elements. The bones of the younger rats had a significantly greater ability to concentrate241Am but not47Ca. The implications of these results for the radiation dosimetry of internal contamination by241Am are discussed.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Vitamin D ; Resorption ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux métabolites de la vitamine D3, le 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) et 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), stimulent la résorption osseuse dans deux systèmestests alors que la vitamine D3 est inactive. Ces substances sont testées a) en comparant directement leur action dans les explants osseux de calottes craniennes de sourisin vitro et b) en les injectant dans de jeunes souris et en mesurant le degré de résorptionin vitro, lorsque les explants sont réalisés 18 heures après l'injection. Dans les deux tests, le métabolite 1,25 est environ 100 fois plus puissant que 25-OHD3. La courbe dose-résponse de 1,25-(OH)2D3 indique que des doses au-dessus d'environ 0.2 ng/g de poids corporel sont capables d'induire une augmentation de la résorption osseuse chez de jeunes souris normales. Ces résultats montrent que 1,25-(OH)2D3 est une des substances connues les plus actives qui agit sur le métabolisme osseux. Le rôle possible de 1,25-(OH)2D3 sur la mobilisation normale du calcium osseux est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Anwendung zweier verschiedener Versuchsanordnungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß die beiden Vitamin D3-Metaboliten 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) und 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) als starke Stimulatoren der Knochenresorption wirken, während sich Vitamin D3 selbst inaktiv verhält. Diese Substanzen wurden folgendermaßen geprüft: a) durch direkten Vergleich ihrer Wirkung auf Knochenexplantate (Hälften von Mäusecalvarien)in vitro und b) indem die Metaboliten jungen Mäusen injiziert wurden und der Resorptionsgrad an Explantaten 18 Std nach Injektionin vitro gemessen wurde. Bei beiden Versuchsanordnungen war der 1,25-Metabolit etwa 100mal wirksamer als der 25-OHD3-Metabolit. Aus der Dosiswirkungskurve für 1,25-(OH)2D3 geht hervor, daß es möglich ist, mit Dosen über ca. 0,2 ng/g Körpergewicht bei normalen jungen Mäusen bereits eine erhöhte Knochenresorption auszulösen. Diese Resultate zeigen, daß 1,25-(OH)2D3 eine der wirksamsten bisher bekannten Substanzen ist, die auf den Knochenmetabolismus einwirken können. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle, die das 1,25-(OH)2D3 bei der normalen Freisetzung von Calcium aus dem Knochen spielt, besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract Two metabolites of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) are potent stimulators of bone resorption in two test systems whereas vitamin D3 itself is inactive. These substances were tested (a) by directly comparing their action on bone explants of mouse half-calvariain vitro, and (b) by injecting them into young mice and measuring the degree of resorptionin vitro when explants were made 18 hours atter the injection. In both tests the 1,25-metabolite was about 100 times more potent than 25-OHD3. The dose-response curve for 1,25-(OH)2D3 indicates that doses above about 0.2 ng/g body weight are capable of inducing an increase in bone resorption in normal young mice. These data show that 1,25-(OH)2D3 is one of the most potent substances known that affects bone metabolism. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the normal mobilization of calcium from bone.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 47-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Caries ; Fluoride ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les énergies de déplacement des ions F−, OH− et O2− dans la maille réticulaire des apatites ont été calculées en utilisant un modèle cristallin de Born. Une attention particulière a été apportée au déplacement parallèle de l'axe c par un mécanisme de lacune. Contrairement à la plupart des cristaux ioniques, la barrière opposée au déplacement est électrostatique plutôt que répulsive. L'énergie de déplacement d'un cristal donné est la plus faible pour F−, intermédiaire pour O2−, et la plus élevée pour OH−.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Bewegungsenergien von F−, OH− und O2−-Ionen im Apatitgitter wurden berechnet, indem ein Born-Modell des Kristalles verwendent wurde. Die Untersuchung wurde auf die Migration beschränkt, welche durch einen Vakanzmechanismus parallel zur C-Achse verläuft. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Ionenkristallen hat die Migrationsbegrenzung eher einen elektrostatischen als einen abstoßenden Charakter. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Migrationsenergie in einem Kristall am kleinsten für F−, dazwischen liegend für O2− und am größten für OH− ist.
    Notes: Abstract The energies of motion of F−, OH− and O2− ions in the apatite lattice have been calculated using a Born model of the crystal. Attention was confined to migration parallel to the c-axis by a vacancy mechanism. In contrast to most ionic crystals the barrier to migration is electrostatic rather than repulsive in character. It is found that the migration energy in a given crystal is least for F−, intermediate for O2− and largest for OH−.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Proteoglycan ; Electrolyte ; Physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet des protéoglycanes sur la croissance de minéraux d'ensemencement dans un milieu synthétique est étudié sous l'angle de la régulation de l'ossification enchondrale. Les protéoglycanes sont isolés à partir ducartilage nasal bovin à l'aide de trois méthodes publiées. A l'aide de chacune de ces méthodes, deux fractions sont isolées qui se distinguent par la présence ou l'absence de composés qui se sédimentent rapidement par ultracentrifugation analytique. Chaque fraction est étudiée en fonction de sa possibilité d'inhiber la croissance minérale dans un milieu tamponné synthétiquein vitro. A des concentrations de protéoglycanes qui se retrouvent dans le liquide interstitielle de la métaphyse de rats de 6 à 7 semaines, les fractions contenant des composés qui se sédimentent rapidement, inhibent la croissance minérale; alors que les fractions contenant des composés, qui sédimentent lentement, ainsi qu'une glycoprotéine (protéine de liaison) n'ont pas d'activité d'inhibition dans ces systèmes. La comparaison de la capacité de fixation du calcium de certaines fonctions de protéoglycanes ainsi que leur effet sur la diminution de l'activité calcique dans des conditions de dialyse équilibrées ne montrent aucune différence sur le comportement des fractions de protéoglycanes comportant des produits sédimentant rapidement ou lentement. Un degré plus élevé de protection des minéraux naissants, fournie par les portions protéiques adjacentes de protéoglycanes agrégés, pourrait être responsable de l'action d'inhibition de croissance minéralein vitro de protéoglycanes sédimentant rapidement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Proteoglykanen auf das Wachstum von Impfkristallen in synthetischer Lymphe wurde, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Regulation von endochondraler Verkalkung, studiert. Die Proteoglykane wurden nach drei publizierten Methoden aus dem Nasenknorpel des Rindes isoliert. Bei jeder Methode wurden zwei Fraktionen abgetrennt, welche sich bei der analytischen Ultrazentrifugation in bezug auf An- oder Abwesenheit von schnellsedimentierenden Komponenten unterschieden. Jede Fraktion wurde darauf geprüft, ob siein vitro das Mineralwachstum in einer gepufferten synthetischen Lymphe zu hemmen vermochte. Bei Proteoglykan-Konzentrationen, wie sie in der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit endochondraler Platten von 6 bis 7 Wochen alten Ratten vermutet werden, hatten diejenigen Fraktionen, welche schnell-sedimentierende Komponenten enthielten, eine Hemmwirkung auf das Mineralwachstum; Fraktionen mit langsam-sedimentierenden Komponenten und mit einem Glycoprotein („link protein”) hingegen zeigten in diesen Systemen keine Hemmwirkung. Der Vergleich der Calcium-bindenden Fähigkeit bestimmter Proteoglykan-Fraktionen sowie deren vereinte Wirkung auf die Herabsetzung der Calcium-Aktivität unter Bedingungen der Gleichgewichtsdialyse zeigte keine Unterschiede im Verhalten von Proteoglykan-Fraktionen, die reich an schnell-sedimentierenden Komponenten waren im Gegensatz zu Fraktionen, welche ausschließlich langsam-sedimentierende Komponenten enthielten. Die Hemmwirkung von schnell-sedimentierenden Proteoglykanen auf das Mineralwachstumin vitro wird mit folgender Hypothese erklärt: Die Mineralkeime werden in zunehmendem Maße durch angrenzende Proteinkerne angehäufter Proteoglykane geschützt.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of proteoglycans on growth of seeding minerals in synthetic lymph was studied with special reference to regulation of endochondral calcification. Proteoglycans were isolated from bovine nasal cartilage by three published methods. By each method two fractions were separated which differed in respect to presence or absence of fast-sedimenting components on analytical ultracentrifugation. Each fraction was tested for its capacity to inhibit mineral growth in a buffered synthetic lymphin vitro. At concentrations of proteoglycans estimated to occur in the interstitial fluid of endochondral plates from 6- to 7-week-old rats, the fractions containing fast-sedimenting components were inhibitory to mineral growth; whereas fractions containing the slow-sedimenting components and a glycoprotein (link protein) had no inhibitory activity demonstrable in these systems. Comparison of calcium-binding capacity of certain proteoglycan fractions as well as their computed effect upon reduction of calcium activity under conditions of equilibrium dialysis revealed no differences in the behavior of a proteoglycan fraction rich in fast—as opposed to fractions composed entirely of slow-sedimenting components. An increased degree of shielding of mineral embryos provided by adjacent protein cores of aggregated proteoglycans is hypothesized to explain the inhibitory action of fast-sedimenting proteoglycans on mineral growthin vitro.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Du calcium radioactif est administréper os à des rattes albinos, soumises pendant 6 mois à une alimentation contenant du sel calcique d'oxytétracycline (0.3 g/100 g de régime sec) et le métabolisme du calcium a été étudié. Les résultats indiquent que le porcentage d'absorption de calcium radioactif est environ similaire dans le groupe expérimental recevant l'oxytétracycline et le groupe témoin recevant la même alimentation sans tétracycline. Cependant le groupe, recevant l'antibiotique, consomme plus de nourriture, de telle sorte qu'avec le même pourcentage d'absorption et d'élimination, plus de calcium est retenu. Ce fait se traduit par des valeurs plus élevées de calcium stabilisé au niveau des carcasses et des poids plus élevés du fémur, mais la différence entre les deux groupes n'est pas significative.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Albinoratten erhielten radioaktives Calcium per os, nachdem sie 6 Monate lang mit einer Diät gefüttert worden waren, die das Calciumsalz von Oxytetracyclin (0,3 g/100g Trockennahrung) zusätzlich enthielt. Dann wurde der Calciumstoffwechsel untersucht. Die Resultate zeigten, daß die prozentuale Absorption von radioaktivem Calcium in der experimentellen Gruppe, welche Oxytetracyclin erhielt, und in der Kontrollgruppe, welche die gleiche Nahrung ohne das Antibioticum erhielt, etwa gleich war. Die Gruppe mit der Oxytetracyclindiät nahm jedoch mehr Futter zu sich, so daß bei gleichem Prozentsatz von Absorption und Ausscheidung mehr Calcium im Körper zurückgehalten wurde. Dies zeigte sich in höheren Konzentrationen des nicht radioaktiven Calciums im Skelet und in höherem Femurgewicht, aber der Unterschied zwischen den zwei Gruppen war nicht signifikant.
    Notes: Abstract Radioactive calcium was orally applied to female albino rats fed for 6 months on a diet supplemented with the calcium salt of oxytetracycline (0.3 g/100 g dry food) and calcium metabolism was investigated. The results show that the percentage absorption of radioactive calcium was approximately equal in the experimental group which received oxytetracycline and in the control group which ate the same food without the antibiotic. However, the group which received the oxytetracycline supplemented diet consumed more food, so that with the same percentage absorption and elimination more calcium was retained in the body. This was reflected in higher stable calcium values in the carcass and in higher femur weights, but the difference between two groups was not significant.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 327-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Muscles ; Calcium ; Atrophy ; Excercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un état pathologique est produit au niveau des muscles squelettiques en immobilisant l'arrière-train de rats à l'aide de plâtre de Paris. Après 4 semaines d'immobilisation, la concentration en calcium augmente au niveau des trois types de fibres des parties immobilisées. Le muscle non immobilisé d'un rat en présente pas d'augmentation significative de la concentration en calcium, lorsque d'autres membres du même rat sont immobilisés. Le pourcentage d'augmentation du calcium dans les muscles squelettiques, après immobilisation, pourrait être en rapport avec la diminution absolue d'activité musculaire par rapport aux témoins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Durch die Immobilisierung beider Hinterbeine der Ratte mittels Gips wurde in den Skeletmuskeln ein Zustand der Verkümmerung hervorgerufen. Nach 4wöchiger Immobilisierung nahm die Calciumkonzentration in den drei verschiedenen Fasertypen des immobilisierten Hinterbeines zu. Der nicht-immobilisierte Muskel einer Ratte zeigte keine bedeutende Zunahme der Calciumkonzentration, wenn andere Glieder derselben Ratte stillgelegt wurden. Die prozentuale Zunahme an Calcium im Skeletmuskel nach der, Immobilisierung kann mit der absoluten Herabsetzung der Muskeltätigkeit im Vergleich mit Kontrollen in Zusammenhang gebracht werden.
    Notes: Abstract A state of disuse was produced in skeletal muscle by immobilizing both hindlimbs of the rat with plaster of paris. After 4 weeks of immobilization, the calcium concentration increased in the three different fiber types of the immobilized hindlimb. The non-immobilized muscle of a rat showed no significant increase in calcium concentration when other limbs of the same rat were fixed immobile. The percentage increase in calcium within skeletal muscle after immobilization may be related to the absolute reduction in muscular activity from control levels
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 113-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Vitamin D3 ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On note un passage d'ions calcium à travers une solution aqueuse de tétrachlorure de carbone contenant de la vitamine D3: ce passage est accéléré par un anion orthophosphate. En l'absence de vitamine D3 aucun déplacement ne se produit. Dans ce système, la vitamine D3 semble agir comme un agent d'émulsion et cette propriété de la vitamine D3 semble être responsable du passage du Ca2+ à travers l'interface eau-tétrachlorure de carbone.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Transport der Calciumionen aus einer wäßrigen Lösung findet in Vitamin D3 enthaltendem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff statt und wird durch Orthophosphat-Anionen beschleunigt. Wenn Vitamin D3 fehlt, erfolgt kein Transport. In diesem Versuchssystem scheint Vitamin D3 eine emulgierende Wirkung zu haben. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß der Transport von Ca2+ durch die Oberfläche zwischen Wasser und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff auf dieser Eigenschaft von Vitamin D3 beruht.
    Notes: Abstract Dassage of calcium ion occurs from aqueous solution through carbon tetrachloride containing vitamin D3, and is accelerated by orthophosphate anion. No movement occurs when vitamin D3 is absent. In this sytem vitamin D3 appears to act as an emulsifying agent, and this property of vitamin D3 is proposed to account for movement of Ca2+ across the water-carbon tetrachloride interface.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Apatite ; Electron Microscopy ; Crystallization ; Precipitation ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) sèché peut se présenter sous forme discoide ou sphérique. Les particules discoides sont plus fréquents dans les specimens d'ACP sèché, isolés immédiatement après précipitation. Les formes sphériques dominent dans les specimens sèchés provenant de suspensions plus âgés. Les particules discoides résultent de la dessication de l'échantillon. Les sphères peuvent aussi se produire pendant la dessication, mais s'observent aussi dans la solution. Les disques et les sphères ont une origine commune sous la forme d'un agrégat d'ACP hautement hydraté de morphologie inconnue. La formation d'apatite cristallin en solution est intimement associée avec l'ACP. Les premiers cristaux apparaissent à la surface des sphères amorphes et en contact avec les disques amorphes. En cas de sphères, les cristaux initiaux augmentent de taille et forment de nouveaux cristaux par nucléation secondaire jusqu'à ce que les sphères soient enrobées par l'apatite. Cependant, lorsque la transformation est totale, l'apatite ne remplit pas l'espace occupé préalablement par les sphères amorphes dissoutes. Ces observations ne confirment pas le concept d'une conversion d'un état solidein situ dans ce cas mais suggèrent une transition hétérophasique d'un processus de translocation ionique par l'intermédiaire d'une solution. La production de cristaux dans les disques amorphes suggère que l'apatite peut aussi se former directement du précurseur dans la solution.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Getrocknetes amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP) kann scheiben- und kugelförmig auftreten. Die scheibenförmigen Partikel herrschen in getrockneten ACP-Proben vor, welche direkt nach der Fällung isoliert wurden. Die kugeligen Formen herrschen in trockenen Proben aus älteren Suspensionen vor. Die Scheibenbildung ist ein Ergebnis des Trocknungsvorganges. Kugelige Formen können beim Trocknungsvorgang ebenfalls auftreten, sie sind aber in der nativen Suspension ebenfalls anwesend. Scheiben- und Kugelformen scheinen einen gemeinsamen Vorläufer in der Lösung zu haben, welcher ein hochhydratisiertes ACP-Aggregat unbekannter Morphologie zu sein scheint. Die Bildung von kristallinem Apatit in der Lösung steht in engem Zusammenhang mit ACP. Die ersten Kristalle erscheinen auf der Oberfläche der amorphen Kugeln und in Kontakt mit den amorphen Scheiben. Die ursprünglichen Kristalle auf den Kugeloberflächen nehmen an Größe zu und bilden durch sekundäre Nukleation weitere Kristalle, bis die Kugeln in Apatit eingehüllt werden. Wenn die Umwandlung abgeschlossen ist, füllt jedoch das Apatit den Platz nicht aus, der vorher von den aufgelösten amorphen Kugeln eingenommen wurde. Diese Beobachtungen bekräftigen die Auffassung einerin situ-Umwandlung in den festen Zustand bei dem beschriebenen Falle nicht, sondern deuten auf eine heterophasischen Übergang, welcher durch einen lösungsbedingten Ionenverschiebungs-Prozeß gefördert wird. Das Auftreten von Kristallen in den amorphen Scheiben deutet darauf hin, daß sich Apatit auch direkt aus dem Lösungsvorläufer bilden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Dried amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) can exist in discoidal and spheroidal forms. The disk-shaped particles are most prominent in dried ACP specimens isolated immediately following precipitation. The spherical forms become dominant in dried specimens taken from older suspensions. The disk-like morphology is a result of sample drying. Spherules can also arise during the drying step but are present in the native suspension as well. Both the disks and spherules appear to have a common solution progenitor in the form of a highly hydrated ACP aggregate of unknown morphology. The formation of crystalline apatite in solution is intimately connected with ACP. The first crystals appear on the surface of the amorphous spherules and in contact with the amorphous disks. In the case of the spherules, the initial crystals increase in size and generate additional crystals by secondary nucleation until the spherules become enveloped by apatite. However, when conversion is completed, the apatite does not fill appreciably the space previously occupied by the dissolved amorphous spherules. These observations do not support the concept of anin situ solid state conversion in this case, but indicate a heterophase transition supported by a solution-mediated ion translocation process. The occurrence of crystals in the amorphous disks suggest that apatite can also form directly from the solution progenitor.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Bone ; Amorphous ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Hydrogen Bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'hydroxyapatite (HA) est préparé en mélangeant du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP), contenant du Cl comme oligo-élément, dans de l'eau distillée tamponnée à pH 7,4 par du Tris-HCl à 25, 37, 60, 80 et 100°. Un tel Ha contient moins de 1% (25°) à11% (100°) de Cl initialement contenu dans le précurseur ACP. Ces résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme principal de conservion consiste en une série de processus contrôlés par des vitesses de solubilité, permettant aux ions de s'échapper des ACP en voie de disolution avant le début de la nucléation de l'HA.In situ, le réarrangement de l'ACP n'explique pas la fuite ionique et ne semble pas responsable de la conversion. Le spectre infra-rouge de surface hautement spécifique d'HA, préparé à 25° et 37°, ne montre pas d'élongation OH ou des bandes OH équilibrées, alors que la surface spécifique inférieure de l'HA (60°, 80°, 100°) présente des bandes nettes de ces modes vibrationnels. Cet effet est atrribué à une liaison hydrogène de groupement OH structural à la surface de cristaux d'HA, présentant une monocouche d'eau fortement adsorbée à la surface de l'HA. Comme dans les autres systèmes, la formation de liaison hydrogene élimine probablement les bandes d'absorption OH, de telle sorte que seuls les groupements OH, situés à l'intérieur des cristaux, donnent des bandes OH nettes, non perturbées. Au fur et à mesure que la surface spécifique de l'HA diminue, l'effet d'élimination s'atténue par suite d'une décroissance concomittante du pourcentage de groupements OH superficiels. Ainsi peut s'expliquer l'absence de modes vibrationnels OH dans le spectre infra-rouge du minéral osseux, étant donné que l'apatite osseux a une surface spécifique identique à celle de l'HA synthétisé à 25° et 37°.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Hydroxyapatit (HA) wurde hergestellt, indem amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP), welches eingeschlossenes Cl als ein Tracer-Ion enthielt, in destilliertem Wasser, mit Tris-HCl auf pH 7,4 gepuffert, bei 25, 37, 60, 80 und 100° gerührt wurde. So hergestelltes HA enthielt bei 25° weniger als 1%, bei 100° 11% der Cl-Menge, welche ursprünglich im ACP eingeschlossen war. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß der Hauptmechanismus der Umwandlung eine Reihe von durch die Lösung hervorgerufenen Veränderungen ist, welche es den Ionen ermöglichen, aus dem sich auflösenden ACP auszutreten, bevor die HA-Nukleation einsetzt. In situ ist der Ionenaustritt aus dem umgebildeten ACP nicht möglich und ist wahrscheinlich bei der Umwandlung nicht beteiligt. Die Infrarotspektren von hochspezifischem Oberflächen-HA, welches bei 25° und 37° hergestellt worden war, zeigten keine OH-Dehnungs- oder Schwankungsstreifen, während weniger spezifisches Oberflächen-HA (60°, 80°, 100°) Scharfe Streifen von diesen Vibrationsarten zeigt. Diese Wirkung wird der Tatsache zugeschrieben, daß strukturelle OH-Gruppen auf der Oberfläche der HA-Kristalle mit der dort vorhandenen stark adsorbierten Wassermonolayer eine Wassersotffbindung eingehen. Wie in anderen Systemen verwischt die Wasserstoffbindung wahrscheinlich die OH-Absorptionsstreifen, so daß nur die OH-Gruppen im Inneren der Kristalle scharfe, unveränderte OH-Streifen liefern. Je mehr die spezifische Oberfläche des HA abnimmt, desto kleiner wird die verwischende Wirkung, denn der Prozentsatz der an der Oberfläche liegenden OH-Gruppen nimmt ebenfalls ab. Dies erklärt eventuell die beobachtete Abwesenheit von OH-Vibrationsarten im Infrarotspektrum von Knochenmineral, da Knochenapatit eine spezifische Oberfläche hat, die mit derjenigen von HA verglichen werden kann, welches bei 25° und 37° synthetisiert wurde.
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by stirring amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which contained occluded Cl− as a tracer ion, in distilled water buffered to pH 7.4 by tris-HCl at 25, 37, 60, 80 and 100°. HA made in this manner contained from less than 1% (25°) to 11% (100°) of the amount originally occluded in the precursor ACP. These results suggest that the principal mechanism of conversion is a series of solution- mediated rate processes that enable ions to move away from the dissolving ACP before the onset of HA nucleation.In situ ACP rearrangement does not provide for ion escape and is probably not involved in the conversion. The infrared spectra of high specific surface HA prepared at 25° and 37° showed no OH stretching or OH librational bands, while the lower specific surface HA (60°, 80°, 100°) displayed sharp bands of these vibrational modes. This effect is attributed to hydrogen bonding of structural OH groups on the surface on HA crystals with the strongly adsorbed water monolayer present on HA. As in other systems, hydrogen bond formation probably smears out the OH absorption bands so that only OH groups in the crystal interior yield sharp, unperturbed OH bands. As the HA specific surface decreases, the smearing effect becomes minimal due to a concomitant decrease in the percentage of surface-located OH groups. This may explain the observed absence of OH vibrational modes in the infrared spectrum of bone mineral, since bone apatite has a specific surface comparable to that of HA synthesized at 25° and 37°.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 27-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pyrophosphate ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Kinetics ; Hydroxyapatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du pyrophosphate sur la distribution et les vitesses d'échange du calcium et du phosphate dans les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite a été étudié. Les analyses de disparition du45Ca, du32P [Pi] et du32P [PPi] de la solution vers les cristaux ont été réalisées en utilisant un modèle de compartimenst. Les courbes de disparition sont formées par la somme de 4 exponentielles, correspondant à un modèle de 4 compartiments en séries. Le pyrophosphate est présent dans les 4 compartiments du cristal. Le traitement du cristal avec le pyrophosphate provoque une diminution nette du phosphate échangeable et deux des quatre compartiments disparaissent totalement. Les données quantitatives suggèrent une substitution de 2 moles d'orthophosphate par mole de pyrophosphate. Le pyrophosphate n'a pas d'effet net sur la distribution et les échanges de calcium. Les conséquences de ces résultats sur les effets d'inhibition du pyrophosphate sur la formation et la dissolution des cristaux d'apatite sont discutées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Pyrophosphat auf die Verteilung und die Austauschrate von Calcium und Phosphat in Hydroxyapatitkristallen wurde untersucht. Das Verschwinden von45Ca,32P [Pi] und32P [PPi] aus der Lösung und die Anlagerung dieser Ionen auf den Kristallen wurde anhand eines Kompartiment-Modelles studiert. Die Verschwinde-Kurven wurden durch die Summe von 4 Exponentiellen beschrieben und mittels einem Modell von 4 Kompartimenten in Serie interpretiert. Wurde der Lösung Pyrophosphat zugesetzt, so war es in allen 4 Kompartimenten vorhanden. Ferner entstand eine starke Verminderung des austauschbaren Phosphates, wobei 2 der 4 Kompartimente vollständig verschwanden und 2 Mode Orthophosphat mit 1 Mol Pyrophosphat ausgetauscht wurden. Pyrosphosphat hatte keine nennenswerte Wirkung auf die Verteilung und die Flüsse des Calciums. Diese Befunde werden im Zusammenhang mit der Hemmwirkung des Pyrophosphates bei der Bildung und Auflösung von Apatitkristallen besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of pyrophosphate on the distribution and the rates of exchange of calcium and phosphate in hydroxyapatite crystals was studied. Analysis of disappearance of45Ca,32P [Pi] and32P [PPi] from the solution onto the crystals was performed using a compartmental model. The disappearance curves were described by the sum of 4 exponentials, which was interpreted as a four-compartment model in series. Pyrophosphate was present in all the four pools of the crystals. Treatment of crystal with pyrophosphate led to a large decrease of exchangeable phosphate, and two of the four compartments disappeared completely. The quantitative data suggest a replacement of 2 moles of orthophosphate by 1 mole of pyrophosphate. Pyrophosphate had no appreciable effect on the distribution and the fluxes of calcium. The implications of these results for the inhibitory effects of pyrophosphate on the formation and dissolution of apatite crystals are discussed.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Lampetra ; Physiological biliary atresia ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morphologic and histochemical study was carried out on the liver of larval and adult lampreys at the optical and electron microscopic level. In the larva the liver is composed of blind ending single cell thick tubules of hepatocytes. The tubular lumina provided with microvilli are morphologically comparable with the canalicular lumens of the higher species of animals. The cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contains numerous inclusions with heterogeneous appearance and crystalline material. The biliary system is composed of numerous bile ductules and ducts. In the adult lamprey, the biliary system has disappeared. The hepatocytes loose their tubular arrangement and the characteristic differentiation of their biliary pole. In contrast to previous reports in the literature the presence of bile pigment in the adult lamprey liver could not be demonstrated with any histochemical technique.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interstitial cells, genesis ; Hen's ovary ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Zwischenzellen des Hühnerovars gibt es embryonal und post-embryonal bindegewebige und epitheliale Quellen. Die bindegewebigen Mutterzellen sind Mesenchymzellen und Fibrozyten, die epithelialen Mutterzellen sind Wandepithelzellen der Markstranglakunen und Epoophorontubuli. Kriterien zur Unterscheidung dieser vierfachen Abstammungsmöglichkeiten der Zwischenzellen werden angegeben.
    Notes: Summary The interstitial cells of the hen's ovary have two sources: connective tissue mother cells, which are mesenchymal cells or fibrocytes, and epithelial mother cells, which are wall epithelial cells of the medullary cord lacunae or of the tubuli of the epophoron. Criteria are provided for differentiating this fourfold genesis of the interstitial cells.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 101-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Infundibulum ; Rat ; Neuro-glial synapses ; Neuro-Vascular contacts ; Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Gefäßfortsätze von ependymalen und subependymalen Zellen bilden in der subependymalen Zone und in der Zona interna des Ratteninfundibulum mit Nervenfasern kompakte neuro-gliöse Faserbündel, die sich in der Zona externa aufzweigen. 2. In allen Zonen des Infundibulum kommen zwischen den Nervenfasern und den Gefäßfortsätzen zahlreiche neuro-gliöse Synapsen vor. In den Gefäßfortsätzen fällt die hohe Zahl an Mikrotubuli sowie die zahlreichen, vielgestaltigen Einschlüsse auf. 3. In der subependymalen Zone sind die Interzellularspalten an bestimmten Stellen außerordentlich weit. Sie haben eine kanalartige Beschaffenheit und enthalten feine Bündel von Nervenfasern. 4. Von den lateralen Anteilen des Infundibulum her erreichen Dendriten von Ganglienzellen des Nucleus infundibularis die Mitte des Infundibulum. In dieser Region sind axodendritische Synapsen anzutreffen. 5. Morphometrische Analysen der Nervenfaserendigungen der Zona externa von Normaltieren zeigen, daß die prozentuale Verteilung der nach Granulagröße differenzierten Nervenfaserklassen für Mitte und Seite der Zona externa etwa gleich ist. Zwischen der Größe der Elementargranula und der Anschnittfläche der zugehörigen Nervenfasern besteht eine direkte Beziehung. 6. Die Nervenfaserendigungen erreichen die Basalmembran des perikapillären Raumes fast ausschließlich im Bereich von gefäßwärts gerichteten Vorwölbungen der Zona externa. Das Ausmaß, in dem Nervenfasern im Vergleich zu den Gefäßfortsätzen von Ependymund Gliazellen den perivaskulären Raum erreichen, ist medial weitaus größer als lateral. 7. Bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Ratten nimmt in bestimmten, vorwiegend lateral gelegenen Nervenfasern die Zahl und Größe der Elementargranula in Abhängigkeit von der Überlebensdauer zu. Dies dürfte auf eine verstärkte Synthese und Speicherung von Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in diesen Nervenfasern zurückzuführen sein. Gegenüber dem Normalbefund ist die neurohämale Kontaktfläche erheblich vergrößert. Der perivaskuläre Raum enthält zerfallene Nervenfaserteile, die durch Bindegewebszellen phagocytiert werden. Diese Veränderungen dürften durch eine unter Versuchsbedingungen verstärkte Wachstumstendenz der Nervenfasern in Richtung auf die Blutgefäße und durch eine Abschnürung der Nerven-faserendigungen ausgelöst werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the subependymal and internal zones of the rat median eminence nerve fibres and vascular processes of ependymal and subependymal cells form neuro-glial bundles. They branch in the external zone. 2. In all these three zones of the infundibulum numerous neuro-glial synapses are found between nerve fibres and vascular processes of glial cells. The vascular processes contain a high number of microtubules as well as polymorphous granular inclusions. 3. In certain regions of the subependymal layer the intercellular spaces are enlarged. They form channel-like spaces containing small bundles of delicate nerve fibres. 4. Nerve cells of the infundibular nucleus located in the lateral parts of the infundibulum send dendrites to the medial parts of the infundibulum. In this area axo-dendritic synapses are found. 5. For morphometric analysis, the nerve fibres of the external zone were classified according to the diameter of their granules. It is shown that in the different regions of the external zone the distribution of the various types of nerve fibre is similar. Moreover it can be seen that a direct correlation exists between the size of the sectional plane of a given nerve fibre and the size of the granules it comprises. 6. Nerve fibre endings abutting on the basement membrane of the pericapillary space are mostly found in bulb-like protrusions of the external zone. The extent to which nerve fibres reach the perivascular space—as compared with the vascular processes of ependymal and glial cells—is higher in the medial than in the lateral parts of the infundibulum. 7. In bilaterally adrenalectomized rats the number and diameter of elementary granules increases in nerve fibres located laterally. This increase is directly related to the survival time and may be due to an enhanced synthesis and storage of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in these nerve fibres. Compared with the findings in untreated animals the neurohemal contact area is significantly enlarged. The perivascular space contains degenerating nerve fibres which are undergoing phagocytosis by connective tissue cells. It is assumed that these alterations are due to the increased growth of nerve fibres towards the vessels of the “Mantelplexus”, and that, following adrenalectomy, this excessive growth leads to a pinching off of nerve fibres.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Invertebrate ganglia ; Spisula solida ; ynapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An examination using the electron microscope was carried out on the visceral ganglion of the marine bivalve mollusc Spisula solida. A range of fixation, block staining and section staining technique was used to study the structure of chemical synapses. Phosphotungstic acid employed as a block stain specifically stained pre- and post-synaptic structures associated with the membrane at synapses as well as one class of granular vesicle. The specialised contacts were however shown to be rare and in many parts completely absent. Many axons, containing several types of vesicle, were shown to be varicose and it is proposed that they may function in a similar way to the unspecialised varicose terminals of vertebrate autonomic neurons. The role of membrane specialisations in intercellular adhesion is discussed. This study concludes that many synapses may be morphologically unidentified using present criteria.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 171-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth germs ; Organ culture ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tooth germs from foetal rats of 17 days post-insemination were maintained in vitro for 12 days. Odontoblasts and ameloblasts differentiated and secreted their respective matrices in which mineralization occurred. The ultrastructure of the cells was qualitatively similar to that observed in normal development. Odontoblasts contained more lysosome-like bodies and were found to degenerate in some sites. Mantle dentine was formed but few von Korff fibres were observed. Calcospherites were rarely seen and the mineralizing front of dentine was predominantly linear, associated with numerous small early foci of mineral formation. Enamel showed prism formation associated with the Tomes' process of the ameloblast but some local disturbances in the pattern of enamel formation were observed.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 273-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleoli ; Type ; Influence of histone ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The frequency of various types of nucleoli was investigated in tissue cultures of human embryonal lung and HeLa cells cultured in the presence of calf thymus histone. The nucleolar morphology and the frequency of various nucleolar types were dependent on the concentration of histone in the tissue cultures of the human embryonal lung cells. HeLa cells required longer cultivation with histone to manifest some effect on nucleoli. In both cases, the observed nucleolar changes suggest the depression of nucleolar RNA synthesis.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extrarenal blood vessels ; Rat ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the extrarenal blood vessels of the rat left kidney was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and by electron microscopy. The trunk of the renal artery proximal to the aorta is elastic and appears to be very sparsely innervated. In contrast, near the kidney the renal artery—which divides into 3 to 4 large branches of the muscular type possesses a dense adrenergic innervation. The adrenergic terminal axons are situated in the adventitia close to the external elastic lamella, but only rarely in close contact with smooth muscle cells. In most instances several terminal axons are grouped and enclosed by a Schwann cell, single axons being rare. All terminal axons are able to take up and to store 5-hydroxydopamine which strongly suggests that they are adrenergic. The innervation of the renal vein is more sparse than that of the muscular arteries but somewhat denser than that of the elastic artery. In addition, close to the origin of the renal artery the presence of “small intensively fluorescent” (SIF) cells as well as of some adrenergic ganglion cells is noted. The latter are situated in the adrenergic nonterminal axon bundles, which run parallel to the blood vessels. It is concluded that the uneven adrenergic innervation along the artery as well as individual variations in the branching of the artery are the main causes of the unusually high individual variations of the NA content of this organ such as used in pharmacological experiments.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cornea epithelium ; Precorneal film ; Domestic fowl ; Ruthenium red ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das vordere Corneaepithel des Haushuhnes besteht aus 5 Schichten. Die oberflächlichste Lage hat einen Zottenbesatz. Die 0,2 μ langen Mikrovilli haben eine Dicke von 0,04–0,05 μ und einen Abstand von höchstens 0,1 μ voneinander. Auf der freien Oberfläche liegt ein mit Rutheniumrot anfärbbarer Film von Glykosaminoglykanen von 0,26–0,3 μ Dicke. Die Mikrovilli ragen in diesen Film hinein. Dieser Film ist für den spiegelnden Glanz der Cornea verantwortlich. Die Tränensekretion kann sehr gering sein, weil ein Teil der Flüssigkeit an die sauren Mukopolysaccharide gebunden ist. Die Moleküle dieses Films werden wahrscheinlich in der oberen Zellage synthetisiert.
    Notes: Summary The anterior cornea epithelium of the house-hen consists of 5 layers. The outermost layer has a villus border. The 0.2 μ long microvilli are 0.04–0.05 μ thick and are not more than 0.1 μ apart. A film of ruthenium red stainable glycosamine Glycans of 0.26–0.3 μ thickness lies on the free surface. The microvilli protrude into this film. This film is responsible for the reflecting shine of the cornea. The tear secretion can be kept at a low level as a part of the fluid is bound to the acid mucopolysaccharides. The molecules for this film are probably synthesized in the outermost cell layer.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 345-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axonal migration ; Catecholamines ; Sciatic nerve ; Radioautography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The radioautographic technique has been used to study the axonal migration of catecholamines in sympathetic fibres of the sciatic nerve of rats after ligature. A first series of experiments aimed at ascertaining the capacity of the proximal portion of adrenergic fibres to take up and store exogenous tritiated catecholamines (3H-DOPA; 3H-DA and 3H-NA) 3 to 22 hours after ligation. The results are qualitatively similar in rats pretreated and non-pretreated with IMAO, but the intensity of the radioautographic reaction is lower in the latter cases. Most of the labeled axons are filled mainly with vesicular and tubular profiles of endoplasmic reticular origin, large dense bodies (probably lysosomes) and/or mitochondria. The silver grains are generally superimposed on the vesicular and/or the tubular profiles, but in some cases on the large dense bodies, suggesting that exogenous catecholamines can be stored in lysosomes. The question whether SGV specifically store catecholamines also in the modified adrenergic fibres has been investigated in KMnO4 fixed material. These results show that beside a large number of fibres in which there is a strict correlation between labeling and SGV, some fibres containing SGV do not retain the 3H-NA. Conversely some fibres which contain mainly agranular vesicles display radioautographic reaction. Therefore, in case of ligated fibres, SGV cannot be considered the specific organelles for storage of catecholamines. The axonal migration of labeled catecholamines has been studied in animals pretreated with IMAO. A moderate, but selective, labeling is present in the proximal portion of sciatic fibres of rats in which administration of labeled catecholamine preceeded of 2 hours the ligature and this was performed 22 hours before fixation. From these combined types of experiments, it is concluded that despite the presence of all the structures necessary for the storage of a high amount of catecholamines in the modified adrenergic fibres, only a small fraction of catecholamines accumulated above the ligature has been transported by axonal migration. Therefore, the axonal migration of catecholamines appears as an epiphenomenon related to the distal migration of enzymatic and storage proteins from the perikaryon.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 447-460 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatids (rat) ; Manchette ; Microtubules ; Influence of Colcemid ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Links unusual for their length and variable morphology have been described between manchette microtubules in late stages of rat spermiogenesis. In earlier stages of rat spermiogenesis obvious links longer than ∼160 Å are rare, the majority being ∼80 or ∼120 Å in length. The most easily discernible geometric pattern in cross-sections of assemblies of manchette microtubules in intermediate stages of rat spermiogenesis is that of linear arrays sometimes resulting in long and irregularly folded chains of closely linked microtubules. Colcemid disrupts these arrays and is responsible for the formation of more complex geometric patterns. Six hours after drug administration the manchette is dramatically reduced in length. Sheet-like links of variable dimensions and 〉160 Å in length interconnect not only microtubules but C-type microtubules as well as other links. These links are similar in morphology to those found in later stages of rat spermiogenesis. It is suggested that the formation of these links may perhaps be dependent upon aspects of microtubule disassembly.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gallbladder (Human) ; Mucus secretion ; Reverse pinocytosis ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mucous secretory activity of the human gallbladder epithelium was investigated by light and electron microscopy and with histochemical techniques. There are two types of granules in the supranuclear region of the epithelial cells. The one low in density contains a fine filamentous material and gives a strongly positive silver methenamine reaction. The other is dense and only faintly positive. The granules of the former are considered to be mucous secretory granules and the granules of the latter may be lysosomes. PAS positive granules correspond presumably to both types of granules mentioned above. The mucous secretory granules are considered to be synthesized by the Golgi apparatus and the granular endoplasmic reticulum as has been confirmed in other mucous secretory cells. Their content is released from the cell by reverse pinocytosis. Typical goblet cells occur frequently in the fetal epithelium, but cannot be observed in the adult specimens.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 421-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Giant mitochondria ; Transitional epithelium ; Urinary bladder (mole) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Harnblasenepithel des Maulwurfs wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Bei bestimmten Tieren finden sich in den Intermediärzellen „matrixreiche“ Riesenmitochondrien. Diese Riesenmitochondrien scheinen aus normalen Mitochondrien hervorzugehen und enthalten verschieden geformte Einschlüsse. Andere Organe und Zellen bei Maulwürfen mit Riesenmitochondrien in den Intermediärzellen des Harnblasenepithels weisen normale Mitochondrien auf. Es handelt sich demnach hier um eine sog. „Mitochondriose der Intermediärzellen“. Bedeutung, Bildung und Abbau der Riesenmitochondrien werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Giant mitochondria containing an enormous matrix volume were found in the intermediary cells of the urinary bladder transitional epithelium of the mole. Regularly shaped mitochondria develop club-like protrusions forming giant mitochondria that contain several types of inclusions. Various other tissues were examined, but we could state that giant mitochondria exist only in the intermediary cells of the urinary bladder epithelium. Thus a peculiar “intermediary cell mitochondriosis” is described in this paper, not regularly occurring in the mole. The functional significance of the giant mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Annulate lamellae ; Annelidae ; Oogenesis ; Endocrinology ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'évolution en l'absence d'hormone cérébrale provoque, dans les ovocytes de N. diversicolor, la formation de lamelles annelées cytoplasmiques (L.A.). Le processus débute par l'apparition de lames de réticulum à proximité du noyau (15 jours d'évolution à 15° C). Les lames se rapprochent ensuite du noyau et des pores apparaissent, situés le plus souvent face à ceux de l'enveloppe nucléaire (20ème jour). La différenciation des lames du réticulum en L.A. progresse ensuite depuis les éléments les plus proches du noyau vers les plus externes. Dans le cytoplasme des ovocytes ayant évolué à la température de 20° C, on assiste en outre à la formation d'empilements de citernes ergastoplasmiques. Ces citernes, non situées à proximité du noyau, subissent également une transformation progressive en L.A. L'étude cytochimique effectuée par digestion enzymatique a montré que la pepsine dégrade fortement le matériel dense des lamelles annelées. Ce matériel semble donc renfermer une teneur élevée en protéines auxquelles pourrait se trouver associé du RNA.
    Notes: Summary Experimental elimination of brain activity leads to the formation of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae (L.A.) in oocytes of N. diversicolor. This process begins with the appearance of cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum in the vicinity of the nucleus (15 days of development at 15° C). Then, the cisternae move closer to the nucleus and pores appear, often facing the pores of the nuclear envelope (20th day). The differentiation of endoplasmic reticulum into L.A. progresses from the elements closest to the nucleus to the more peripheral ones. In the cytoplasm of oocytes which developed at 20° C, stacks of cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum have been observed. These cisternae, which are not localized near the nucleus, also undergo a progressive transformation into annulate lamellae. A cytochemical study, based on enzymatic digestion, shows that pepsin strongly digests the dense material of L.A. This material, therefore, seems to contain a high amount of proteins, perhaps associated with RNA.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 553-561 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung (frog) ; Alveolar epithelium ; Cytosomes ; Alveolar lining layer surfactant ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Alveolarepithel der Froschlunge weist nur einen einzigen Zelltyp auf. Die Zellkörper sitzen in den Nischen zwischen den Kapillaren, die sie mit Zytoplasmaausläufern überdecken. Die Epithelzellen enthalten große Zytosomen mit osmiophilen Lamellen mit einer Periode von 40–42 Å. Sie sind den Typ II-Pneumozyten der Säugerlunge vergleichbar. Das Alveolarepithel der Froschlunge ist mit einer Grenzschicht bedeckt, die in Abhängigkeit von der Fixierung eine 40–42 Å-Periode aufweist oder aus einer oder mehreren Doppelmembranen zusammengesetzt ist. Gittermuster und Myelinfiguren sind vorhanden. Das bedeutet, daß Surfactant in der Froschlunge in gleicher Weise wie in der Säugerlunge dargestellt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary The alveolar epithelium of the frog exhibits only one type of cells. The cell-bodies are situated in the spaces among the capillaries, which they cover with cytoplasmic extensions. The epithelial cells contain large bodies (cytosomes) with osmiophilic lamellae having a period of 40–42 Å. The alveolar cells are considered to be similar to the type II-pneumocytes of mammalian lungs. The alveolar epithelium of the lung of the frog is covered with a lining layer, which depending on the method of fixation consists of periods of 40–42 Å or of one or more double membranes. Lattice formations and myelin figures are seen. This means that the surfactant in the lung of the frog can be demonstrated in the same way as in mammalian lungs.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 481-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Dense projections ; Complex vesicles ; Serial sections ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptosomes and synaptic junctions have been examined employing serial sections, with emphasis placed on four areas of investigation. 1. Starting from unequivocal synaptosomal profiles and tracing them through consecutive sections to the periphery of the synaptosomes, it is clear that vesicles are the one constant feature of the presynaptic terminal. In no instance was it possible to identify an empty membranous profile as synaptosomal. 2. Following a similar procedure it was found that the criteria required to predict the existence of a junctional region within a synaptosomal profile are: the accumulation of synaptic vesicles at one locus within its presynaptic component, and the presence of a postsynaptic profile characterized by two or more junctional features. 3. Serial sections of non-osmicated, PTA stained synaptic junctions confirm the regularity and orderliness of dense projection distribution along the length of the junction. 4. Complex vesicles can usually be followed in two and sometimes three adjacent sections, appearing either as intact vesicles or empty shells. Further observations confirmed that the latter profiles may be sections through the periphery of intact vesicles or through isolated shell fragments. They are more common in the latter form in unbuffered material.
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 255-283 
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    Keywords: Glandula harderiana ; Anatidae ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hardersche Drüse von Anser anser, Anas platyrhynchos und Cygnus olor wurde cytochemisch, licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Vergleichend-anatomisch ergibt sich für die drei Species derselbe Drüsenaufbau. Sie bestehen aus Läppchen bzw. kurzen Tubuli, die von einem einschichtigen, hochprismatischen Epithel ausgekleidet sind, das sich auf die in die Tubuli hineinragenden Leisten bzw. Zotten fortsetzt. Es müssen zentrale und periphere Drüsenabschnitte unterschieden werden. Nur die zentralen Zellen enthalten neutrale und saure Mukosubstanzen. In Semidünnschnitten (Richardson) erweisen sich die peripheren Drüsenzellen als stark vakuolisiert. Zentralwärts nimmt die Vakuolisierung ab, die basale Basophilie nimmt zu. In den Harderschen Drüsen von Gänsen und Enten wurden neben Hydrolasen eine Reihe von Oxydo-Reduktasen aus der Glykolysekette, dem Citratzyklus und der Atmungskette sowie die Enzyme G-6-PDH, GDH, β-HBDH und GLuDH nachgewiesen. Die zentralen Drüsenabschnitte sind mit hohen Aktivitäten der glykolytischen Oxydo-Reduktasen und der NADPH2-liefernden Enzyme ausgestattet. Hydrolytische lysosomale Enzyme, Esterasen und Phosphatasen sind in der Harderschen Drüse nur in geringer Menge vorhanden. Stets können cholinerge Nerven nachgewiesen werden. — Elektronenmikroskopie: Alle Drüsenzellen werden an den apikalen seitlichen Kontaktflächen durch ein differenziertes Schlußleistennetz (Zonulae occludentes, Zonulae adhaerentes, Desmosomen) verbunden. An den zentralen Drüsenzellen lassen sich eine Basalzone (Zellkern, ER), eine ausgedehnte Golgi-Zone und ein apikales Zell-areal unterscheiden. Die Sekretvakuolen entstehen durch Membranabknospung aus dem Golgi-Apparat, ihr Sekret wird durch Ruptur des apikalen Plasmalemms extrudiert. Die peripheren Drüsenzellen weisen strukturelle Merkmale von Becherzellen auf. Ein schmaler basaler Cytoplasmabezirk enthält den komprimierten Kern, der übrige Zellraum überwiegend leere Vakuolen, Membranreste, Lamellenkörper und Lysosomen. Terminale Nervenfasern mit bekannter Innenstruktur durchbrechen die Basalmembran und lagern sich den Drüsenzellen eng an, teilweise in Vertiefungen ihrer basalen und basolateralen Oberfläche eingebettet. Diese terminalen Axone enthalten massenhaft synaptische Vesikel, vereinzelt Bläschen mit einem massendichten Granulum und Mitochondrien. Spezialisierte prae- und postsynaptische Membranen kommen nicht vor.
    Notes: Summary The Harderian gland of Anser anser, Anas platyrhynchos and Cygnus olor has been investigated cytochemically, light microscopically and ultrastructurally. Comparison of these glands within the three species reveals identical structures. The surface of the short glandular tubules carries a single-layered, cylindrical epithelium, which continuously covers all the villi protruding into the tubular lumen. There is evidence for a significant difference between the central and peripheral parts of the glandular tubules. Cytochemical reactions for neutral and acid mucosubstances are positive only in central glandular parts. The semi-thin sections (Richardson staining) show highly vacuolated glandular cells within the peripheral areas. This vacuolisation decreases the more centrally the cells are situated, but conversely their basal basophilic staining increases towards the center. Within the Harderian gland of geese and ducks we have localized by histochemical means several hydrolases and oxydoreductases which reflect enzyme activities of the glycolytic pathway, the citrate cycle, and related metabolic pathways. The activities of glycolytic oxydoreductases and the pentose phosphate pathway enzymes are remarkably high within the central glandular parts. Lysosomal hydrolases, esterases and phosphatases are only to be demonstrated in very moderate degree of activity. All specimens of the Harderian gland contain cholinergic nerves. The ultrastructural analysis reveals highly differentiated apical cellular contacts (zonulae adhaerentes, desmosomes). There are only small intercellular spaces. The centrally located glandular cells can be divided into three compartments, a basal zone containing the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi zone and an apical zone containing abundant secretory vacuoles, which emerge from the Golgi apparatus. The secretory products are extruded by rupture of the apical cellular membrane. — The peripheral glandular cells show many similarities to goblet cells. There is only a small basal cytoplasmic are which contains a compressed nucleus, whereas the whole cell is filled with mostly empty vacuoles, membranes, lamellar bodies and lysosomes. — Terminal nerve fibres penetrate the basal lamina and make contact with the glandular cells. The terminal axons contain abundantly synaptic vesicles, sporadic dense cored vesicles and mitochondria. Until now, we could not find any specialized presynaptic or postsynaptic membranes.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 401-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pulmonary epithelium ; Human fetus ; Endocrine cells ; APUD cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic investigations of the pulmonary epithelium of human foetuses reveal the occurrence of cells exhibiting fine-structural characteristics of polypeptide hormone producing APUD cells. Three types of cells were identified mainly on basis of the morphology of their secretory granules. Cells of type 1 have the appearance of monoamine storing cells and the dense core of vesiculated granules of these cells are reactive to argentaffine reaction performed directly on ultra-thin sections. Cells of type 2 contain granules of uniform shape and size and of rather homogeneous appearance. Besides in larger bronchial tubules these cells are localized in the epithelium of developing alveoli. Cells of type 3 with large osmiophilic granules tightly bound by a membrane are few and scattered. These cells are observed in larger bronchial tubuli only.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 413-425 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminiferous tubules, human ; Lamina propria ; Contractile cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules was analyzed in normal specimens and compared to biopsies showing great thickenning of this area in light microscopy. The contractile cells are stellate in shape, the intercellular gaps between their branchings being less than 150 Å. The cytoplasmic features of these cells are similar to those described by Ross and Long (1966) and do not differ significantly in the pathological cases examined. The intercellular components, namely collagen fibers, microfibrils and an incomplete basement membrane-like coating of the contractile cells, are strikingly increased in the thickenned lamina propria, although the number of layers making up this structure needs not be increased. Occasionally, the intercellular space is occupied by only one of these materials. The distribution of collagen permits identification of two main patterns in the thickenned lamina propria: a) one where the basement membrane of the seminiferous epithelium is separated from the first layer of contractile cells by a wide collagen zone, and b) another case where the layer displaying greater thickness because of increased collagen deposition is located further away from the germinal epithelium. The functional activity of the contractile cells, the physiological implication of structural alterations of the lamina propria and the necessity to correlate these observations to andrological findings, are discussed.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 459-468 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell adhesion ; Morphogenesis ; Chick Embryo ; Cell membrane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The unincubated chick blastoderm, which consists of a complete upper epithelial layer of one cell thickness (epiblast) and an incomplete lower layer (hypoblast), was examined with the electron microscope in order to define the types of cell contact present. The terminal contacts between the cells of the epiblast invariably involved several focal tight junctions, but only occasionally involved tight junctions. Desmosomes were not observed in these areas, but were encountered in various phases of development in the deeper contact regions between epiblast cells. This deeper region also showed sporadic focal tight junctions and frequent micropapillae. These micropapillae were also common on the surfaces of hypoblast cells. Intercellular spaces between epiblast and hypoblast cells and within the hypoblast were often wide, narrowing to occasional focal tight junctions. Tight junctions and desmosomes were not observed in association with hypoblast cells. Gap junctions were not observed in any region of the embryo. These observations are discussed in relation to the morphogenetic movements occurring in the forming hypoblast and also the influence of this layer on the subsequent development of the embryo. Comparisons are drawn between the contact morphology in the unincubated blastoderm and that in later stages of development.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 479-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Malpighian tubule ; Carausius morosus ; Water balance ; Diuretic hormone ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Carausius morosus starved and deprived of water lose about 30% of their body weight in 4 days, mainly due to water loss. Isolated inferior tubules from starved dehydrated insects secrete urine at 0.041 nl·mm−1·min−1 compared with 0.118 nl·mm−1·min−1 in those from fed hydrated insects. This difference is due partly to the level of a diuretic (and perhaps also an antidiuretic) hormone in the haemolymph acting directly on the urine-secreting mechanism and partly to changes in the intrinsic capacity of the tubule cells for urine secretion. This latter change is accompanied by structural changes in the tubules. During starvation and dehydration the lumen becomes packed with white granules, the height of the type 1 cells is reduced, their basal infoldings and brush border become shorter and their mitochondrial volume is reduced.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 529-544 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Parathyroid hormone ; Lysosomes ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young rats were treated with high doses of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Osteoclasts from these animals revealed characteristic alterations in comparison to control cells: a) The cytoplasm contained large vacuoles with phagocytosed cells, some of which resembled osteoblasts or osteocytes. The vacuoles were interpreted as lysosomes because the engulfed cells often appeared partly digested and the vacuoles contained acid phosphatase as demonstrated histochemically, b) lipid droplets were present in the cytoplasm and usually located close to the endoplasmic reticulum and/or in regions with many free ribosomes, c) the Golgi complex was more frequently separated from the nuclei than in control cells, d) small coated cytoplasmic bodies were numerous in the peripheral cytoplasm, e) the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were fused in some places, f) cytoplasmic regions with numerous free ribosomes were frequent, g) large ring-shaped granules occurred in some mitochondria. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of these granules provided evidence that they contained calcium and probably phosphorus, h) in some osteoclasts the mitochondria were enlarged. — The findings are consistent with an increased activity of osteoclasts and in particular a stimulation of the lysosomal system in these cells.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paracrystals ; Reinke crystals ; Leydig cells ; Normal human testis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary One of two types of paracrystalline inclusions, other than Reinke crystals, was encountered in the Leydig cells of the normal mature testes of 9 out of 10 patients. The basic ultrastructure of these formations was that of parallel arrays of fine filaments (8 cases) or tubules (1 case). The filamentous structures, designated as type A paracrystals, consisted of fascicles of parallel rows of 4 or 5 dense fibrils. The latter typically contained dense granules or banded striations spaced at regular intervals. In 4 cases the inclusions were found in the cytoplasm while in 4 others they were confined to the nuclei. The tubular type of paracrystal, type B, was observed in only one patient. Here, groups of closely packed tubular inclusions occupied large portions of cytoplasm. The tubular walls were composed of closely applied, small, circular profiles. In no instance were paracrystals and Reinke crystals encountered in the same cell. A possible role of the former as precursors of the latter is discussed but there is no strong supporting evidence for this despite certain suggestive similarities in unit and subunit measurements.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence (Rabbit) ; Dense-core vesicles depletion ; Releasing factors ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The effects of mating on the depletion of osmiophilic material from dense-core vesicles (DCV) within the external layer of the rabbit median eminence (ME) were investigated. Two different populations of DCV were demonstrated within the ME external layer of the non-mated control animals. A plot of the diameters of these vesicles showed two peaks, one at 90–100 nm, and the other at 120–130 nm. These two populations of DCV were found in separate axons and axon terminals in contact with, or near the perivascular spaces of, portal capillaries. Within these axons and terminals an occasional membrane profile or “vesicle ghost” was also observed. The same two populations of DCV were evident in the ME external layer of animals that were sacrificed at 10 minutes post-coitus. In these experimental animals, the number and size of the smaller population of DCV were the same as those of the none-mated controls. However, there was an obvious decrease in the number of the large (120–130nm) DCV, together with a simultaneous marked increase in the number of “vesicle ghosts”. These ghosts had a mean diameter of 137±14 nm. On the basis of their size, it is suggested that the “vesicle ghosts” represent large DCV that have been depleted of their content following mating. Ultrastructural evidence for the depletion of osmiophilic material from the large DCV of mated animals is provided. According to previous writers the smaller DCV within the ME are aminergic, whereas the larger DCV may contain releasing factors (RF). Our findings provide further morphological evidence to support this hypothesis. Furthermore, RF and biogenic amines appear to be contained within separate nerve terminals in the rabbit ME.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Snail ; Regeneration of eye ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal half of the posterior tentacle of adult Helix aspersa and Cryptomphallus aspersa was removed and the proximal half was studied with light and electron microscopy after different intervals. The tentacle itself does not regenerate, but the receptor organs at the distal end of the normal tentacle differentiate at the level of the section. The newly formed eye is smaller than the control; however, its components and subcellular characteristics resemble those of the normal eye.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Integument ; Hirudinea ; Sensory organs ; Nerves ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le tégument de Glossiphonia complanata comprend, outre les cellules épithéliales banales, de nombreux organes particuliers ou organes de Bayer, regroupés essentiellement sur la face dorsale de l'animal. Ils sont formés par une cellule apicale saillante enchassée dans une cellule musculaire en anneau. L'ensemble de ces formations est étudié du point de vue ultrastructural. Des cellules épithéliales partent des fibres nerveuses afférentes, sans doute vecteur des perceptions de stimuli mécaniques de pression au niveau du tégument; la réponse se faisant sans doute par la contraction de la cellule basale de chaque organe de Bayer, innervée par des fibres nerveuses efférentes, entrainant la saillie de la cellule apicale. Le hérissement de ces nombreuses papilles du tégument dorsal pourrait être un signal perçu par le partenaire sexuel, chez cette Hirudinée à fécondation hypodermique.
    Notes: Summary The integument of Glossiphonia complanata, built up by epithelial cells, contains numerous particular organs (Bayer organs), mainly on the dorsal side of the animal. They consist of a protuberant apical cell, which is surrounded by a ring-shaped muscle cell. All the integumentary formations are studied from an ultrastructural point of view. From the epithelial cells issue afferent nerve fibres, considered as vectors of the perception of mechanical stimuli of pressure at the level of the integument; the response no doubt operating by the contraction of the basal muscle cell of each Bayer organ, innervated by efferent nerve fibres, bringing forth the protrusion of the apical cell. The erection of these numerous papillae of the dorsal integument might be a signal perceived by the sexual partner, fecundation occurring in this group of leeches under the integument.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 505-515 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Paracervical ganglion (Rat) ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Two new types of structure of the cytoplasm of an autonomic neuron were described: (1) Inclusions of the rough ergastoplasmic reticulum, which were named “ergastosomes”, contain finely granular material with moderately electron opaque staining with both glutaraldehyde-OsO4 and KMnO4 fixations. A short comment was made on the nature of the contents of the ergastosomes. (2) Tubular formations of endoplasmic reticulum were found in the axons and/or dendrites of the paracervical ganglion.
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  • 44
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    Keywords: Nervous system ; Stick insect ; Blood-brain barrier ; Development ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The fat body sheath which surrounds the ventral nerve cord of the adult stick insect, Carausius morosus, is absent in the hatchling. Since the haemolymph sodium ion compositions of the two stages are similar, it is suggested that the fat body sheath is not a site of a blood-brain barrier dealing with extra-axonal regulation of sodium. Similarities of ultrastructure in connectives of adults and hatchlings are demonstrated, and tight junctions are shown to occur in perineural cells of both stages. The possible significance of this to the blood-brain barrier of this insect is discussed.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 363-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Monkey ; A-V node and bundle ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The atrio-ventricular (A-V) node of the monkey heart is located in the focus of converging atrial muscle. Three main atrial muscle strands, coming from the atrio-ventricular ring, the dorsal wall of the atria, and the ventral part of the atrial septum, converge in the nodal region where they overlap and are interconnected. The junctional type of fibers establishing interconnection between the atrial muscle and the nodal tissue are not strictly localized at the periphery of the node, but may be traced further, along the A-V ring and coronary sinus. The A-V node consists of a loose peripheral and a compact distal part. In the former, typical nodal fibers were found, while the compact part shows an important individual variation in structure and cell-types. In some monkey hearts, the nodal fibers gradually become broader bundle fibers, while in other specimens the junctional fibers surround the compact part and than penetrate the nodal-His (N-H) region. These junctional fibers become nodal fibers or are in terminal contact with large clear cells up to 50 μ in diameter. Clear cells of various diameters are often intercalated between the cell rows of the nodal and His-bundle fibers and may form a distinct cellular gate between the node and the His-bundle.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Striated muscle ; Chick ; Sarcomere formation ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sarcomere assemblage in striated muscle of the early developing chick embryo was studied with the electron microscope. In myogenic chick somites, non-striated myofibrils are seen with the electron microscope, prior to striated ones. These crude myofibrils are traversed at regular periodic intervals by a tubular system which is associated with dense Z-line material shortly after its appearance. Longer sarcomeres as well as banding patterns similar to those found in mature striated muscle follow and possibly depend on prior Z-line formation.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 191-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Monkey (Macaca mulatta) ; Conducting system ; Atrium ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the sino-atrial (S-A) node of the monkey heart two types of muscle cells occur: 1. typical nodal cells which are the predominant cells and form the nodal fibers. 2. “Intercalated clear cells” with various diameters (4 to 12 μm) and containing poorly developed myofibrils, rich in glycogen and demonstrating poor staining properties. These latter cells are dispersed, few in number, and never form discrete fibers of themselves, but are intercalated between the cell rows of the typical nodal fibers. Such intercalated clear cells become more numerous at the periphery of the node. Interconnection between the S-A node and the conventional atrial muscle is established by a progressive transformation of nodal fibers into atrial fibers producing an intermediate (or junctional) type of fiber at the nodal periphery. However, in addition, few nodal fibers make direct contact with the atrial cardiocytes. Our light and EM studies have failed to prove the existence of truly specialized internodal pathways. Nevertheless intercalated clear cells, nodal-like cells, junctional or intermediate type of cells are relatively frequent in valvular regions (Thebesian, Eustachian, A-V, fossa ovalis) and less frequent in other regions of the atrial wall.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 459-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars tuberalis ; Rana temporaria ; Seasonal changes of ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the pars tuberalis of the hypophysis of Rana temporaria, which shows the ultrastructural characteristics of a polypeptide hormone secreting endocrine gland, seasonal changes of the ultrastructure are described. In accordance with the literature, these seasonal changes of ultrastructure are interpreted as the morphological expression of seasonal changes of endocrine activity of the pars tuberalis.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 453-461 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Primordium ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To see whether adenohypophysial tissue has the capacity of self-differentiation, Rathke's pouch together with part of the neurohypophysial primordium was isolated from 12-(Group A), 14- (Group B) and 15-day-old (Group C) rat fetuses and cultivated for 9, 6 and 5 days, respectively. Electron microscopic examination of these explants showed many adenohypophysial cells containing electron dense granules, indicative of cytodifferentiation in all groups. Three cell types were distinguishable on the basis of the size of their granules. Variable amounts of neurohypophysial tissue were seen in some explants of Groups B and C, but not A. This “pars nervosa” contained pituicytes with lipid-like inclusions in their cytoplasm but no neurosecretory axons. The adenohypophysial cells abutting on the pars nervosa were arranged rather regularly like cells of the pars intermedia which contained a few granules of about 200 mμ diameter. From these data it is concluded that in rats granule formation in the adenohypophysial primordial cells starts in the absence of hypothalamic neurosecretory substances. It is uncertain from this study whether these cells actually contain hypophysial hormones.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1973), S. 75-85 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Denervation ; Development ; Fiber types, myofibrils ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural diversification of muscle fibers, with regard particularly to myofibrillar changes, has been investigated in the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and the slow-twitch soleus muscles of the rat during fetal and postnatal development in the presence and in the absence of motor innervation. The band pattern and the shape of the myofibrils were uniform in fetal and neonatal muscle fibers and underwent differential changes during the first weeks after birth, concomitantly with fiber type specialization. The most evident variations in myofibrillar structure arising in this period concern the thickness of the Z band and the arrangement of the myofibrils. Myofibril formation was at first not impaired by denervation of rat muscles performed in utero and, although focal disintegration of myofibrils and detachment and loss of orientation of filaments became apparent by one week, atrophic muscle fibers with well-organized myofibrils could be seen as late as 2 months after birth. However, denervated muscle fibers of EDL and soleus did not display any significant and consistent difference in myofibrillar band pattern and shape. No variation in mitochondrial content and sarcoplasmic reticulum development was likewise seen in muscle fibers of EDL and soleus after fetal denervation. The findings emphasize the importance of neuromuscular interactions in muscle differentiation.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus luteum (Rat) ; Cycloheximide ; Hypophysectomy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats, one large intravenous dose of cycloheximide leads to extensive development of two types of membrane-formations in the cells of corpora lutea, within two hours. Both the laminated dense bodies (concentric layers of smooth membranes showing high electron density) and the tubular aggregates (tightly packed smooth tubules with diameter smaller than usual) exhibited obvious connections with endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The reorganization of tubular aggregates gave rise to “crystalloids” showing hexagonal symmetry. The crystalloids, being obviously unstable, were transformed into smooth fingerprints (concentric arrays of paired agranular membranes showing the same density as endoplasmic reticulum membranes). Hypophysectomy, performed 24 hours previously, moderated but did not totally abolish the development of membranous configurations. The described effect of cycloheximide is considered to represent cellular injury, probably due to membrane-denaturation.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 395-408 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Cattle ; Influence of cationic surface active agent ; Acrosome reaction ; Centrifugation ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ejaculated bull spermatozoa (SZ) were washed and incubated with a cationic surface active agent, Hyamine 2389, and centrifuged using 2-step discontinuous sucrose density gradient. The washed SZ, Hyamine-treated SZ and subcellular spermatozoal fractions obtained after centrifugation were prepared for electron microscopy. The washing did not cause any major structural changes in SZ. The Hyamine treatment of SZ disrupted the outer acrosome membranes. The anterior part of acrosome (the acrosomal cap) was detached retaining its integrity, or forming vesicles by fusing with the cell membrane as in “true” acrosome reaction. Because of this structural similarity in vesicle formation, Hyamine is assumed to be a suitable experimental initiator for acrosome reaction. The loosened acrosomal membranes were harvested almost totally by the centrifugation. The acrosomes were seen as loosened U-shaped unbroken acrosomal caps or as vesicles with fuzzy acrosomal material. The lightest particles were vesicles consisting of smooth membranes, formed evidently of sperm cell membrane. A negligible amount of fibrous sheaths were also among acrosomal membranes but no other sperm parts were encountered.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 467-473 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Colchicine ; Myofibrils ; Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Colchicine was intraperitoneally administered chronically to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The ultrastructural study of hind-limb muscles revealed that myofilament desorientation resulted. Bundles of myofilaments were found coursing perpendicular or oblique to the longitudinal axis of the muscle fiber. It is concluded that a colchicine-sensitive factor is involved in maintaining normal orientation of myofibrils in mature muscle. Also found in the sarcoplasm of the colchicine treated animals were complex spheromembranous bodies. These bodies enveloped mitochondria or other organelles and appeared to be derived from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The lysosomal nature of these bodies is indicated by the localization of acid phosphatase activity in them. Acid phosphatase activity was also displayed in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The spheromembranous bodies seem to be part of a sarcotubulo-lysosomal system in skeletal muscle.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandular cells ; Isopoda ; Golgi apparatus development ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans ce travail, les auteurs présentent les résultats de leurs recherches, au niveau de la microscopie électronique, concernant les processus sécrétoires dans les cellules glandulaires de la partie antérieure, réniforme, du canal déférent chez Porcellio scaber Latreille. Les observations sont dirigées spécialement sur l'appareil de Golgi qui est poursuivi dans toutes les phases d'élaboration de la sécrétion, dans laquelle il paraît avoir un rôle essentiel. Après avoir obtenu la conviction que, dans le processus délaboration de la sécrétion, les dictyosomes s'usent complètement et disparaissent, les auteurs recherchent l'origine de nouveaux dictyosomes qui participeront au cycle de sécrétion suivant.
    Notes: Summary In this paper the authors present an investigation at infrastructural level concerning the secretory process in the glandular cells of the anterior kidney-like portion of the deferent ducts in Porcellio scaber Latreille. The observations are directed especially to the Golgi apparatus in all phases of elaboration of secretion in which it seems to have an essential role. After ascertaining that in the process of elaboration of secretion the dictyosomes waste away and disappear, the authors investigated the origin of the new dictyosomes that become involved in the following secretory cycle.
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 539-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catalase ; Peroxisomes ; Fibroblasts ; Enzyme cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The connective tissue of the mucosa of the respiratory tract, of the gastric mucosa and of the mucosa of the tongue was investigated in mice. The tissue was fixed in glutaraldehyde and incubated in an alkaline DAB-medium to demonstrate the peroxidatic activity of catalase. In fibroblasts and fibrocytes, as well as in lymphoid cells, membrane bounded particles from 0.10 to 0.25 μm in diameter were found, whose matrices were intensely stained by the histochemical reaction. The reaction is inhibited by the addition of 2×10−2 M 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. In connective tissue cells of specimens, which were not reacted to demonstrate catalase activity, these organelles show a granular matrix of moderate electron density. They lack a crystalline core. The possibility that these catalase-positive particles (CPs) represent peroxisomes is discussed.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Giant fiber ; Earthworm ; Septum ; Electrical synapse ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die erneute elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung der dorsalen Riesenfasern der Lumbriciden Lumbricus terrestris (L.t.) und Eisenia foetida (E.f.) zeigt, daß es sich bei den segmentalen Septen um Strukturen bisher unbekannter Komplexität handelt. Bei beiden Tierarten beträgt der Septalspalt nur 65 Å (E.f.) bzw. 75 Å (L.t.) und ist deshalb als „gap junction“ anzusprechen. Daneben fallen folgende Differenzierungen am Septum auf: „septate junctions” (L.t. und E.f.), „intermediate junctions“ (L.t. und E.f.), beidseitig am Septum gelegene und nicht von einer Membran umschlossene Membranappositionen (E.f.), sowie einseitig am Septum gelegene „dense projections“ (L.t.). Bei L.t. kommen außerdem auf beiden Seiten des Septums Vesikel vor, die von einer Elementarmembran umschlossen sind und nach Größe (φ ca. 575 Å), Lage, Haufenbildung und elektronenoptischem Habitus den Vesikeln chemisch übertragender Synapsen gleichen. Die Befunde werden hinsichtlich ihrer möglichen Bedeutung bei der elektrischen Übertragung und als Indizien für das Vorliegen einer gemischten Synapse diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Electronmicroscopical examination of the dorsal giant fibers in the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris (L.t.) and Eisenia foetida (E.f.) reveals that their segmental septa are structures of so far unknown complexity. In both species the extracellular cleft between the two axon membranes of the septum amounts to only 65 Å (E.f.) and 75 Å (L.t.) respectively and is therefore regarded as “gap junction”. The following other structural differentiations of the septum were observed: “septate junctions” (E.f. and L.t.), “intermediate junetions” (E.f. and L.t.), densities apposed to both sides of the septum and not surrounded by a membrane (E.f.), and densities resembling “dense projections” on one side of the septum only (L.t.). In addition the septa of L.t. show vesicles on both sides which are bounded by a unit membrane and resemble the vesicles of chemically transmitting synapses in size (φ ca. 575 Å), location, accumulation, and electronoptical habitus. The significance of the findings in regard to electrotonic transmission and the possible existence of a mixed synapse is discussed.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Epididymis ; Effect of vasectomy ; Spermatozoa ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epididymal biopsies from rats that had undergone unilateral or bilateral vasectomies from one to eight months previously were compared with biopsies from their contralateral side or from normal controls to ascertain what ultrastructural changes had occurred. After vasectomy, spermatozoa appeared to dissolve in the lumen of the caput epididymidis and to be absorbed by the principal cells. About 5 weeks after vasectomy, numerous lamellar accumulations became apparent in the supernuclear region. Their resemblance to lysosomes or residual bodies was confirmed by an acid phosphatase reaction. After 10 weeks, similar lamellar and polymorphic accumulations on the contralateral side of animals with unilateral vasectomies indicated that resorption had also increased on the unligated side.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear pore ; Amphibian oocyte ; 8-fold symmetry ; Fibrous network ; Electron microscopy ; Negative staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Pictures, in front view, are presented of the nuclear pores from the oocytes of the newt Taricha granulosa. Negative staining is used. It is directly visible, on a substantial proportion of the pores, that the number of subunits in the annulus is 8. This conclusion had been reached earlier by other writers, who had used the rotation technique to ascertain the radial symmetry. The rotation technique is known to be very unreliable, though on this occasion had produced the correct result. A fibrous mesh network, connecting the subunits of separate pores is described.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 191-205 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Fine structure ; Avian ; Gallus domesticus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the normal thymus of the young chicken (Gallus domesticus) is described. Four main cell types, lymphoid cells, epithelial cells, macrophages and myoid cells, can be distinguished. The lymphocytes are more numerous in the cortex than in the medulla, and are quantitatively the most important component of the thymus. The epithelial cells vary greatly in morphology. Reticular epithelial cells, which have long cytoplasmic processes connected by desmosomes, and which appear to afford a supporting network for the free cells of the thymus, are present in the cortex and medulla. Undifferentiated epithelial cells are present in the medulla and cortico-medullary regions and have few intracytoplasmic fibrils or desmosomes. Cystic epithelial cells, showing intercellular and intracellular cyst formation are frequent in the medulla. Also present in the medulla are squamous epithelial cells which contain many intracytoplasmic fibrils and have numerous desmosomes, and which are involved in the formation of Hassall's corpuscles. Macrophages are present in moderate numbers in the cortex and medulla, and immature and fully developed myoid cells are common in the medulla. Other cell types present include granule-containing cells with desmosomes, large pale cells with few cytoplasmic organelles, mast cells, plasma cells, red blood corpuscles and cells of the granular leukocyte series.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Mouse ; Multinucleate spermatids ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This ultrastructural study confirms and extends the light microscope findings of Bryan (1971) concerning the presence and developmental fate of multinucleate spermatids. Four main classes of cells: uninucleate-individual, uninucleate-conjoined, multinucleate-conjoined, and multinucleate-individual, were identified along with a few instances of more complex syncytial organizations. When the respective nuclei in a given multinucleate are far enough apart, each develops autonomously but in synchrony with its neighbors. When nuclei are intimately associated, the “normal” pattern of spermiogenesis may be altered, giving rise to highly bizarre spermatozoa. Commonly, a single Golgi complex serves a pair of nuclei and gives rise to a “T-shaped” acrosome which binds the nuclei together. During the ensuing nuclear elongation phase, such units are invested by a single manchette. Pairs of axonemes within a common plasma membrane have also been encountered. These ultrastructural findings indicate that multinucleate spermatids are true components (not artifacts) of the seminiferous epithelium of normal animals. The presence of such cells and the unusual developmental consequences which can arise as a result of the multinucleate state must be taken into account when evaluating the course of spermatogenesis in cases of mutation- or chemically-induced infertility.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Ovary (mouse) ; Granulosa cells ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
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    Notes: Summary A systematic study of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the granulosa cells of immature and mature mice was made. The histochemical results were compared with the ultrastructural findings on the same cells in an attempt to determine whether the granulosa cells are capable of a steroidogenic role. In newborn and immature mice the granulosa cells of a great amount of follicles demonstrated a moderate or strong histochemical activity. In mature mice the granulosa cells demonstrated a weak or moderate activity normally only in preovulatory follicles and in some other atretic follicles. The granulosa cells of the normal developing follicles did not show such activity. In addition the histological control of numerous parallel sections demonstrated particularly in immature ovaries the presence of a great amount of atretic follicles. In the cytoplasm of the granulosa cells of the follicles in immature ovaries only clusters of lipid droplets with ribosomes were noted; while in the preovulatory follicles of mature animals there started to appear mitochondria with tubular cristae, smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and irregular lipid droplets. In the obviously atretic follicles several granulosa cells as well as theca interna cells showed numerous lipid droplets and ribosomes together with different degenerating organelles. The granulosa cells of the normal developing follicles showed a well developed Golgi complex, granular endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The histochemical and ultrastructural findings suggest a steroidogenic role of the granulosa cells only in the larger preovulatory follicles (probably related to an early luteinization of this layer) but this role was not demonstrated in the same cells in normal developing follicles. In addition, since an histochemical positivity was demonstrated also in the granulosa cells of some obviously atretic follicles, it is possible that many of the follicles having granulosa cells filled with lipid droplets and attached ribosomes and histochemically positive might be, in the immature ovaries, in a very precocious stage of atresia. It is to precise for these cells whether a cytoplasm with these two strictly correlated components (lipid droplets and attached ribosomes) and showing an histochemical positivity could carry-on all the biochemical steps involved in steroid biosynthesis or only has only a temporary capability to produce some precursors of steroids.
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Reproductive tract ; Biomphalaria glabrata ; Desiccation ; Starvation metabolism ; Weighing experiments ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The effects of desiccation (36 weeks), starvation (12 weeks) and recovery (4 weeks following 16 weeks of desiccation and 2 weeks following 9 weeks of starvation) upon the accessory sex glands and some other body parts of Biomphalaria glabrata were studied by means of weighing experiments and histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The results of the weighing experiments show that the various parts of the reproductive tract are not protected from involution processes during the adverse conditions, as some parts (the albumen gland, spermduct and prostate gland) showed a more pronounced decrease in weight than other body parts. Measurements of the epithelial heights of the accessory sex glands and ultrastructural observations corroborate the results of the weighing experiments. During the adverse conditions the organelles involved in the formation of the secretion granules (granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-apparatus) became involuted. The secretion granules within the cells of the albumen gland, spermduct and prostate gland were broken down by crinophagy. This latter process was less pronounced in the oviduct, muciparous gland, oöthecal gland, uterus and vagina. During the adverse conditions the lipoprotein producing cell types (mainly in the male part) remained active longer than the polysaccharide producing cell types (mainly in the female part). The significance of this observation is discussed. The amounts of glycogen present in most tissues of the reproductive tract and of the other investigated body parts (the foot, columellar muscle and vesicular connective tissue cells) were not apparently diminished, even when the secretory cells showed clear signs of involution, as a result of long periods of adverse conditions. Within the recovery periods 50% of the snails resumed egg production. During recovery the relative increases in weight of the accessory sex glands seemed to exceed that of other body parts, indicating that the restoration of the accessory sex glands is favoured. Histologically, reactivation of the accessory sex glands was apparent after 36–72 hours of recovery. At this time secretory material was again observed within the cisternae of the gland cell Golgi-bodies. Because reactivation is fairly rapid, a nervous or hormonal control of this process appears more likely than control via the general metabolism. The possible functions of various body organs in storing food reserve material is discussed, and it is concluded that the glycogen storing vesicular connective tissue cells (which occur throughout the whole body in the connective tissue) play a major role.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridial system ; Turbanella cornuta Remane (Gastrotricha) ; Cyrtocytes ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Protonephridien des marinen Gastrotrichs Turbanella cornuta Remane werden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Terminalapparate der Macrodasyoidea sind Cyrtocyten. Ein Reusenröhrchen besteht aus acht Längsstäben mit netzartigen Zwischenwänden aus dünnen Fibrillen. Im Lumen des Röhrchens schwingt eine Geißel. Die Wand eines Terminalbechers bildet ein zusätzliches Reusensystem, das mit Poren und Schlitzen versehen ist. Die drei bis vier Cyrtocyten eines Protonephridiums münden in eine Sammelzelle ein. Von dieser geht ein Exkretionsröhrchen mit Treibwimperflamme aus, welches von einer Ausleitungszelle gebildet wird. Die Cyrtocyten der beiden Gastrotrichenordnungen (Chaetonotoidea u. Macrodasyoidea) grenzen sich strukturell gegenüber bisher bekannten Formen dieses Zelltyps ab.
    Notes: Summary The protonephridial system of the marine gastrotrich Turbanella cornuta Remane was studied with the electron microscope. The terminal cells of the Macrodasyoidea are Cyrtocytes. Each tube for filtration consists of eight longitudinal rods with a net of fine fibrils between them; it contains a single whip. The wall of a terminal cup with its pores and slits is an additional system for filtration. Three or four filtration tubes are ending in a collecting cell. From this cell an excretory channel with one whip formed by an outlet cell arises. The filtration tubes of Macrodasyoidea are similar to those of Chaetonotoidea and differ from other forms of this cell-type.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 333-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Human ; Blood vessels ; Endothelium ; Vascular muscle, Myoendothelial junctions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gefäße der Nabelschnur, Chorionplatte, Stammzotten und das Mikrozirkulationssystem des Zottenbaums der reifen menschlichen Plazenta wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Endothel- und Muskelzellen besitzen auch am Ende der Gravidität alle morphologischen Kennzeichen voller Funktionsfähigkeit. Auffällig sind die zahlreichen myo-endothelialen Verzahnungen und die zahlreichen Kontakte der Muskelzellen untereinander. Sphinkterartige Einrichtungen werden nur an den Verzweigungen der Präkapillaren beobachtet. Gefäßnerven fehlen überall. Möglicherweise kann die Durchströmung der fetalen Placentagefäße durch autonome Kontraktion der Gefäßwände reguliert werden. — Alle Gefäße der Placenta sind elasticafrei. In den Nabelarterien sind elastische Systeme schwach ausgebildet. Eine Elastica interna wird nur in der Nabelvene gefunden. — Das Mikrozirkulationssystem in den Rami und Ramuli chorii sowie den Terminalzotten wird von allen bekannten Endstromeinheiten aufgebaut. Die englumigen Kapillarabschnitte befinden sich vor allem in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zum organellenreichen Syncytiophoblast, während die weitlumigen Abschnitte, die möglicherweise die venösen Kapillarstrecken sind, den Epithelplatten anliegen.
    Notes: Summary In the human placenta at term the blood vessels of the umbilical cord, chorionic plate and trunks and the microcirculation system of the placental lobes have been investigated. Also at the end of pregnancy the vascular endothelium and the smooth muscle cells exhibit all morphological criteria of full functional activity. The vessel wall is characterized by numerous myoendothelial junctions and many adjacent muscle cells being in close contact with one another. Sphincterlike structures can only be observed at the ramifications of the precapillaries. Vascular nerves are always absent. The blood circulation is perhaps regulated autonomously by means of the contractile vessel wall.—In all placental vessels a special tunica elastica never exists. In the umbilical arteries elastic systems are poorly developed. A genuine internal elastic layer only occurs in the corresponding vein.—In the region of the rami and ramuli chorii as well as in the single villi the microcirculation system consists of all types of terminal vessels. The capillaries with small diameter are preferentially situated close to the organellrich syncytiotrophoblast, whereas the distended segments, which may represent the venous capillaries, are in intimate contact with the epithelial plates.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 369-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Giant fibres ; Ventral nerve cord ; Lumbricus terrestris L. ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die proximalen Kollateralen der dorsalen Riesenfasern des Regenwurms wurden in Serienschnitten vom Soma bis zum Eintritt in die Riesenfaser verfolgt und im Hinblick auf ihre Feinstruktur und ihre synaptischen Kontakte Untersucht. Es finden sich sowohl chemische als auch elektrische Synapsen. Ihre Feinstruktur wird mit der bekannter Synapsen anderer Wirbellosen und Wirbeltiere verglichen. In beiden Riesenfasersystemen kommen efferente chemische Synapsen mit feinen postsynaptischen Verzweigungen vor, die anscheinend von Bauchmark-Motoneuronen stammen. Das Axon der medianen Riesenfaser weist darüber hinaus nur noch eine elektrische Synapse mit den Rieseninterneuronen auf. Demgegenüber erhalten die Kollateralen der lateralen Riesenfasern zahlreiche Afferenzen, die zum Teil als sensorische Fasern der Epidermis, multisegmentale Fasern der Hauptfaserzüge und Rieseninterneurone identifiziert werden konnten. Weitere Afferenzen stammen vermutlich von unisegmentalen Interneuronen her. Beide lateralen Riesenzellaxone bilden außerdem miteinander eine elektrische Chiasma-Synapse mit besonderen Membraneinfaltungen.
    Notes: Summary The proximal collaterals of the dorsal giant fibres of the earthworm were traced through serial sections from the cell bodies to the giant axons. Their structure and synaptic connections were examined. There are chemical as well as electrical synapses. Their fine structure is compared to that of other known invertebrate and vertebrate synapses. Both giant fibre systems have efferent chemical connections with thin postsynaptic arborizations which probably belong to ventral cord motoneurons. Moreover the median giant axon is connected by an electrical synapse with the giant interneurons. The lateral giant collaterals on the contrary receive many afferences through chemical synapses which were partly identified as sensory fibers from the epidermis, multisegmental axons from the main fibre bundles or giant interneurones. Other afferences probably come from unisegmental interneurones. In addition both lateral giant axons form an electrical chiasma synapse with special membrane folds.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 397-403 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual system ; Musca domestica ; Monopolar cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nur drei von den fünf Monopolarzelltypen L1, L2, L3, die in jeder Cartridge der Lamina vorhanden sind, sind synaptisch mit den sechs Rezeptorendigungen (R1–R6) verbunden. Entsprechend der Verteilung ihrer Dendriten sind zwei von den drei Neuronen (L1 und L2) zur gesamten Länge der Endigungen verbunden, während das dritte Neuron (L3) Verbindungen nur in dem äußeren Zweidrittel der Lamina hat. Obwohl diese drei Zellen als Neurone 2. Ordnung des Neurosuperpositionsauges wirken könnten, deutet ihre anatomische Organisation auf funktionelle Unterschiede hin.
    Notes: Summary Only three of the five types of monopolar cells which are present in each cartridge of the lamina have synaptic connections with receptor endings (R1–R6). Due to the distribution of their dendrites two of these (L1 and L2) contact the whole length of the six receptor endings of their cartridge whereas the third type (L3) contacts only their outer 2/3rds. Although these three cells may function as the second order neurons of the neurosuperposition eye, their anatomical relationship imply functional differences between them.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 431-450 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle ; Frog ; Regeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary From the 5th day up to the end of 3rd week following local crushing of the frog ventricle myocardium, ca. 13% of myocyte nuclei, in the vicinity of the damaged zone, were labelled after a single 3H-thymidine (3HTdr) injection, and 30–50% of these were labelled after repeated 3HTdr administration. The number of myocyte mitoses was maximal (ca. 1.3%) at the beginning of the 3rd week. The reactive proliferation of myocytes was accompanied by their “partial dedifferentiation”. This involved the nuclear euchromatic rearrangement, increase in size of nuclei and nucleoli, accumulation of the sarcoplasm rich in free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, hyperplasia of the Golgi apparatus, and the appearance of 80–100 Å in diameter cytofilaments. Electron microscope autoradiography has shown that all these changes may be more or less pronounced in myocytes incorporating 3HTdr. The myofibril ultrastructure was found to be unchanged during S phase. However, in the mitotically dividing myocytes, the majority of Z-disks were disintegrated resulting in progressive release of myofilament bundles. Both 3HTdr labelled and mitotic myocytes were anchored to the adjacent ones by desmosomes and intercalated disks. No free myoblasts were observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 133-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Adrenal medulla ; Rabbit ; Osmiophilic vesicles ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die organspezifischen Strukturen im Glomus caroticum und Nebennierenmark zeigen unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen ein unterschiedliches Bild. So läßt sich unter anderem durch Modifizierung der Fixationsmedien (Glutaraldehyd, Osmiumsäure in Kombination mit verschiedenen Puffern) eine optimale Differenzierung der zellulären Strukturelemente von Glomuszellen erreichen. An den osmiophilen Vesikeln fällt eine starke Variabilität ihres Erscheinungsbildes auf. Feinstrukturelle Unterschiede werden in Elektronendichte des Vesikelinhaltes, Größe und Ausbildung des Hofes sowie in Aufbau und Verlauf der Membran deutlich. Auf Grund dieser Kriterien lassen sich im wesentlichen 4 Haupttypen der Granula von seltener vorkommenden Sonderformen abgrenzen.
    Notes: Summary The organospecific structures of the carotid body and the adrenal medulla show a different appearance under various experimental conditions. Thus, it is possible to obtain an optimal differentiation of the cellular structure elements of the carotid body cells by modifying the fixatives (glutaraldehyde, osmic acid, in combination with various buffer systems). Especially the osmiophilic vesicles show a great variability in their appearance. Ultrastructural differences become evident in the electron-density of the vesicle content, in the size of the electron-lucent space (halo of the dense core), as well as in the structure and conduct of the membrane. Based on these criteria four main types of granules can be said to occur in the carotid body. These can be distinguished from more uncommon special types.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 223-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aorta, endothelium ; Rat ; Transport of serum lipoproteins ; Radioautography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transport of 125I-labeled serum lipoproteins through the aortic endothelium was studied by radioautography. Rat aorta and heart was perfused in vitro with a medium containing human very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), delipidated HDL apolipoprotein or rat HDL. In all lipoproteins more than 95% of the radioactivity was TCA precipitable and lipid radioactivity was from 2–4% in HDL, 4–6% in LDL, 7–15% in VLDL. After 18–60 min of perfusion and wash with unlabeled medium, most of the aortic radioactivity was TCA precipitable and the percent of lipid counts was similar to that in the original lipoprotein. Following perfusion with VLDL, LDL, or HDL the radioautographic reaction was seen over the endothelium, the subendothelial space and the inner media, and was separated by an unlabeled zone from the reaction present over the adventitia. Uniform labeling of the entire wall was found after perfusion with HDL apolipoprotein. The presence of silver grains over endothelial cells in regions rich in plasmalemmal vesicles suggested that these organelles participate in the transport of the labeled lipoprotein, as was shown for lactoperoxidase (Stein and Stein, 1972). The present data indicate that cholesterol may enter the aortic wall as a constituent of lipoprotein particles. Since an HDL particle carries less than 1/20 of the cholesterol present in a LDL particle, it seems that the lower susceptibility of the female to atheromatosis might be related to the higher ratio of HDL to LDL particles in the female serum.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 283-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Middle ear ; Guinea pig ; Epithelial cells ; Intercellular junctions ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of aldehyde and osmium fixed normal guinea pig middle ear epithelium was made. Numerous branching microvilli occur between the cilia of the ciliated cells. The granules of the secretory cells are always surrounded by a membrane, and they vary in their content of electron dense substance. Half desmosomes are frequent in basal cells. The squamous epithelial cells of the bulla contain few microvilli and pinocytoric invaginations. In the basal part of the squamous epithelium dilations of the intercellular clefts often occur. The luminal part of the intercellular clefts are closed by multiple tight junctions.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 327-332 
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    Keywords: Thyroidectomy cell ; Pituitary gland ; Electron microscopy ; TRH and granule extrusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Thyroidectomy cells of the rat pituitary gland were studied by the peroxidase-antibody labeling procedure and by electron microscopy. Secretory granules accumulated in these cells in response to a short-term treatment with thyroxine, and the cells were then reactive to the peroxidase-antibody labeling procedure. An intravenous injection of synthetic thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) to thyroxine-treated, thyroidectomized rats provoked an acute and active extrusion of secretory granules from the thyroidectomy cells. The secretory granules in these cells were mostly “haloed” after primary fixation in osmium tetroxide. It is concluded that TRH causes thyroidectomy cells to release their secretory granules, and presumably TSH, by the usual process of exocytosis or granule extrusion.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 407-420 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Autonomic innervation ; Acetylcholine-esterase ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and acetylcholine-esterase (AChE) activity was histochemically investigated in certain salivary glands of the cow (submandibular gland), guinea pig and hamster (submandibular and sublingual glands). Adrenergic nerves occur around the secretory acini of the bovine, guinea pig and hamster submandibular glands, as well as around those of the hamster sublingual gland. The mucous secretory acini of the guinea pig sublingual gland, however, seem to be devoid of adrenergic nerve supply. Except in the sublingual gland of the hamster, no adrenergic nerves occur in relation to duct cells. The pattern of AChE activity is similar to that of adrenergic nerves. Thus, AChE-positive nerves form a network around secretory acini of all the five glands examined. Furthermore, AChE activity was also observed in nerve fibres in close proximity to striated duct cells. Both adrenergic and AChE-containing fibres were observed around blood vessels of different sizes. Ganglionic cells are occasionally to be seen; they all display AChE-activity. No adrenergic ganglionic cells were observed in any of the glands examined. All glands were also studied in the electron microscope. Interest was focussed on the fine structure of the autonomic nerves with special reference to their contents and type of storage vesicles. The content of noradrenaline was chemically determined in each type of salivary gland studied.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 369-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus preopticus ; Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Leuciscus rutilus ; Falck-Hillarp technique ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamus of the teleost fish Leuciscus rutilus was investigated with the Falck-Hillarp technique. The nucleus preopticus (NPO) and the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) contain no fluorescent, i.e. catecholaminergic cells. Green fluorescent fibers probably originating from the paraventricular organ and/or the preoptic recess organ, are intermingled with the cells. The electron microscopical study was based on the three fixatives glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide, osmium tetroxide and potassium permanganate. In the NPO two cell types are recognized, characterized mainly by dense core vesicles (dcv) with measured diameter of 130 nm and 170 nm across respectively. The endoplasmic reticulum in the former cell type generally has large dark inclusions measuring from 175 to 375 nm across, which are also found in the neurite. In the NLT, four different cell types are identified, some of which are subject to considerable variations. The rostral and the medial parts of the nucleus include a large cell type (I) with dcv of diameter 170 nm. The medial part also has a small cell type (II) with dcv of 80 nm. The lateral part is characterized by two cell types (III, IV). Cell type III occurs in three forms with dcv of about 140 nm. The fourth cell type (IV) is rare and contains irregularly formed granules, the most circular ones measuring about 130 nm and the most elongated ones 110 nm×210 nm. The ventrolateral part contains the same cell types (except for type II) as those found in the lateral and medial parts. The morphological differentiation of the NLT as well as its different cell types strongly indicates its functional diversity. After permanganate fixation the secretory granules of the different cell types in the NPO and the NLT appear as “empty” vesicles. This method also reveals that the cell types of the two nuclei have dcv of about 90 nm. The possible monoaminergic content and the role of these dcv are discussed.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 583-586 
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    Keywords: Organon vomero-nasale (cat) ; Bright Cells ; Crystal-like differentiations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In bright columnar cells of the vomero-nasal organ of the cat an hitherto unknown hexagonal crystal-like membrane differentiation, connected with the endoplasmic reticulum, was found.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 285-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory neurons ; Lipofuscin pigment ; Mitochondrion ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Lipofuscin pigment formation and distribution in the Mes. N.5 neurons, trigeminal and spinal ganglia of male Wistar rats of 2, 14, 32 and 49 months as an indication of aging has been investigated. These intraneuronal pigment granules are found as early as 2 months in all the cells, and continue to accumulate in all the cells in varying amounts until the first year of life. The different rate at which lipofuscin accumulates probably shows the difference in the maturation of the functionally related cells. At later stages the obvious findings are complex pigment body formation and localization of the pigment bodies either at one pole as seen in the Mes. N. 5 neurons or arranged submembranously parallel to the long axis of the cells in the ganglia. The vacuolated lipofuscin pigment bodies are bound by a double limiting membrane and among the vacuoles are found tubular membranous structures resembling residual mitochondrial substructures. These findings suggest a mitochondrial origin of lipofuscin, rather than a lysosomal. The intracellular pigment bodies seen in the perineuronal satellite cells of peripheral ganglia appear to be signs of removal of lipofuscin from the ganglion cells.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 149-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphatic valves ; Pulmonary lymphatics ; Lymphatic endothelium ; Lymphatic system ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic investigation has revealed that the pulmonary lymphatic valves of adult rabbits are not simple duplicatures of the lymphatic vessel wall. They consist of an uninterrupted central connective tissue core, covered on both sides with a single layer of flattened endothelial cells. Near their insertion in the lymphatic vessel wall, the connective tissue core reveals a distinct thickening being composed mainly of collagen bundles. In the other parts it contains mainly elastic fibers and fine filaments, enclosing also some rather peculiar connective tissue cells. Nervous and muscular elements were not observed. The endothelium is continuous and exhibits no open junctions. The valvular basement membrane is better developed than in lymphatic capillaries. The endothelial cells contain numerous cytoplasmic filaments which might be endowed with contractile properties. The nuclei of the endothelial and the connective tissue cells are irregularly spaced and frequently clustered near the free edge of the valve. These ultrastructural features suggest that the function of the lymphatic valves is mainly passive. They are firmly inserted in the lymphatic vessel wall by collagen fibers and their moving parts are slender and elastic. Their endothelium appears relatively impermeable and is firmly attached to the subjacent connective tissue.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 273-290 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle fiber types ; Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.) ; Myosatellite cells ; Intranuclear rodlets ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Four types of striated muscle fibers with distinctive ultrastructure were defined in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.): “white”, “intermediate”, and “red” fibers of m. parietalis, and “red” fibers of m. craniovelaris. “White” fibers are thick, contain very few mitochondria and fat vacuoles, and possess distinct and separate myofibrils with thin Z-disks and distinct M-lines. “Intermediate” fibers are thinner, possess largely similar myofibrils that often are even better separated due to a higher content of fat vacuoles and especially mitochondria and glycogen granules. “Red” fibers of m. parietalis contain large amounts of mitochondria, fat vacuoles, and glycogen granules. Their myofibrils possess M-lines, and although branching more, the myofibrils of “red” fibers conform with a “Fibrillenstruktur” pattern like those of “white” and “intermediate” fibers. “Red” fibers of m. craniovelaris are very thin, possess many smaller fat vacuoles, and large amounts of mitochondria and glycogen granules. The myofibrils are significantly thinner than in m. parietalis fibers, run as quite independent well separated units, possess thicker Z-disks, and lack M-lines. Large amounts of myosatellite cells are associated with these “red” fibers. Triads are located near A/I-junctions in all four fiber types and occur irregularly, the density of triads being different in the various fiber types.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Sites of ultrafiltration ; Gastropoda ; Podocytes ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the Gastropoda pressure-ultrafiltration of the blood is assumed to be the first step in urine formation. The most probable site of ultrafiltration is the wall of the heart. Since in other animal groups ultrafilters are characterized by a special cell type, the podocyte, the hearts of two pulmonates (Lymnaea stagnalis, Biomphalaria glabrata) and of four prosobranchs (Viviparus viviparus, Bithynia tentaculata, Ampullaria gigas, Littorina littorea) were ultrastructurally investigated, in order to establish whether or not podocytes occur in these structures. It appeared that only in the wall of the auricle of Viviparus podocytes are present. They form a layer underneath the epicardium, the epithelium covering the auricle. It is assumed that in Viviparus ultrafiltration proceeds in the auricle. The possible route of the pro-urine is discussed. The location of the ultrafilters in the other species studied remains still unknown.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 343-353 
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    Keywords: Surface coat (Paramecium aurelia) ; Ruthenium red staining ; Enzyme treatment ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The plasma membrane of Paramecium aurelia is covered with a ruthenium red stainable surface coat. Results obtained after digestion with pronase, trypsin and neuraminidase suggest the glycoprotein nature of this structure. Lipid extraction also affects the surface coat forming material. The results are consistent with the model proposed by Ginsburg and Kobata dealing with spatial configuration of the surface coat components.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 517-526 
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    Keywords: Middle ear ; Guinea pig ; Capillary permeability ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The middle ear capillaries of the guinea pig have fenestrated endothelium, and the intercellular clefts are closed by tight junctions. Intracardially injected horseradish peroxidase penetrates the fenestrae of the endothelium and gains access to the extra-cellular space beneath the epithelium, and the intercellular clefts of the epithelium.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 587-596 
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    Keywords: Fish muscle (Macropodus opercularis) ; Myofibril ; Longitudinal growth ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Längenwachstum der Myofibrillen erscheint an terminalen, an das Interstitium grenzenden Myofibrillenabschnitten möglich. Diese Myofibrillenabschnitte weisen unterschiedliche Längen auf. Am kleinsten terminalen Myofibrillenabschnitt ist die Ribosomenkonzentration am höchsten. Mit zunehmender Verlängerung des Abschnittes erkennt man Aktinfilamente, die zwischen den dicht gelagerten Ribosomen liegen. Erreicht der terminale Myofibrillenabschnitt etwa die Länge einer Sarkomere, hat die Ribosomenkonzentration abgenommen, die Filamentanzahl zugenommen. In diesem Stadium treten zwischen den Aktinfilamenten erste Myosinfilamente auf. Eine neue Z-Scheibe entsteht in engem Kontakt mit dem Sarkolemm. Letztere löst sich nach und nach über ihre ganze Länge von der stets schräg ansetzenden Zellmembran. Die Frage nach der Spannungsübertragung an undifferenzierten terminalen Myofibrillenabschnitten wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Longitudinal growth of myofibrils in the skeletal muscle of Macropodus opercularis appears to take place at their terminal parts. Since the Z-disks are arranged in lines and perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis, there are repeated terminal myofibril regions of different lengths following the last complete sarcomere. At the shortest terminal myofibril region, which is apparently the youngest one, ribosome concentration is very high. In the adjacent terminal regions of greater length, which probably represent older ones, actin filaments can be detected among the ribosomes. As soon as the terminal myofibril region approaches the full sarcomere length, the concentration of ribosomes is found to be reduced and the number of filaments increased. At this stage the first myosin filaments are clearly observed among actin filaments. Therefore, during longitudinal growth myosin filaments morphologically appear after the formation of actin filaments, whereas during myofibrillogenesis in the same muscle both types appear simultaneously in the differentiating sarcomere. After the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments into the A- and I-bands, a new Z-disk is formed in close contact with the sarcolemma and gradually detached over its entire length from the inclined cell membrane. The problem of tension transmission via the undifferentiated terminal myofibril regions is discussed in relation to these findings.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 57-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collar cells ; Planula ; Larva, Balanophyllia regia (coral) ; Sense organs ; Evolution ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The planula larva of the solitary coral Balanophyllia regia has an ectoderm of flagellate, diplosomal collar cells. The collar of these cells is composed of a ring of microvilli linked with mucus strands. Four types of flagellate gland cells, three types of nematocyst and spirocysts are present in the planula ectoderm. The function of these ectoderm cells is discussed. The mesogloeal muscular and packing tissues of the planula are briefly described. The tentacle of the adult coral, examined for comparison, has an ectoderm of flattened flagellate cells with a shallow collar. Collar cells similar to those of the planula are occasionally found on the tentacle and their function is not known. Independent sensory cells built on a modified collar cell plan with collar of thickened microvilli are common in the tentacle. These are quite separate from the three kinds of tentacular nematocyte. Distended glandular areas occur in the tentacle ectoderm. The flagellate tentacle gastrodermis, muscle and mesogloeal region are briefly described. The evolutionary significance of collar cell ectoderm in a planula is discussed and the occurrence of collar cells throughout the animal kingdom, reviewed.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 75-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Calcitonin ; Bone resorption ; Acid phosphatase ; Autophagocytosis ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Osteoclasts from the tibial metaphyses of young rats treated with porcine calcitonin were studied by electron microscopy. The animals were sacrificed 1 1/2, 4, 8 or 12 hours after injection of the hormone. In survey sections examined by light microscopy the osteoclasts appeared smaller than in control animals. At the ultrastructural level the osteoclasts showed the following alterations: 1) The typical ruffled border was absent. 2) Acid phosphatase was not present in the extracellular space between cell and bone. 3) The number of large vacuoles was decreased and there was no local accumulation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. 4) The vacuoles did not contain bone crystals. 5) Vacuoles with cell organelles were increased in number. The majority of these vacuoles were identified as autolysosomes because they contained acid phosphatase and the enclosed cell organelles were partially digested. The above changes were present at all time intervals studied. The findings suggest that calcitonin decreases or inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts. A decreased function of the osteoclasts may contribute to the hypocalcemic effect of the hormone. The increased number of autolysosomes is evidence of an enhanced autophagocytosis. Possible origins of the autolysosomes in osteoclasts are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 89-101 
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    Keywords: Glycogen body ; Avian lumbar spinal cord ; Aminergic innervation ; Drug treatment ; Glycogen bioassay ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit der Methode von Falck-Hillarp lassen sich im Rückenmark der Vögel Bündel fluoreszierender Nervenfasern nachweisen, die in Höhe des Glykogenkörpers (Lumbalwulst) seitlich an dieses Organ grenzen, von wo aus zahlreiche Fasern in den Glykogenkörper eindringen. Vergleichend-anatomisch gehören die fluoreszierenden Areale des Rückenmarks zu den autonomen Zentren. Es wurde versucht, mit Pharmaka, die das autonome Nervensystem beeinflussen oder Krämpfe erzeugen, das Glykogen des Lumbalwulstes zu mobilisieren (Quantitative Glykogenbestimmung nach Krisman, 1962). Besondere Beachtung verdient die elektronenmikroskopische Feinstruktur der Zwickelräume zwischen den großen Glykogenkörperzellen, wo Ausläufer dieser Zellen und Nervenfasern eng beieinander liegen. Die Kapillaren des Glykogenkörpers werden fast vollständig von Ausläufern seiner Zellen umscheidet.
    Notes: Summary With the method of Falck-Hillarp bundles of fluorescent nerve fibers were observed in the vicinity of the avian lumbar glycogen body. They encompass the glycogen body laterally. Numerous fluorescent fibers penetrate from this border zone into the glycogen. The fluorescent regions of the avian lumbar spinal cord belong to the autonomic centers. Attempts were made to decrease the high glycogen content of the glycogen body by administering drugs which act on the autonomic system, and also by using convulsant drugs. Glycogen was estimated quantitatively by the Krisman method (1962). Electron micrographs show that the triangular spaces between the enlarged cells of the glycogen body are occupied by the processes of these cells and by nerve fibers. The capillaries of the glycogen body are nearly completely ensheathed by the processes of the glycogen-body cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 119-129 
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    Keywords: Iris ; Cephalopod (Octopus vulgaris.) ; Chromatophore ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Octopus iris is composed of five different layers: A, the external epithelium; B, the chromatophore layer; C, the iridocyte layer; D, the layer of muscles and collagen strands; E, the pigment epithelium. The nerves innervating the sphincter and the chromatophore muscles are identified and their neuromuscular junction is described. The motor endings of chromatophore nerves have an additional ending in presynaptic position which probably functions as a modifier of neuromuscular transmission. The chromatophores are naked and exhibit a tubular channel system between plasmalemma and pigment container which looks similar to the T-system of muscle cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 151-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Kitten ; Nerve endings ; Influence of Reserpine, Niamid ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kitten pineal glands were studied cytochemically under normal conditions, after reserpine injection, and after niamid administration. Adrenergic nerve elements were in perivascular spaces while cholinergic terminals were adjacent to pinealocytes, often times in synaptic contact. BA reactions are primarily in dotted vesicles of adrenergic terminals with some reaction in granular vesicles. Positive reaction occurs along neurotubules and membranous structures of adrenergig nerve fibers and terminals indicating membrane-bounded BA's. Niamid increased the number and density of dotted vesicles, and some granular vesicles are increased in density and size. Reserpine produced a loss reaction in dotted vesicles and a loss of vesicle matrix, producing elliptical vesicles. There is loss of reaction of the dotted vesicles, but occasionally, the positive granular reaction remains. Cholinergic terminals demonstrate no changes with either niamid or reserpine. These findings indicate BAs are stored in reserpine sensitive dotted vesicles and membraneous structures. The findings also show that the dotted vesicle matrix is reserpine sensitive and is necessary for storage of the BA's. Possibly biogenic amines cannot be stored or synthesized in terminals unless the matrix of the dotted vesicle is intact.
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  • 87
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    Keywords: Insect sensilla ; Eversible gland ; Neurosecretory innervation ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The eversible sac of the antennal tip in Hypogastrura socialis (Collembola) has been reconstructed from serial ultrathin sections. The organ contains 3 specialized epidermal glandular cells and the dendrites of 2 sensory cells encapsulated by an enveloping cell. The following features of the system are particularly remarkable and have been analyzed in detail: (1) a neurosecretory innervation of the glandular cells, (2) the structure of the dendritic outer segments within the sac, and (3) the structure of the complex sensillum, from which these dendrites may be derived. The system may be thought of as providing an example of phylogenetic transformation of an exteroceptor into a mechanoreceptive proprioceptor. A functional model is proposed which involves control of the mechanism of evagination as well as of the secretory discharge.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 541-555 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric epithelium ; Ascidia (Botryllus schlosseri) ; Vacuolated and zymogenic cells ; Structure and function ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vacuolated and zymogenic cells, which are two of five cell types identified by electron microscopy in gastric epithelium of B. schlosseri, are described in detail. The vacuolated cells are characterized by one, or a few, supranuclear vacuoles containing myelin figures. A peculiar Golgi apparatus is consistently found at the base of the vacuoles; it consists of cisternae frequently containing small vesicles and tubules of constant diameter and/or a strong electron-opaque material. A variety of vesicles and multivesicular bodies are visible in the apical cytoplasm below long ribbon-like microvilli. The se findings suggest that the vacuolated cells are involved in absorptive and perhaps secretory activity. The zymogenic cells are characterized by a highly developed RER, numerous apical secretory granules and a well developed supranuclear Golgi apparatus. At the apical end, autophagosomes are frequently encountered, some of which contain also zymogen granules. Both cell types contain numerous lipid droplets, which are interpreted as an energy reserve available for the cells and for the entire colony during the change of generation. Correlation between structure and function in both cell types is discussed by taking into account the peculiar life cycle of B. schlosseri, as well as previously reported data on similar cells in other ascidians.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 577-586 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral arteries ; Cerebral cortex ; Arachnoid ; Pia Mater ; Intercellular junctions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracerebral vessels of the parietal lobe of the rhesus monkey have been examined by electron microscopy with special reference to the relationship between the leptomeninges and the cerebral cortex. A “perivascular reticular sheath”, in apparent communication with the subarachnoid space surrounds intracerebral arterioles. Myo-endothelial junctions occur in intracerebral arterioles, but no nerve fibres are found in association with such vessels. This indicates that the tone of these vessels may be regulated by chemical mechanisms, possibly mediated through the myo-endothelial junctions.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 69-81 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human enamel organ ; Ameloblasts ; Cell junctions ; Tooth development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nature and distribution of cell contacts have been examined in the human enamel organ in bell stage. The lateral cell surfaces of secretory ameloblasts are linked at their distal (apical) and proximal (basal) parts by junctional complexes consisting of tight junctions, large intermediate junctions (zonulae adherentes), occasional gap junctions and one or more series of desmosomes. Scattered desmosomes and large gap junctions link epithelial cells of the external enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium and internal enamel epithelium including secretory ameloblasts. Furthermore the above-mentioned layers are also linked together by desmosomes and gap junctions. With increasing maturation of the enamel organ an increase in size and number of gap junctions is observed. Some possible implications of the role of the different junctions are considered. The gap junctions probably participate in cell differentiation in the normal morphogenesis of the teeth as well as in metabolic and ionic coupling of the cells of the enamel organ. By means of tight junctions, adjacent secretory ameloblasts cooperate to form a physical barrier which might prevent the diffusion of some types of molecules or substances (e.g. secretory material distally and acid mucopolysaccharides proximally) through the interspaces between the cells. Adhering junctions might assist in regulation of the mechanical properties of the enamel organ as a whole.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 139-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amoebocytes ; Globular cells ; Pulmonates ; Cell coat ; Endocytosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cell coat of the amoebocytes and globular cells occurring in the connective tissue of Helix pomatia and Cepaea nemoralis was studied with colloidal iron, Thorotrast, ruthenium red and Alcian blue methods. The positive reactions of the entire cell surface of amoebocytes to these cationic dyes indicate the presence of an acid sialic-glycoprotein. The cell coat of the invaginations of globular cells proved to be distinct from the remainder cell surface since it has shown the strongest reaction of ruthenium red. The importance of the cell coat in the mechanism of endocytosis is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 123-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Testis ; Innervation ; Reptiles ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the tortoise Testudo graeca, the lizards Lacerta dugesi and Lacerta pityusensis, and the snake Natrix natrix, the innervation of the testicular interstitial tissue was studied by light and electron microscopy, the acetylcholinesterase (ache) technique, the Falck-Hillarp method for the detection of catecholamines, and the application of 6-hydroxydopamine. The intertubular spaces of the reptilian testes studied contain adrenergic nerve fibers the amount and distribution of which varies considerably both in various species and in various stages of the reproduction cycle. Nerve fibers do not enter the seminiferous epithelium. Fluorescence microscopy of the lizard testis reveals catecholaminergic varicosities which are mainly arranged around blood vessels, but do not show obvious connexions to Leydig cells. Ache-positive fibers are equally distributed in lizard testes surrounding each seminiferous tubule. In Natrix natrix ache-positive fibers are irregularly spread among groups of tubules, without showing a definite relation to Leydig cells either. By electron microscopy bundles of unmyelinated axons and axon terminals can be more easily detected in the testes of immature animals than in adult. Terminals of nerve fibers containing small (400–500 Å in diameter) and large (800–1400 Å) dense-cored vesicles and sometimes small clear vesicles establish contacts with Leydig cells. Three types of contact are described. 1. “Contacts” par distance at a distance of about 2000 Å and basal lamina interposed; 2. membranous contacts having a 200 Å gap only between axolemma and Leydig cell plasmalemma; 3. invaginations of terminals into Leydig cell perikarya. The latter may exhibit surface specialisations, which strongly resemble postsynaptic membrane thickenings. Experiments using 6-hydroxydopamine underline the adrenergic character of testicular nerve fibers, which can be regarded as another example of non-cholinergic, ache-positive neurons. In the testis of the immature tortoise profiles of axons occur which probably represent purinergic, ache-positive neurons.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 319-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Mouse ; Arcuate neurons ; Nucleolus-like bodies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The arcuate nucleus of untreated (control) and castrated adult mice was studied with the electron microscope. Nucleolus-like bodies (NLB) were found in the cytoplasm and occasionally in the dendrites of arcuate neurons. NLB were spherical or ovoid, 0.7–1.5µm in diameter; they were composed of granules 100–150 Å and 200 Å in diameter, and filaments ∼70 Å in diameter. NLB were frequently associated with free ribosomes and cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Light microscopic studies with basic dyes and enzymatic digestions showed that these bodies contained some RNA. There was no significant change in the number of NLB in castrated animals.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenergic nerves, arterioles ; Chemical sympathectomy ; 6-aminodopamine, 6-hydroxydopamine ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 6-hydroxydopamine analogue, 6-aminodopamine (6-ADA), was compared with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as a potential agent for chemical sympathectomy. The adrenergic terminals innervating arterioles of the frog retrolingual membrane were used as a test system. Four days after two topical treatments with 0.25 mg/ml of either drug, most of the periarteriolar adrenergic nerves demonstrated swelling, fiber disruption, or a bright beaded appearance in the fluorescence microscope. Treatment with 0.5 mg/ml 6-OHDA abolished all fluorescence. After 0.5 mg/ml 6-ADA, no normal adrenergic fibers were seen, although a few fibers survived and exhibited a beaded appearance. In contrast to 6-OHDA, this higher dose of 6-ADA produced some signs of general tissue toxicity. After treatment with either drug, electron microscopy revealed adrenergic nerves with large electron-opaque structures containing the degenerated remains of large granular vesicles. Nerve areas which contained the degenerating structures occasionally alternated with swollen axonal regions containing many microtubules but no vesicles. Cholinergic nerves showed no evidence of damage. These results suggest that 6-ADA selectively destroys peripheral adrenergic nerves much like 6-OHDA, providing an additional marker for the ultrastructural identification of adrenergic nerves. Their analogous chemical suggest a similar metabolic mechanism for destruction of adrenergic nerves.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 425-438 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; New cell types ; Teleost ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic islets ofCarassius carassius have been studied by electron microscopy. 1. Besides A-, B- and D-cells, two new cell types, the fourth and the fifth, have been identified. The fourth cell type is numerous; it occurs interposed among the other types of islet cells or in small clusters. The secretory granules (90–280 mg in diameter) are round or oval and usually with much lower electron density than α- and δ-granules. The secretory granules of the fifth type of cell (approximately 140–240 mμ in diameter) contain finely granular material and an electron dense core that is round or often tetra- or hexagonal. 2. The islet cells with clear cytoplasmic matrix generally contain large numbers of fine, agranular and cored vesicles 400–680 Å in diameter. They appear, in bead-like chains, or randomly scattered throughout the cytoplasm, or often clustered in aggregates close to the secretory granules and show evidence of incorporation into the secretory granules. The two types of vesicles may be formed by constriction or pinching-off of the tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars distalis ; House ; STH cells ; Castration ; Hepatectomy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study aimed at differentiation between “castration gonadotrophs” and “posthepatectomy STH cells” was performed on the pars distalis of the pituitary of castrated male mice, after partial hepatectomy. The ultrastructural features observed permit the distinction of both cell types. In the present experiments some remarkable ultrastructural changes, other than those described in a previous report, have been found in STH cells of hepatectomized mice with or without previous castration. Most of them contained masses of heterogeneous electron density, suggesting fusion of granules. These masses and some secretion granules were observed close to the plasma membrane, apparently in the process of discharging material into the pericapillary space. Granular extrusion was more frequent than normally. An increased number of lysosomes, probably related to the digestion of overproduced secretion material, was evident. The appearance of concentric lamellar formations might be related to an increase in cell movements. STH cells with severe cytoplasmic damage were also found, indicating an increased rate of cell loss.
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  • 97
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    Keywords: Dense core vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Mollusc ; Nervous system ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of the cerebro-visceral connectives of Anodonta cygnea shows numerous long rows of dense core vesicles within the smaller axons of the connectives. These vesicles are often linked together by bridges of electron-dense material reinforced by one or more “arms”. The use of the tilting stage on the electron microscope, which allows the bridges to be examined from different angles, confirms the presence of these vesicular connections. Sub-cellular fractionation of the cerebro-visceral connectives was carried out to study the nature of these bridged dense core vesicles. In the negatively stained vesicle fraction two or more dense core vesicles are joined in a row by connections similar to the vesicular bridges of the intact connective. In the fixed vesicle fraction, many of the dense core vesicles are connected by bridges but long rows of bridged vesicles are not seen. The functional significance of the vesicular bridges is discussed. Preliminary findings of this work have been reported previously (McLaughlin and Howes, 1973).
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 117-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut epithelium ; Calliphora erythrocephala ; (Insect) ; Diptera ; Embryogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in midgut epithelial cells of Calliphora during the last nine hours of development are described on the basis of a division into four stages. The midgut differentiates into three parts, the anterior midgut part (AMP), the mid-midgut part (MMP), and the posterior midgut part (PMP). The ultrastructure and the developmental changes in it are practically the same in AMP and PMP cells, but the MMP cells show a different pattern. The lateral membrane junctions are more extensive in the MMP than in the AMP and PMP, but the brush-border of MMP cells is less developed. Variations in the number, size, and electron density of vesicles presumably derived from Golgi regions are larger in this part of the midgut than in other parts. Mitochondrial length increases in all three parts of the midgut, as do the nuclear and nucleolar diameters, attended by an increase in the amount of RER. Two other types of cell are found very sporadically in the midgut epithelium, i.e. presumptive larval granular and presumptive imaginal midgut cells. The yolk mass lying in the midgut lumen is considered to be a very active system that can perform many cellular processes. There are important differences in the ultrastructural development of embryonic and pupal midgut epithelial cells, especially in the formation of the brush-border, the elimination of mitochondria, and the storage and consumption of glycogen.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Castration ; Alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventral, lateral and dorsal lobes of the rat prostate were studied 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days after castration. The major changes were a general reduction of the Golgi area and the RER. The cells became pale and contained less organelles compared with the normals. One of the most conspicuous changes were enormous autophagic vacuoles which were present already after 2 days, seemed to reach a numerical peak 3 days after castration and were seldom encountered after 7 days. Increased number of dense bodies were found within the same period. Lipid droplets were observed in the basal cytoplasm of the epithelial cells, especially in the ventral lobe. The basal cells showed the same involution as in the ordinary epithelium. In addition, macrophages were relatively numerous, and between the epithelial cells also lymphocytes were found. The results are discussed in relation to biochemical data on the different lobes.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 179-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminal vesicles ; Coagulating Gland ; Rat ; Castration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The seminal vesicles and the coagulating gland of the rat were studied 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days after castration. The major changes within the seminal vesicles were primarily formation of whorls of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), followed by a general atrophy with a numerical reduction of the RER-profiles, and with general simplification of the cytoplasm due to loss of the organelles. It was a gradually reduction of secretion granules, diminution of the Golgi apparatus, formation of pigment bodies and autophagic vacuoles. Lipid droplets were observed in the basal cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. In the coagulating gland, similar changes occurred within the Golgi area and the lysosome complex. On the other hand, cisternae of the basal endoplasmic reticulum tended to persist in many cells. The similarity in response strongly suggests that the pathogenetic mechanisms are similar in both organs, i.e. atrophy due to deprivation of the androgenic stimulus. The deprivation of androgen gave rise to an inflammatory-like process with infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. The increased number of macrophages may indicate that they contribute in some way to the involution of the prostate by removing the material in the autophagic vacuoles.
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