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  • Electron microscopy  (63)
  • Springer  (63)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (8)
  • 1980-1984  (27)
  • 1970-1974  (28)
  • 1990  (8)
  • 1982  (27)
  • 1971  (28)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (8)
  • 1980-1984  (27)
  • 1970-1974  (28)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 564-569 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: lin. Polyethylene ; Single crystals ; Heat of Fusion ; DSC ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recently published results for solution crystallized PE single crystals have shown, that the experimental heat of fusionΔH * is higher, if the solvent is exchanged to silicon oil (oil suspension samples) as compared with dried mats. This has been interpreted by the collapse of the original hollow pyramids during drying, inducing lateral defects within the lamellae. The present investigation does not confirm this unexpected result.ΔH * of dried mats (T c 66 to 91 °C) and of the corresponding oil suspension samples agree within the rather small limits of experimental error. The crystallinities as derived fromΔH *, density or WAXS are in excellent agreement. SEM micrographs of cold fractured dried mats show their spongy macromorphology, but TEM micrographs of stained ultra-thin sections reveal the lamellar morphology of the walls, consisting of curved lamellae and stacked hollow pyramides. If a dried mat is sintered at room temperature, a dense transparent film is obtained with a rather regular stacked morphology of large flat lamellae.ΔH * of these films agrees with that of the original mat.
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  • 2
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chitin inhibition ; Nikkomycin ; Cuticle ; Electron microscopy ; Epilachna varivestis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleoside antibiotic nikkomycin has proved to be an effective inhibitor of chitin synthesis in the Mexican bean beetleEpilachna varivestis. Ultrastructural investigations show defects in the procuticular area after nikkomycin application which suggest the complete absence of chitin. A cuticle like this is inflexible and too brittle to satisfy its normal function as an exoskeleton. The individuals are not able to free themselves from the exuvia and finally die. Therefore nikkomycin seems to be a potential insecticide with high specifity.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ceramic ; Tetracycline ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un implant céramique non poreux est testé au niveau du fémur de rat en ce qui concerne son adhésivité à l'os. Un certain nombre de techniques morphologiques sont utilisées pour examiner le rapport entre l'implant et l'os néoformé. La microscopie électronique par transmission et la microscopie par fluorescence après marquage à la tétracycline ont donné les meilleurs résultats. Un rapport étroit entre l'os minéralisé et la céramique a été noté en microscopie électronique. Par marquage à la tétracycline, il semble que l'implant puisse stimuler la formation osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein unporöses keramisches Implantat in Rattenfemora wurde auf seine Fähigkeit geprüft, sich mit Knochen zu binden. Eine Anzahl morphologischer Techniken wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Oberflächen von Implantat und neuem Knochen zu untersuchen. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie nach Tetracyclinmarkierung waren die erfolgreichsten Techniken. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen mineralisiertem Knochen und dem Keramikimplantat konnte mit der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Das Aussehen der Tetracyclinmarkierung im keramischen Implantat deutet darauf hin, daß dieses wahrscheinlich die Fähighkeit hat, Knochenbildung zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Abstract A nonporous ceramic implant in rat femora was evaluated as to its ability to bond to bone. A number of morphologic techniques were utilized to examine the interfacial relationship of the implant to new bone. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy after tetracycline labelling were the most successful techniques. An intimate relationship between mineralized bone and the ceramic was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of tetracycline labelling at the ceramic interface indicates that the implant may have capacity to enhance bone formation.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Bone ; Matrix ; Apatite ; Nucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du collagène d'os compact de mouton est préparé par décalcification dans I'EDTA et à partir de tendons de queux de rats, par extraction dans l'acide acétique et reconstitution dans NaCl. Le dépôt d'apatite dans le collagène osseux de mouton dans une solution de calcification métastable est étudié chimiquement et par microscopie électronique. Le collagène osseux est un bon catalyseur de nucléation pour le dépôt minéral, alors que le collagène de tendons de rat ne l'est pas. Le dépôt minéral du collagène osseux se produit en deux phases cinétiques séparées, une phase rapide de nucléation et une croissance cristalline, donnant naissance à de petits ilots calcifiés et une seconde phase lente de croissance dans des régions ne comportant pas de zones catalytiques. La seconde phase de dépôt minéral paraît être le résultat d'une diffusion inhibée d'ions à travers les fibrilles collagènes alignées, laissant de larges régions de collagène sans minéral, bien que le tampon reste hautement sursaturé. La microscopie électronique permet de penser que les zones de catalyse pourraient avoir un rapport avec la périodicité de 640 Å de collagène, mais l'importance d'un matériel noncollagènique, lié au collagène, n'est pas à exclure. L'activité catalytique faible du collagène reconstitué n'est pas liée à la présence d'inhibiteurs faiblement liés, bien que des inhibiteurs puissent être intimement liés à ce type de collagène, qui pourrait être absent du collagène osseux. La différence d'activité catalytique pourrait intervenir dans la calcification physiologique. Une hypothèse plus générale pour la nucléation de la phase minérale dans les systémes biologiques est nécessaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen wurde aus kompaktem Schafsknochen mittels EDTA-Entkalkung und aus Rattenschwanzsehnen durch Essigsäureextraktion und Rekonstitution mit NaCl gewonnen. Die Apatitablagerung aus einer metastabilen Verkalkungslösung auf Schafsknochenkollagen wurde chemisch und im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Knochenkollagen ein guter Nukleationskatalysator für die Mineralablagerung ist, was beim Rattenschwanzkollagen nicht zutraf. Im Knochenkollagen erfolgte die Mineralablagerung in zwei getrennten kinetischen Phasen: einer raschen Phase der Nukleation und des Kristallwachstums, welche kleine verkalkte Inseln entstehen läßt, und einer zweiten langsamen Phase, welcher das Wachstum in Bezierken, die keine katalytischaktiven Stellen einschließen, zuzuschreiben ist. Diese zweite Phase der Mineralablagerung wird als Resultat einer verminderten Ionendiffusion durch die enganeinanderliegenden Kollagenfibrillen angesehen, wodurch weite Kollagenbereiche ohne Mineral bleiben, obwohl der Puffer stark übersättigt ist. Elektronenmikrographien ließen vermuten, daß die katalytischaktiven Stellen in einem gewissen Verhältnis zur 640 Å-Periodizität des Kollagens stehen; es konnte jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß nicht-kollagenhaltiges Material, welches an Kollagen gebunden ist, ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt. Die schlechte katalytische Aktivität des rekonstituierten Kollagens konnte nicht auf die Anwesenheit von schwachgebundenen Hemmstoffen zurückgeführt werden, obwohl Inhibitoren stark an dieses Kollagen gebunden sein könnten, die jedoch im Knochenkollagen nicht vorhanden sind. Die Unterschiede in der katalytischen Aktivität können mit der physiologischen Verkalkung in Beziehung stehen. Eine allgemeinere Hypothese für die Nukleation einer Mineralphase in biologischen Systemen wäre erforderlich.
    Notes: Abstract Collagen was prepared from compact sheep bone by decalcification with EDTA and from rat tail tendons by acetic acid extraction and reconstitution with NaCl. The deposition of apatite in sheep bone collagen in a metastable calcification solution was studied chemically and by electron microscopy. The bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst for mineral deposition, while rat tail collagen was a poor catalyst. Mineral deposition in bone collagen occured in two separate kinetic phases, a rapid phase of nucleation and crystal growth, giving rise to small calcified islands, and a second slow phase, ascribed to growth in regions not involving the catalytic sites. This second phase of mineral deposition is considered to be the result of impaired ion diffusion through the closely-aligned collagen fibrils, thus leaving large areas of the collagen free of mineral even though the buffer remains highly supersaturated. Electron micrographs suggested that the catalytic sites might be in some relationship to the 640 Å periodicity of collagen, but a role for non-collagenous material bound to the collagen has not been excluded. The poor catalytic activity of reconstituted collagen was not due to the presence of loosely-bound inhibitors, although inhibitors could be strongly bound to this type of collagen and be absent from bone collagen. The differences in catalytic activity may have a bearing on physiological calcification. A more general hypothesis for nucleation of a mineral phase in biological systems is required.
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  • 5
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 10-13 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Calcofluor White ; Cell wall structure ; Chlorella ; Electron microscopy ; Protoplast ; Ruthenium Red
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Among 12 strains ofChlorella ellipsoidea, C. vulgaris, andC. saccharophila tested, 4 strains (1,C. ellpsoidea; 2,C. vulgaris; 1,C. saccharophila) formed osmotically labile protoplasts after treatment with mixtures of polysaccharide degrading enzymes. The relationship between enzymatical digestibility and structure or composition ofChlorella cell walls were studied by electron microscopy and staining techniques with some specific dyes. The cell wall structures of the 12Chlorella strains were grouped into three types: (1) with a trilaminar outer layer, (2) with a thin outer monolayer, and (3) without an outer layer. Protoplasts were formed only from the strains with a cell wall of Type 2. In the strains with a cell wall of Type 1, the outer layer protected the inner major microfibrillar layer against enzymatic digestion. The cell wall of Type 3 was totally resistant to the enzymes; the chemical composition of the cell wall would be somewhat different from that of other types.
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  • 6
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Thylakoid centers ; Photosynthetic membranes/thylakoids ; Membranes ; Membrane biogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ultrastructural study of four cyanobacteria (Anabaena cylindrica, Dermocarpa violaceae, Gleocapsa alpicola, Pleurocapsa minor) indicates the presence of previously undescribed thylakoid centers from which photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) radiate. These peripherally located thylakoid centers are cylinders 30 nm wide by 320 nm long, consisting of globular subunits oriented in nonparallel stacked arrays. Thylakoids are attached to the outer surface of the cylinder along its longitudinal axis. Thylakoid centers appear to be functionally significant due to their structure, location and thylakoid association.
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  • 7
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    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cell wall ; Wall degradation ; Lysozyme ; Autolysines ; Electron microscopy ; Staphylococcus aureus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to former findings lysozyme was able to attack the cell walls ofStaphylococcus aureus under acid conditions. However, experiments with14C-labelled cell walls and ribonuclease indicated that, under these conditions, lysozyme acted less as an muralytic enzyme but more as an activator of pre-existing autolytic wall enzymes. Electron microscopic studies showed that under these acid conditions the cell walls were degraded by a new mechanism (i.e. “attack from the inside”). This attack on the cell wall started asymmetrically within the region of the cross wall and induced the formation of periodically arranged lytic sites between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall proper. Subsequently, a gap between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane resulted and large cell wall segments became detached and suspended in the medium. The sequence of lytic events corresponded to processes known to take place during wall regeneration and wall formation. In the final stage of lysozyme action at pH 5 no cell debris but “stabilized protoplasts” were to be seen without detectable alterations of the primary shape of the cells. At the same time long extended ribbon-like structures appeared outside the bacteria. The origin as well as the chemical nature of this material is discussed. Furthermore, immunological implications are considered.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora cardiaca ; Neurosecretion ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les corpora cardiaca de l'adulte de Locusta migratoria sont formés de deux régions bien individualisées ce qui nous a permis de reconnaître la sécrétion propre des différents types de neurosécrétion. Dans la région nerveuse, nous distinguons par la taille des grains trois types de neurosécrétion dense classique et un quatrième type d'aspect clair. Dans la région »propre« non nerveuse, les cellules ont des caractères nettement endocriniens et sont mélangées à un seul type d'axones neurosécréteurs.
    Notes: Summary The corpora cardiaca of adult Locusta migratoria consist of two well separated areas, a fact which permits the differentiation between intrinsic and extrinsic neurosecretory material. In the neural area three types of electron dense “classical” neurosecretory granules, and a fourth more lucent type can be distinguished according to size. In the non-neural “glandular” area typical endocrine cells mingle with only one type of neurosecretory axons.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 565-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Reptiles ; Sertoli cells ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules de Sertoli du testicule de Lacerta vivipara ont été étudiées en microscopie électronique chez des animaux récoltés entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années et chez des animaux hypophysectomisés en automne. Ces cellules contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries de petite taille à crêtes lamellaires, des ribosomes libres, un reticulum endoplasmique lisse moyennement développé, plusieurs petits dictyosomes formant l'appareil de Golgi, des liposomes et des microtubules. Elles renferment aussi de nombreux corps denses de grande taille qui paraissent être de nature lysosomiale. Le glycogène a été particulièrement étudié. Il est formé de particules β dispersées au hasard dans le hyaloplasme. Des variations saisonnières dans la teneur en glycogène ont été notées. Chez les hypophysectomisés, les cellules de Sertoli contiennent de grandes quantités de ce métabolite dont les particules sont concentrées dans des petites plages, souvent autour des liposomes. Les rôles possibles des cellules de Sertoli sont discutés: soutien et apport de nourriture aux cellules germinales, production d'hormones et phagocytose des corps résiduels. Les variations de la teneur en glycogène sont également discutées.
    Notes: Summary Sertoli cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electron microscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn during two years and in animals hypophysectomized in autumn. These cells contain numerous small mitochondria with lamellar cristae, free ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum moderately developed, several small dictyosomes forming the Golgi complex, lipid droplets and microtubules. There are numerous dense bodies of large size with an heterogeneous content which seem to be of lysosomial nature. Glycogen consists of β particles dispersed at random in the hyaloplasm. Seasonal variations in the content of glycogen are noted. In hypophysectomized animals Sertoli cells contain large amounts of that metabolite whose particles are concentrated in small areas often around the lipid droplets. Possible role of the Sertoli cells concerning mechanical support and nutrition of the germinal cells, production of hormones and phagocytosis of residual bodies are discussed. The variations in the glycogen content are also discussed.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 97-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stratum corneum ; Man ; Non-fixed ; Non-dehydrated ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is an electron microscopic study of non-fixed and non-dehydrated normal human stratum corneum from the lumbar region. Non-stained sections have a low contrast. In sections examined 3 days after skin biopsy the cytoplasm of the cells shows a uniform contrast or exhibits dark and light areas. A single layer delimits the cytoplasm from the intercellular space. The latter is partly filled out with substance. In sections stained 2 to 4 days after skin biopsy the fibrils are distinct. On the basis of the variations in their opacity and ultrastructure three types of horny cells are clearly distinguishable. In cells of type 1 intensely stained keratohyalin and less opaque fibrillar substance occur. A distinct keratin pattern is not found. In cells of type 2 the fibrils show areas with distinct kerytohyalin and keratin pattern and transitional phases between these two stages of fibrillar differentiation. The keratin pattern representing the final stage of the fibrillar differentiation process is visualized through a successive “discoloration” of the filaments, whereas the interfilamentous substance retains the opacity of the keratohyalin. In cells of type 3 the entire fibrillar substance exhibits a keratin pattern. This consists of less opaque filaments with a diameter of 74 Å. The septa representing the interfilamentous substance are estimated as 30 Å at their thinnest points. These observations of the fibrils are completely comparable to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. In sections stained particularly more than 18 days after skin biopsy the fibrils exhibit pronounced changes in their staining properties with concomitant decrease in distinctness or a complete extinction of the keratin pattern. The observations of the modified plasma membrane and the intercellular space in stained sections correspond to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. The modified plasma membrane and the structures in the intercellular space appear with equal distinctness, whether the sections are stained 2 to 4, 6 to 12 or 14 to 21 days after skin biopsy.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic promyelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Primary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic promyelocytes from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental phase is characterized by the elaboration of primary (azurophillysosomal) granules and the entire intracellular machinery is directed principally toward this goal. The promyelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary stages based upon morphological, histochemical and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of primary granulogenesis.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 120-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red muscle ; Fibre types ; Small mammals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fasern des roten und langsamen M. soleus von Ratte, Kaninchen und Katze und des roten, jedoch schnellen, M. vocalis des Kaninchens wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit den verschiedenen Fasertypen aus dem M. tibialis anterior der Ratte und dem M. gastrocnemius des Kaninchens und der Katze verglichen. M. soleus und M. vocalis (einschließlich M. thyreoarytenoideus) enthalten nur einen mitochondrienreichen Fasertyp. Im schnellen M. vocalis ist der Z-Streifen schmal (50–60 nm), das sarcoplasmatische Reticulum ist gut entwickelt. Die Anordnung von Reticulum und Mitochondrion ist ähnlich wie in Herzmuskelzellen. Wie auch in anderen langsamen Muskeln verschiedener Tiere ist im M. soleus der Z-Streifen breit (100–120 nm), Triaden und Reticulum sind selten, und die Filamente bilden unregelmäßige Areale anstelle von Fibrillen. Hierin gleichen die Fasern des M. soleus den (mitochondrienreichen) C-Fasern eines entsprechenden gemischten Muskels; dagegen zeigen die Zwischentyp-(B-)Fasern schmale Z-Linien (50–70 nm), isodiametrische Fibrillen und mehr Triaden als die C-Fasern. Entgegen der bisherigen Vermutung, die auf der histochemischen Zuordnung der SoleusFasern zum Typ B und der Vocalis-Fasern zum Typ C beruht, ist daher anzunehmen, daß die langsamen motorischen Einheiten eines gemischten Muskels aus C- und nicht aus B-Fasern bestehen. In einigen Muskeln sind die Sarcomere der C-Fasern länger als die der B-(und A-) Fasern. Im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte verschwindet der Unterschied von 8,5% bei 2,6 μm Sarcomerlänge bei der Dehnung auf 2,8 μm mittlere Sarcomerlänge; vermutlich weil die Ruhedehnungskurve zunehmend steiler wird. Die isometrische Extraspannung im Tetanus ist bei 120% der Ruhelänge, d.h. bei 2,7 μm Sarcomerlänge. am größten. Daher muß bei 2,6 μm mittlerer Sarcomerlänge die Kraft der C-Fasern die der B-Fasern übertreffen. Rote Muskeln sind besser vaskularisiert als weiße Muskeln. Für die Mm. soleus und gastrocnemius der Katze verhalten sich die Kapillardichten (Kapillaren/mm2 Muskelfaserquerschnitt) wie 2,7∶:1. Dieser Wert entspricht dem Verhältnis zwischen den Größen für die Durchblutung (ml/min × 100 g) in Ruhe und bei maximaler Gefäßerweiterung.
    Notes: Summary Muscle fibres of the red and slow contracting soleus of rat, rabbit and cat and of the red however fast contracting thyreoarytenoid of rabbit are compared with different fibre types in the anterior tibial muscle of rat and in the gastrocnemius of rabbit and cat. With respect to fibre types soleus and thyreoarytenoid (including m. vocalis) are homogeneous and both being rich in mitochondria. The fast thyreoarytenoid shows a narrow Z-line (50–60 nm) and a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The pattern of reticulum and mitochondria resembles more that of heart muscle cells than of skeletal muscle fibres. Like many slow contracting muscles of different animals the soleus fibres display a wide Z-line (100–120 nm), few triads, little reticulum and irregularly shaped areas of myofilaments instead of fibrils. In that soleus fibres equal fibres of type C (rich in mitochondria) in a corresponding heterogeneous muscle, whereas intermediate (type B) fibres reveal narrow Z-lines (50–70 nm), isodiametrically shaped myofibrils and more triads than C-fibres. Therefore it is far more likely that the slow motor units of a mixed muscle consist of C-fibres than of B-fibres. This is at variance with the histochemical designation of soleus fibres as type B and thyreoarytenoid fibres as type C. In some muscles in C-fibres the sarcomeres are longer than in B-(and A-)fibres. In the anterior tibial muscle of rat this difference is 8.5% at a mean sarcomere length of 2.6 μm, and disappears at a mean length of 2.8 μm, probably due to the steeper slope of the length tension diagram at rest. Since the isometric extratension in a tetanus is highest at 120% resting length (corresponding to about 2.7 μm sarcomere length), the force of C-fibres exceeds that of B-fibres at 2.6 μm but not at 2.8 μm sarcomere length. Red and white muscle differ with respect to vascularisation. The relation between the densities of capillaries in soleus and gastrocnemius of cat is 2.7∶:1 and equals the relation between the blood flows through these muscles during rest and maximum vasodilatation.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 153-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic myelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Secondary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic myelocyte from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental stage is characterized principally by the elaboration of secondary (specific) granules. In addition, there is a modest decrease in cell size, a decrease in the number and mean size of primary (azurophil) granules, a decrease in the number of polysomes, free ribosomes and mitochondria, a depletion of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in cytoplasmic glycogen, an increase in chromatin aggregations and a loss of nucleoli, and the formation of a markedly indented nucleus. The myelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary phases based upon morphological and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of secondary granulogenesis.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amnion ; Human amniotic plaques ; Fetal membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of amniotic and amniotic-plaque epithelia has been studied from normal term pregnancies. The columnar/cuboidal amniotic epithelial cells usually have apical or central nuclei, some free ribosomes, patches of granular endoplasmic reticulum, juxtanuclear Golgi complexes, rod-shaped mitochondria, lipid droplets and some glycogen granules. They have short, blunt microvilli which frequently branch and bathe in the amniotic fluid. The lateral plasma membranes enclose tortuous intercellular spaces which are always interrupted by variously folded processes and desmosomes. The epithelial cells rest on a basal lamina and exhibit highly folded basal processes. The amniotic epithelial cells are neither distinctly Golgi and fibrillar types nor “light” and “dark” in appearance. Amnion from near the umbilical cord contains many microscopic and several large plaques. Similar structures are not found on the reflected amnion. The microscopic plaques are whitish and translucent, whereas the large ones are opaque. The large plaques vary between 1–3 mm in diameter, and are over 15 cell layers thick. Each large plaque has a main central region and edges continuous with either the microscopic plaque or the simple amniotic epithelium. The main region shows four zones, namely, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Such zones are not distinct at the edges. The fine structure of basal cells compares with the amniotic epithelial cells, but the cells of spinosum and granulosum layers possess variable amounts of tonofibrils, keratohyalin granules, free ribosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. The corneum cells are keratinized and are frequently separated by intercellular spaces. They slough into the amniotic cavity singly or as a sheet, and contribute towards the composition of the amniotic fluid. The plaques are of amniotic origin, and are not formed by adhesion of either squamous cells or fetal skin cells (masses of keratinized squames). The present observations suggest that the occurrence of amniotic plaques is normal. The presence of plaques may not be necessarily associated with fetal abnormality. However, increase in numbers of plaques may be caused by conditions of fluid imbalance. The homology and significance of plaques in eutherian mammals have been discussed.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial body ; Calcitonin ; Turtle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultimobranchial body of fresh-water turtles,Pseudemys scripta andChrysemys picta, ultrastructurally and histochemically resembles the gland of other vertebrate groups and the homologous thyroid parafollicular cells of mammals. Characteristic features of all of these tissues are secretory granules measuring approximately 150–250 mμ, a distended endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi regions and large numbers of free ribosomes. Unusual features of the turtle ultimobranchial body are an abundance of large cytoplasmic bodies measuring 800–1000 mμ and a dense, homogenous material within the lumina of the ultimobranchial follicles. The large cytoplasmic bodies usually occur near the luminal portion of the cells and are of similar electron density to the luminal contents, suggesting a possible functional relationship of these two glandular components.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pterin layer ; Pigmentation ; Dermis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pterin layer was investigated in both wild type Rana pipiens and Rana pipiens homozygous for the speckle mutant gene. No difference in morphology of the layer was noted between the wild type and mutant. The layer lines the outer surface of the stratum compactum of the dermis and separates this stratum from the stratum spongiosum. The pterin layer consists of extra-cellular material and contains membrane-bounded granules filled with fine spicules. Many of the spicules are somewhat similar in appearance to the initial calcification loci present in developing membrane bone. The layer first appears in the tadpole at approximately stage 14 (Taylor and Kollros, 1946); subsequent developmental stages are described.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Freeze Fracture ; Microvasculature (chick) ; Ground substance ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissues of the young chick and chick embryo were prepared in a relatively unaltered condition by the freeze-fracture technique. The ultrastructure of the microvasculature and surrounding interstitial region is compared with that seen in conventional thin-sectioned material. In the undifferentiated vessels of the 3-day chick embryo, no distinct basement lamina can be distinguished in either type of preparation. In the 3-week chick, a continuous basement lamina is present beneath the endothelium only in chemically fixed and sectioned tissue; it cannot be distinguished from the remaining interstitial substance in freeze-fracture preparations. Blood-tissue exchange may depend on permeability characteristics of the entire interstitial region rather than on the basement lamina alone.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Rabbit ; Pinocytosis ; Enzymes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of the occurrence, at the light microscopic level, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, the pigment epithelium covering the posterior surface of the iris in the albino rabbit can be divided into two zones not previously described, viz. a central zone close to the pupil, approximately corresponding to the area occupied by the iridic sphincter muscle, and a peripheral zone extending to the ciliary body. The central zone which is in intimate relation with the lens was found to have a high content of both phosphatases. At the fine structural level it exhibits a marked pinocytotic activity in the epithelium at the interdigitations between adjacent cells. Electron microscopy revealed that acid phosphatase is localized to the walls of the pinocytotic vesicles. Alkaline phosphatase is in evidence at the surface membrane folds and at microvillous processes between the epithelial cells and the adjoining muscle cells. Unlike the distribution of the acid phosphatase, that of the alkaline phosphatase does not differ fundamentally in the two zones at the fine structural level. In a series of dehydrogenases studied, staining with a view to succinic-, isocitric- and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases revealed an evenly distributed content of enzyme throughout the epithelium. As to the lactic- and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases, contents seem to be lower in the pupillary than in the peripheral zone.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 396-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human pineal organ ; Development ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with pineal organs of human embryos 60 to 150 days old. At every stage central nerve fibres enter the pineal organ by way of the habenular commissure, but are restricted to the pineal's proximal part. On about the 60th day of the development the sympathetic nervus conarii grows into the distal pole of the pineal organ from a dorso-caudal direction and plays the predominant part in the innervation of the pineal organ. After penetrating, it soon branches out and forms a network in the pineal tissue. Much later, not until the 5th embryonic month, sympathetic nerves appear accompanying the supplying vessels in the perivascular spaces. After a short time these nerves pierce the outer limiting basement membrane and penetrate the parenchyma. Towards the end of the 5th embryonic month the axons of the sympathetic nerves form varicosities containing clear and dense core vesicles. At this point large amounts of laminated granules appear primarily in cell processes, probably of pinealocytes. Isolated granules also occur in the varicosities of axons. The granules encountered here are most likely secretory granules.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 136-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nebennierenrinde von 178 Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde elektronenmikroskopisch von der 1.–12. Lebenswoche unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach s.c. Injektion von 3 IE ACTH/100 g Körpergewicht innerhalb von 2 min — 24 Std untersucht. Ab der 5. Lebenswoche unterscheiden sich die Nebennieren von Weibchen im Bereich der äußeren Zona fasciculata durch Kernvergrößerung, größere Mitochondrien und kleindisperse Liposomen von denen der Männchen. Zyklusbedingte Schwankungen in der Ultrastruktur der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde bestehen nicht. Nach ACTH-Applikation nähert sich das Nebennierenbild des Männchen innerhalb von 30 min dem des unbehandelten Weibchens. Außerdem kommt es bei beiden Geschlechtern durch ACTH zu einer Dispersion und Reduktion der Liposomen, Vergrößerung des Golgiapparates und der Zellkerne, Ausweitung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und Vermehrung der Mikrovilli. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus wird funktionell erklärt.
    Notes: Summary 178 Sprague-Dawley-rats were studied by electron microscopy from the 1st to the 12th week of life under normal conditions and after s. c. injection of 3 I. U. ACTH/100 gbodyweight from 2 min to 24 hours. Beginning with the 5th week of life females differ from males by small dispersed liposomes and enlarged nuclei and mitochondria in the outer z. fasciculata. There is no change in the ultrastructure of the female adrenal cortex depending on the sexual cycle. After application of ACTH the adrenal cortex of males assimilates to the untreated females within 30 min. After ACTH-application both sexes show dispersion and reduction of liposomes, dilation of endoplasmatic reticulum, increasement of microvilli and enlargement of the Golgi apparatus. The sex-dimorphism is interpreted by functional differences.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human testis ; Gonocyte ; Spermatogonium ; Germ cell degeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic examination of the human fetal testis between 10 and 20 weeks gestation reveals the presence of two distinct cell types within the tubules: Sertoli cells and germ cells. The latter are distinguished by their spherical shape, smooth nuclear membranes, globular mitochondria and paucity of cytoplasmic organelles. The gonocytes, or primitive germ cells, occur as single cells in the central portions of the tubules. Their chromatin is finely granular and evenly dispersed. Nucleoli are centrally placed and of uniform electron density. Various stages in the migration of gonocytes to the tubular periphery are indicated by the extension of cytoplasmic processes toward the basal lamina. Bands of microtubules are present within the processes. Spermatogonia are arranged in pairs and groups at the tubular periphery. They lack the nucleolar and mitochondrial characteristics of adult spermatogonia. Except for slight changes in chromatin density and nucleolar structure, the fetal spermatogonia retain the ultrastructural characteristics of gonocytes. Intercellular bridges connect adjacent spermatogonia. Degeneration affecting large numbers of germ cells, but primarily gonocytes, begins with nuclear infolding and chromatin condensation and eventually involves both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures. The degenerated cells are removed by phagocytosis by adjacent Sertoli cells. Large phagosomes are present in the cytoplasm of many of the Sertoli cells.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Receptor cells ; Amines ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptor cells in the epithelium and the basiepithelial nerve net of the prostomium of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with electron microscope with special regard to the presence of monoamines. The receptor cells are found in groups of about 40 intermingled with supportive cells. After pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixation with potassium permanganate a few receptor cells in each group and some nerve fibres in the basiepithelial nerve net contain small granular vesicles (about400 Å) characteristic for monoaminergic neurons. The distribution and relative number of these receptor cells and nerve fibres coincide well with previous reports on fluorescent receptor cells and varicose fibres. That the monoamine-storing small granular vesicles not are visualized until pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline is in accordance with recent microspectrofluorometric analysis, which shows that dopamine is the only primary monoamine present in the epithelium. In the epithelium there are occasional receptor cells and nerve fibres containing large vesicles (1000–1800 Å) which resemble the neurosecretory vesicles in the central nervous system. Photoreceptor cells having an intracellular cavity with microvilli and cilia have infrequently been observed at the base of the epithelium. No synapses on the mucous cells have been noticed. Nor have any synaptic specializations been observed in the basiepithelial nerve net. The morphological conditions necessary for the existence of possible axo-axonal synapses are briefly discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 483-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hermaphroditic Gonad ; Gastropoda ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Spitzenbereichen der Zwittergonadenacini fertiler Tiere der Pulmonatenspezies Planorbarius corneus sind drei Zelltypen stets gleichzeitig anzutreffen: Oocyten, Spermatiden und Begleitzellen. Die Abgrenzung der Acinusspitze gegen das interacinäre Gewebe hin bildet die Basalmembran des wandständigen Begleitzellepithels. Die Oocyten werden follikelartig von den ineinander verzahnten und durch Desmosomen verknüpften Begleitzellen umgeben. Nur in der Acinuskuppe liegen sie der hier stark verdickten Basalmembran unmittelbar auf. Die Spermatiden sitzen nur mit ihrem anterioren Zellpol den Begleitzellen apikal auf und sind durch Desmosomen mit ihnen verknüpft. Veränderungen der Ultrastruktur der Spermatiden während der Spermiohistogenese werden an drei gegeneinander abgrenzbaren Spermiohistogenesestadien aufgezeigt. Dabei finden die Kernstruktur, das Auftreten von Tubulikörpern und das Abstreifen des Restplasmas vom Mittelstück besondere Beachtung. Den recht uneinheitlich strukturierten Begleitzellen kommen für Oocyten und Spermatiden Ernährungs- und Transportfunktionen zu. Sie phagocytieren überfällige Geschlechtszellen. Es können jedoch trotz ihrer heteromorphen Struktur keine prinzipiell verschiedenen Begleitzelltypen mit jeweils nur einer spezifischen Funktion unterschieden werden. Das in früheren lichtmikroskopischen Arbeiten als Begleitzellprodukt beschriebene „Kinoplasma“ erweist sich als kernwärts wanderndes Restplasma der Spermatiden.
    Notes: Summary Three species of cells always coexist in the tips of hermaphroditic gonad-acini of fertile Planorbarius corneus: oocytes, spermatids and auxiliary cells. The basement membrane of the auxiliary cell epithelium separates the acinus tips from the interacinary tissue. Like follicles the oocytes are enclosed by interlocked and desmosomically attached auxiliary cells. Only in the utmost tips of the acinus the oocytes are in direct contact with the here dilated basement membrane. The spermatids are attached to the auxiliary cells only with their anterior cell-pole and connected with these by desmosomes. Alterations of the spermatid-ultrastructure during the spermiohistogenesis can be studied in three separate stages of the spermiohistogenesis. Particular attention is given to the nuclear structure, the tubular bodies and the shedding of residual plasma from the middle-piece. The rather irregularly structured cells serve oocytes and spermatids as mediators for nutrition and transport. Occasionally occurs phagocytosis of germ-cells. Basically, even though their structures vary, auxiliary cells are not restricted to one specific function. The “Kinoplasma”-described in previous light microscopic studies as a product of the auxiliary cells, proves to be spermatidic residual plasma moving towards the nucleus.
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Umbilical vessels ; Guinea-pig ; Innervation ; Intermuscular contacts ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Umbilical vessels of guinea-pig fetuses were studied shortly before birth. In all umbilical cords investigated an innervation of the umbilical vessels is lacking. The intrafetal parts of the umbilical vessels on the other hand are richly innervated. A marked difference in the amount of nerve fibres and the pattern of innervation is found between artery and vein. The artery is supplied by a dense nerve plexus which spins around the media and which originates from nerve bundles within the outer adventitial layers. The comparatively scanty innervation of the vein exhibits a more coarsely meshed net pattern. The nerve bundles in the vein exhibit a close affinity to the vasa vasorum. Number and type of the close contacts between the muscle cells are different in the various sections of the umbilical vessels. Similar to the distribution of nerves they are almost absent in the vessels of the umbilical cord, numerously, however, in the intrafetal parts. Contrary to the innervation, the close contacts in the vein are developed more numerously and more broadly than in the corresponding artery.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional histological and electronmicroscopic techniques. This study forms part of a comprehensive survey of the blood-brain interface, particularly interesting in this group, as decapod Crustacea are unusual among invertebrates in possessing an intracerebral blood supply. Apart from the intracerebral blood vessels, tissue organization is closely similar to that observed in insect central neural ganglia. The ganglion is surrounded by the neural lamella, an acellular connective tissue sheath, probably containing mucopolysaccharide and collagen. A layer of specialised glia, the perineurium, immediately underlies the neural lamella, and appears to contribute to its formation. Large glia occupying a conspicuous cortical zone below the perineurium may be involved in glycogen metabolism and storage. Further morphologically distinct glial types are observed associated with neurones and blood vessels, but all neuroglia within the ganglion are probably of common origin. Neurone cell bodies are generally situated peripherally in groups, and send axons into neuropil (synaptic) areas in the ganglion core. Large lacunae in the cortical region and narrower 20 nm clefts deeper in the ganglion, constitute the interstitial space, and contain deposits of fibrillar material. Possible physiological implications are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 401-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Intracerebral capillaries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional electron miscroscope techniques, with particular emphasis on the relation of intracerebral blood vessels to other elements in the brain. The ganglion is permeated by a continuous network of channels which may be interpreted as invaginations of the ganglion surface. The afferent vessel (cerebral artery) is of mesodermal origin, but apparently terminates as an open-ended vessel soon after entering the brain, where it runs within the invaginated channels. The greater part of the cerebral vasculature, therefore, has no mesodermal endothelial lining. Tissue components in the diffusion path between blood and brain which could conceivably restrict diffusion, are the thick glial basement membrane, junctions between perivascular and between interstitial glia, and polymeric material in the extracellular space. However, apart from a barrier to large colloidal particles at the basement membrane, the present EM observations do not decisively pinpoint sites of diffusional restriction, nor can they be interpreted as evidence that such restriction exists.
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 463-487 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiogenesis ; Cell Junctions ; Permeability ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies of cardiogenesis in the chick embryo focus attention upon the intercellular junctions of epicardial, myocardial, and endocardial cells, and the role they play in diffusion across the cardiac wall. Cell membranes of apposed epicardial cells approach as close together as 40 Å; those of the endocardium additionally form focal tight junctions. In the myocardium focal tight junctions are restricted to the apposed membranes of the superficial layer of cells. The majority of close appositions in all parts of the myocardium are 40 Å gap junctions. Desmosomes and fascia adherens are distributed throughout the myocardium. Diffusion of horseradish peroxidase through the epicardium and endocardium occurs primarily through the intercellular junctions. The width of the cleft between cells, 200–300 Å, also permits the diffusion between cells of the larger ferritin particles. Pinocytotic activity, responsible for ferritin transfer across mesothelial and endothelial cells in the adult, is not significant. Tracers injected into the pericardial cavity or vasculature can be observed passing through the heart in the direction of their respective diffusion gradients. Unlike the apical junctions of epithelial cells, to which they have been compared, membrane specializations of the superficial myocytes do not form a seal separating the pericardial cavity, or subepicardial space, from the extracellular spaces of the myocardium.
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 553-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albino rat ; Striatal neurons ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Dark cisternal fields ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung des Striatums einer Ratte wurden im Perikaryon einiger Neurone eigentümliche parallele Anordnungen von membranbegrenzten Zisternen gefunden, welche durch eine auffallend dichte cytoplasmatische Matrix voneinander getrennt waren. Ein mit dieser Beobachtung völlig übereinstimmender Befund ist unlängst von anderer Seite an Nervenzellen des Nucleus entopeduncularis und der orbitofrontalen Großhirnrinde der Katze erhoben worden. Bei den „dunklen Zisternenfeldern“ dürfte es sich um Bereiche des endoplasmatischen Retikulums handeln, die sich in einem besonderen Funktionszustand befinden. Sie kommen wahrscheinlich schon normalerweise bei verschiedenen Tierarten in bestimmten Regionen des ZNS vor.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of a rat's striatum has revealed peculiar parallel arrays of membrane-bound cisternae with a strikingly dense intercisternal cytoplasmic matrix in the perikarya of a few neurons. The finding corresponds exactly to the unique lamellar configurations recently described in nerve cells of the entopeduncular nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex of the cat. These “dark cisternal fields” are regarded as distinct districts of the endoplasmic reticulum in a special functional state. They seem to occur normally in certain regions of the CNS in different animal species.
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Reticulum-Cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Entodermale Thymus-Retikulumzellen neugeborener Wistar-Ratten enthalten häufig helle Vesikel mit enger räumlicher Beziehung zum Golgi-Apparat. Bei 13 Monate alten Ratten fehlen diese Vesikel. 2. Die Tatsache, daß die Häufigkeit heller Vesikel mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter abnimmt, findet ihre Parallele in der von anderer Seite getroffenen Feststellung, daß die Bildung eines humoralen Faktors im Thymus im Laufe der Zeit eingeschränkt wird. 3. Diese Koinzidenz läßt an die Möglichkeit denken, die hellen Vesikel könnten ein morphologisches Äquivalent der Bildung eines Thymuswirkstoffes sein. 4. In entodermalen Thymus-Retikulumzellen 13 Monate alter Ratten finden sich große Vakuolen mit granulärem Inhalt. Ihre Bildung beginnt schon vor der Thymusinvolution. Sie entstehen wahrscheinlich durch Phagozytose oder Aufnahme zelleigenen Materials, das nicht weiter abbaufähig ist. 5. Da diese Einschlüsse mit fortgesetzem Alter an Zahl und Größe zunehmen, scheinen sie als Ausdruck einer Beeinträchtigung der Stoffwechselvorgänge im Zytoplasma ein erstes morphologisch faßbares Symptom der frühzeitigen physiologischen Involution des Thymus zu sein.
    Notes: Summary 1. Entodermal reticulum cells of new born Wistar rats frequently contain clear vesicles with close connection to the Golgifield. These vesicles do not occur in reticulum cells of 13 months old rats. 2. The frequency of these clear vesicles decreases with advancing age obviously in the same way as the production of a humoral thymic factor reported by several investigators. 3. This observation agrees with the hypothesis that the clear vesicles are the morphological equivalent of the production of a humoral thymus factor. 4. Entodermal reticulum cells of 13 months old Wistar rats contain large vacuoles filled with electron dense, granulated materials. The formation of these vacuoles starts already before the beginning of the thymus involution. Possibly they are produced by phagocytosis or necrobiosis and contain deposits of material that cannot undergo further degradation. 5. The increase of these vacuoles in number and size with advancing age may be considered as equivalent of the deterioration of metabolism responsible for early involution of the thymus.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 394-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Portal Vein ; Innervation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die V. portae der weißen Ratte wurde licht-, fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopisch auf ihre Innervation untersucht. 1. Paraldehydbedampfte Venenpräparate und Häutchenpräparate der gesamten Wandung (Falcksche Fluoreszenzmethode) lassen einen überwiegend längsorientierten äuβeren Nervenplexus erkennen, der den äußersten Muskelzellen aufliegt. Er ist leberseitig weitmaschig, darmseitig sehr engmaschig. Ein subendothelial gelegener innerer Plexus ist vorwiegend zirkulär orientiert. Er entspringt dem äußeren Plexus der darmseitigen Gefäßpartien. 2. Der Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Gomori-Methode) bringt lichtmikroskopisch einige Nervenbündel in der bindegewebigen Adventitia zur Darstellung. Im übrigen findet sich die Aktivität des Enzyms nur in den interzellulären Spalten der Muskelschicht. Der elektronenmikroskopische Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Karnovsky-Methode) läßt aber erkennen, daß sich die Enzymaktivität auf die Muskelzellmembranen beschränkt. 3. Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung bestätigt den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Befund. a) Lebernah finden sich nur vereinzelte Axonbündel, die der äußeren Muskellage aufgelagert sind. Die Einzelaxone sind vollständig von den Schwannschen Zellen umgeben. Nur wenige, den Muskelzellen benachbarte Axone enthalten agranuläre Vesikel. Sehr selten sind Ausfaltungen der vesikelhaltigen Axone zu sehen, deren Abstand zur Muskelzelle aber immer noch 1000–2000 Å beträgt. b) Auf über eintausend Dünnschnitten wurde kein Axon innerhalb der dicken Muskelschicht gefunden. c) Subendothelial verlaufende Axone (innerer Plexus) sind teilweise oder völlig aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet. Sie sind dicht besetzt mit leeren Vesikeln (300–650 Å) und enthalten wenige kernhaltige Vesikel in der Größenordnung 800–1600 Å. Synaptische Endigungen werden nicht beobachtet. d) Eine dichte Häufung vesikelhaltiger Axone, die teils völlig, teils nur an der muskelzellnahen Seite aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet sind, finden sich am Übergang der V. mesenterica superior zum Pfortaderstamm, deren einschichtiger Muskellage angelagert. Von diesen Bündeln stammende kleinere Bündel und Einzelaxone ziehen zwischen den Muskelzellen hindurch und erreichen das Endothel. Typische Synapsen werden nicht beobachtet. Kein vesikelhaltiges Axon nähert sich mehr als 1000 Å den Muskelzellen. 4. Die ausgefalteten vesikelbesetzten Axone werden als vegetative Überträgerstrecken angesehen. Die Erregung der Effektorstrukturen durch Transmittersubstanzen wird im Zusammenhang mit der postmortalen autonomen Gefäßkontraktilität diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the portal vein of the white rat was examined with light-, fluorescence-, and electronmicroscopic techniques. The results are as follows: 1. Paraldehyde treated vein preparations (Falck's fluorescence method) demonstrate a predominantly longitudinally orientated external nerve plexus, being situated on the outermost muscle cells. Near the liver the nerve net is characterized by broad meshes, near the intestinal tract by narrow ones. The circular subendothelial inner plexus originates in the outer plexus of the intestinal vascular bed. 2. Nerve bundles in the fibrous adventitia were demonstrated with Gomori's Acethylcholinesterase method. In other respects, the enzyme activity was only observed in the intercellular spaces of the muscle layer. The electronmicroscopic demonstration of Acetylcholinesterase (Karnovsky's method) further showed that the enzyme activity is restricted to the muscle cell membrane. 3. The electronmicroscopic examination verified the results obtained with fluorescence microscopic techniques. a) In the proximity of the liver, only isolated nerve bundles occur on the outer muscle layer. The individual nerves are entirely surrounded by Schwann cells. Only a few of the axons in the vicinity to the muscle cell have agranular vesicles. Evaginations of the vesicular axons occur infrequently. Their distance from the muscle cell amounts to 1000–2000 Å. b) In more than one thousand thin sections, no axons were found inside the thick muscular layer. c) Subendothelial axons (inner plexus) are either partially or totally evaginated from the Schwann cells. They are densely filled with empty vesicles (350–650 Å) and contain a few dense core vesicles of 800–1600 Å in diameter. Synaptic endings were not observed. d) A dense collection of vesicle-containing axons, that were partially in their entirety and partially only from the muscle cell proximal side evaginated from the Schwann cells, were observed in the single muscle layer at the junction of the superior mesenteric and the portal vein. From these bundles, smaller bundles and individual axons pass between the muscle cells and reach the endothelium. Typical synapses were not observed. No vesiclecontaining axon was nearer than 1000 Å to the muscle cell. 4. Those axons possessing vesicles and being evaginated are considered to be vegetative conducting pathways. The excitation of the effector structures by transmitter substances is discussed in connection with the post mortem autonomic vascular contractility.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 463-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow ; Leukocytes ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of peroxidase activity has been studied in the cells of normal human bone marrow using the diaminobenzidine peroxidase technique. Peroxidase activity has been localized within the primary (azurophil) granules of the neutrophilic series as well as in the cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes. Peroxidase activity appears within the cisternal system (nuclear envelope, Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum) of these cells during the period of peroxidase-containing lysosome production. With the cessation of granulogenesis, peroxidase activity disappears from the cisternal system and does not reappear in subsequent developmental stages. In cells incubated in peroxide-free media, staining of granular components, but not of cisternae, is reduced. The inclusion of catalase in peroxide-free media eliminates all staining. This indicates that an endogenous peroxide is present within the cisternae and granules of these cell types.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 516-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Chicken ; Prenatal development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the developing chicken liver has been reexamined on specimens fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde. This fixation technique gives a preservation of ultrastructural detail superior to that of earlier investigations. Among others the following observations may be pointed out: 1. Bile canaliculi with well-developed microvilli and adjacent tight junctions are present already at the 4-day-old stage and then remain essentially unchanged during development. 2. A subendothelial space of Disse is not present until about 16 days of incubation. 3. The Golgi apparatus does not assume its adult appearance until about 8 days of incubation. 4. Glycogen is first observed in the 6-day-old specimens and then continuously increases throughout development. Glycogen particles often accumulate in membranelimited bodies reminding of the glycogen-filled lysosomes found in a certain type of glycogenosis (Pompe's disease). 5. The mitochondria increase in size and number during development with a conspicuous change from rounded towards more rodshaped and elongated forms.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 576-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eye ; Frontal organs ; Crustacea ; Anostraca ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Mittelauge (MA) und das ventrale Frontalorgan (FO) von Artemia salina L. (erwachsene Tiere) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. 1. Das MA ist ein inverses Becherauge. Ein Pigmentbecher aus zwei Pigmentzellen umschließt drei Sehzellgruppen. Die Sehzellen bilden verzweigte Rhabdome vom geschlossenen Typ. Ihr Zytoplasma enthält zahlreiche Vesikel, tubuläre Mitochondrien, kleine Golgiapparate, Mikrotubuli, variable multivesicular und lamellated bodies und Lipideinschlüsse, die von endoplasmatischem Retikulum spiralig umgeben werden. 2. Die Pigmentzellen enthalten dicht gepackte Pigmentkörner, einen gelappten Kern, Mitochondrien vom Cristatyp, wenig endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Mikrotubuli, lamellated und vesicular bodies. Gegenüber den rhahdombildenden Anteilen der Sehzellen ist ihre Zelloberfläche glatt, im übrigen bilden sie lange fingerförmige Ausstülpungen. 3. Artemia salina besitzt zwei Arten von Frontalorganen. Die „dorsalen PO“ sind möglicherweise neurosekretorische X-Organe. Das ventrale FO wird als Sehorgan gedeutet. Es besteht aus zwei Gruppen von Sehzellen ventral vom MA, die eigene Nervenfortsätze zum Protocerebrum senden. Die optische Achse ist der des ventralen Augenbechers entgegengesetzt. Zwischen MA und FO verläuft ein Nerv, der wahrscheinlich dem MA angehört. 4. Übereinstimmungen der Feinstruktur von MA, FO und den Retinulazellen der Komplexaugen betreffen insbesondere die Binnenstruktur der Rhabdommikrovilli und Äquivalente unterschiedlicher Funktionszustände (Hell-Dunkel-Adaptation) hinsichtlich der Ausbildung von perirhabdomalen Vakuolen und des Ausmaßes von pinocytotischen Vorgängen an der Basis der Rhabdome.
    Notes: Summary The median eye (MA) and the ventral frontal organ (FO) of Artemia salina L. (adult specimens) have been investigated with the electron microscope. 1. The MA is an inverse cup-shaped eye. A pigment cup, consisting of two pigment cells, surrounds three groups of photosensory cells, which form ramified rhabdoms of the closed type. Their cytoplasm contains numerous vesicles, tubular mitochondria, small Golgi fields, microtubules, variable multivesicular and lamellated bodies and lipid inclusions, which are surrounded by spirals of endoplasmic reticulum. 2. The pigment cells contain densely packed pigment granules, an indented nucleus, crested mitochondria, small amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, lamellated and vesicular bodies. Opposite the rhabdomeric surface of the visual cells their cellular surface is smooth, otherwise it bears long fingershaped projections. 3. Artemia salina possesses two types of frontal organs. The “dorsal FOs” are possibly neurosecretory X-organs. The ventral FO is interpreted to represent a photosensory organ. It consists of two groups of sensory cells located ventrally of the MA, which possess own nerve-processes leading to the Protocerebrum. Their optical axis is opposite the one of the ventral eye cup. Between MA and FO a nerve occurs, which presumably belongs to the MA. 4. Considerable finestructural similarities between MA, PO and the retinula cells of the compound eyes exist as far as the internal structure of the rhabdomeric microvilli and the equivalents of different functional stages (Light-Dark-Adaption) are concerned, namely perirhabdomeric vacuoles and the degree of pinocytotic processes at the base of the rhabdoms.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Mast cells ; Estrogen ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat, Wistar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The accumulation of mast cells in the testicular interstitium of neonatally estrogen-treated rats was studied from 15 to 90 days of age. The maturation of these cells was assessed by ultrastructural analysis and their histochemical properties were examined with the sequential alcian blue-safranin staining method. The first identifiable mast cells appeared in the testis at 17–20 days of age, as immature cells with proliferative capacity. The density of mast cells increased up to 45 days of age, showing a slight decrease from 45 to 90 days of age. Before 45 days of age, most mast cells showed alcian blue-stained granules, whereas at 45 days of age, most cells presented a mixture of alcian blue and safranin-stained granules. From this age onward, most cells were stained with safranin. These maturational changes were well-correlated with their ultrastructural features. Mast cells presented few and heterogeneous immature granules up to 45 days of age, and many uniform electron-dense granules at 90 days of age. These results indicate that the testicular interstitium of neonatally estrogen-treated rats provides an adventageous environment for the recruitment, proliferation and maturation of connective tissue mast cells.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 41-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Keratin filament ; Circumvallate papilla ; Taste bud ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse (dd)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Keratin filaments of epithelial- and taste-bud cells in the circumvallate papillae of adult and developing mice were studied by immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antikeratin antibodies (PKK2 and PKK3) and by conventional electron microscopy. Elongated cells (type-I,-II, and-III cells) of the taste buds were stained by PKK3 antibody, which reacts with 45-kdalton keratin, whereas basal cells of the taste buds and surrounding epithelial cells showed negative staining with PKK3. Such PKK3-reactive cells occurred at 0 day after birth, when taste-buds first appeared in the dorsal surface epithelium of the papillae. Thus 45-kdalton keratin seems to be an excellent immunocytochemical marker for identifying taste-bud cells. Epithelial cells in all layers of the trench wall and basal layer cells of the dorsal surface contained densely aggregated bundles of keratin filaments that reacted with PKK2 antibody, but not with PKK3. In contrast, taste-bud cells and spinous and granular layer cells of the dorsal surface possessed loose aggregated bundles of filaments that reacted with PKK3, but not with PKK2. These results suggest that the aggregation and distribution pattern of keratin filaments may reflect differences in the keratin subtypes that comprise these filaments.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitamin A-deficiency ; Paneth cells ; Crystalloid lysozyme ; Tubular structures ; Intestinal local immunity ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The effect of vitamin A-deficiency on jejunal Paneth cells in rats was investigated. Crystalloid particles were observed in secretion granules of Paneth cells from 6 out of 8 rats with vitamin A-deficiency. The particles were similar to those found in Paneth cells under other experimental conditions. Using an immuno-electron-microscopic technique we demonstrated a clear lysozyme immunoreactivity of these particles. In 2 vitamin A-deficient rats tubular structures have been detected in addition to the crystalloid particles. Crystalloid particles or tubular structures were not detectable in a control group of 8 vitamin A-supplemented rats. The morphological alterations of Paneth cells may be correlated to an impaired local immunity of the intestine during vitamin A-deficiency.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 409-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Peroxisomes ; Marginal plates ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-etching ; DAB-cytochemistry ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of peroxisomes in the proximal nephron tubules of bovine kidney cortex was studied using ultrathin-sectioning, diaminobenzidine cytochemistry for the visualization of catalase, and by freeze-fracture. Peroxisomes in this nephron segment are up to 1.5 μm in diameter and exhibit a peculiar angular shape, which is probably related to the occurrence of multiple straight plate-like inclusions (marginal plates) in the matrix of peroxisomes; they lie directly underneath the peroxisomal membranes. The peroxisomal membrane in such regions follows the outline of the marginal plate. The peculiar shape of peroxisomes allows their unequivocal identification in freeze-fracture preparations. Peroxisomal membranes are recognized by their flat, often rectangular appearance. Intramembrane particles are much more numerous on P-fracture faces than on E-fracture faces. A crystalline lattice-structure with a periodicity of approximately 10 nm can be observed on the flat rectangular areas of E-fracture faces. This lattice structure is intensified after prolonged freeze-etching. Intramembranous particles seem to be superimposed over this pattern. The crystalline pattern on the E-fracture faces of peroxisomal membranes is probably not a membrane structure but it reveals the structure of the membrane-associated marginal plates. A cast of the marginal-plate surface may be generated by a collapse of the peroxisomal membrane half onto the immediately underlying matrix inclusion.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Arginine vasopressin ; Co-storage ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Certain populations of arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons in the magnocellular paraventricular nucleus became immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) when rats were treated with colchicine or monosodium glutamate (MSG). The co-storage of these peptides was examined by empooying a post-embedding electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry technique using goldlabeled antibodies to the two peptides. In colchicinetreated rats, the neuronal perikarya contained numerous secretory granules showing co-storage of the two peptides. The cells of the MSG-treated rats were characterized by having well-developed Golgi bodies with the granular structures also co-storing the two peptides, although the secretory granules in the perikarya were rather fewer than in the colchicine-treated rats. It is concluded that the destruction of the arcuate nucleus by MSG-treatment may potentiate the synthesis of NPY in AVP neurons, the synthesis of which is latent in intact animals.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anther embryogenesis ; Brassica napus ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Microspore embryogenesis ; Pollen division
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural and cytochemical features of embryo development during anther and free microspore culture inBrassica napus have been followed from the late uninucleate microspore stage through the first embryonic division. On transfer to culture, the microspore cytoplasm possesses a large vacuole, often containing electron opaque aggregates, and a peripheral nucleus. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and starch-free plastids are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The conditions of culture induce a number of major changes in the cytoplasmic organisation of the microspore. First, the central vacuole becomes fragmented allowing the nucleus to assume a central position within the cell. Secondly, starch synthesis commences in the plastids which, in turn, are seen to occupy a domain investing the nucleus. Thirdly, the cell develops a thick fibrillar wall, situated immediately adjacent to the intine of the immature pollen wall. Finally, the microspores develop large cytoplasmic aggregates of globular material. The nature of this substance remains unknown, but it remains present until the young embryos have reached the 30 cell stage. The first division of cultured microspores destined to become embryos is generally symmetrical, in contrast to the asymmetric division seen in normal development in vivo. Consideration is given to the differences observed between embryos developing from anthers and free microspores in culture.
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  • 40
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    Protoplasma 153 (1990), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy ; Mammary glands ; Subcellular fractions ; Substrate specificity ; Sulfhydryl agents ; Tartrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Localization of acid phosphatase in mammary glands of lactating rats was studied by both biochemical and cytochemical methods. Cytochemically, acid phosphatase activity was detected by using lead citrate as the capture agent for the inorganic phosphate released from p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The activity was predominantly localized in the lumina of the endomembrane system and in the milk that had been secreted into the alveolar lumen. Biochemically, acid phosphatase was present in all the subcellular fractions with higher activities in the membrane-associated fractions. The localization of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases within the endomembrane system of fully lactating rat mammary tissue suggests a possible role for these enzymes in milk secretory processes.
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  • 41
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    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 206-214 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bark beetle ; Sensilla ; Chemoreceptors ; Mechanoreceptors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The antennal sensilla inI. typographus are almost exclusively confined to the flattened terminal flagellar segment. The sensillar types have distinct distribution patterns in the three areas where they are found. Judging from the ultrastructural characteristics the following functions can be assigned to the sensillar types: chemoreception, single-walled and double-walled sensilla; chemoreception/mechanoreception, terminal-pore sensillum. Moreover there are two types of mechanoreceptors, one of which is connected to a bristle, whereas the other terminates within the cuticle of the flagellar segment.
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  • 42
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    Protoplasma 154 (1990), S. 132-143 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Vigna sinensis ; Immunofluorescence ; Electron microscopy ; Colchicine ; Tubulin reticulum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The primary leaf, epicotyl, and root cells ofVigna sinensis seedlings grown continuously in a 0.08% colchicine solution, become microtubule-free and polyploid. In meristematic root cells a tubulin transformation is detected 1–3 h after the treatment had begun. Tubulin strands are organized at the positions of the pre-existing microtubules. Frequently, the strands converge on or are organized in the cortical cytoplasmic zone where in normal cells the preprophase microtubule band (PMB) is assembled. In meristematic root cells subjected to a 6–12 h colchicine treatment, the tubulin strands become perinuclear, entering the cortical cytoplasm at regions close to the nucleus. One day after the onset of the treatment, tubulin generally forms a continuous reticulum of interconnected strands in all the organs examined. In most cells this reticulum surrounds the nucleus partly or totally or lies close to it, exhibiting variable configurations in different cells. After prolonged treatments, the organization of the tubulin reticulum changes further. Now this consists of crystal-like structures interconnected by thin strands. On thin sections of fixed tissue the tubulin strands consist of paracrystalline material. The distribution of this material in the affected cells coincides with that of tubulin reticulum visualized by immunofluorescence. In transverse planes each strand exhibits circular subunits arranged close to one another in a hexagonal pattern but in longitudinal ones variable images were observed. The paracrystalline material persists in root cells subjected to an 8-day continuous colchicine treatment. The immunolabeled strands seem to be composed of tubulin-colchicine complexes and not pure tubulin.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 589-608 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney (frog) ; Glomerulus ; Nephron ; Tight junctions ; Freeze-fracturing ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By the use of thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas the glomerular and tubular structures of the kidney of the frog (Rana esculenta) were studied with special reference to intercellular junctions. In the glomerulus the filtration barrier is of very variable thickness, and frequent tight and gap junctional contacts occur between podocyte processes. Although structurally less elaborate, the proximal tubule resembles its mammalian counterpart. In the initial part the tight junctions are relatively shallow but become very broad in the mid and distal portions of the proximal tubule. The proximal tubular cells are extensively linked by gap junctions. In some animals the shapes of the cells in the proximal and distal portions of the proximal tubule were markedly different. The distal tubule consists of two segments which differ mainly in the pattern of interdigitations and the structure of the zonulae occludentes. Similarities with the tight junctional morphology of the mammalian distal tubule are striking. In the first part of the distal tubule (diluting segment) a narrow band of parallel tight junctions is found closely resembling that found in the mammalian straight distal tubule; in the more distal part of the distal tubule, however, a broad band of anastomosing tight junctional strands exists, like the zonula occludens of the mammalian convoluted distal tubule. The connecting tubule displays cellular dimorphism: its wall contains a mixture of light and dark (flask) cells. The luminal and basolateral membranes of the flask cells are covered with numerous rod-shaped particles. The tight junctions of the connecting tubule are broad and increase in depth and number of strands along its length; they are typical of a very tight epithelium. In spite of several dissimilarities with phylogenetically younger kidneys our findings suggest that many structural principles of the mammalian kidney are also represented in the kidneys of amphibians. The structural-functional relationships are discussed.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stomach (Teleost) ; Endocrine cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the gastric mucosa of two teleost species, the perch (Perca fluviatilis) and the catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus) three endocrine cell types were found, located predominantly between the mucoid cells of the gastric mucosa. A fourth cell type is present in the gastric glands of catfish. Each cell type was defined by its characteristic secretory granules. Type-I cells were predominant in both fish. These cells contained round or oval granules with a pleomorphic core. The average diameter of granules was 400 nm for the perch and 270 nm for the catfish. Type-II cells of both species displayed small, highly osmiophilic granules about 100 nm in diameter. The secretory granules of type-III cells (260 nm in the perch and 190 nm in the catfish) were round or slightly oval in shape and were filled with a finely particulate electron-dense material. Type-IV cells of the catfish were found in the gastric glands only. Their cytoplasm was filled with homogeneous, moderately electron-dense granules averaging 340 nm in diameter. The physiological significance of these different morphological types of gastric endocrine cells requires further investigation.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 409-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean compound eye ; Eighth retinular cell ; Crystalline tract ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The base of the crystalline tract, the distal part of the eighth retinular cell and its rhabdomer constitute a structural unit in the apical region of the retinula of Astacus fluviatilis and A. leptodactylus, shielded from the blood by a special covering cell.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 637-645 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell surface antigen ; Neurons ; Glia ; Electron microscopy ; Immunoperoxidase ; Monoclonal antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immuno-electron microscopy was performed on live, cultured, early postnatal cerebellar and retinal cells of the mouse to identify A2B5 antigenbearing elements. In cerebellar cultures, granule cells, some immature oligodendroglia, and astroblasts express A2B5 antigen on their cell surfaces. The typical features of astroblasts include large cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and a mixed population of intermediate-sized filaments and microtubules. Immature oligodendroglia cells express the antigen on their cell bodies and on procecesses filled with cytoplasm. Cytoplasm-free membranous whorls, however, are devoid of A2B5 antigen, but not of 0 or NS-1 antigens. In retinal cultures, A2B5 antigen is observed on differentiating neurons with the exception of photoreceptor cells as identified by ribbon synapses.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 673-683 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pacinian corpuscles, rat ; Denervation ; Sensory terminals ; Nerve degeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Pacinian corpuscles located on the crural interosseous membrane was studied in adult rats 6 h to 10 months after transection of the right sciatic nerve. Axon terminals degenerated one day after transection and were engulfed and resorbed by cells of the inner core within one week. The axial space left after removal of the axonal debris was closed by the lamellae of the inner core. The main structural features of the inner core and capsule remained preserved after denervation throughout the period of study. The denervated inner cores, however, became atrophic 10 months after neurotomy, their mean diameter being reduced by 17.5% compared with that of contralateral control corpuscles. The number of capsular lamellae was unaltered, and perineurial pathways of the peripheral nerve stump remained preserved. Schwann cells proliferated and formed Büngner bands during the first month after denervation, but retracted their processes and became atrophic at later stages after neurotomy. Survival of Pacinian corpuscles after long-term denervation in adult rats is in contrast to their rapid degeneration within several days after nerve section in neonates.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Junctions ; Smooth muscle ; Echinodermata ; Holothuria, Aspidochirotida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy reveals that sarcolemmata of adjacent muscle cells form pentalaminar junctions by fusion of apposed trilaminar double leaflet membranes. These junctions appear to be candidates for low resistance pathways between muscle fibers. The muscles depolarize slowly when bathed in solutions containing elevated concentrations of KCl, and the sucrose gap method can then be used to measure the potential difference between polarized and depolarized regions. Thus the junctions which we have observed may provide the structural basis for electrical transmission through the sucrose gap.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peritrophic membrane ; Tick ; Babesia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A peritrophic membrane (PM) has been demonstrated in the gut of feeding larvae, nymphs, and adults of the tick Ixodes dammini. This is the first report of a PM in ticks. This temporary structure divides the lumen of the gut into two compartments, an endoperitrophic space, the lumen proper, and an ectoperitrophic space located between the PM and the epithelial cells of the gut wall. The PM is a mechanical barrier and even such small particles as ribosomes derived from ingested reticulocytes are retained in the lumen proper; they are never found in the ectoperitrophic compartment. In Ixodes dammini fed on hamsters infected with Babesia microti some of the parasites are found in the ectoperitrophic space. This passage is accomplished by a highly specialized organelle, the arrowhead, which develops in some Babesia during their metamorphosis in the gut of the vector. The arrowhead, while passing through the PM, changes its fine structure and loses its internal organization as if releasing some of its contents. Its disintegration continues and it disappears shortly after the Babesia have entered the epithelial cells. Only Babesia equipped with the arrowhead structure are able to cross the PM. This is the first documented case of a parasite traversing a solidified PM.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 25-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paddle cilia ; Discocilia ; Pleurobranchaea ; Chemoreceptors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of various regions of the body of the marine gastropod Pleurobranchaea californica (McFarland) has revealed a characteristic cell type that bears cilia with dilated discoid-shaped tips. The tips of the cilia consist of an expansion of the ciliary membrane around a looped distal extension of the axoneme. These kinocilia have been observed in numerous other marine invertebrates and are generally referred to as paddle cilia (Tamarin et al. 1974) or discocilia (Heimler 1978). Although many functions have been proposed for paddle cilia, little empirical evidence supports any of the proposals. In Pleurobranchaea we have found that the distribution of this ciliated cell type corresponds exactly to areas of the body known from behavioral studies (Lee et al. 1974; Davis and Matera 1981) to mediate chemoreception. Transmission electron microscopy of the epithelium lining the rhinophores and tentacles of Pleurobranchaea revealed details of the ultrastructure of these ciliated cells and showed that they are primary receptors. These ciliated receptors lie in a yellow-brown pseudostratified columnar epithelium that superficially resembles the olfactory mucosa of vertebrates.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment granules ; Chromatophores ; Granulogenesis ; Palaemonid shrimp ; Macrobrachium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possible biogenesis of two pigment granule types present in the monochromatic, brown chromatosomes enveloping the ventral nerve chord of the freshwater palaemonid shrimps Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. heterochirus and M. olfersii is examined by transmission electron microscopy in thin section and freeze fracture replicas. Prominent, membrane limited granules are suggested to have their origin in a complex, juxtanuclear, smooth endoplasmic reticulum labyrinth, continuous with the nuclear envelope. Amembranous, lipocarotenoid granules possibly derive from the external surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclear envelope and SER membranes contain numerous 11 nm diameter intramembranous particles while pigment granule membranes exhibit fewer particles. A dictyosomal origin for the lipocarotenoid granules is discounted. Granulogenesis is suggested to be a continuous process in crustacean chromatophores.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Fiber types ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural and stereological assessment of the mature avian anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle showed that it contains two kinds of extrafusal fibers. This fine structural dichotomy of fiber types in the ALD correlated well with their previously reported histochemical duality. Distinct differences occur in sarcomere banding, myofibrillar area, sarcotubular and mitochondrial density, and in morphology of motor-nerve terminals. Both myofiber types in this muscle were interpreted as representing varieties of “slow” or tonic muscle fibers. Both fibers contain myofibrils that, despite differences in cross-sectional area, were large, irregular, and ribbon-shaped, typical of the “Felderstruktur” appearance of true “slow” fibers. Whereas the majority of fibers (type-1) are devoid of well-defined M-bands, the minor fiber population (type-2) exhibit prominent M-bands in the center of each sarcomere. In addition, type-1 tonic fibers contain a significantly lower mitochondrial and sarcotubular volume than the tonic fibers of type-2. While both fiber types exhibit motor-nerve terminals that are small, smooth and punctate in appearance, those on the type2 fibers often had a number of shallow postjunctional folds. Whether or not these two classes of extrafusal fiber in this muscle represent two separate and distinct types of motor units remains to be determined functionally.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 87-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle cells ; In vitro-growth ; Whole blood serum ; Plasma-derived serum ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Normal diploid cells require serum to proliferate in culture. Platelet-derived growth factor has been identified as the main serum component responsible for this effect. Here, smooth muscle cells were isolated enzymatically from the aorta of 5-day-old rats and cultured in the presence of 10% whole blood serum (WBS) or plasma-derived serum (PDS), i.e. with or without platelet factor, and studied by transmission electron microscopy. The cells proliferated actively in WBS-medium but remained quiescent in PDS-medium. Fine structurally, cells from WBS-cultures demonstrated numerous mitochondria, an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a large Golgi complex, a few lysosomes, and microfilaments arranged in parallel bundles. After transfer to PDS-medium, the RER- and Golgi cisternae were markedly dilated and the number of membrane-associated ribosomes decreased. Segregation of fragments of cytoplasm within autophagosomes was frequently observed and the number of lysosomes increased. Lipid droplets were more abundant and often gathered in the Golgi area. Moreover, the cells had become more irregular in shape and showed many bleb-like processes at their surface. Microfilament bundles had also become more prominent and crossed each other in different directions. These observations show that the removal of platelet factor from the medium clearly modifies the fine structure of cultured smooth muscle cells. The findings are in good agreement with the concept that platelet factor not only supports the proliferation of cultured cells but also stimulates their secretory activity.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 267-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina (Astacus) ; Rhabdom ; Osmolarity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations of the retinula cells in the retina of the light-adapted crayfish in response to hyper- and hypoosmotic van Harreveld solutions was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Increased osmolarity of the bathing medium to twice that of the physiological value leads to shrinkage of the retinula-cell somata. Microvilli, on the other hand, do not undergo shrinkage. Some other characteristic irreversible changes do, however, take place, including detachment of microvilli from the soma, showing a two- or threefold increase in diameter, and a concomitant decrease in number, probably due to fusion of microvilli. Prolonged incubation or higher osmolarities (5 isosmol) cause alteration of the microvillar membranes to whorls. Structural changes are often restricted to microvillar stacks evaginating from certain individual retinular cells. The number of affected stacks increases depending on the duration of incubation or the osmotic pressure. Hypoosmotic solution (0.5 isosmol) also induces an increase of microvillar diameters and a concomitant reduction in number of microvilli per stack. Exposure to a 20% solution of glycerol causes destruction of the rhabdom structure and the formation of whorls from microvillar membranes. The present findings suggest that the structure of the microvilli is stabilized by an axial cytoskeleton.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus (rat) irradiation ; Electron microscopy ; Interdigitating cells ; Macrophages ; Phagocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Phagocytic activity and population development of medullary interdigitating cells (IDC) and cortical macrophages have been studied in the rat thymus after irradiation-induced thymocyte necrosis. IDC clearly demonstrate phagocytic activity, particularly in the 16h stage after irradiation. At this stage the number of necrotic thymocytes is maximal and the total number of phagocytic cells is insufficient to phagocytize all necrotic material. IDC increase in number slightly and are predominantly phagocytizing in the corticomedullary region (CMR), where they appear to develop from macrophage-like cells. The results indicate that medullary IDC can be phagocytic but have a different developmental pathway than cortical macrophages. Cortical macrophages greatly increase in number and acquire the appearance of tingible body macrophages by phagocytizing many necrotic thymocytes. They seem to develop from monocytes that normally enter the thymus at the CMR. During the acute involution macrophages probably also enter the cortex via the connective tissue capsule. It is suggested that thymus medullary IDC probably belong to the mononuclear phagocytes, as do the cortical macrophages. In the specific medullary environment IDC gradually develop their characteristic ultrastructure for an apparently other than phagocytic function. The similarities between IDC and epidermal Langerhans cells are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian follicle ; Ovulation ; Ultrastructural change ; Fowl ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary No structural changes could be observed in the stigma until 2 h before ovulation. Within a few minutes of ovulation, the stratum granulosum and theca interna disappear completely in the middle part of the stigma. By 30 min before ovulation, the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the fibroblasts of the theca externa develops conspicuously. Then a few minutes before ovulation, the theca externa becomes much thinner with a conspicuous disintegration of the collagenous fibers into individual fibrils. These structural changes may contribute to the fragility of the stigma tissue and induce rupture of the follicle.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 383-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mouse ovary ; Junctions ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intercellular junctions in the young mouse ovary were examined by electron microscopy utilizing freeze-fracture and thin-sectioning techniques. Projections from the granulosa cells adjacent to the oocyte (GI) traverse the zona pellucida and form small gap junctions on the oocyte surface. On the P-face of these cells, the junctional aggregations are occasionally associated with linear strands of particles. In contrast, large gap junctional areas are frequently observed between the more peripherally located granulosa cells (GE) and are also present in the theca interna (TI) cell layer surrounding the follicles. Three types of tight junctional strands are discernible on the P-face of theca externa cells (TE): angularly zigzag strands consisting of intermittently distributed intramembranous particles on wide ridges, intermediate zigzag strands consisting of more continuously distributed particles, and wavy strands consisting of rather fused particles. Tight junctional strands are also present in the middle of grooves on the E-face of endothelial cells of blood vessels. In the germinal epithelial cell layer, tight junctional strands appear to be discrete and form a less anastomosing network.
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 369-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Pars intermedia ; Electron microscopy ; Fetal sheep ; Lamb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using light and electron microscopy, the morphogenesis of the pars intermedia of the sheep pituitary gland was examined in developing lambs between 26 days of gestation and the newborn stage. Following the establishment of contact between the anterior and posterior lobe primordia seen at 26 days, the connection with the pharyngeal roof disappeared by 31 days. The lumen of Rathke's pouch, which was a prominent cavity at the earlier stages, became inconspicuous by 40 days but progressively increased in size during gestation and, in some newborn animals, contained colloid material. At 40 days, the pars intermedia consisted of a uniform population of undifferentiated cells. Cells with cytoplasmic granules were first identified at 50 days. The cytological appearance of granular cells at 70 days indicated increased synthetic activity and by 80 days they closely resembled adult glandular cells. At 100 days, membrane activity suggestive of exocytosis was first observed in granular cells; fenestrated capillaries were present, and early follicle formation between adjacent non-granular cells was seen. This apparent exocytotic release of granules was observed much more frequently between 100 days of gestation and the newborn stage than in adult pars intermedia cells. These findings indicate that glandular cells of the developing pars intermedia are actively engaged in synthesis, storage and secretion from an early stage.
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Implantation ; Blastocyst ; Pontamine ; blue reaction ; Decidualization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early uterine response to transplanted, delayed and estrogenactivated blastocysts was studied ultrastructurally and compared with that induced by intrauterine instillations of deciduogenic agents (arachis oil, air). The uterine responses to delayed and activated blastocysts showed no ultrastructural or temporal differences. Already within 4 h after transfer to a sensitized uterus, the delayed blastocysts exhibited signs of activation, and both types of blastocysts had started to attach onto an undamaged epithelial lining. Signs of stromal cell differentiation into decidual cells were also seen as early as 4 h after transfer, while the Pontamine-blue reaction did not appear until after 8 h. The results therefore indicate that the transplanted blastocysts induced decidualization atraumatically and that the delayed blastocysts were either deciduogenic already before transfer or rapidly acquired deciduogenic properties after transfer. Artificial decidual induction with oil and air led to damage or death of a large number of cells in the uterine luminal epithelium. Within only 15 min after instillation pronounced signs of cell damage were seen, and later numerous cells were extruded from the epithelial lining. In the stroma ultrastructural signs of decidual cell differentiation and a Pontamine-blue reaction were observed as early as 4 h after induction. It is therefore suggested that oil and air induce decidualization via the epithelium by means of trauma.
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 443-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frog cerebellum ; Ependymal surface ; Cilia ; Supraependymal cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of the ventricular surface of the frog cerebellum showed regional differences. In the midline region of the adult cerebellum was found a band of profusely ciliated squamous ependymal cells. In the rest of the cerebellum the ependymal cells were columnar and each had a single cilium. In the cerebellum of the premetamorphic tadpole, the squamous ependymal cells of the midline region also were monociliated. During metamorphosis they gradually became multiciliated. Additionally, supraependymal cells and synaptic elements were present on the ventricular surface of the cerebellum of adult frogs as well as in late metamorphic tadpoles. In contrast, supraependymal cells were rarely observed in premetamorphic tadpoles, and it was concluded that the supraependymal system develops during metamorphosis. It is postulated that the band of cilia may be associated with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, and supraependymal synaptic elements function in neuroendocrine regulation.
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 663-671 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chaetognatha ; Intestine ; Pleated septate junction ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intramembrane structures of the pleated septate junction which occur in the junctional complex of the intestine of the chaetognath Sagitta setosa have been investigated. The pleated septate junction is made up of linear rows of irregularly shaped and sized particles, often fused into short rods, and pits which can be fused into furrows. The distribution of these structures on E and P faces depends upon the preparative methods used. Many of the morphological characteristics are the same as those of the “lower invertebrate pleated septate junction type” defined by Green (1981a). The physiological significance of this junction is obscure. On the basis of the presence of septate junctions (both of the paired septate junction and pleated septate junction types) which have mainly morphological characteristics of the “lower invertebrate pleated septate junction” we can add to the hypothesis that chaetognaths are not related to the molluscs and arthropods.
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Enteroendocrine cells ; Pancreatic endocrine cells ; Gastroenteropancreatic hormones ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four immunoreactive endocrine cell types can be distinguished in the pancreatic islets of B. conchonius: insulin-producing B cells, somatostatin-producing A1 (= D) cells, glucagon-producing A2 cells and pancreatic poly-peptide-producing PP cells. The principal islet of this species contains only a few PP cells, while many PP cells are present in the smaller islets. Except for the B cell all pancreatic endocrine cell types are also present in the pancreatic duct. At least six enteroendocrine cell types are present in the gut of B. conchonius: 1. a cell type (I) with small secretory granules, present throughout the intestine, and possibly involved in the regulation of gut motility; 2. a C-terminal gastrin immunoreactive cell, probably producing a caerulein-like peptide; these cells are located at the upper parts of the folds, especially in the proximal part of the intestinal bulb; 3. a met-enkephalin-immunoreactive cell, present throughout the first segment; 4. a glucagon-immunoreactive cell, which is rare in the first segment; 5. a PP-immunoreactive cell, mainly present in the first half of the first segment; 6. an immunoreactive cell, which cannot at present be specified, located in the intestinal bulb. The latter four cell types are mostly located in the basal parts of the folds, although some PP-immunoreactive cells can also be found in the upper parts. Most if not all enteroendocrine cells are of the open type. The possible functions of all enteroendocrine cell types are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 327-335 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Xenopus ; Spleen ; B-lymphocyte ; Immunofluorescence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An indirect immunofluorescence study of the frozen sections of the spleen of an anuran amphibian, Xenopus laevis, showed that lymphocytes bearing a small amount of immunoglobulin (Ig) were localized mostly in the white pulp of non-immunized toads. There were fewer fluorescent cells in the red pulp. In the toads hyperimmunized with human gamma globulin (HGG), cells with strong cytoplasmic fluorescence increased significantly in the outer part of the white pulp. Electron microscopy of spleens from these toads showed that plasma cells at different stages of maturation were abundant in the white pulp, whereas in the red pulp, a smaller number of maturer plasma cells were observed. These results indicate that, in contrast with its mammalian counterpart, the splenic white pulp of this anuran is the site where thymusin-dependent lymphocytes commence blast formation and transformation into plasma cells.
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