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  • Electron microscopy  (120)
  • Springer  (120)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • Wiley
  • 1970-1974  (120)
  • 1972  (92)
  • 1971  (28)
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  • Springer  (120)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • Wiley
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1)
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  • 1970-1974  (120)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ceramic ; Tetracycline ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un implant céramique non poreux est testé au niveau du fémur de rat en ce qui concerne son adhésivité à l'os. Un certain nombre de techniques morphologiques sont utilisées pour examiner le rapport entre l'implant et l'os néoformé. La microscopie électronique par transmission et la microscopie par fluorescence après marquage à la tétracycline ont donné les meilleurs résultats. Un rapport étroit entre l'os minéralisé et la céramique a été noté en microscopie électronique. Par marquage à la tétracycline, il semble que l'implant puisse stimuler la formation osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein unporöses keramisches Implantat in Rattenfemora wurde auf seine Fähigkeit geprüft, sich mit Knochen zu binden. Eine Anzahl morphologischer Techniken wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Oberflächen von Implantat und neuem Knochen zu untersuchen. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie nach Tetracyclinmarkierung waren die erfolgreichsten Techniken. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen mineralisiertem Knochen und dem Keramikimplantat konnte mit der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Das Aussehen der Tetracyclinmarkierung im keramischen Implantat deutet darauf hin, daß dieses wahrscheinlich die Fähighkeit hat, Knochenbildung zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Abstract A nonporous ceramic implant in rat femora was evaluated as to its ability to bond to bone. A number of morphologic techniques were utilized to examine the interfacial relationship of the implant to new bone. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy after tetracycline labelling were the most successful techniques. An intimate relationship between mineralized bone and the ceramic was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of tetracycline labelling at the ceramic interface indicates that the implant may have capacity to enhance bone formation.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Bone ; Matrix ; Apatite ; Nucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du collagène d'os compact de mouton est préparé par décalcification dans I'EDTA et à partir de tendons de queux de rats, par extraction dans l'acide acétique et reconstitution dans NaCl. Le dépôt d'apatite dans le collagène osseux de mouton dans une solution de calcification métastable est étudié chimiquement et par microscopie électronique. Le collagène osseux est un bon catalyseur de nucléation pour le dépôt minéral, alors que le collagène de tendons de rat ne l'est pas. Le dépôt minéral du collagène osseux se produit en deux phases cinétiques séparées, une phase rapide de nucléation et une croissance cristalline, donnant naissance à de petits ilots calcifiés et une seconde phase lente de croissance dans des régions ne comportant pas de zones catalytiques. La seconde phase de dépôt minéral paraît être le résultat d'une diffusion inhibée d'ions à travers les fibrilles collagènes alignées, laissant de larges régions de collagène sans minéral, bien que le tampon reste hautement sursaturé. La microscopie électronique permet de penser que les zones de catalyse pourraient avoir un rapport avec la périodicité de 640 Å de collagène, mais l'importance d'un matériel noncollagènique, lié au collagène, n'est pas à exclure. L'activité catalytique faible du collagène reconstitué n'est pas liée à la présence d'inhibiteurs faiblement liés, bien que des inhibiteurs puissent être intimement liés à ce type de collagène, qui pourrait être absent du collagène osseux. La différence d'activité catalytique pourrait intervenir dans la calcification physiologique. Une hypothèse plus générale pour la nucléation de la phase minérale dans les systémes biologiques est nécessaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen wurde aus kompaktem Schafsknochen mittels EDTA-Entkalkung und aus Rattenschwanzsehnen durch Essigsäureextraktion und Rekonstitution mit NaCl gewonnen. Die Apatitablagerung aus einer metastabilen Verkalkungslösung auf Schafsknochenkollagen wurde chemisch und im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Knochenkollagen ein guter Nukleationskatalysator für die Mineralablagerung ist, was beim Rattenschwanzkollagen nicht zutraf. Im Knochenkollagen erfolgte die Mineralablagerung in zwei getrennten kinetischen Phasen: einer raschen Phase der Nukleation und des Kristallwachstums, welche kleine verkalkte Inseln entstehen läßt, und einer zweiten langsamen Phase, welcher das Wachstum in Bezierken, die keine katalytischaktiven Stellen einschließen, zuzuschreiben ist. Diese zweite Phase der Mineralablagerung wird als Resultat einer verminderten Ionendiffusion durch die enganeinanderliegenden Kollagenfibrillen angesehen, wodurch weite Kollagenbereiche ohne Mineral bleiben, obwohl der Puffer stark übersättigt ist. Elektronenmikrographien ließen vermuten, daß die katalytischaktiven Stellen in einem gewissen Verhältnis zur 640 Å-Periodizität des Kollagens stehen; es konnte jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß nicht-kollagenhaltiges Material, welches an Kollagen gebunden ist, ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt. Die schlechte katalytische Aktivität des rekonstituierten Kollagens konnte nicht auf die Anwesenheit von schwachgebundenen Hemmstoffen zurückgeführt werden, obwohl Inhibitoren stark an dieses Kollagen gebunden sein könnten, die jedoch im Knochenkollagen nicht vorhanden sind. Die Unterschiede in der katalytischen Aktivität können mit der physiologischen Verkalkung in Beziehung stehen. Eine allgemeinere Hypothese für die Nukleation einer Mineralphase in biologischen Systemen wäre erforderlich.
    Notes: Abstract Collagen was prepared from compact sheep bone by decalcification with EDTA and from rat tail tendons by acetic acid extraction and reconstitution with NaCl. The deposition of apatite in sheep bone collagen in a metastable calcification solution was studied chemically and by electron microscopy. The bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst for mineral deposition, while rat tail collagen was a poor catalyst. Mineral deposition in bone collagen occured in two separate kinetic phases, a rapid phase of nucleation and crystal growth, giving rise to small calcified islands, and a second slow phase, ascribed to growth in regions not involving the catalytic sites. This second phase of mineral deposition is considered to be the result of impaired ion diffusion through the closely-aligned collagen fibrils, thus leaving large areas of the collagen free of mineral even though the buffer remains highly supersaturated. Electron micrographs suggested that the catalytic sites might be in some relationship to the 640 Å periodicity of collagen, but a role for non-collagenous material bound to the collagen has not been excluded. The poor catalytic activity of reconstituted collagen was not due to the presence of loosely-bound inhibitors, although inhibitors could be strongly bound to this type of collagen and be absent from bone collagen. The differences in catalytic activity may have a bearing on physiological calcification. A more general hypothesis for nucleation of a mineral phase in biological systems is required.
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  • 3
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora cardiaca ; Neurosecretion ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les corpora cardiaca de l'adulte de Locusta migratoria sont formés de deux régions bien individualisées ce qui nous a permis de reconnaître la sécrétion propre des différents types de neurosécrétion. Dans la région nerveuse, nous distinguons par la taille des grains trois types de neurosécrétion dense classique et un quatrième type d'aspect clair. Dans la région »propre« non nerveuse, les cellules ont des caractères nettement endocriniens et sont mélangées à un seul type d'axones neurosécréteurs.
    Notes: Summary The corpora cardiaca of adult Locusta migratoria consist of two well separated areas, a fact which permits the differentiation between intrinsic and extrinsic neurosecretory material. In the neural area three types of electron dense “classical” neurosecretory granules, and a fourth more lucent type can be distinguished according to size. In the non-neural “glandular” area typical endocrine cells mingle with only one type of neurosecretory axons.
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  • 4
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 565-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Reptiles ; Sertoli cells ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules de Sertoli du testicule de Lacerta vivipara ont été étudiées en microscopie électronique chez des animaux récoltés entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années et chez des animaux hypophysectomisés en automne. Ces cellules contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries de petite taille à crêtes lamellaires, des ribosomes libres, un reticulum endoplasmique lisse moyennement développé, plusieurs petits dictyosomes formant l'appareil de Golgi, des liposomes et des microtubules. Elles renferment aussi de nombreux corps denses de grande taille qui paraissent être de nature lysosomiale. Le glycogène a été particulièrement étudié. Il est formé de particules β dispersées au hasard dans le hyaloplasme. Des variations saisonnières dans la teneur en glycogène ont été notées. Chez les hypophysectomisés, les cellules de Sertoli contiennent de grandes quantités de ce métabolite dont les particules sont concentrées dans des petites plages, souvent autour des liposomes. Les rôles possibles des cellules de Sertoli sont discutés: soutien et apport de nourriture aux cellules germinales, production d'hormones et phagocytose des corps résiduels. Les variations de la teneur en glycogène sont également discutées.
    Notes: Summary Sertoli cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electron microscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn during two years and in animals hypophysectomized in autumn. These cells contain numerous small mitochondria with lamellar cristae, free ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum moderately developed, several small dictyosomes forming the Golgi complex, lipid droplets and microtubules. There are numerous dense bodies of large size with an heterogeneous content which seem to be of lysosomial nature. Glycogen consists of β particles dispersed at random in the hyaloplasm. Seasonal variations in the content of glycogen are noted. In hypophysectomized animals Sertoli cells contain large amounts of that metabolite whose particles are concentrated in small areas often around the lipid droplets. Possible role of the Sertoli cells concerning mechanical support and nutrition of the germinal cells, production of hormones and phagocytosis of residual bodies are discussed. The variations in the glycogen content are also discussed.
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  • 5
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 97-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stratum corneum ; Man ; Non-fixed ; Non-dehydrated ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is an electron microscopic study of non-fixed and non-dehydrated normal human stratum corneum from the lumbar region. Non-stained sections have a low contrast. In sections examined 3 days after skin biopsy the cytoplasm of the cells shows a uniform contrast or exhibits dark and light areas. A single layer delimits the cytoplasm from the intercellular space. The latter is partly filled out with substance. In sections stained 2 to 4 days after skin biopsy the fibrils are distinct. On the basis of the variations in their opacity and ultrastructure three types of horny cells are clearly distinguishable. In cells of type 1 intensely stained keratohyalin and less opaque fibrillar substance occur. A distinct keratin pattern is not found. In cells of type 2 the fibrils show areas with distinct kerytohyalin and keratin pattern and transitional phases between these two stages of fibrillar differentiation. The keratin pattern representing the final stage of the fibrillar differentiation process is visualized through a successive “discoloration” of the filaments, whereas the interfilamentous substance retains the opacity of the keratohyalin. In cells of type 3 the entire fibrillar substance exhibits a keratin pattern. This consists of less opaque filaments with a diameter of 74 Å. The septa representing the interfilamentous substance are estimated as 30 Å at their thinnest points. These observations of the fibrils are completely comparable to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. In sections stained particularly more than 18 days after skin biopsy the fibrils exhibit pronounced changes in their staining properties with concomitant decrease in distinctness or a complete extinction of the keratin pattern. The observations of the modified plasma membrane and the intercellular space in stained sections correspond to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. The modified plasma membrane and the structures in the intercellular space appear with equal distinctness, whether the sections are stained 2 to 4, 6 to 12 or 14 to 21 days after skin biopsy.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic promyelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Primary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic promyelocytes from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental phase is characterized by the elaboration of primary (azurophillysosomal) granules and the entire intracellular machinery is directed principally toward this goal. The promyelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary stages based upon morphological, histochemical and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of primary granulogenesis.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 120-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red muscle ; Fibre types ; Small mammals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fasern des roten und langsamen M. soleus von Ratte, Kaninchen und Katze und des roten, jedoch schnellen, M. vocalis des Kaninchens wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit den verschiedenen Fasertypen aus dem M. tibialis anterior der Ratte und dem M. gastrocnemius des Kaninchens und der Katze verglichen. M. soleus und M. vocalis (einschließlich M. thyreoarytenoideus) enthalten nur einen mitochondrienreichen Fasertyp. Im schnellen M. vocalis ist der Z-Streifen schmal (50–60 nm), das sarcoplasmatische Reticulum ist gut entwickelt. Die Anordnung von Reticulum und Mitochondrion ist ähnlich wie in Herzmuskelzellen. Wie auch in anderen langsamen Muskeln verschiedener Tiere ist im M. soleus der Z-Streifen breit (100–120 nm), Triaden und Reticulum sind selten, und die Filamente bilden unregelmäßige Areale anstelle von Fibrillen. Hierin gleichen die Fasern des M. soleus den (mitochondrienreichen) C-Fasern eines entsprechenden gemischten Muskels; dagegen zeigen die Zwischentyp-(B-)Fasern schmale Z-Linien (50–70 nm), isodiametrische Fibrillen und mehr Triaden als die C-Fasern. Entgegen der bisherigen Vermutung, die auf der histochemischen Zuordnung der SoleusFasern zum Typ B und der Vocalis-Fasern zum Typ C beruht, ist daher anzunehmen, daß die langsamen motorischen Einheiten eines gemischten Muskels aus C- und nicht aus B-Fasern bestehen. In einigen Muskeln sind die Sarcomere der C-Fasern länger als die der B-(und A-) Fasern. Im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte verschwindet der Unterschied von 8,5% bei 2,6 μm Sarcomerlänge bei der Dehnung auf 2,8 μm mittlere Sarcomerlänge; vermutlich weil die Ruhedehnungskurve zunehmend steiler wird. Die isometrische Extraspannung im Tetanus ist bei 120% der Ruhelänge, d.h. bei 2,7 μm Sarcomerlänge. am größten. Daher muß bei 2,6 μm mittlerer Sarcomerlänge die Kraft der C-Fasern die der B-Fasern übertreffen. Rote Muskeln sind besser vaskularisiert als weiße Muskeln. Für die Mm. soleus und gastrocnemius der Katze verhalten sich die Kapillardichten (Kapillaren/mm2 Muskelfaserquerschnitt) wie 2,7∶:1. Dieser Wert entspricht dem Verhältnis zwischen den Größen für die Durchblutung (ml/min × 100 g) in Ruhe und bei maximaler Gefäßerweiterung.
    Notes: Summary Muscle fibres of the red and slow contracting soleus of rat, rabbit and cat and of the red however fast contracting thyreoarytenoid of rabbit are compared with different fibre types in the anterior tibial muscle of rat and in the gastrocnemius of rabbit and cat. With respect to fibre types soleus and thyreoarytenoid (including m. vocalis) are homogeneous and both being rich in mitochondria. The fast thyreoarytenoid shows a narrow Z-line (50–60 nm) and a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The pattern of reticulum and mitochondria resembles more that of heart muscle cells than of skeletal muscle fibres. Like many slow contracting muscles of different animals the soleus fibres display a wide Z-line (100–120 nm), few triads, little reticulum and irregularly shaped areas of myofilaments instead of fibrils. In that soleus fibres equal fibres of type C (rich in mitochondria) in a corresponding heterogeneous muscle, whereas intermediate (type B) fibres reveal narrow Z-lines (50–70 nm), isodiametrically shaped myofibrils and more triads than C-fibres. Therefore it is far more likely that the slow motor units of a mixed muscle consist of C-fibres than of B-fibres. This is at variance with the histochemical designation of soleus fibres as type B and thyreoarytenoid fibres as type C. In some muscles in C-fibres the sarcomeres are longer than in B-(and A-)fibres. In the anterior tibial muscle of rat this difference is 8.5% at a mean sarcomere length of 2.6 μm, and disappears at a mean length of 2.8 μm, probably due to the steeper slope of the length tension diagram at rest. Since the isometric extratension in a tetanus is highest at 120% resting length (corresponding to about 2.7 μm sarcomere length), the force of C-fibres exceeds that of B-fibres at 2.6 μm but not at 2.8 μm sarcomere length. Red and white muscle differ with respect to vascularisation. The relation between the densities of capillaries in soleus and gastrocnemius of cat is 2.7∶:1 and equals the relation between the blood flows through these muscles during rest and maximum vasodilatation.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Neurohypophysis ; Exocytosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Neurohypophyse von Ratte und Forelle ergeben, daß sich eine Exocytose von Elementargranula an den Endigungen der neurosekretorischen Fasern nur selten abspielt. Es wird daher angenommen, daß die Abgabe von Hormonen in der Neurohypophyse in der Regel nach dem Muster des „membrane-release“ abläuft. 2. Die Exocytose wird nicht durch eine unmittelbare tangentiale Fusion der Membran des Elementargranulums mit dem Plasmalemm der Nervenendigung (Axolemm) eingeleitet. Vor allem bei Anwendung eines Goniometertisches wird erkennbar, daß vor der Exocytose zwischen Axolemm und Membran des Granulums eine Verbindung in Gestalt eines Stieles entsteht. Die Länge dieses Verbindungsstückes entspricht etwa 2 Axolemmdicken. An der Basis des Stiels im Axolemm tritt das Stoma auf, durch das der Inhalt des Granulums bzw. dieses selbst das Axonende verläßt. 3. Die Herkunft kleiner membrannaher Vesikel (Durchmesser 500 Å) in den Endigungen neurosekretorischer Nervenfasern in der Neurohypophyse konnte nicht geklärt werden. Anzeichen einer kompensatorischen Endocytose im Sinne von Nagasawa, Douglas und Schulz (1970) wurden nicht beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary 1. Electron microscopical investigations of the neurohypophysis in rat and trout reveal that exocytosis of neurosecretory elementary granules from the nerve endings occurs only rarely. The authors are of the opinion that hormone release in the neural lobe follows mainly the “membrane-release” pattern. 2. Exocytosis is not performed by tangential fusion of the elementary granule membrane and the plasmalemma of the nerve ending (axolemma). Administering the goniometer technique one can observe the appearance of a stalk-like structure connecting the two membranes. The basis of the stalk in the axolemma corresponds to the site of the stoma through which the core of the vesicle leaves the nerve ending. 3. The mechanism of the origin of small clear vesicles (diameter 500 Å approx.) near the axolemma of the neurosecretory terminal has not been elucidated. The authors did not observe equivalents of a compensatory endocytosis in the vicinity of granules released by exocytosis.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 153-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic myelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Secondary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic myelocyte from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental stage is characterized principally by the elaboration of secondary (specific) granules. In addition, there is a modest decrease in cell size, a decrease in the number and mean size of primary (azurophil) granules, a decrease in the number of polysomes, free ribosomes and mitochondria, a depletion of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in cytoplasmic glycogen, an increase in chromatin aggregations and a loss of nucleoli, and the formation of a markedly indented nucleus. The myelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary phases based upon morphological and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of secondary granulogenesis.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amnion ; Human amniotic plaques ; Fetal membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of amniotic and amniotic-plaque epithelia has been studied from normal term pregnancies. The columnar/cuboidal amniotic epithelial cells usually have apical or central nuclei, some free ribosomes, patches of granular endoplasmic reticulum, juxtanuclear Golgi complexes, rod-shaped mitochondria, lipid droplets and some glycogen granules. They have short, blunt microvilli which frequently branch and bathe in the amniotic fluid. The lateral plasma membranes enclose tortuous intercellular spaces which are always interrupted by variously folded processes and desmosomes. The epithelial cells rest on a basal lamina and exhibit highly folded basal processes. The amniotic epithelial cells are neither distinctly Golgi and fibrillar types nor “light” and “dark” in appearance. Amnion from near the umbilical cord contains many microscopic and several large plaques. Similar structures are not found on the reflected amnion. The microscopic plaques are whitish and translucent, whereas the large ones are opaque. The large plaques vary between 1–3 mm in diameter, and are over 15 cell layers thick. Each large plaque has a main central region and edges continuous with either the microscopic plaque or the simple amniotic epithelium. The main region shows four zones, namely, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Such zones are not distinct at the edges. The fine structure of basal cells compares with the amniotic epithelial cells, but the cells of spinosum and granulosum layers possess variable amounts of tonofibrils, keratohyalin granules, free ribosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. The corneum cells are keratinized and are frequently separated by intercellular spaces. They slough into the amniotic cavity singly or as a sheet, and contribute towards the composition of the amniotic fluid. The plaques are of amniotic origin, and are not formed by adhesion of either squamous cells or fetal skin cells (masses of keratinized squames). The present observations suggest that the occurrence of amniotic plaques is normal. The presence of plaques may not be necessarily associated with fetal abnormality. However, increase in numbers of plaques may be caused by conditions of fluid imbalance. The homology and significance of plaques in eutherian mammals have been discussed.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurones ; Lumbricus ; Monoamines ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cerebral ganglion and the ventral nerve cord of Lumbricus terrestris have been studied with the electron microscope. The results are as follows: In the neuropile small granular vesicles (300 to 500 Å) occur in some varicose nerve fibres after fixation with potassium permanganate. This indicates the presence of noradrenaline. Sometimes only a few of the vesicles produce a positive reaction. After incubation with α-methyl-noradrenaline the numbers of nerve terminals with small granular vesicles greatly increase, indicating the presence of dopamine and/or 5-hydroxytryptamine. In this case the reaction is now complete. The number of small granular vesicles is largest in the terminal swellings. These findings are consistent with histofluorescence, chemical, and microspectrofluorometric analyses, which have demonstrated noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in neurones in the central nervous system. Large granular vesicles (600 to 900 Å) are to be found in some perikarya, not identical with neurosecretory cell bodies. In this case the granular vesicles in the axon are smaller and fewer. This indicates a simultaneous proximo-distal transport and gradual decrease in size of the granular vesicles. The intraneuronal distribution of the vesicles is in agreement with the distribution of the fluorophores in the fluorescent neurones. Neurosecretory neurones are found most likely not to contain monoamines.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 431-436 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Golgi apparatus ; Granular endoplasmic reticulum ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous morphological continuities between the cisternae of the convex face of the Golgi apparatus and the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) were observed in post-division amebae that had divided following enucleation and renucleation. Electron microscopic radioautography with the use of 3H-uridine as a tracer indicated that perhaps the Golgi apparatus is derived from the GER. The possibility of the connections between GER and Golgi apparatus facilitating transport of materials between the two is also discussed.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 466-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Microtubules ; Enamel organ ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the enamel organ of rat incisors macrophages are present in the zone of matrix formation, the transitional zone, the enamel maturation and pigmentation zone. The macrophages accumulate adjacent to redifferentiating amelocytes in the transitional zone. The macrophages phagocytize fragments of disintegrating amelocytes. In addition to the well known complement of organelles the macrophages present an elaborated microtubular system, scattered, thick filaments, a cortical feltwork of thin filaments, and spherical nuclear bodies. The microtubules emanate from “attached” and free pericentriolar satellites and radiate aster-like towards the cell surface or into pseudopods or curve along the nuclear surface for long distances, often related to nuclear constrictions. It is suggested that the microtubular system plays a prominent role in directional movement of the macrophages. The cortical filaments, if contractile, may create the cytoplasmic flow necessary for the cell motility.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 116-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell junctions ; Nexus ; Osmotic effects ; Fixatives ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Speicheldrüsen von Mückenlarven (Chironomus Thummi) haben eine ausgedehnte interzelluläre Kommunikation. In elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern der Speicheldrüsen wurden zwei Arten von interzellulären Verbindungen gefunden, die für die Zellkopplung verantwortlich sein könnten: septate junctions und close membrane junctions. Da die räumliche Ausdehnung der septate junctions viel größer zu sein scheint als die der close junctions, wurden erstere als wahrscheinliche Kopplungsstrukturen angesehen. Es gibt jedoch Hinweise, daß die Strukturen, welche die Zellkopplung bewirken, sehr labil sind. Unter den Faktoren, die zu einer Unterbrechung der zellulären Kommunikationen führen können, sind auch osmotische Effekte. Um mögliche Einflüsse dieser Art auf die Ultrastruktur zu verhindern, wurden die Drüsen für die mikroskopische Inspektion in isoosmotischen Lösungen fixiert. Unter diesen Bedingungen lassen sich ausgedehnte Membrankontakte vom nexus-Typ zwischen den Drüsenzellen erkennen. Ihre Ausdehnung scheint ebenso groß zu sein wie die der septate junctions. Es besteht nach diesen Befunden die Möglichkeit, daß wie in anderen kommunizierenden Zellsystemen, so auch in Speicheldrüsen die interzelluläre Kommunikation durch nexus bewirkt wird.
    Notes: Summary Cells ofChironomus salivary glands communicate through intercellular connections of high permeability. Electron micrographs of salivary glands show two kinds of junctions between the membranes of adjacent cells, which may be responsible for cell coupling: septate junctions and close membrane junctions. A large fraction of lateral cell surfaces is occupied by septate junctions, while the area of close membrane junctions appears to be very small. Consequently septate junctions have been considered as likely sites for intercellular coupling. There are however some indications that intercellular communication is provided by structures which seem to be unstable. As osmotic effects are among the factors which can disrupt cellular communications, we have tried to eliminate possible effects of the fixing solutions on the ultrastructure of intercellular connections by using isoosmotic fixatives. Under these conditions large regions of close membrane junctions of the nexus kind have been observed to occur between gland cells. They are of similar size as septate junctions. It seems to be possible that as in other communicating cell systems nexus could be the sites for intercellular coupling of salivary gland cells.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Crustacea ; Abdominal Ganglia ; Lateral glant fibers ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The abdominal ganglia of the crayfish Astacus pallipes contain numerous vertebrate-like synapses which are characterized by presynaptic vesicles, darkened pre- and post-synaptic membranes, cleft material, and post-synaptic “fuzz”. Such synapses occur throughout the ganglia but are most easily found dorsally, where the neuropile is relatively coarse. The neuropile is far from homogeneous. Regional variations in fiber size, in degree of profile tortuosity, and in kind, magnitude, and distribution of vesicular content result in conspicuous textural variations. The structural polarity of synapses between the lateral giant fibers and other neurons is consistent with known physiological polarity and, hence, validates our criteria for recognition of synapses within the ganglion.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 42-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microglia ; Pericytes ; Cerebral cortex (cat) ; Transformation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Capillaries, pericytes and microglial cells in layer I of the cerebral cortex of normal adult cats have been studied with electron microscopy. The data obtained in this study show that pericytes are cells which are able to transform themselves into microglial cells by virtue of an activation process in which the astrocytic neuroglia appears to play a decisive role. By virtue of its structure, its mesodermic origin and its function the microglia has to be distinguished clearly from the astrocytic neuroglia and the oligodendroglia.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 100-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Connective tissue ; Gastropoda ; Globular cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Blasenzellen stellen ein typisches Zellelement im Bindegewebe der Gastropoden dar. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Cepaea nemoralis haben gezeigt, daß der größte Teil einer Blasenzelle mit einer veränderlichen Glykogenmenge angefüllt ist. Diese zentrale Glykogenansammlung verdrängt das Zytoplasma mit seinen Organellen auf den peripheren Bereich der Zelle einschließlich der Zellausläufer und einen schmalen Saum um den Zellkern. Das wichtigste Identifizierungs-merkmal der Blasenzelle ist eine sehr spezialisierte — hier als Spaltenapparat bezeichnete — Oberflächendifferenzierung. Die Auswertung von Serienschnitten hat gezeigt, daß diese Oberflächenstruktur durch eine zum Teil verzweigte Invagination des extrazellulären Raumes gebildet wird, die wiederum von der Blasenzelle durch eine mäanderförmig unterbrochene Platte abgedeckt ist. Zwischen dem Spaltenapparat der Blasenzellen und dem Reusenapparat der Podozyten der Niere scheint eine Ähnlichkeit zu bestehen.
    Notes: Summary The globular cells are typical elements of the connective tissue of Gastropods. Light- and electronmicroscopic investigations of Cepaea nemoralis have shown, that these cells are filled with variable contents of glycogen, accumulated in the centre of the cell. This crowds the cytoplasm and the cell organelles into the peripheral area, including the cell processes and a narrow band surrounding the nucleus. The typical element of the globular cell is a special differentiation of the cell surface, the so-called “Spaltenapparat”. The three-dimensional organisation of the “Spaltenapparat” has been analysed by serial ultrathin sections. The reconstruction shows, that the “Spaltenapparat” consists of numerous branched invaginations of the extracellular space covered by very small, winding cell processes; there are tiny clefts between them. There appears to be some similarity between the “Spaltenapparat” of the globular cells and the pedicels of the podocytes of the renal glomerulus.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Mouse ; Myelinated neuronal soma ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Thorakalmark (Hinterhornbereich) einer Wildmaus wurde ein kleines Nervenzellperikaryon beobachtet, das vollständig von einer Markscheide umhüllt war. Die Zahl der Markscheidenlamellen variierte zwischen 7 und 12. An einer Stelle konnte ein sogenanntes inneres Mesoperikaryon nachgewiesen werden. Die Bedeutung dieses zufällig erhobenen Befundes ist vorerst noch offen.
    Notes: Summary In the thoracic cord (posterior horn region) of a wild mouse, we have observed a small nerve cell soma completely enveloped by a myelin sheath. The number of myelin lamellae varied between 7 and 12. In one place, the existence of an inner ‘mesoperikaryon’ could also be shown. The significance of this fortuitous finding has not yet been explained.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 53-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Rhesus monkey ; Meiotic chromosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ovaries of foetal and neonatal rhesus monkeys have been examined with the electron microscope. The fine structure of the germ cells (oogonia; oocytes at the preleptotene, leptotene, zygotene, pachytene and diplotene stages of meiotic prophase) closely resembles that of corresponding human cells. Stages in spontaneous atresia are also described. Cytoplasmic organelles in oogonia are sparse and are grouped mainly at one pole of the nucleus, but become dispersed and more abundant as oogenesis proceeds. The nuclei of oogonia contain a random fibrillar matrix which becomes organized into threads at pre-leptotene. At leptotene these chromosomal threads each contain a dense axial “core”; during zygotene they become loosely paired in a “bouquet” arrangement and at pachytene the bivalents contain synaptinemal complexes. “Single” cores reappear at diplotene, surrounded by a complex fibrillar sheath organized into lateral projections and loops with associated granules: such chromosomes resemble those in human primordial oocytes although they are more diffuse. These findings support the view that at the diplotene stage mammalian oocytes contain chromosomes of the lampbrush type. Observations on the monkey are compared with those on other species, and the ways in which chromosomal organization may influence the radiosensitivity of oocytes is discussed.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogonia ; Fish ; Annulate lamellae ; Chromatoid bodies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Observations on annulate lamellae and chromatoid bodies in spermatogonia of the cyprinid fish Pimephales notatus have revealed several commonly occurring features heretofore unreported: These include (a) the presence of annulate lamellae in close association with chromatoid bodies; (b) the existence of a chromatoid “band” or “shell” between the nuclear envelope and some chromatoid bodies with connections among them; (c) the presence of annulate pore complexes in the absence of well developed membrane envelopes as well as in association with such envelopes; (d) the presence of material just outside the nucleus and contiguous with nuclear pores which is of a similar density and texture to that of the chromatoid bands and chromatoid bodies; (e) filamentous material between the cytoplasmic sides of nuclear pores and the chromatoid “band”, bridging a distance of approximately 1000 Å and similar threads extending a like distance between chromatoid bodies (and bands) and annulate lamellae associated with them; and (f) mitochondria closely arranged about some chromatoid bodies.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 127-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear envelope ; Amphibian oocytes ; Nuclear pore complex ; Chemical nature ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the chemical composition of the nuclear pore complexes isolated nuclei from matureXenopus laevis oocytes were manually fractioned into nucleoplasmic aggregates and the nuclear envelopes. The whole isolation procedure takes no more than 60–90 sec, and the pore complexes of the isolated envelopes are well preserved as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Minor nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic contaminations associated with the isolated nuclear envelopes were determined with electron microscopic morphometry and were found to be quantitatively negligible as far as their mass and nucleic acid content is concerned. The RNA content of the fractions was determined by direct phosphorus analysis after differential alkaline hydrolysis. Approximately 9% of the total nuclear RNA of the matureXenopus egg was found to be attached to the nuclear envelope. The nonmembranous elements of one pore complex contain 0.41×10−16 g RNA. This value agrees well with the content estimated from morphometric data. The RNA package density in the pore complexes (270×10−15 g/μ3) is compared with the nucleolar, nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic RNA concentration and is discussed in context with the importance of the pore complexes for the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA-containing macromolecules. Additionally, the results of the chemical analyses as well as of the3H-actinomycin D autoradiography and of the nucleoprotein staining method of Bernhard (1969) speak against the occurence of considerable amounts of DNA in the nuclear pore complex structures.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 50-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Drosophila, larval ; Differentiation ; Involution ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung bzw. Differenzierung der larvalen Speicheldrüse vonDrosophila melanogaster wurde an genau datierten Altersstadien aus dem III. Larvenstadium, der Vorpuppe und der Puppe mit lichtmikroskopischen und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Zur Vermeidung großer Streuung im physiologischen Alter der Tiere wurde eine Kulturmethode entwickelt, die es erlaubt, die Häutungen zu beobachten und zur Altersbestimmung heranzuziehen. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: 1. Die Speicheldrüse besteht bis zur Mitte des III. Larvenstadiums morphologisch aus einem einheitlichen Zelltypus, der sehr kleine Sekretgrana (∅ 0,3 μm) bildet. Diese sammeln sich am Zellapex. Die Vermutung liegt nahe, daß es sich um ein Verdauungssekret handelt.In der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums differenzieren sich drei Zelltypen, die hier Corpuszellen, Übergangszellen und Halszellen genannt werden. Dabei ist ein Differenzierungsgradient von distal nach proximal zu beobachten. Die distal gelegenenCorpuszellen stellen die Bildung des Verdauungssekretes in der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums ein und bilden stattdessen ein Klebesekret. Dieses Sekret wird in Form großer Grana (∅ bis zu 10 μm) zunächst in den Zellen gespeichert und kurz vor der Pupariumbildung ins Lumen der Drüse abgegeben. Kurz nach der Pupariumbildung wird das Klebesekret aus dem Körper entlassen und dient dazu, die Tönnchenpuppe an einem trockenen Substrat anzuheften. Das Klebesekret ist PAS-positiv. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um ein Mucoproteid. Während des Vorpuppenstadiums bilden sich in den Corpuszellen große Vakuolen, die auf Grund der elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde als Ausdruck einer weiteren Sekretionsphase und nicht als beginnende Degeneration gedeutet werden. Die mögliche Bedeutung dieses Sekretes wird diskutiert. DieÜbergangszellen liegen zwischen den Corpuszellen und den Halszellen. Sie bilden ebenfalls Klebesekret, jedoch mit zeitlicher Verzögerung. Kurz vor der Pupariumbildung sind sie wie die Corpuszellen mit ausgereiften Klebesekretgrana beladen und von diesen nicht mehr zu unterscheiden. Die proximal gelegenenHalszellen bilden kein Klebesekret, sondern setzen die Bildung des Verdauungssekretes in der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums fort. Während des Vorpuppenstadiums bilden sich in den Halszellen nicht die großen Vakuolen wie in den Corpuszellen. 2. Die Involution der larvalen Speicheldrüse erfolgt nach der Puppenhäutung durch Autolyseprozesse, die am distalen Ende der Drüse beginnen und innerhalb 1 Std alle Zellen mit Ausnahme der Imaginalanlage erfassen. 3. Die in dieser Untersuchung erhobenen entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Befunde anDrosophila melanogaster werden mit Beobachtungen anDrosophila virilis, D. robusta undD. hydei verglichen. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, daß die Entwicklung der larvalen Speicheldrüsen von verschiedenenDrosophila-Arten enge Parallelen aufweist. Die bisher bekannten Zusammenhänge zwischen Stoffwechselaktivitäten im Zytoplasma und Genaktivitäten (Puffmuster) an den Riesenchromosomen dieser Zellen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The development and differentiation of the larval salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogaster have been investigated with light and electron microscopical methods. The organ has been dissected out of exactly dated stages of the III. instar larva, the prepupa and the early pupa. In order to avoid great variations in the physiological age of the animals a culture method has been developed, enabling the larval molts to be observed and used for identification of the age. The results are as follows: 1. The salivary gland of the early larva up to the middle of the III. instar period is a homogenous sack consisting of one sort of cells, in which very small secretion granules (∅ 0,3 μm) are synthesized. These secretion granules concentrate near the cellular apex. They are supposed to contain digestion enzymes. 2. In the second half of the III. larval instar period three cell types are differentiated, which are called corpus cells, transitional cells and collum cells. A gradient of differentiation from distal to proximal can be observed. 3. Thecorpus cells, located at the distal part of the gland, stop the production of digestion enzymes in the second half of the III. larval instar period and begin to synthesize a cement substance. This cement first is stored in grana (∅ up to 10 μm) inside the corpus cells. Shortly before puparium formation it is extruded into the lumen of the gland. Shortly after puparium formation it is expectorated out of the mouth, runs along the body wall and affixes the puparium to the substrate. The cement is PAS-positive, probably being a mucoproteid. In the corpus cells large vacuoles are formed during the prepupal instar period. On the basis of these electron microscopical results the vacuoles are interpreted to represent another form of a secretory product and not an equivalent of beginning degeneration. The possible function of this substance is discussed. 4. Thetransitional cells are located between the corpus cells and the collum cells. They also synthesize cement at a delayed rate, through shortly before puparium formation they are filled with cement like the corpus cells and cannot be distinguished from the latter. Thecollum cells form the most proximal part of the salivary gland. They do not produce cement but continue to synthesize digestion enzyme granules in the second half of the III. instar period. The large secretion vacuoles, found in the corpus cells during the prepupal instar period, are not synthesized in the collum cells. 5. The involution of the larval salivary gland begins after pupation and is indicated by autolytic processes, which begin at the distal end of the gland. One hour later all cells exept the imaginalanlage show signs of degeneration. 6. The course of development of the salivary glands investigated in the present study inDrosophila melanogaster is compared with similar investigations onDrosophila virilis, robusta andhydei. It is pointed out that the development of the larval salivary gland in different species ofDrosophila shows close parallels. The relationships between metabolic activities in the cytoplasm and gene physiological activities (pattern of puffs) on the giant chromosomes, as known so far, are discussed.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 70-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes ; Different types ; Dinophilus gyrociliatus ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dinophilus gyrociliatus bildet zwei Oocytentypen, einen größeren, aus dem ♀♀ hervorgehen (♀-Oocyte) und einen kleineren, der sich zu ♂♂ entwickelt (♂-Oocyte). Diese beiden Oocytentypen sind von frühen Stadien der Vitellogenese an durch ihr unterschiedliches Größenwachstum zu unterscheiden. Da bei Oogonien und prävitellogenen Oocyten keine zwei unterschiedlichen Zelltypen festzustellen sind, muß man annehmen, daß die Differenzierung in ♂- und ♀-Oocyten in einem zwischen der Prävitellogenese- und der Vitellogenesephase gelegenen Übergangsstadium beginnt. Während der Prävitellogenesephase finden Zellverschmelzungen statt, aber es konnten keine Beziehungen zwischen der Fusion von Oocyten und der späteren Differenzierung nachgewiesen werden. Die ♂-Oocyte beginnt schon auf einem frühen Stadium der Vitellogenese mit der Produktion von Mucopolysaccharid-Granula, die ♀-Oocyte erst später. Diese Granula bilden nach der Ablage der Eier die Ei- oder die Kokonhülle. Die ♀-Oocyte bildet größere Proteindottergranula als die kleinere ♂-Oocyte. Eine Trennung zweier Zellsorten nach Granulagrößen läßt sich schon auf dem Übergangsstadium durchführen. Der absolute RNS-Gehalt der reifen ♀-Oocyte liegt wesentlich über dem der ♂-Oocyte; dagegen ist die Konzentration der RNS in der ♂-Oocyte höher. Die RNS-Synthese verläuft in beiden Oocytentypen parallel zur Volumenzunahme und dauert bis zum Ende der Vitellogenesephase.
    Notes: Summary Dinophilus gyrociliatus produces two types of oocytes, a big, female producing “♀-oocyte”, and a smaller, male-producing “♂-oocyte”. They may be distinguished by their different volume from the beginning of the vitellogenic phase. Neither oogonia nor previtellogenic oocytes show two types of cells, and the beginning of differentiation in ♀-oocytes and ♂-oocytes has to be located in a connecting stage after the previtellogenic and before the vitellogenic phase. On previtellogenic stages the cells fuse and form bigger ones, but there is no connection to be found with the differentiation of the egg cells. The ♂-oocyte starts the production of mucopolysaccharid granules at an early vitellogenic stage; the ♀-oocyte does so only at later stages. These granules form the egg capsule after the eggs have been laid. The ♀-oocyte contains bigger protein yolk granules than the smaller ♂-oocyte. Already on the connecting stage it is possible to distinguish two groups of cells by the size of their granules. The ribonucleic acid content in the ♀-oocyte exceeds greatly that of the ♂-oocyte. The RNA-concentration, however, is higher in the latter one. During the vitellogenic stages the rate of RNA-synthesis in either type of oocytes parallels the increase in cell volume, the synthesis lasting up to the end of the vitellogenic phase.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 417-427 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphatic vessels ; Lung ; Centrioles ; Filaments ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of the pulmonary lymphatic collecting channels and their valves in the rabbit revealed that the endothelial cells generally contain two centrioles which are almost invariably associated with one to several striated bundles of filaments. The structure of the centrioles corresponds well with that in other cell types. The filaments however were present only in endothelial cells and not in the perilymphatic connective tissue cells. The bundles consist of 2 to 6 filaments of about 40 Å diamenter and show a cross banding with a periodicity of 600 to 900 Å. They are attached at both ends or in the middle of the centriole. Their function is unknown, but they might be vestigial rootlets of rudimentary cilia of lymphatic endothelial cells.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 365-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Golgi apparatus ; Membranes ; Cross-bridges ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Electron opaque cross-bridge structures span the inter- and intracisternal spaces and provide membrane-to-membrane connections between adjacent cisternae of dictyosomes of pollen tubes ofClivia andLilium. Additionally, the classic intercisternal rods, characteristic of intercisternal regions near the maturing face of dictyosomes, are connected with the adjacent membranes through similar cross-bridge elements. We suggest that these structural links are responsible for maintaining the flattened appearance of the central parts of Golgi apparatus cisternac as well as for the coherence of cisternae within the stack. Observations on other plant (e.g. microsporocytes ofCanna) and animal cells (e.g. rodent liver and hepatoma cells, newt spermatocytes) show that such an array of membrane cross-links is a universal feature of Golgi apparatus architecture. The cross-bridges appear as part of the complex “zone of exclusion” which surrounds dictyosomes, entire Golgi apparatus and Golgi apparatus equivalents in a variety of cell types.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood vessels ; Chicken embryo ; Multivesicular structures ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In verschiedenen Arten von Gefäß- und Mesenchymzellen in Allantois und Dottersack des Hühnchens wurden regelmäßig sog. „multivesicular structures“ beobachtet, die aus intrazellulären Aggregaten von Vesikeln (Durchmesser ca.: 800 Å) und/oder Vakuolen (Durchmesser bis 5000 Å) bestehen. Ähnliche Befunde anderer Autoren und die eigenen Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, daß es sich um das Substrat einer weitverbreiteten Zellreaktion handelt, die u.a. das morphologische Äquivalent der Sequestrierung eines z.B. im Zuge der Zelldifferenzierung überflüssig gewordenen Zytoplasmaanteils darstellt.
    Notes: Summary In the endothelial, the media and mesenchymal cells of the vessels in the chicken's allantoic and vitelline membranes “multivesicular structure” regularly occur. They consist of aggregated vesicles and/or vacuoles (diameters ranging from 800 Å to 5000 Å) and seem to present a rather common and widespread cellular reaction, that might serve as a mechanism to sequester those parts of the cytoplasm which became superfluous e.g. during cell differentiation.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 338-350 
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    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Salmon ; Gonad maturation ; Cell types ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the various hormone-producing cell types (with the exclusion of the prolactin cells) in the pituitary gland (pars distalis) of migratory sockeye salmon is described. All fish were in an advanced stage of sexual maturation. In the proximal pars distalis five cell types were distinguished: growth hormone cells, ACTH cells, gonadotrops, “vesicular cells”, and “chromophobe cells”. Gonadotrops were also found throughout the rostral pars distalis. A conspicuous feature of the gonadotrops was the presence of two kinds of secretory inclusions: small electron-dense granules (200–375 mμ) and large, relatively electron-translucent globules (400–2 000 mμ). The large vesicular cells, so called because of their conspicuous vesicular endoplasmic reticulum, were numerous and often appeared to contain some small granules. It is argued that they may represent a second type of gonadotropic cell, which, in earlier stages of gonad development, contains many granules but becomes largely degranulated near the time of reproduction when the other gonadotrops (“globular gonadotrops”) abound. The chromophobes, which were smaller and far less abundant than the vesicular cells, also appeared to contain small granules (120–280 mμ). They are probably thyrotrops.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 347-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Pleurodeles ; Acrosome ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'origine et la morphogenèse des différents éléments de l'acrosome du spermatozoīde dePleurodeles waltlii ont été suivies et décrites depuis le tout début de la spermiogenèse. La formation de la vésicule acrosomienne et son évolution en une coiffe acrosomienne se fait selon le schéma classique. Son extrémité apicale se différencie tardivement en un bouton terminal et un crochet. Les trois parties de la coiffe diffèrent dans leur composition et leur structure fine. Les volumineux et complexes éléments situés sous la coiffe acrosomienne: axe, baguette puis manchon périphérique et manchon moyen, sont dépourvus de polysaccharides. Leur origine est envisagées. Ils sont comparés aux éléments situés dans l'espace sous-acrosomien des spermatozoīdes des autres vertébrés.
    Notes: Summary The origin and the morphogenesis of the acrosome different parts ofPleurodeles spermatozoon, have been investigated and described from the early beginning spermiogenesis process. The acrosomal vesicle and acrosomal cap formation take place according to the classical scheme. The acrosomal anterior tip cap late differentiate in a blunt terminal knob and a hook. The three cap parts differ in their composition and fine structure. The large and complicated structure stretching under the acrosomal cap: axis, peripheral muff and middle muff, are devoided of polysaccharides; their origin is discussed. They are compared with the subacrosomal components lying in the other vertebrates spermatozoon subacrosomal space.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 211-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Rats ; Bone resorption ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osteoclasts in metaphyses from young rats were systematically sectioned at different levels. Two types of osteoclasts were recognized. One type had no ruffled border while the other, and predominant type contained a ruffled border in a part of its length; some of the latter contained two ruffled borders. The closest contact between osteoclast and bone occurred at the level of the ruffled border and this bone under the border showed characteristic changes indicative of resorption. In some osteoclasts the ruffled border consisted of numerous slender cytoplasmic projections separated by very narrow spaces or channels while in other osteoclasts it was more open. The ruffled border was commonly surrounded by a transitional zone containing numerous thin filaments. The osteoclast usually had its greatest dimension at the level of the ruffled border and the cytoplasm here contained many bodies and vacuoles but a sparse endoplasmic reticulum. Away from the level of the ruffled border the cytoplasmic vacuoles and bodies were fewer while the endoplasmic reticulum was often more pronounced. Parts of the osteoclasts were usually situated close to a vessel. It is suggested that there is a correlation between the development of the ruffled border and the degree of bone resorption and that osteoclasts without a ruffled border are, at least temporarily, inactive with respect to bone resorption. The numerous cytoplasmic bodies, interpreted as lysosomes, are presumed to be important in the resorption process. The closely adjacent positioning of osteoclasts and vessels may facilitate the transport of resorption products to the blood.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 82-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Echinoidea ; Colour change ; Chromatophores ; Amoeboid movement ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für den physiologischen Farbwechsel bei Vertebraten und Evertebraten gilt die Vorstellung, daß eine Pigmentbewegung innerhalb einer formkonstanten Zelle stattfindet. Am Seeigel Centrostephanus longispinus wird nun der Nachweis einer amoeboiden Bewegung von Pigmentzellen geführt: Die Epidermis von Centrostephanus enthält große braune Chromatophoren, die bei Belichtung eine Pigmentdispersion, bei Verdunkelung eine Konzentration des Pigments zeigen. Die Chromatophoren sind außerordentlich stark verzweigte Zellen, deren Arme dicht mit Pigmentgrana erfüllt sind. Im geballten Zustand ist die allgemeine Zellform mehr oder weniger ovoid, wobei die Zellarme eingezogen und dicht um die Zellmitte angeordnet sind. Dispersion des Pigments wird hervorgerufen durch Ausstrecken der pigmentierten Zellarme in den Interzellularraum des umgebenden Gewebes. Innerhalb der Zelle werden filamentöse Elemente nachgewiesen, die vermutlich für die Zellbeweglichkeit verantwortlich sind. — Ferner wird der zelluläre Aufbau des Integuments beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Rapid colour changes in vertebrate and invertebrate species are considered to be due to movement of pigment granules within pigment cells of constant shape. Evidence is presented in this study to show that an amoeboid movement of chromatophores occurs in the epidermis of the Echinoderm Centrostephanus longispinus. The epidermis in this species contains large brown chromatophores, which display a dispersion of pigment on illumination and its concentration on darkening. The chromatophores are extensively branched cells, and their branches are densely packed with pigment granules. In the state of pigment concentration, the shape of the cell is more or less ovoid, and the cell branches are drawn in and closely arranged around the cell centre. Dispersion is attained by a stretching out of the pigmented cell branches into the intercellular spaces of the surrounding tissue. Within the cell, filamentous elements, which may be functional in the motility of the pigment cell, can be demonstrated.—Additionally the cellular composition of the integument is described.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 439-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junction ; Triturus ; Colchicine ; Axoplasmic flow ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Repeated injections of colchicine into the forearms of normal adult newts led to the disappearance of microtubules within some nerves and a concomitant loss of specialized morphological features at the neuromuscular junction. Within 2 weeks, the postsynaptic folds decreased in height and number, became flattened and eventually disappeared. In addition, nerve terminals in drug-treated animals became separated from the muscle surface and were highly congested with masses of synaptic vesicles. The present findings show that colchicine has an effect on the structural integrity of the neuromuscular junction. These effects could be direct; secondary to retraction of the nerve from the muscle surface; or the result of interference with the proper transport and/or release of neurotrophic substances.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 449-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect brain ; Neurons ; Glia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the neural sheath, glial cells and nerve cells in the brain of adult male houseflies is described. The neural sheath is composed of neural lamella and perineurium. The neural lamella consists of an external lamina and collagen-like fibrils which are embedded in an amorphous matrix. The perineurial cells form a continuous layer around the brain. On their inner surface, perineurial cells form junctional complexes with glial cell processes. A cortical cellular layer composed of neurons and glial cells surrounds the centrally located neuropil. Three types of glial cells are identified. Glial cells differ in size and in relative development and distribution of organelles. Thin processes of glioplasm completely surround the cell bodies of the neurons. Five types of neurons are described. Most of the neurons are monopolar, a few are bipolar.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 461-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Centriole assembly ; Basal bodies ; Ciliogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of 16 to 18 day old chick tracheas revealed that procentrioles are present near the basal ends of the recently matured centrioles and basal bodies of both ciliating and ciliated cells. Cylinders 0.1 μ in outside diameter in which densely staining walls and a central axial filament can often be detected, are present between the mature centrioles and these procentrioles. These cylinders although somewhat shorter are morphologically similar to those found earlier in the same cells in the center of procentriole clusters. So far, only one procentriole has been found in association with each cylinder and only one cylinder in association with each mature centriole or basal body. Procentrioles up to 0.18 μ in length including some with singlet microtubules in their walls have been detected. Serial sectioning indicated that in some cells up to 8% of the mature centrioles and basal bodies were associated with a cylinder and a distinct procentriole. If these procentrioles were to mature they could provide additional basal bodies for cilia after the initial wave of centriole assembly and maturation has been completed.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 88-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Bufo bufo ; Cell differentiation ; Larval growth ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cinq types de cellules granulées se différencient au cours de la métamorphose dans la pars distalis de l'hypophyse du têtard de Crapaud. A la prémétamorphose apparaissent les deux types de cellules protidiques, les cellules glycoprotidiques de type II et des cellules glycoprotidiques d'un type intermédiaire. Cette dernière catégorie cellulaire disparaît au climax. A la prométamorphose se différencient les cellules glycoprotidiques de type IV. Au climax s'observent les cellules glycoprotidiques de type III. Les cellules glycoprotidiques de type II sont vraisemblablement responsables de la sécrétion de l'hormone thyréotrope (TSH). Il n'est pas encore possible de préciser la fonction des autres types cellulaires. Des fibres nerveuses ont pu être observées dans la pars distalis entre les cellules granulées.
    Notes: Summary Five granulated cell types can be distinguished in the Toad's pars distalis during larval growth. During premetamorphosis the two types of protidic cells appear, the glycoprotein containing cells of type II and an intermediary cell type which disappears during the climax. During prometamorphosis the glycoprotein cells of type IV are apparent. During the climax the glycoprotein cells of type III can be observed. The glycoprotein containing cells of type II probably produce the thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH). The function of the other cell types can not be specified for the moment. Nervous fibers have been observed in the pars distalis between granulated cells.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Rat ; Blood vessels ; Extracellular space ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of capillaries were found in the medial terminal nucleus of the rat accessory optic system. Type one capillaries are surrounded by glial processes and lack a perivascular space, whereas the type two capillaries and arterioles show a distinct extracellular perivascular space often filled with collagen fibrils. An internal as well as an external basal lamina lines these spaces. No fenestration of the endothelium was observed.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 415-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Rat ; Cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/E-PTA ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic junctions in intact rat cerebral cortex have been examined following glutaraldehyde fixation and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining. In the presynaptic ending the network has a hexagonal arrangement, while the dense projections are regularly placed along the presynaptic membrane. Cleft densities occupy the intracleft region. The postsynaptic thickening extends uninterrupted along the length of the junction. Qualitatively, the majority of junctions fall into the ‘discontinuous-continuous’ category, in which the internal coat of the presynaptic membrane together with its associated dense projections is discontinuous along the length of the junction, whereas the postsynaptic thickening is continuous. By contrast, a small number of junctions are ‘continuous-continuous’. In an attempt to analyze the junctions quantitatively, nine indices were measured. Histograms of the size distributions of seven of these appear to be bimodal, and from this it is concluded that two junction populations may be distinguishable on quantitative grounds. It is also shown that the distance separating dense projections at the presynaptic membrane is of the order of 10–15 nm. This surprisingly low value has consequences for current ideas on the relationship between synaptic vesicles and dense projections, and these are discussed at length.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 404-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renal medulla ; Rat ; Interstitial ground substance ; Fixation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Interstitium des inneren Nierenmarkes von Ratten wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixierungsarten und Versuchsanordnungen elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Neben Bindegewebszellen und kollagenen Fibrillen enthält der interstitielle Raum bandförmige, basalmembranartige Strukturen, in deren weiträumigen Maschen zwei weitere Komponenten, nämlich ein feingranuläres und feinfilamentäres Material sowie kontrastreiche, globuläre Partikel liegen. Diese beiden Formelemente stellen sich bei den verschiedenen Fixierungsarten und Versuchsanordnungen unterschiedlich dar. Bei der feingranulären und feinfilamentären Komponente handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um interstitielles Blutplasma. Diese Deutung wird gestützt durch die morphologische Ähnlichkeit mit dem Blutplasma der Blutgefäße, die unterschiedliche Darstellbarkeit nach Glutardialdehyd-und Formalinfixierung sowie durch die Befunde nach Gefäßperfusion und Nierenvenenstauung. Das Verhalten der globulären Partikel nach OsO4-Einwirkung steht in Einklang mit der schon früher gegebenen Interpretation als präzipitierte saure Mukopolysaccharide. Ihr elektronenoptisches Bild wird im Vergleich zur bekannten makromolekularen Struktur der Mukopolysaccharid-Protein-Moleküle diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The interstitial ground substance in the inner medulla of the rat kidney is examined electron microscopically after fixation with various fixation agents and under different experimental conditions. The papillary interstitium contains besides interstitial cells and few collagen fibrils basement membrane like material and two other components, fine granular-fibrillar elements and globular particles with heavy contrast. The appearance of the two latter interstitial components varies according to the different fixation agents used and to the experimental conditions. The fine granular and fine fibrillar material surrounds the globular particles numerously after glutardialdehyde-fixation but scarcely after formaldehyde-fixation. It increases after renal vein occlusion, but is diminished or absent, if the kidney is rinsed bloodfree. These results allow to conclude that this material represents interstitial bloodplasma. The behaviour of the globular particles after OsO4-fixation agrees well with the earlier interpretation according to which they represent precipitated acid mucopolysaccharides. Their electron microscopic appearance is discussed in comparison with the known macromolecular structure of the acid mucopolysaccharides.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 497-505 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatoid bodies ; Spermatozoa ; Cat ; Jensen's ring ; Centriole ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The first indication of differentiation of the Jensen's ring has been detected in an early stage of spermiogenesis of Felis catus Linné when the pair of centrioles takes up a position immediately beneath the plasma membrane. The chromatoid bodies appear in the early spermatid cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex. In a more advanced stage, such bodies have been found in association with the striated columns, the distal centriole or the proximal part of flagellum and the Jensen's ring. As the spermiogenesis proceeds, the bodies have decreased their size and density, and finally disappear in mature spermatozoa. The chromatoid bodies seem, therefore, to share with the centriole the capacity to form the connecting piece. As a consequence of disorganization of triplet microtubules of the centriole, a noticeable material appears in the center of lumen of the centriole to be identifiable as a distinct precursor of the central pair of axonemal complex. Microtubules are first developed as the sheath of principal piece of the sperm flagellum, originating from the plasma membrane surrounding the axonemal complex.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial body ; Calcitonin ; Turtle ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultimobranchial body of fresh-water turtles,Pseudemys scripta andChrysemys picta, ultrastructurally and histochemically resembles the gland of other vertebrate groups and the homologous thyroid parafollicular cells of mammals. Characteristic features of all of these tissues are secretory granules measuring approximately 150–250 mμ, a distended endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi regions and large numbers of free ribosomes. Unusual features of the turtle ultimobranchial body are an abundance of large cytoplasmic bodies measuring 800–1000 mμ and a dense, homogenous material within the lumina of the ultimobranchial follicles. The large cytoplasmic bodies usually occur near the luminal portion of the cells and are of similar electron density to the luminal contents, suggesting a possible functional relationship of these two glandular components.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pterin layer ; Pigmentation ; Dermis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pterin layer was investigated in both wild type Rana pipiens and Rana pipiens homozygous for the speckle mutant gene. No difference in morphology of the layer was noted between the wild type and mutant. The layer lines the outer surface of the stratum compactum of the dermis and separates this stratum from the stratum spongiosum. The pterin layer consists of extra-cellular material and contains membrane-bounded granules filled with fine spicules. Many of the spicules are somewhat similar in appearance to the initial calcification loci present in developing membrane bone. The layer first appears in the tadpole at approximately stage 14 (Taylor and Kollros, 1946); subsequent developmental stages are described.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Freeze Fracture ; Microvasculature (chick) ; Ground substance ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissues of the young chick and chick embryo were prepared in a relatively unaltered condition by the freeze-fracture technique. The ultrastructure of the microvasculature and surrounding interstitial region is compared with that seen in conventional thin-sectioned material. In the undifferentiated vessels of the 3-day chick embryo, no distinct basement lamina can be distinguished in either type of preparation. In the 3-week chick, a continuous basement lamina is present beneath the endothelium only in chemically fixed and sectioned tissue; it cannot be distinguished from the remaining interstitial substance in freeze-fracture preparations. Blood-tissue exchange may depend on permeability characteristics of the entire interstitial region rather than on the basement lamina alone.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Rabbit ; Pinocytosis ; Enzymes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of the occurrence, at the light microscopic level, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, the pigment epithelium covering the posterior surface of the iris in the albino rabbit can be divided into two zones not previously described, viz. a central zone close to the pupil, approximately corresponding to the area occupied by the iridic sphincter muscle, and a peripheral zone extending to the ciliary body. The central zone which is in intimate relation with the lens was found to have a high content of both phosphatases. At the fine structural level it exhibits a marked pinocytotic activity in the epithelium at the interdigitations between adjacent cells. Electron microscopy revealed that acid phosphatase is localized to the walls of the pinocytotic vesicles. Alkaline phosphatase is in evidence at the surface membrane folds and at microvillous processes between the epithelial cells and the adjoining muscle cells. Unlike the distribution of the acid phosphatase, that of the alkaline phosphatase does not differ fundamentally in the two zones at the fine structural level. In a series of dehydrogenases studied, staining with a view to succinic-, isocitric- and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases revealed an evenly distributed content of enzyme throughout the epithelium. As to the lactic- and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases, contents seem to be lower in the pupillary than in the peripheral zone.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 396-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human pineal organ ; Development ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with pineal organs of human embryos 60 to 150 days old. At every stage central nerve fibres enter the pineal organ by way of the habenular commissure, but are restricted to the pineal's proximal part. On about the 60th day of the development the sympathetic nervus conarii grows into the distal pole of the pineal organ from a dorso-caudal direction and plays the predominant part in the innervation of the pineal organ. After penetrating, it soon branches out and forms a network in the pineal tissue. Much later, not until the 5th embryonic month, sympathetic nerves appear accompanying the supplying vessels in the perivascular spaces. After a short time these nerves pierce the outer limiting basement membrane and penetrate the parenchyma. Towards the end of the 5th embryonic month the axons of the sympathetic nerves form varicosities containing clear and dense core vesicles. At this point large amounts of laminated granules appear primarily in cell processes, probably of pinealocytes. Isolated granules also occur in the varicosities of axons. The granules encountered here are most likely secretory granules.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 136-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nebennierenrinde von 178 Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde elektronenmikroskopisch von der 1.–12. Lebenswoche unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach s.c. Injektion von 3 IE ACTH/100 g Körpergewicht innerhalb von 2 min — 24 Std untersucht. Ab der 5. Lebenswoche unterscheiden sich die Nebennieren von Weibchen im Bereich der äußeren Zona fasciculata durch Kernvergrößerung, größere Mitochondrien und kleindisperse Liposomen von denen der Männchen. Zyklusbedingte Schwankungen in der Ultrastruktur der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde bestehen nicht. Nach ACTH-Applikation nähert sich das Nebennierenbild des Männchen innerhalb von 30 min dem des unbehandelten Weibchens. Außerdem kommt es bei beiden Geschlechtern durch ACTH zu einer Dispersion und Reduktion der Liposomen, Vergrößerung des Golgiapparates und der Zellkerne, Ausweitung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und Vermehrung der Mikrovilli. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus wird funktionell erklärt.
    Notes: Summary 178 Sprague-Dawley-rats were studied by electron microscopy from the 1st to the 12th week of life under normal conditions and after s. c. injection of 3 I. U. ACTH/100 gbodyweight from 2 min to 24 hours. Beginning with the 5th week of life females differ from males by small dispersed liposomes and enlarged nuclei and mitochondria in the outer z. fasciculata. There is no change in the ultrastructure of the female adrenal cortex depending on the sexual cycle. After application of ACTH the adrenal cortex of males assimilates to the untreated females within 30 min. After ACTH-application both sexes show dispersion and reduction of liposomes, dilation of endoplasmatic reticulum, increasement of microvilli and enlargement of the Golgi apparatus. The sex-dimorphism is interpreted by functional differences.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human testis ; Gonocyte ; Spermatogonium ; Germ cell degeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic examination of the human fetal testis between 10 and 20 weeks gestation reveals the presence of two distinct cell types within the tubules: Sertoli cells and germ cells. The latter are distinguished by their spherical shape, smooth nuclear membranes, globular mitochondria and paucity of cytoplasmic organelles. The gonocytes, or primitive germ cells, occur as single cells in the central portions of the tubules. Their chromatin is finely granular and evenly dispersed. Nucleoli are centrally placed and of uniform electron density. Various stages in the migration of gonocytes to the tubular periphery are indicated by the extension of cytoplasmic processes toward the basal lamina. Bands of microtubules are present within the processes. Spermatogonia are arranged in pairs and groups at the tubular periphery. They lack the nucleolar and mitochondrial characteristics of adult spermatogonia. Except for slight changes in chromatin density and nucleolar structure, the fetal spermatogonia retain the ultrastructural characteristics of gonocytes. Intercellular bridges connect adjacent spermatogonia. Degeneration affecting large numbers of germ cells, but primarily gonocytes, begins with nuclear infolding and chromatin condensation and eventually involves both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures. The degenerated cells are removed by phagocytosis by adjacent Sertoli cells. Large phagosomes are present in the cytoplasm of many of the Sertoli cells.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Receptor cells ; Amines ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptor cells in the epithelium and the basiepithelial nerve net of the prostomium of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with electron microscope with special regard to the presence of monoamines. The receptor cells are found in groups of about 40 intermingled with supportive cells. After pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixation with potassium permanganate a few receptor cells in each group and some nerve fibres in the basiepithelial nerve net contain small granular vesicles (about400 Å) characteristic for monoaminergic neurons. The distribution and relative number of these receptor cells and nerve fibres coincide well with previous reports on fluorescent receptor cells and varicose fibres. That the monoamine-storing small granular vesicles not are visualized until pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline is in accordance with recent microspectrofluorometric analysis, which shows that dopamine is the only primary monoamine present in the epithelium. In the epithelium there are occasional receptor cells and nerve fibres containing large vesicles (1000–1800 Å) which resemble the neurosecretory vesicles in the central nervous system. Photoreceptor cells having an intracellular cavity with microvilli and cilia have infrequently been observed at the base of the epithelium. No synapses on the mucous cells have been noticed. Nor have any synaptic specializations been observed in the basiepithelial nerve net. The morphological conditions necessary for the existence of possible axo-axonal synapses are briefly discussed.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 483-514 
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    Keywords: Hermaphroditic Gonad ; Gastropoda ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Spitzenbereichen der Zwittergonadenacini fertiler Tiere der Pulmonatenspezies Planorbarius corneus sind drei Zelltypen stets gleichzeitig anzutreffen: Oocyten, Spermatiden und Begleitzellen. Die Abgrenzung der Acinusspitze gegen das interacinäre Gewebe hin bildet die Basalmembran des wandständigen Begleitzellepithels. Die Oocyten werden follikelartig von den ineinander verzahnten und durch Desmosomen verknüpften Begleitzellen umgeben. Nur in der Acinuskuppe liegen sie der hier stark verdickten Basalmembran unmittelbar auf. Die Spermatiden sitzen nur mit ihrem anterioren Zellpol den Begleitzellen apikal auf und sind durch Desmosomen mit ihnen verknüpft. Veränderungen der Ultrastruktur der Spermatiden während der Spermiohistogenese werden an drei gegeneinander abgrenzbaren Spermiohistogenesestadien aufgezeigt. Dabei finden die Kernstruktur, das Auftreten von Tubulikörpern und das Abstreifen des Restplasmas vom Mittelstück besondere Beachtung. Den recht uneinheitlich strukturierten Begleitzellen kommen für Oocyten und Spermatiden Ernährungs- und Transportfunktionen zu. Sie phagocytieren überfällige Geschlechtszellen. Es können jedoch trotz ihrer heteromorphen Struktur keine prinzipiell verschiedenen Begleitzelltypen mit jeweils nur einer spezifischen Funktion unterschieden werden. Das in früheren lichtmikroskopischen Arbeiten als Begleitzellprodukt beschriebene „Kinoplasma“ erweist sich als kernwärts wanderndes Restplasma der Spermatiden.
    Notes: Summary Three species of cells always coexist in the tips of hermaphroditic gonad-acini of fertile Planorbarius corneus: oocytes, spermatids and auxiliary cells. The basement membrane of the auxiliary cell epithelium separates the acinus tips from the interacinary tissue. Like follicles the oocytes are enclosed by interlocked and desmosomically attached auxiliary cells. Only in the utmost tips of the acinus the oocytes are in direct contact with the here dilated basement membrane. The spermatids are attached to the auxiliary cells only with their anterior cell-pole and connected with these by desmosomes. Alterations of the spermatid-ultrastructure during the spermiohistogenesis can be studied in three separate stages of the spermiohistogenesis. Particular attention is given to the nuclear structure, the tubular bodies and the shedding of residual plasma from the middle-piece. The rather irregularly structured cells serve oocytes and spermatids as mediators for nutrition and transport. Occasionally occurs phagocytosis of germ-cells. Basically, even though their structures vary, auxiliary cells are not restricted to one specific function. The “Kinoplasma”-described in previous light microscopic studies as a product of the auxiliary cells, proves to be spermatidic residual plasma moving towards the nucleus.
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Umbilical vessels ; Guinea-pig ; Innervation ; Intermuscular contacts ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Umbilical vessels of guinea-pig fetuses were studied shortly before birth. In all umbilical cords investigated an innervation of the umbilical vessels is lacking. The intrafetal parts of the umbilical vessels on the other hand are richly innervated. A marked difference in the amount of nerve fibres and the pattern of innervation is found between artery and vein. The artery is supplied by a dense nerve plexus which spins around the media and which originates from nerve bundles within the outer adventitial layers. The comparatively scanty innervation of the vein exhibits a more coarsely meshed net pattern. The nerve bundles in the vein exhibit a close affinity to the vasa vasorum. Number and type of the close contacts between the muscle cells are different in the various sections of the umbilical vessels. Similar to the distribution of nerves they are almost absent in the vessels of the umbilical cord, numerously, however, in the intrafetal parts. Contrary to the innervation, the close contacts in the vein are developed more numerously and more broadly than in the corresponding artery.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional histological and electronmicroscopic techniques. This study forms part of a comprehensive survey of the blood-brain interface, particularly interesting in this group, as decapod Crustacea are unusual among invertebrates in possessing an intracerebral blood supply. Apart from the intracerebral blood vessels, tissue organization is closely similar to that observed in insect central neural ganglia. The ganglion is surrounded by the neural lamella, an acellular connective tissue sheath, probably containing mucopolysaccharide and collagen. A layer of specialised glia, the perineurium, immediately underlies the neural lamella, and appears to contribute to its formation. Large glia occupying a conspicuous cortical zone below the perineurium may be involved in glycogen metabolism and storage. Further morphologically distinct glial types are observed associated with neurones and blood vessels, but all neuroglia within the ganglion are probably of common origin. Neurone cell bodies are generally situated peripherally in groups, and send axons into neuropil (synaptic) areas in the ganglion core. Large lacunae in the cortical region and narrower 20 nm clefts deeper in the ganglion, constitute the interstitial space, and contain deposits of fibrillar material. Possible physiological implications are discussed.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 401-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Intracerebral capillaries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The structure of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional electron miscroscope techniques, with particular emphasis on the relation of intracerebral blood vessels to other elements in the brain. The ganglion is permeated by a continuous network of channels which may be interpreted as invaginations of the ganglion surface. The afferent vessel (cerebral artery) is of mesodermal origin, but apparently terminates as an open-ended vessel soon after entering the brain, where it runs within the invaginated channels. The greater part of the cerebral vasculature, therefore, has no mesodermal endothelial lining. Tissue components in the diffusion path between blood and brain which could conceivably restrict diffusion, are the thick glial basement membrane, junctions between perivascular and between interstitial glia, and polymeric material in the extracellular space. However, apart from a barrier to large colloidal particles at the basement membrane, the present EM observations do not decisively pinpoint sites of diffusional restriction, nor can they be interpreted as evidence that such restriction exists.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 463-487 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiogenesis ; Cell Junctions ; Permeability ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Studies of cardiogenesis in the chick embryo focus attention upon the intercellular junctions of epicardial, myocardial, and endocardial cells, and the role they play in diffusion across the cardiac wall. Cell membranes of apposed epicardial cells approach as close together as 40 Å; those of the endocardium additionally form focal tight junctions. In the myocardium focal tight junctions are restricted to the apposed membranes of the superficial layer of cells. The majority of close appositions in all parts of the myocardium are 40 Å gap junctions. Desmosomes and fascia adherens are distributed throughout the myocardium. Diffusion of horseradish peroxidase through the epicardium and endocardium occurs primarily through the intercellular junctions. The width of the cleft between cells, 200–300 Å, also permits the diffusion between cells of the larger ferritin particles. Pinocytotic activity, responsible for ferritin transfer across mesothelial and endothelial cells in the adult, is not significant. Tracers injected into the pericardial cavity or vasculature can be observed passing through the heart in the direction of their respective diffusion gradients. Unlike the apical junctions of epithelial cells, to which they have been compared, membrane specializations of the superficial myocytes do not form a seal separating the pericardial cavity, or subepicardial space, from the extracellular spaces of the myocardium.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 72-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythrocytes ; Monkeys ; Malaria ; Junctional apparatus ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of erythrocytes infected by the malarial parasite,Plasmodium falciparum, revealed electron dense, cone-shaped excrescences (∼40 mμ in height and ∼100 mμ in width) along the plasma membrane. These excrescences form focal junctions with the plasma membrane of reticular cells of the spleen. The resulting complexes appear to be responsible for sequestration of erythrocytes infected byP. falciparum in the spleen of the host.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 72-75 
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    Keywords: Erythrocytes ; Monkeys ; Malaria ; Junctional apparatus ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of erythrocytes infected by the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, revealed electron dense, cone-shaped excrescences (∼40 mμ in height and ∼100 mμ in width) along the plasma membrane. These excrescences form focal junctions with the plasma membrane of reticular cells of the spleen. The resulting complexes appear to be responsible for sequestration of erythrocytes infected by P. falciparum in the spleen of the host.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Biogenic amines ; Reserpine ; p-Chlorophenylalanine-methylester-hydrochloride ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von p-Chlorphenylalanin-methylester-hydrochlorid (PCPA) und Reserpin auf die biogenen Amine des Glomus caroticum von Kaninchen wurde ultrastrukturell und fluoreszenzmikroskopisch untersucht. Die elektronenmikroskopische Analyse ergab keine eindeutigen Kriterien für arzneimittelinduzierte Veränderungen. Fluoreszenzmikroskopisch ließ sich nach Applikation von Reserpin eine ausgeprägte Senkung des Catecholamin- und Indolamin-Gehaltes und nach PCPA eine Abnahme des Serotonins erkennen.
    Notes: Summary The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine-methylester-hydrochloride (PCPA) and reserpine on biogenic amines of the rabbit carotid body were investigated ultrastructurally and by fluorescence microscopy. The electron microscopic analysis did not indicate significantly that structural changes result from treatment with reserpine or PCPA. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that PCPA lowered serotonin, and reserpine lowered both catecholamines and indolamines.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 387-405 
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    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Mouse ; Follicular cells ; Marginal cells ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Follicular cells in the mouse adenohypophysis were studied electron microscopically. These elements appear to be very similar to the marginal cells that delineate both sides of the hypophyseal cleft. The mouse differs from most other species in that the follicular cells in the pars distalis and the marginal cells look completely inactive in young, intact animals. This makes the mouse exceptionally favorable for correlating morphological changes in the cells of both types with changes in the physiological state of the animal. Different treatments applied in the present investigation all induced morphological reactions in the follicular and/or marginal cells; these reactions were generally similar. Thus, morphological changes in the follicular or marginal cells should be considered as general phenomena accompanying many changes in the physiological state of the animal, rather than as a specific result of the treatment applied. In three experiments, the follicular and marginal cells were involved in the digestion of waste material from other cells. It is suggested that the morphological changes in the other experiments should also be interpreted as signs of such an activity. In the pars tuberalis of the young, intact mouse the follicular cells may show characteristics that in the pars distalis are found only under experimental conditions. Therefore, the follicular cells in this part of the hypophysis are probably in an active state.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 149-174 
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    Keywords: Ependyma ; Tanycytes ; Subependyma ; Rodents ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic data confirm the results gained with rapid Golgi preparations of adult rodent brains that tanycytes occur in clusters along the lateral wall of the third ventricle. The cytoplasmic matrix of these cells is considerably denser than that of typical ependymal cells. They have filaments and microtubules throughout their cytoplasm along with mitochondria and polysomes. At the surface is a compact group of microvilli which suggest that tanycytes might selectively absorb material from the ventricle. The tanycytes are segregated from neuropil by other tanycyte processes, by neighboring ependymal cells and by astrocytes. Yet there are gaps in this sheath. At these points tanycytes either abut upon or surround nonglial components of the neural fabric. Their cytological features and relations with the neuropil suggest that tanycytes selectively absorb material from the ventricle and release it along the basal process, primarily affecting those segments of neurons immediately adjacent to the tanycyte.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 483-491 
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    Keywords: Lateral preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and the lateral preoptic area from the brains of aldehyde-perfused male and female rats were examined by electron microscopy. In the lateral preoptic area, three neuronal types are described: a small light neuron, a larger light one, and a dark neuron resembling the larger light one in size and nuclear shape. Many myelinated axons are interposed among single neurons or neuronal pairs. The relationship of structures to each other is discussed. Several observations not previously reported are illustrated from tissue of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 492-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Drosophila ; Testis ; Fertility ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Drosophila melanogaster, the cyst cell that surrounds the head region of sperm bundle becomes spheroidal or ellipsoidal and is trapped by the terminal epithelium of the testicular wall during the synchronous coiling of sperm. Extensions of this cyst cell are projected caudally into the interspaces between sperm heads probably to anchor the heads. Coiling of sperm tails is initiated at the head region and proceeds by the progressive retraction of the linear portion from the apical testicular region into the coiled portion at the base. The addition of one turn of coil is accompanied by one full rotation of the sperm bundle. When coiled, normal tails are tightly packed into a hexagonal lattice, and minute tubular structures of about 150 Å in diameter occupy the space between them. Sperm with abnormal tails are separated from those with normal ones and isolated into a separate part of the cyst lumen. Acid phosphatase is involved in the dissolution of the minute tubules for the liberation of sperm from the cyst. Sperm are released leaving the major portion of the cyst cells intact. This portion contains degenerating abnormal tails and the waste products of the individualization process. This detritus is ingested by the terminal epithelium and eventually degenerates.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Pars intercerebralis ; Locust ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après injection de cystéine S35, les cellules A, B, C et les neurones banaux de la pars intercerebralis chez Locusta (femelles immatures et mûres) sont radioactifs. Le taux d' incorporation de la cystéine S35 dans les cellules B est identique chez toutes les femelles et il est légèrement supérieur à celui des neurones banaux. Ces résultats confirment l'inactivité sécrétoire protéique des cellules B. Les cellules C incorporent 3 à 5 fois plus de cystéine S35 que les neurones banaux. Elles synthétisent donc une ou plusieurs protéines contenant de la cystéine ce qui réaffirme leur activité neurosécrétrice chez Locusta. Les cellules A possèdent le taux d'incorporation de cystéine S35 le plus élevé: 5 à 8 fois celui des neurones banaux. Chez toutes les femelles, les cellules A synthétisent plus de neurosécrétion et en éliminent proportionellement plus que les cellules C. La neurosécrétion A est élaborée sous sa forme figurée plus rapidement (30 min) que la neurosécrétion C (60 min). Le renouvellement de la neurosécrétion A est donc quantitativement plus important et plus rapide que celui de la neurosécrétion C. Chez les femelles immatures, les cellules A et C synthétisent plus de matériel et en éliminent proportionnellement plus que chez les femelles mûres. Le temps nécessaire à l'élaboration et à la vidange des grains de neurosécrétion A est identique chez toutes les femelles. Il en est de même pour le matériel C. Le renouvellement des neurosécrétions A et C est donc plus important chez les femelles immatures que chez les femelles mûres mais il n'est pas plus rapide. L'accumulation du matériel fuchsinophile dans les cellules A et C lors de la maturation ovarienne correspond à une réduction de leur fonction neurosécrétrice: elle résulte d'une diminution de l'activité d'élimination des cellules neurosécrétrices A et C supérieure à l'affaiblissement de leur activité de synthèse.
    Notes: Summary After injection of 35S-cysteine, the A, B, C cells and the ordinary neurones of pars intercerebralis in Locusta — immature and mature females — are radioactive. The rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine into the B cells is the same for all the females, and it is slightly higher than the rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine into the ordinary neurones. These results demonstrate the proteinic secretory inactivity of the B cells. The C cells incorporate 3 to 5 times more 35S-cysteine than ordinary neurones. Thus, the C cells synthesize one protein or several proteins with cysteine; this observation confirms their neurosecretory activity in Locusta. The A cells have the highest rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine: 5 to 8 times the one of ordinary neurones. In all the females, the A cells produce and release proportionally more neurosecretion than the C cells. The production of granules is faster in A cells (30 min) than in C cells (60 min). The turnover of the A neurosecretion is consequently higher and quicker than the C neurosecretion. In immature females, the A and C cells synthesize and release proportionally more material than in mature females. The time necessary for production and release of the A neurosecretion is the same for all the females. It is so for the C material. The turnover of the A and C neurosecretions is thus more important in immature females than in mature females but it is not more rapid. The accumulation of stainable neurosecretory material in A and C cells at the time of ovarian maturation is associated with a reduction of their neurosecretory activity: it is due to a decrease of the rate of release of the A and C cells being more important than their rate of production.
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 393-405 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral nerve ; Polyamines ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Autoradiographie von Semi- und Ultradünnschnitten wurde die Verteilung der Radioaktivität nach Applikation von 3H-Putrescin im intakten und im degenerierenden N. ischiadicus der Ratte sowie in Spinalganglien untersucht. Im intakten und im geschädigten Nerven war die Radioaktivität, die zum weit überwiegenden Anteil als Spermidin und Putrescin vorkam, in allen zellulären Bestandteilen des Nerven, im Cytoplasma, in den Kernen und sehr deutlich auch in den Markscheiden, lokalisiert. Im extrazellulären Raum und über den Kollagenfibrillen war demgegenüber nur eine sehr geringe Radioaktivität festzustellen. Die physiologische Funktion von Spermidin und Putrescin im Myelin und den anderen Zellbestandteilen wird in erster Linie im Zusammenhang mit der in diesen Strukturen ebenfalls lokalisierten RNA diskutiert, da zahlreiche Hinweise für eine Rolle der Polyamine in der RNA- und Proteinsynthese vorliegen.
    Notes: Summary The distribution of radioactivity from 3H-putrescine was studied in intact and degenerated sciatic nerves, and spinal ganglia of rats by means of high resolution autoradiography. During the first three days after the administration of the labeled putrescine, the main proportion of radioactive material in the nerves was represented by spermidine and putrescine. Both, in intact and degenerating nerves, developed silver grains were deposited in all cellular components of the nervous tissue, the myelin sheath being markedly tagged. Perineural tissue was also labeled considerably, however, there was no significant amount of label in the extracellular space and in the collagen fibrils. The possible physiological significance of putrescine and spermidine in myelin and in other cellular components of nerves is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Invertebrates ; Sabellastarte magnifica ; Striation pattern ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As described in other invertebrate muscles, most thick myofilaments of the dorsal longitudinal muscle of Sabellastarte magnifica appear to be obliquely arranged with respect to the longitudinal axis of the myofibrils. Some sections, however, show long bundles of myofilaments parallel to the longitudinal axis of the myofibrils. Since the oblique striation concept cannot account for such images, a different (longitudinal) arrangement is proposed for Sabellastarte which can account for all observed images. A wax and threads model built according to this arrangement has been used to demonstrate that by oblique sectioning the longitudinal model can generate a false appearance of filament obliquity.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 256-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) ; Chemically induced degeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Indolamine containing axons and terminals ; Rat brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Evidence has been obtained by electron microscopy of a direct cytotoxic effect of intraventricularly administered 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) on unmyelinated axons in the rat brain. Ultrastructural signs of axonal damage were observed in areas rich in indolamine nerve terminals as early as 2 hrs after injection. By 6–24 hrs, characteristic and more dramatic signs of degeneration developed, involving coalescence of all axonal constituents—often in combination with a uniform osmiophilic impregnation of the axoplasm—accompanied by engulfment of the dystrophic structures by glial processes. During the next five days, the degenerating axons and axon terminals appeared to be removed by glial cell phagocytosis, whose equivalents were the inclusion of axonal residues into membrane-bound lysosome-like bodies. Concomitantly, there was a progressively increasing number of extremely large and dilated axons in all regions analysed. These axonal swellings, which have an ultramorphology similar to that of dilated stumps of mechanically severed monoamine axons, correspond most probably to proximal, dilated portions of drug-damaged axons. The present results, in combination with biochemical and fluorescence microscopical data, indicate that within a proper dose range the 5,6-DHT-induced degeneration is largely restricted to indolamine axons and axon terminals. However, unselective effects on other unmyelinated axons, on myelin, and on glial cells were observed in narrow subependymal zones close to the lateral ventricles, i.e. close to the injection cannula.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 278-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut epithelium ; Insects ; Development ; Metamorphosis ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural alterations in the anterior midgut epithelium of the fly Calliphora were investigated by electron microscopy. Nine developmental stages, from late larval to late adult, were studied. During metamorphosis, a tube is formed by proliferation of undifferentiated cells residing in cell nests in the basal part of the larval epithelium. The process of microvillus formation is described and compared with that in the embryonic stage. Differences between larval and imaginal cells were found in the rate of microvillus formation and in the occurrence of dense vesicles. The formation of a basal labyrinth coincides roughly with microvillus formation. Glycogen deposits occur mainly in the pupal stage and are almost always absent after emergence. Epithelial crypts are formed in late pupae by modification of the existing layer of cells together with a localized development of muscle fibres. In the adult stage changes may take place in the form of the cell apex, which generally assumes a more pointed shape, and in the amount of osmiophilic material, aggregating almost exclusively in the supranuclear part of the cell.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 328-369 
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    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Follicular and stellate cells ; “Réseau folliculostellaire” ; Chromophobe cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans l'hypophyse du rat, la microscopie électronique permet de mettre en évidence à l'intérieur de tous les cordons épithéliaux de la pars distalis un réseau de cellules agranulaires: les cellules stellaires et folliculo-stellaires, satellites des cellules granuleuses hormonogènes. Les cellules de ce réseau se caractérisent à la fois par la multiplicité de leurs prolongements et par leur organisation autour de cavités pour la plupart submicroscopiques, «les follicules». Les cellules folliculo-stellaires correspondent à une partie des cellules chromophobes de la microscopie photonique. La fente hypophysaire, par de nombreux caractères, semble faire partie de ce système folliculo-stellaire, dont elle pourrait représenter une région privilégiée par sa situation, ses dimensions et son contenu. L'existence des cellules folliculo-stellaires dans un grand nombre d'espèces, leurs caractères cytologiques hautement différenciés, leurs relations étroites avec le milieu intérieur interstitiel et leurs modifications en fonction de l'âge et des conditions expérimentales permettent de penser qu'elles sont étroitement attachées à la fonction glandulaire.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic investigation of the rat anterior pituitary reveals, throughout the whole pars distalis, a cellular network composed of agranular cells. These cells, the stellate and folliculo-stellate cells, are satellites of the granulated secretory cells. The cells of the network are characterized both by their multiple cytoplasmic processes and by their organization around cavities, most of them submicroscopic, the “follicles”. Those cells probably represent a large part of the “chromophobe” cells previously observed by light microscopy. On account of several characters, the pituitary cleft seems to be related to the “réseau folliculo-stellaire” and could be a peculiar part of this system because of its localization, size and contents. The “réseau folliculo-stellaire” is present in numerous species, showing a typical and differentiated cytology, and close relationships with the interstitial medium. Owing to its morphology and to modifications according to age and experimental conditions, this network seems to be a system intimately involved in the glandular function.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 395-412 
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    Keywords: Cardiac muscle ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Excitation-contraction coupling ; Electron microscopy ; Cinematography
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ascidian myocardium is composed of small striated myoepithelial cells. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of these cells was reconstructed from serial sections. T-tubules are absent, but subsarcolemmal cisternae of the SR, that may be the counterpart of terminal cisternae, form couplings with the sarcolemma. Longitudinal SR tubules, parallel to the myofilaments, are interconnected near the middle of the A-band and form a transverse collar. Cinematographic photography of spontaneous contractions in fresh myocardial preparations produced records that could be analyzed frame by frame. Contractions are typically limited to parts of the myofilament field of single cells. They are locally symmetrical with respect to Z-bands; either both A-bands on each side of a Z-band converge on it (contractions), or neither A-band moves with respect to the Z-band. It is suggested that the spontaneous contractions are the result of local Ca++ release from randomly distributed subsarcolemmal cisternae. It is proposed that the symmetry of contraction is due to a rapid sequestering of Ca++ by the SR collars at the middle of the A-bands and a possible diffusion barrier at that level.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 471-499 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Rat ; Mitotic division ; Myofibril changes ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the myocyte at all phases of mitosis as well as of early postmitotic cells has been studied in the myocardia of 14- and 18-day rat embryos and 5- and 7-day old rats. The myofibrils remain unchanged up to the late prophase. In prometaphase the majority of Z-disks in embryo myocyte myofibrils and considerable part of these disks in myofibrils of suckling rats are drastically disintegrated. This is followed by a progressive isolation and scattering of the myofilament bundles and of the whole sarcomeres during the subsequent phases of mitosis. Thick myofilaments seem to be unchanged but thin ones become frequently poorly outlined (mainly in embryos). The sarcoplasmic reticulum, including its typically differentiated subsarcolemmal cisternae, exhibits relatively few changes during mitosis. In the early postmitotic period there is a gradual restoration of contrast-rich Z-bands, interconnecting the previously isolated sarcomeres. Patterns of this process have much in common with early stages of myofibrillogenesis (appearance of subsarcolemmal “Z-bodies”, formation of skeins of thin filaments etc.). The cleavage furrow formation is either absent or considerably retarded up to the postmitotic period. Behaviour of some other organelles during myocyte mitosis has been described. Possible mechanisms and significance of the observed phenomena are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 362-377 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lorenzinian ampullae ; Polyodon spathula ; Sensory epithelium ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic observations on the ampullary organs of Polyodon spathula (Chondrostei, Osteichthyes) reveal a sensory epithelium similar to that found in the Lorenzinian ampulla, an electroreceptor found in marine Elasmobranchs. The sensory cells have a very small luminal part provided with a cilium. They are innervated by many nerve endings. Each nerve fibre apparently makes synaptic contact with several sensory cells. The synaptic structure in the sensory cell is composed of a flat sheet, the outermost part of which is surrounded by 3 or 4 annuli of densely staining material. The sheet extends into a protrusion of the sensory cell, and there is a corresponding invagination in the nerve terminal. The conclusion that these organs are electroreceptors, is supported by the finding that the fish responds to the introduction of an iron tube in the aquarium, whereas a wooden rod introduced in the same way causes no response.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth ; Enamel organ ; Cell differentiation ; Phagocytosis ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the transitional zone of the enamel organ (rat) some of the amelocytes perish. Their debris is phagocytized and digested by stratum intermedium cells and macrophages. These two cell types also seem to remove cytosegresomes expelled from those amelocytes which survive and redifferentiate into transporting amelocytes. Digestion of the amelocyte debris in the stratum intermedium cells is effected rapidly and completely. Degeneration of stratum intermedium cells was not observed in the transitional zone.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 20-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tentacles ; Cilia ; Rhabdopleura ; Neurociliary synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tentacle of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata) consists of two layers of cells surrounding a central coelomic cavity. The two layers of cells are separated by a cell free basement lamella. The tentacles on the arms of Rhabdopleura bear three longitudinal rows of cilia. The ciliated cells are closely associated with bundles of nerve fibres, and between some of the cells and nerve fibres there are synapses. The peripheral regions of the ciliated cells are joined to one another by desmosomes. Tonofibrils join some of these desmosomes to the kinetosomes of the cilia. The nerve fibres are confined to the ectodermal layer and the muscle cells to the layer of cells within the basement lamella. In the ectodermal layer besides ciliated cells there are mucus cells, densely pigmented cells, and green bodies. The function of these last two types of cells is secretory. Most of the epithelial cells have microvilli upon their free borders.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 500-507 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphocyte ; Blastoid transformation ; Phytohemagglutinin ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The morphological changes of human lymphocytes living in vitro under the influence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were estimated quantitatively by stereological methods. Mean volume and volume fractions for average human lymphocyte and average blastoid cell from 72-hour culture with PHA were determined. It was found that the lymphocyte volume increases on an average 3.7 times mainly because of cytoplasmic volume increment by 4.3 times. The greatest enlargement concerned endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleolus, lysosomes and mitochondria. In addition a way of correction of the error in experimentally obtained volume fractions, resulting from the exclusive use of sections involving the nucleus is presented.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Receptors ; Epidermis ; Secretory cells ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sinneskante des landlebenden Turbellars Bipalium kewense setzt sich aus folgenden Zellformen zusammen: Papillen und distaler Teil der Epithelfalten werden von einem versenkten Epithel bedeckt. Die distale Cytoplasmalage ist besonders dicht und durch ein tubuläres System gekennzeichnet, das offenbar aus dem Golgi-Apparat der Perikaryen hervorgegangen ist. Die Perikaryen sind tief versenkt und enthalten außer dem Kern granuläres ER, Mitochondrien, Golgi-Apparat und vor allem viel Glykogen. Die Epidermis ist zellig organisiert. In ihrem Bereich kommen drei Sekretzell-Formen vor, die ebenfalls weit in die unterlagernde Bindegewebs-Muskel-Lage hineinragen. Die Sinneskante ist durch zwei Receptor-Typen charakterisiert. Multipolare Zellen erreichen mit mehreren Dendriten die Körperoberfläche im Bereich der Papillen und dem äußeren Teil der Furchen des Kopfvorderrandes. Bipolare Zellen finden sich nur tief eingesenkt in den Sinnesgruben. In ihrem Bereich kommen keine Stützzellen vor. Außer durch die Gestalt sind beide Receptoren durch die Struktur ihrer Cilien unterschieden. Wabendesmosomen sind beiden gemeinsam.
    Notes: Summary The sensory border of the land-dwelling turbellarian Bipalium kewense consists of the following cell types: Papillae and distal part of the epithelial folds are covered by epithelial cells, the perikarya of which lie deeply below the basal lamina. Their distal cytoplasm is particularly dense and characterized by a tubular system, which obviously originates from the Golgi apparatus. The perikarya contain beside the nucleus mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and above all numerous glycogen particles. Within this cellular epidermis three types of secretory cells occur which also penetrate deeply into the underlying layer of connective and muscle tissues. The sensory border is marked by two types of receptor cells. In the area of the papillae and in the outer part of the furrows of the anterior rim of the head, multipolar cells extend several dendrites to the body surface. Bipolar cells have been observed only in the depth of the sensory grooves. In their surroundings no supportive cells occur. Except for their shape the sensory cells differ in the structure of their cilia. Both cell types are interconnected with neighbouring cells by comb-desmosomes.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 377-387 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Albino rat ; Dehydration ; Cholinesterase activity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dehydration affected certain cytological features of the subcommissural organ in the albino rat suggesting a strong secretory stimulation of the ependymal and hypendymal cells of this organ in dehydrated animals. The cytoplasm of the secretory cells of the subcommissural organ in the dehydrated rats was filled with dilated and empty sacs and vacuoles of endoplasmic reticulum. The membrane system of the Golgi apparatus was also dilated, and more numerous vesicles and vacuoles of the Golgi complex were noticed after dehydration. In brains of the dehydrated animals, Reissner's fibre was not found in the lumen of the third ventricle, and only a few vesicles containing homogeneous secretory material were seen in the cytoplasm of the subcommissural secretory cells. In control animals, the activities of the specific and non-specific cholinesterases were localized in the cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes as well as in the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. After dehydration, the activities of the specific and non-specific cholinesterases were strongly decreased.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 415-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars intermedia ; Hereditary diabetes insipidus mice ; Hypertrophied pars intermedia ; Cell type ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pars intermedia (PI) of the normal VII +/+ and hereditary nephrogenic diabetes inspidus DI Os/+ mice has been studied with particular reference to the morphology of the glandular cells and their innervation. Four types of cells were observed in both the genotypes of mice, 1) the light glandular cell, 2) the dark cell, 3) a type of cell similar to ependymal cells and 4) a small percentage of typical ACTH cells, observed mostly on the PI border of the cleft and rarely in the centre of PI. The predominant light glandular cells contain mainly two types of membrane bound granules: 1) electron dense core granules, which measure 1500–2500 Å and 2) electron lucent vesicles, which measure 3000–4000 Å in diameter. Granules of intermediate size with various density are also present in both types of mice. The electron dense core granules are predominant in DI Os/+ mice, whereas, electron lucent vesicles are predominant in the normal VII +/+ mice. Similar uniform size membrane bound electron dense granules have been observed in ACTH cells of PI and pars distalis. From earlier experimental evidences and the present observations, it is concluded that the dense core granules in PI may be synthesizing ACTH or ACTH-like substance. It is also discussed that these dense core granules may further mature and give rise to MSH in the form of electron lucent vesicles. If it is so, PI light glandular cells may have dual functions, of producing MSH and ACTH. One of the functions of ependymal-like cells, may be the transport of PI secretion. Three types of nerve endings are observed throughout the PI, making synaptic contact with the predominant cell type. The innervation is more in DI Os/+ mice than in normal mice. The classification of these nerves is according to Bargmann and co-workers 1) peptidergic neurosecretory fibers, contain mainly membrane bound dense core granules, measuring 1200 to 1800 Å, and are the classic neurosecretory granules; 2) adrenergic fibers, measuring 700–900 Å; 3) cholinergic fibers, measuring 300–400 Å. Adrenergic and cholinergic fibers are more towards the hypophysial cleft. The increased innervation, the synaptic contact, the extremely hypertrophied PI and the greater activity of its light glandular cells in the DI Os/+ mice show the PI is under the influence of the nervous system.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 403-410 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Small intestine (rat) ; Transport of peroxidase ; Epithelium ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Ratten tritt 3 min nach intravenöser Injektion von Peroxydase elektronenmikroskopisch ein entsprechendes Reaktionsprodukt im Kapillarlumen der Lamina propria des Dünndarms und an der Basalmembrangrenze der Saumepithelzellen auf. 5 min nach der Injektion finden sich im basalen Abschnitt des Darmepithels pinozytotische Bläschen mit dem Peroxydase-Reaktionsprodukt. — 10–30 min nach der Injektion erreichen die Partikel die apikalen Teile der Zelle. Sie dringen in den interzellulären Spalten bis zu den Haftplatten vor, erreichen jedoch nie das Darmlumen. Im Dünndarm existiert vermutlich auch ein der Resorption entgegengesetzter Saftstrom, der durch Peroxydase markiert werden kann.
    Notes: Summary In rats, 3 minutes after intravenous injection of peroxidase the reaction product can be observed electronmicroscopically in the lumina of the capillaries of the small intestine as well as at the border of the basement membrane of the epithelial border cells. Pinocytotic vesicles containing peroxidase particles occur in the basal portion of the epithelium of the small intestine 5 minutes after injection. 10–30 minutes later, the peroxidase reaches the apical region of the cell. The particles infiltrate into the intercellular spaces as far as the tight junctions but never reach the intestinal lumen. In the small intestine there probably exists a flow of fluid in opposite direction to the resorption, which can be marked by peroxidase.
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 435-438 
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    Keywords: Salt gland ; Birds ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The innervation of the salt gland of the goose, the duck and the swan was investigated by means of electron microscopy. Axonal swellings were observed in relationship to secretory cells as well as to central duct cells. The terminals contain synaptic and densecored vesicles. There are no specialized pre- and postsynaptic membranes.
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 367-382 
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    Keywords: Crested newt ; Pars nervosa ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the crested newt, the ultrastructural organization of the pars nervosa is analogous to that already known in non-mammal tetrapods. An orderly array of ependymal cells makes up the inner limiting layer while less abundant pituicytes are irregularly distributed within this organ. “Light” and “dark” pituicytes can be distinguished on the basis of the relative density of the cytoplasmic matrix and the distribution of the cell organelles. Both the ependymal cells and pituicytes are rich in dense bodies and possess extensive processes which ramify among the nerve fibers, often reaching the pericapillary space which they can line for long distances. The main components of the pars nervosa are nerve fibers and nerve terminals (type A), containing electron dense granules 1200–2000 Å in diameter together with clear vesicles averaging 250–400 Å. These fibers are likely to correspond to the aldehyde fuchsin positive neurosecretory fibers revealed by light microscopy. Differences in the granule size within the fibers and terminals lead to further recognition of two subgroups (A1 and A2). Other fibers and terminals (type B) containing clear vesicles and granular vesicles 600 to 1000 Å in diameter, possibly of aminergic type, are also encountered. These fibers are rare and can be seen only in the portion of the pars nervosa near the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis. Lastly, fibers and terminals containing only clear vesicles ranging from 250 to 400 Å (type C) are occasionally found. Nerve endings are often formed by type A fibers on the perivascular space and on the perivascular processes of the ependymal cells and pituicytes. In agreement with recent findings available in the literature, the occurrence of synaptoid contacts between these terminals and both pituicytes and ependymal cells may confirm the active role of these cells in transport and release of neurosecretion.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 55-61 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Test ; Difflugia ; Rhizopoda, Testacea ; Morphogenesis ; Vital observation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Schale von Difflugia oviformis ist aus Idiosomen zusammengefügt, d.h. kieseligen Elementen, die in verschiedener Anzahl, Gestalt und Größe in der Zelle vorgefertigt werden. Xenosomen, etwa Quarzkörnchen oder Glassplitter, werden nur gelegentlich in die Idiosomenschicht eingebaut. Die Zellteilung beginnt mit der Morphogenese einer neuen Schale für einen der beiden Abkömmlinge. Eine cytoplasmatische Knospe quillt aus der Öffnung des alten Gehäuses. Die Idiosomen für die neue Schalenwand tauchen nach und nach aus dieser Knospe auf. Die Oberfläche der jungen Anlage erscheint zunächst wellig — die Bauelemente sind in mehreren diskontinuierlichen Lagen gestaffelt, wird jedoch gegen Ende der Morphogenese glatt, wenn die Idiosomen auf eine einzige, kontinuierliche Lage verteilt und in einem Zufalls-Mosaik miteinander verkittet sind.
    Notes: Summary The test of Difflugia oviformis is composed of idiosomes, i.e. silicious elements, prefabricated within the cell in various shapes and sizes. Xenosomes, such as grains of quartz, are only occasionally incorporated into the mono-layer of idiosomes. Cell division begins with the morphogenesis of a new test for one of the two offsprings. A cytoplasmic bud protrudes from the aperture of the shell. The elements for the construction of the thecal wall emerge successively from this anlage. The surface of the early anlage first appears to be wrinkled or undulated—the elements being distributed in several discontinuous layers—but becomes smooth towards the end of morphogenesis, as soon as the idiosomes are arranged and glued together in a random mosaic pattern to form a single, continuous stratum.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Actin- and myosin-like filaments ; Tubule and interstitial cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary By electron microscopy, the prominent bundles of filaments occurring in the basal part of proximal and distal tubule cells and in interstitial cells of rat kidney cortex were studied in cells fixed by vascular perfusion, in glycerol-extracted cells and in glycerol-extracted cells treated with heavy meromyosin (HMM). The studies of perfusion-fixed tissue showed that the proximal tubule cells contained in their most basal part filamentous bundles oriented transversely around the tubule. The bundles consisted of trightly packed thin filaments (50–80 Å in diameter). Similar but less prominent bundles were found in distal tubule cells and in interstitial cells. The dimension of these filaments was similar to that of actin filaments and their insertion in the basal cell membrane of the tubule epithelial cells resembled the insertion of actin filaments in the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells. The studies on glycerol-extracted cells revealed that some tubule cells contained two types of filaments (60–80 Å and 130–170 Å in diameter) located side by side in the basal filamentous bundles. The dimension of the thick filaments corresponds well to the values for myosin filaments in glycerinated smooth and skeletal muscle. The studies on HMM-reacted renal tissue revealed that the thin filaments (60–80 Å) described in tubule and interstitial cells are probably actin filaments, as they formed characteristic arrowhead complexes morphologically indistinguishable from the complexes of HMM with actin filaments in smooth and striated muscle cells. Our results provide strong evidence that a two-filament contractile system, based on interaction of actin and myosin filaments, exists in renal tubule and interstitial cells. As a hypothesis it is proposed that it is changes in tonus of the basal filamentous system in the proximal tubule cells which stabilize the intratubular pressure, possibly via angiotensin.
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  • 79
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    Keywords: Pygidial glands ; Dytiscus marginalis ; Cell types ; Secretion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Pygidialdrüsen von Dytiscus sezernieren eine Emulsion, die p-Hydroxybenzaldehyd, p-Hydroxybenzoesäuremethylester, Benzoesäure und ein Glycoproteid enthält. Ihre Loben sind aus zwei verschiedenen Arten von Drüsenzellen aufgebaut, den Kanalzellen, die die Einzelkanäle und den Sammelkanal umgeben, und den Tracheoblasten. Die chitinigen Einzelkanäle enden mit einer traubigen oder blasigen Anschwellung, die aus einer massiven inneren und einer schwammigen äußeren Wandschicht besteht, in einer Höhle der sekretorischen Zellen. Die Zahl der „Blasen“ - und „Trauben“-Zellen ist etwa gleich. Die zentrale Höhle ist von Mikrovilli umgeben, die durch Mikrofibrillen in hexagonaler Packung ausgesteift werden. Wie die Untersuchung nach Gefrierätzung zeigt, ist die konvexe Seite der Mikrovilli-Membran dichter mit Partikeln besetzt als die konkave Seite. Beide Zelltypen haben ein ausgedehntes tubuläres glattes endoplasmatisches Reticulum; freie Ribosomen und granuläre Zisternen sind selten. In den Traubenzellen ist der Golgi-Apparat besser als in den Blasenzellen entwickelt. Die zentrale Höhle der Traubenzellen enthält eine fein-flockige Substanz, die der Blasenzellen ein dichtes osmiophiles Material. Die Sekretionsmechanismen, die Beteiligung verschiedener Typen von Vesikeln und anderer Zellorganellen an der Sekretion und die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Drüsenzelltypen werden diskutiert. Es wird angenommen, daß die Hauptkomponenten des Sekretes eccrin ausgeschieden werden.
    Notes: Summary The pygidial glands of Dytiscus secrete an emulsion containing p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoate, benzoic acid, and a glycoproteid (Schildknecht, 1970). Their lobes are composed of two different types of secretory cells, channel cells (which surround a channel, draining the secretory cell, as well as the collecting channel), and of tracheoblasts. The chitinous draining channel ends in the form of either a racemous or a bulbous swelling consisting of a massive inner and a spongy outer wall layer in a cavity of the secretory cell. The number of “racemous” and “bulbous” cells is nearly the same. The central cavity is surrounded by microvilli which are stiffened by microfibrils in a hexagonal packing. After freeze etching the convex surface of the microvilli reveals more membrane particles than their concave surface. Both cell types have an extended smooth surfaced tubular endoplasmic reticulum; the amount of free ribosomes and of granular cisternae is low. In the racemous cells the Golgi apparatus is better developed than in the bulbous cells. In the racemous cells the central cavity contains a fine-fluffy substance, in the bulbous cells a dense osmiophilic material. The mode of secretion, the participation of various kinds of vesicles and other cell organelles in this process, and the differences between the two types of secretory cells are discussed. It is assumed that the main components of the secretion are released in the eccrine way.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 229-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Vacuoles ; Lysosomes ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytoplasmic vacuoles and bodies in the osteoclast (rat) were studied by electron microscopy. The vacuole-like structures (0.03–5 μ in diameter) may be classed as a) vacuoles b) coated vacuoles and c) invaginations. The cytoplasmic bodies vary in size from 0.02–3 μ in diameter and these may similarly be classed as a) light cytoplasmic bodies, b) dense cytoplasmic bodies, c) coated cytoplasmic bodies and d) cytoplasmic bodies containing inclusions. Both the cytoplasmic vacuoles and the bodies are limited by a triple layered membrane of about 91 Å in thickness. Their relationship to the lysosomal system and the role of this system in the osteoclast is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 245-273 
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    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Primary cultures ; ACTH ; Stereology ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method of cultivation involving both repeated trypsinisations (at room temperature) and explantation of the tissue fragments on polythene discs has been shown to be apt to the growth in vitro of rat adult decapsulated adreno-cortical tissue. This is the first time that the successful cultivation of such a tissue is reported. The technique and its applications are discussed. The effects of β1–24 corticotrophin (ACTH1–24) on the rat adult adrenal cultures have been examined by both electron microscopy and autoradiography. Zona fasciculata and reticularis cells grown in the absence of ACTH for long terms (15–16 days) survive and proliferate as dedifferentiated elements. If ACTH1–24 is added to the cultures, adrenocortical cells will, within 2 days, simultaneously increase their proliferation rate and differentiate. After 7 days of treatment, cortical cells exhibit not only fully differentiated but even hypertrophic morphologic features. Significant stimulations of adrenal DNA, RNA and gross protein synthesis have been found to take place at different times after the starting of the ACTH1–24 treatment. These data are discussed in relation to the findings previously reported in literature. Rat adult adrenal gland tissue cultures are proposed as a non-previously available tool for investigations into the physiopathology of the adrenal cells to be carried out in a carefully controlled environment.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 287-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic neurons ; Tissue culture ; NGF ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Phase-contrast microscopy, time-lapse cinematography, electron microscopy and fluorescence histochemistry were used to study neurons in cultured sympathetic ganglia of rat, guinea-pig and embryo chick. 2. There was considerable variation in the morphology and size of neurons in all three species. Many neurons migrated into the outgrowth; those that migrated freely in rat and guinea-pig differed sufficiently from non-migratory neurons to allow a classification into type I (migratory) and type II (non-migratory). Type II neurons appeared to correspond to those seen in situ, but whether type I neurons represent immature or retarded neurons, or are due to culture conditions, is not clear. In the chick, no classification on this basis was possible; instead both migratory and non-migratory neurons showed a large and similar variation in nuclear size. 3. In all three species both migratory and non-migratory neurons remained viable and noradrenaline was demonstrable histochemically for eight weeks (oldest cultures studied). Species differences were found in the extent of outgrowth of nerve fibers and accessory cells. 4. Ultrastructural studies showed processes with features characteristic of sympathetic nerves in situ and of regenerating nerves. Profiles with other ultrastructural features were described and their identity discussed. 5. The action of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) at 1 unit/ml on sympathetic nerve fibers showed that guinea-pig was the most susceptible and chick the least. In the rat and guinea-pig, NGF increased levels of noradrenaline. NGF did not alter the appearance or relative numbers of type I and II neurons in rat and guinea-pig, but did affect the size distribution of both chick migratory and non-migratory neurons; some chick neurons were insensitive to NGF.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 349-360 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fibroblast ; Smooth muscle cell ; Contractility ; Small intestine (rat) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The stroma of duodenal villi of rats was studied by light- and electron microscopy. Fibroblasts are rather evenly distributed within the villus. Their branched processes embrace all blood vessels, the lacteal and the bundles of smooth muscle cells. They are connected to each other and to smooth muscle cells by “close contacts”. Unmyelinated axons are found close to the fibroblasts where they may show synapse-like formations. The fibroblasts within intestinal villi contain many dilated cisterns of rER similar to normal fibroblasts. In contrast to the latter, there are many aggregated, contractile filaments, being situated mainly below the plasma membrane and within the processes. It is suggested that fibroblasts representing a 3-dimensional contractile network may be activated by smooth muscle cells and/or by innervation. So, they seem to be involved in the diminution of the vascular and stromal spaces within the villus.
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 399-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinula ; Astacus fluviatilis ; Basilar membrane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the eye of Astacus fluviatilis one retinula is made up by eight retinular cells. Its length is approximately 190 μm, its diameter about 40 μm at its distal, and 30 μm at its proximal pole. The nuclear regions of the retinular cells are situated distally and partly surround the end of the crystalline tract. Proximally the retinula is embedded in a tapetal layer of about 50 μm thickness made up by cells which contain gaseous vacuoles. The fused and banded rhabdome is slender and spindle-shaped and extends in the central axis of the retinula from the end of the crystalline tract down to the basilar membrane. The rhabdome consists of microvilli of the seven pigmented main retinular cells and is enveloped by their cell bodies throughout its length. An axon originates from the seven main retinular cells about 50 μm distally of the basilar membrane. It is continuously connected with the rhabdome-forming part of the cell by a thin cytoplasmic sheet. The eighth retinular cell devoid of pigment granules is in connection with the distal end of the rhabdome and sends forth a small axon taking its course with the axons of the other retinular cells. The basilar membrane is a complex system of cells which contact the retinular cells by gap junctions, other cells which synthetize fibrils, a fibrous layer and hemocyanine filled lacunas.
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 435-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes ; Monkey ; Radiation damage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study describes the effects of acute X-irradiation of the ovaries upon the structure of primordial follicles in mature rhesus monkeys. Doses of 1000 r to 12000 r, and post-irradiation intervals of 7 hours to 30 days were used. Oocytes in biopsies from irradiated ovaries were compared with those removed from the same ovaries prior to treatment or from contra-lateral controls. The results of the treatment were assessed using light and electron microscopy. The fine structural features of normal primordial oocytes are described, with particular reference to mitochondria and dense granular bodies. Some observations on spontaneous degenerative changes are included. Irradiated ovaries are classified into four arbitrary groups according to the severity of cellular damage visible in primordial follicles with the light microscope. Effects are more marked following higher doses and/or longer intervals; the most obvious changes are pyknosis of nuclei and accumulation of dense granules in the follicle cell cytoplasm. Early changes in oocytes are relatively difficult to detect, but lead to clumping of cytoplasmic and nuclear contents at more advanced stages of degeneration. Alterations in oocyte fine structure consist mainly in swelling and disruption of membrane-bound organelles, and condensation of nuclear and nucleolar chromatin. They thus resemble those occurring during spontaneous atresia, although the damage to follicle cells is evident much sooner after irradiation. These findings are compared with those made for species in which primordial follicles are known to be destroyed by much lower doses of X-rays than were used here. The contribution to the radiation-response made by the relative radiosensitivities of oocytes and follicle cells in different species is discussed.
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Brain capillaries ; Chicken ; Intercellular junctions ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours du développement embryonnaire du Poulet, les cellules endothéliales des bourgeons vasculaires et des capillaires néo-formés du télencéphale sont unies par des jonctions transitoires au niveau desquelles les feuillets externes des membranes plasmiques n'ont pas fusionné et sont séparés par un espace intercellulaire mesurable. Des points de fusion de ces feuillets externes apparaissent peu à peu et au hasard dans la zone du contact intercellulaire. Entre ces points persistent des espaces intercellulaires qui assurent encore la communication entre la lumière du capillaire et l'espace extracellulaire du tissu nerveux. L'adjonction de nouveaux points de fusion, entre ceux existant déjà, conduit à la disparition progressive de l'espace intercellulaire et à la formation de véritables zonulae occludentes.
    Notes: Summary During the embryonic development of the chick, the endothelial cells of the vascular sprouts and of the newly-formed capillaries in the telencephalon are linked by transitory junctions at the level of which the external leaflets of the plasma membrane are not fused and are separated by a measurable intercellular space. Some points of fusion of these external leaflets gradually appear at random in the area of the intercellular contact. Between these points of fusion, some intercellular spaces persist which still allow the communication between the capillary lumen and the extracellular space in the nervous tissue. The adjunction of new points of fusion between the preexisting ones, leads progressively to the disappearance of these intercellular spaces and to the formation of true zonulae occludentes.
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 553-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albino rat ; Striatal neurons ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Dark cisternal fields ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung des Striatums einer Ratte wurden im Perikaryon einiger Neurone eigentümliche parallele Anordnungen von membranbegrenzten Zisternen gefunden, welche durch eine auffallend dichte cytoplasmatische Matrix voneinander getrennt waren. Ein mit dieser Beobachtung völlig übereinstimmender Befund ist unlängst von anderer Seite an Nervenzellen des Nucleus entopeduncularis und der orbitofrontalen Großhirnrinde der Katze erhoben worden. Bei den „dunklen Zisternenfeldern“ dürfte es sich um Bereiche des endoplasmatischen Retikulums handeln, die sich in einem besonderen Funktionszustand befinden. Sie kommen wahrscheinlich schon normalerweise bei verschiedenen Tierarten in bestimmten Regionen des ZNS vor.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of a rat's striatum has revealed peculiar parallel arrays of membrane-bound cisternae with a strikingly dense intercisternal cytoplasmic matrix in the perikarya of a few neurons. The finding corresponds exactly to the unique lamellar configurations recently described in nerve cells of the entopeduncular nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex of the cat. These “dark cisternal fields” are regarded as distinct districts of the endoplasmic reticulum in a special functional state. They seem to occur normally in certain regions of the CNS in different animal species.
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Reticulum-Cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Entodermale Thymus-Retikulumzellen neugeborener Wistar-Ratten enthalten häufig helle Vesikel mit enger räumlicher Beziehung zum Golgi-Apparat. Bei 13 Monate alten Ratten fehlen diese Vesikel. 2. Die Tatsache, daß die Häufigkeit heller Vesikel mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter abnimmt, findet ihre Parallele in der von anderer Seite getroffenen Feststellung, daß die Bildung eines humoralen Faktors im Thymus im Laufe der Zeit eingeschränkt wird. 3. Diese Koinzidenz läßt an die Möglichkeit denken, die hellen Vesikel könnten ein morphologisches Äquivalent der Bildung eines Thymuswirkstoffes sein. 4. In entodermalen Thymus-Retikulumzellen 13 Monate alter Ratten finden sich große Vakuolen mit granulärem Inhalt. Ihre Bildung beginnt schon vor der Thymusinvolution. Sie entstehen wahrscheinlich durch Phagozytose oder Aufnahme zelleigenen Materials, das nicht weiter abbaufähig ist. 5. Da diese Einschlüsse mit fortgesetzem Alter an Zahl und Größe zunehmen, scheinen sie als Ausdruck einer Beeinträchtigung der Stoffwechselvorgänge im Zytoplasma ein erstes morphologisch faßbares Symptom der frühzeitigen physiologischen Involution des Thymus zu sein.
    Notes: Summary 1. Entodermal reticulum cells of new born Wistar rats frequently contain clear vesicles with close connection to the Golgifield. These vesicles do not occur in reticulum cells of 13 months old rats. 2. The frequency of these clear vesicles decreases with advancing age obviously in the same way as the production of a humoral thymic factor reported by several investigators. 3. This observation agrees with the hypothesis that the clear vesicles are the morphological equivalent of the production of a humoral thymus factor. 4. Entodermal reticulum cells of 13 months old Wistar rats contain large vacuoles filled with electron dense, granulated materials. The formation of these vacuoles starts already before the beginning of the thymus involution. Possibly they are produced by phagocytosis or necrobiosis and contain deposits of material that cannot undergo further degradation. 5. The increase of these vacuoles in number and size with advancing age may be considered as equivalent of the deterioration of metabolism responsible for early involution of the thymus.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 394-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Portal Vein ; Innervation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die V. portae der weißen Ratte wurde licht-, fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopisch auf ihre Innervation untersucht. 1. Paraldehydbedampfte Venenpräparate und Häutchenpräparate der gesamten Wandung (Falcksche Fluoreszenzmethode) lassen einen überwiegend längsorientierten äuβeren Nervenplexus erkennen, der den äußersten Muskelzellen aufliegt. Er ist leberseitig weitmaschig, darmseitig sehr engmaschig. Ein subendothelial gelegener innerer Plexus ist vorwiegend zirkulär orientiert. Er entspringt dem äußeren Plexus der darmseitigen Gefäßpartien. 2. Der Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Gomori-Methode) bringt lichtmikroskopisch einige Nervenbündel in der bindegewebigen Adventitia zur Darstellung. Im übrigen findet sich die Aktivität des Enzyms nur in den interzellulären Spalten der Muskelschicht. Der elektronenmikroskopische Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Karnovsky-Methode) läßt aber erkennen, daß sich die Enzymaktivität auf die Muskelzellmembranen beschränkt. 3. Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung bestätigt den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Befund. a) Lebernah finden sich nur vereinzelte Axonbündel, die der äußeren Muskellage aufgelagert sind. Die Einzelaxone sind vollständig von den Schwannschen Zellen umgeben. Nur wenige, den Muskelzellen benachbarte Axone enthalten agranuläre Vesikel. Sehr selten sind Ausfaltungen der vesikelhaltigen Axone zu sehen, deren Abstand zur Muskelzelle aber immer noch 1000–2000 Å beträgt. b) Auf über eintausend Dünnschnitten wurde kein Axon innerhalb der dicken Muskelschicht gefunden. c) Subendothelial verlaufende Axone (innerer Plexus) sind teilweise oder völlig aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet. Sie sind dicht besetzt mit leeren Vesikeln (300–650 Å) und enthalten wenige kernhaltige Vesikel in der Größenordnung 800–1600 Å. Synaptische Endigungen werden nicht beobachtet. d) Eine dichte Häufung vesikelhaltiger Axone, die teils völlig, teils nur an der muskelzellnahen Seite aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet sind, finden sich am Übergang der V. mesenterica superior zum Pfortaderstamm, deren einschichtiger Muskellage angelagert. Von diesen Bündeln stammende kleinere Bündel und Einzelaxone ziehen zwischen den Muskelzellen hindurch und erreichen das Endothel. Typische Synapsen werden nicht beobachtet. Kein vesikelhaltiges Axon nähert sich mehr als 1000 Å den Muskelzellen. 4. Die ausgefalteten vesikelbesetzten Axone werden als vegetative Überträgerstrecken angesehen. Die Erregung der Effektorstrukturen durch Transmittersubstanzen wird im Zusammenhang mit der postmortalen autonomen Gefäßkontraktilität diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the portal vein of the white rat was examined with light-, fluorescence-, and electronmicroscopic techniques. The results are as follows: 1. Paraldehyde treated vein preparations (Falck's fluorescence method) demonstrate a predominantly longitudinally orientated external nerve plexus, being situated on the outermost muscle cells. Near the liver the nerve net is characterized by broad meshes, near the intestinal tract by narrow ones. The circular subendothelial inner plexus originates in the outer plexus of the intestinal vascular bed. 2. Nerve bundles in the fibrous adventitia were demonstrated with Gomori's Acethylcholinesterase method. In other respects, the enzyme activity was only observed in the intercellular spaces of the muscle layer. The electronmicroscopic demonstration of Acetylcholinesterase (Karnovsky's method) further showed that the enzyme activity is restricted to the muscle cell membrane. 3. The electronmicroscopic examination verified the results obtained with fluorescence microscopic techniques. a) In the proximity of the liver, only isolated nerve bundles occur on the outer muscle layer. The individual nerves are entirely surrounded by Schwann cells. Only a few of the axons in the vicinity to the muscle cell have agranular vesicles. Evaginations of the vesicular axons occur infrequently. Their distance from the muscle cell amounts to 1000–2000 Å. b) In more than one thousand thin sections, no axons were found inside the thick muscular layer. c) Subendothelial axons (inner plexus) are either partially or totally evaginated from the Schwann cells. They are densely filled with empty vesicles (350–650 Å) and contain a few dense core vesicles of 800–1600 Å in diameter. Synaptic endings were not observed. d) A dense collection of vesicle-containing axons, that were partially in their entirety and partially only from the muscle cell proximal side evaginated from the Schwann cells, were observed in the single muscle layer at the junction of the superior mesenteric and the portal vein. From these bundles, smaller bundles and individual axons pass between the muscle cells and reach the endothelium. Typical synapses were not observed. No vesiclecontaining axon was nearer than 1000 Å to the muscle cell. 4. Those axons possessing vesicles and being evaginated are considered to be vegetative conducting pathways. The excitation of the effector structures by transmitter substances is discussed in connection with the post mortem autonomic vascular contractility.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 463-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow ; Leukocytes ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of peroxidase activity has been studied in the cells of normal human bone marrow using the diaminobenzidine peroxidase technique. Peroxidase activity has been localized within the primary (azurophil) granules of the neutrophilic series as well as in the cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes. Peroxidase activity appears within the cisternal system (nuclear envelope, Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum) of these cells during the period of peroxidase-containing lysosome production. With the cessation of granulogenesis, peroxidase activity disappears from the cisternal system and does not reappear in subsequent developmental stages. In cells incubated in peroxide-free media, staining of granular components, but not of cisternae, is reduced. The inclusion of catalase in peroxide-free media eliminates all staining. This indicates that an endogenous peroxide is present within the cisternae and granules of these cell types.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 516-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Chicken ; Prenatal development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the developing chicken liver has been reexamined on specimens fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde. This fixation technique gives a preservation of ultrastructural detail superior to that of earlier investigations. Among others the following observations may be pointed out: 1. Bile canaliculi with well-developed microvilli and adjacent tight junctions are present already at the 4-day-old stage and then remain essentially unchanged during development. 2. A subendothelial space of Disse is not present until about 16 days of incubation. 3. The Golgi apparatus does not assume its adult appearance until about 8 days of incubation. 4. Glycogen is first observed in the 6-day-old specimens and then continuously increases throughout development. Glycogen particles often accumulate in membranelimited bodies reminding of the glycogen-filled lysosomes found in a certain type of glycogenosis (Pompe's disease). 5. The mitochondria increase in size and number during development with a conspicuous change from rounded towards more rodshaped and elongated forms.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 576-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eye ; Frontal organs ; Crustacea ; Anostraca ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Mittelauge (MA) und das ventrale Frontalorgan (FO) von Artemia salina L. (erwachsene Tiere) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. 1. Das MA ist ein inverses Becherauge. Ein Pigmentbecher aus zwei Pigmentzellen umschließt drei Sehzellgruppen. Die Sehzellen bilden verzweigte Rhabdome vom geschlossenen Typ. Ihr Zytoplasma enthält zahlreiche Vesikel, tubuläre Mitochondrien, kleine Golgiapparate, Mikrotubuli, variable multivesicular und lamellated bodies und Lipideinschlüsse, die von endoplasmatischem Retikulum spiralig umgeben werden. 2. Die Pigmentzellen enthalten dicht gepackte Pigmentkörner, einen gelappten Kern, Mitochondrien vom Cristatyp, wenig endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Mikrotubuli, lamellated und vesicular bodies. Gegenüber den rhahdombildenden Anteilen der Sehzellen ist ihre Zelloberfläche glatt, im übrigen bilden sie lange fingerförmige Ausstülpungen. 3. Artemia salina besitzt zwei Arten von Frontalorganen. Die „dorsalen PO“ sind möglicherweise neurosekretorische X-Organe. Das ventrale FO wird als Sehorgan gedeutet. Es besteht aus zwei Gruppen von Sehzellen ventral vom MA, die eigene Nervenfortsätze zum Protocerebrum senden. Die optische Achse ist der des ventralen Augenbechers entgegengesetzt. Zwischen MA und FO verläuft ein Nerv, der wahrscheinlich dem MA angehört. 4. Übereinstimmungen der Feinstruktur von MA, FO und den Retinulazellen der Komplexaugen betreffen insbesondere die Binnenstruktur der Rhabdommikrovilli und Äquivalente unterschiedlicher Funktionszustände (Hell-Dunkel-Adaptation) hinsichtlich der Ausbildung von perirhabdomalen Vakuolen und des Ausmaßes von pinocytotischen Vorgängen an der Basis der Rhabdome.
    Notes: Summary The median eye (MA) and the ventral frontal organ (FO) of Artemia salina L. (adult specimens) have been investigated with the electron microscope. 1. The MA is an inverse cup-shaped eye. A pigment cup, consisting of two pigment cells, surrounds three groups of photosensory cells, which form ramified rhabdoms of the closed type. Their cytoplasm contains numerous vesicles, tubular mitochondria, small Golgi fields, microtubules, variable multivesicular and lamellated bodies and lipid inclusions, which are surrounded by spirals of endoplasmic reticulum. 2. The pigment cells contain densely packed pigment granules, an indented nucleus, crested mitochondria, small amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, lamellated and vesicular bodies. Opposite the rhabdomeric surface of the visual cells their cellular surface is smooth, otherwise it bears long fingershaped projections. 3. Artemia salina possesses two types of frontal organs. The “dorsal FOs” are possibly neurosecretory X-organs. The ventral FO is interpreted to represent a photosensory organ. It consists of two groups of sensory cells located ventrally of the MA, which possess own nerve-processes leading to the Protocerebrum. Their optical axis is opposite the one of the ventral eye cup. Between MA and FO a nerve occurs, which presumably belongs to the MA. 4. Considerable finestructural similarities between MA, PO and the retinula cells of the compound eyes exist as far as the internal structure of the rhabdomeric microvilli and the equivalents of different functional stages (Light-Dark-Adaption) are concerned, namely perirhabdomeric vacuoles and the degree of pinocytotic processes at the base of the rhabdoms.
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrodermal nerves ; Hydra pseudoligactis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of nerve cells, namely, neurosensory and neurosecretory cells have been identified and described in the gastrodermis of Hydra pseudoligactis. The morphological criteria used for the identification of gastrodermal nerves are based on those presented previously for epidermal nerves. The third type of nerve cell in the epidermis, ganglionic cells, was not observed in these studies. The distribution, function and origin of gastrodermal nerve cells are discussed briefly.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 419-432 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: “Cellules spéciales” ; Gastropoda nudibranchia ; Connective tissue ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Spezialzellen im Bindegewebe der Kolben von Eubranchus farrani und Trinchesia granosa (Aeolidoidea) bilden Gruppen, die stets von einer Basallamina umschlossen werden. Die Zellen werden nicht durch desmosomale Bildungen untereinander verbunden. In den oft geweiteten Interzellularlakunen findet sich feinstflockiges Material. Spezialzellen normal ernährter Schnecken besitzen ein außerordentlich reiches, geordnetes, rauhes endoplasmatisches Retikulum und einen großen Kern mit großem Nucleolus. Golgi- und Vakuolenapparat der Zellen bleiben klein. Mit zunehmender Dauer des Fastens wird das rauhe ER durch ungeordnetes, glattes endoplasmatisches Retikulum ersetzt, wächst der Golgiapparat und nimmt die Zahl der Autolysosomen zu. Die feinstrukturellen Unterschiede zwischen Spezialzellen, Blasenzellen und Nervenzellen werden beschrieben, die Funktion der Spezialzellen abschließend diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary “Cellules spéciales” of Aelidoidea have been investigated in the cerata of Eubranchus farrani and Trinchesia granosa. All groups of “cellules spéciales” are limited by a basal lamina. Opposing membranes are not connected by specialized structures as desmosomes etc. The intercellular cleft often is widened and contains a fine floccular substance. In normally nourished animals the “cellules spéciales” show a rich, highly organized, rough surfaced reticulum, while there are only a few vacuoles and a small Golgi Complex. In starved animals mainly smooth reticulum is found, but the Golgi Apparatus has enlarged and autolysosomes are abundant. The fine structural differences of “cellules spéciales”, globular cells and nerve cells are described, the function of the “cellules spéciales” is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 433-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect ; Fat body ; Development ; Protein body ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Lipoprotein ; Cytology ; Lipid globule ; Silkworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A developmental study at the electron microscopic level was conducted of the fat body cells of Hyalophora cecropia (L.). During the last larval instar the fat body increases in volume and the cells exhibit a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and protein bodies of diverse sizes. In the pupal fat body, the protein bodies appear to be enclosed by a double membrane and contain glycogen granules, ribosomes and mitochondrion-like structures. In addition, there are large lipid globules, cytolysomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructure of the protein bodies suggests the development of large bodies by fusion of smaller protein bodies. Changes in fat body cell ultrastructure were followed during adult development and cytological evidence was obtained for the depletion of protein, glycogen and lipid in the female during this period. The female adult fat body cell contains free ribosomes, protein bodies, many mitochondria, a few lipid globules and glycogen granules. The male moth fat body cells have many mitochondria, a few glycogen granules, essentially no protein bodies, but an abundance of large lipid globules. Studies on the influence of egg maturation on the morphology of the fat body of Hyalophora gloveri (L.) revealed that ovariectomy of pupae yielded adults having more fat body than normal females, and that the fat body cells of the ovariectomized animals contained more glycogen, lipid and protein. Male pupae receiving ovarian implants developed into adults containing eggs and possessed more fat body than normal females but less than normal males. Very few glycogen granules were found in the fat body cells of normal males or males with implanted ovaries.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 479-506 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Drosophila ; Testis ; Fertility ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morphogenetic process that transforms spermatids from a syncytial state to a state in which each spermatid is invested in its own membrane, is initiated at the head region of the spermatid bundle and traverses through the entire length of the bundle in the testis of Drosophila melanogaster. This process not only eliminates the syncytial bridges between spermatids but also removes unneeded organelles and the excess parts of the nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. It also brings about structural modifications to flagellar elements. The propagation of this process is seen as the caudal movement of a fusiform swelling of the spermatid bundle, 100 μ or more in length. Spermatids are individualized in the basal half of the swelling, whereas they remain syncytial in the apical half. The swelling increases its volume as it accumulates cytoplasmic debris while traversing the sperm bundle, from about 15 μ in maximum diameter in the basal testicular region to as large as 30 μ at the apical end where it becomes a bag of wastes. A variation of the process in a mutant stock which is known to inactivate up to half of the products of meiosis is briefly described. The morphological change of interspermatid bridges prior to the individualization is also reported.
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 188-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ampullate glands ; Araneus ; Cuticle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le canal des glandes ampullacées d'Araneus diadematus comprend trois longs segments entourés d'une même gaine conjonctive pluristratifiée et riche en glycogène. La structure générale de ces segments est caractérisée par un épithélium simple reposant sur une lame basale fibrillaire et une intima cuticulaire épaisse. Les cellules épithéliales sont riches en microtubules et leur apex est garni de microvillosités. L'intima cuticulaire comporte une sous-cuticule pourvue de mucopolysaccharides acides, une endocuticule, et une épicuticule de structure classique. L'endocuticule est formée de deux sortes de bandes, en alternance, claires ou denses aux électrons, enroulées en spirale le long du manchon cuticulaire; les bandes denses comprennent un réseau de canalicules contournés et anastomosés; le matériel des bandes claires ne présente pas de structure apparente. Dans la partie proximale du premier segment du canal, les cellules épithéliales sont plus riches en microtubules; les microvillositées apicales sont plus rares; la sous-cuticule disparaît et l'endocuticule, devenue cinq fois plus épaisse que dans les autres segments, est formée, du côté des cellules, d'un réseau à larges mailles présentant une infrastructure canaliculaire, et, du côté de l'épicuticule, d'une zone granulo-fibreuse. La jonction proprement dite du canal et de l'ampoule glandulaire est réalisée grâce à une différenciation de l'épicuticule et des membranes plasmiques des cellules glandulaires proximales. Il est proposé de relier les structures décrites à des fonctions de deux types; la structure du segment proximal du canal serait propre à amortir des déformations consécutives au passage des produits de sécrétion; celle des segments suivants paraît correspondre à des phénomènes d'absorption d'eau qui se produiraient depuis la lumière du canal jusqu'au milieu intérieur de l'araignée.
    Notes: Summary The ampullate gland duct in Araneus diadematus consists of three long segments surrounded by the same sheath of multi-layered conjunctival tissue rich in glycogen. The duct segments have a single epithelial layer resting on a fibrillar basement membrane and a thick cuticular intima. The epithelial cells are rich in microtubules and their apices carry microvilli. The cuticular intima consists of an acid-mucopolysaccharide-rich sub-cuticle, an endocuticle, and a classical epicuticle. The endocuticle shows two types of alternating bands, which are electron-dense or clear, and are spirally wound over the length of the cuticular stem. The dense bands contain a network of twisted and anastomosing canaliculi. The clear bands do not show any obvious structural patterns. In the proximal end of the first segment, the epithelial cells are richer in microtubules than in other parts of the duct, the number of apical microvilli decreases, the sub-cuticle disappears, and the endocuticle, which becomes five times thicker than in the other segments, forms a loose network showing an infrastructure of canaliculi towards the cells, and a fibrous, granular zone towards the epicuticle. The actual junction of the duct and the glandular ampulla is effected by a differentiation of the epicuticle and the plasma membranes of the proximal glandular cells. We propose that the structures of the proximal segment of the duct lend themselves to a deformation that follows the passage of secretory products; the structure of the following segments seems to be related to water absorption from the duct lumen towards hemolymph.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 561-569 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rumen epithelium (Goat) ; Permeability ; Transport of Myofer ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch submuköse Injektion von Myofer, einer licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch nachweisbaren Testsubstanz, wurde in vivo die Permeabilität des Pansenepithels untersucht. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Kurz nach der Applikation ist Myofer in allen Schichten des Epithels nachweisbar. Der Transport dieser Substanz ins Stratum corneum wird durch die tiefen Hornzellen der Barriere nicht verhindert. 2. In allen Epithelschichten ist das Myofer in Form intrazellulärer Cytosomen anzutreffen. 3. In den Interzellularräumen sind Myofergranula zwischen Basalmembran und den tiefen Hornzellen nur vereinzelt, zahlreicher jedoch jenseits der Barriere zu beobachten. Es wird gefolgert, daß die Testsubstanz Myofer die epitheliale Barriere durch transzelluläre Passage überwindet.
    Notes: Summary The permeability of the rumen epithelium to Myofer, a marker injected submucously in vivo, was studied in the light and electron microscopes. The following observations were made: 1. Myofer penetrates the ruminal epithelium 10 min after injection and can be found in all epithelial layers. The deep horny cells of the barrier layer do not prevent the penetration by this marker of the stratum corneum. 2. Myofer is present as cytosomes in cells of all epithelial layers. 3. The intercellular spaces between the basal lamina and the deep horny cells contain only few Myofer granules; the granules are more numerous on the other side of the barrier layer. The observations suggest that the marker Myofer passes through the epithelial barrier of the ruminal wall by transcellular passage.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 314-322 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mollusca ; Muscle ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Physiology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemmic tubules in the radula protractor muscle of the whelk, Busycon canaliculatum, has been investigated. The sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of an interconnected system of cisternae and tubular channels. The cisternae are closely associated with the sarcolemma. The tubular channels project from the cisternae into the interior of the cell and run parallel to the long axis of the myofilaments. Parallel tubular channels are interconnected with one another by short branches. This finding of an elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulum supports previous physiological work on this smooth muscle which indicated the presence of an intracellular compartmentalization of calcium ions. There is also an extensive system of tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma which we have termed sarcolemmic tubules. These tubules are 600 Å in diameter and about 0.5 microns in length. There is a substructure associated with the leaflet of the tubular membrane bordering the extracellular space. The sarcolemmic tubules penetrate only half a micron from the surface of the cell and interdigitate with the sarcoplasmic reticulum associated with the sarcolemma. Calculations have shown that the surface area of this smooth muscle cell is more than doubled by the presence of sarcolemmic tubules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 371-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Pleurodeles ; Neck region ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'évolution des différents éléments de la région cervicale du spermatozoïde dePleurodeles waltlii a été suivie et décrite depuis le tout début de la spermiogenèse. Leur origine est parfois délicate à définir. Certains dictyosomes restent en relation constante avec les granules péricentriolaires et les deux anneaux différents, même lorsque ces derniers quittent la région acrosomienne. L'élaboration du cou enfoncé dans la profonde fossette nucléaire ne semble pas se faire à partir des centrioles. L'origine nucléaire de certaines protéines basiques qui le composent est envisagée en fonction de la concordance étroite entre sa formation et le remplacement des histones riches en lysine par les histones enrichies en arginine. Les différentes preuves morphologiques de passage au niveau de l'enveloppe nucléaire ont été recherchées. Les voies d'un éventuel transfert n'ont pu être clairement définies. La zone cervicale de la spermatide de pleurodèle est comparée à la région équivalente du spermatozoïde d'insecte et de mammifère. Certains éléments de la spermatide jeune présentent des caractères communs avec le corps chromatoïde des mammifères. Leur mode d'évolution est relativement semblable. Les spermatides d'urodèles semblent donc posséder un corps chromatoïde comme celles de la plupart des autres vertébrés.
    Notes: Summary The development of the different components of thePleurodeles spermatozoon neck region have been investigated and described from the early beginning spermiogenesis process. In some cases their origine is not well defined. Some dictyosomes remain in a constant relationship with the pericentriolar granule and the two different rings, even after they had left the acrosomal region. The development of the neck in a deep postnuclear niche, does not seem related with the centrioles. The nuclear origine of some basic proteins of the neck is discussed in relation to the close correspondence between their appearance and the substitution of the lysine rich histone by the arginine rich histone in the nuclear. The various morphologic signs of transit at the nuclear envelope level have been investigated. The ways along which some materials is eventually transferred out of the nucleus remained an open question. ThePleurodeles spermatid neck region is compared with the same region of the insect and mammalian sperm. Some components of thePleurodeles young spermatids display common characters with the mammalian chromatoid body. Their development are fairly similar. Thus the Urodele spermatid seems to posses a chromatoîd body like most other vertebrate spermatids.
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