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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (809)
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Seismology
  • 2000-2004  (152)
  • 1970-1974  (1,187)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1935-1939
  • 2001  (152)
  • 1970  (1,187)
Collection
Years
  • 2000-2004  (152)
  • 1970-1974  (1,187)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1935-1939
Year
  • 101
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    In:  Nature, Bonn, Pergamon, vol. 411, no. B8, pp. 462-466, pp. 1990, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Dynamic ; Stress ; Waves ; Earthquake
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  • 102
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Bonn, Pergamon, vol. 106, no. B8, pp. 16,253-16,264, pp. 1990, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Fracture ; Review article ; rate ; and ; state ; dependent ; Friction ; subcritical ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Aftershocks ; Stress ; triggering ; oszillatory ; deformation ; cyclic ; fatigue ; 7209 ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; dynamics ; and ; mechanics ; 7223 ; Seismic ; hazard ; assessment ; and ; prediction ; 7260 ; Theory ; and ; modeling ; JGR
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  • 103
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    In:  Nature, vol. 410, no. 6824, pp. 74-77
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Strike-slip ; Plate tectonics ; Source parameters ; Ekstrom ; Ekstroem
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  • 104
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Stress ; Inversion ; Inhomogeneity ; P-waves ; JGR
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  • 105
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    In:  Tectonophys., Paris, Pergamon, vol. 338, no. 3-4, pp. 225-232, pp. 1246
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Physical properties of rocks ; Seismology ; Dynamic ; Review article
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  • 106
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Roma, Publicazioni dell'Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica, vol. 106, no. B5, pp. 8699-8712, pp. B09304, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Earthquake hazard ; Source parameters ; Statistical investigations ; Italy ; Modelling ; 7215 ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; parameters ; 7223 ; Seismic ; hazard ; assessment ; and ; prediction ; 7260 ; Theory ; and ; modeling ; JGR
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  • 107
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    In:  Eos Trans. AGU, Münster, 3, vol. 82, no. 31, pp. 333 & 339, pp. B05407, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Borehole geophys. ; Instruments ; borehole ; seismometer ; Seismometer ; Long ; Valley ; ICDP ; SAF ; Nankai ; Chelungpu ; Taiwan ; high ; pressure ; high ; temperatures ; slim-hole ; Geoelectrics ; Geomagnetics ; Geochemistry ; fiber ; optics ; 0994 ; Exploration ; geophysics ; Instruments ; and ; techniques ; 7294 ; Seismology ; 8194 ; Tectonophysics
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  • 108
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    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, University of Iceland, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Ministry for the Environment,, vol. 189, no. 3-4, pp. 115-131, pp. 1567, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Subduction zone ; Seismology ; EPSL
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  • 109
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    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Charleston, South Carolina, California Division of Mines San Francisco, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 371-374, pp. B11306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Moment tensor ; Strong motions ; Aftershocks ; Earthquake ; Source parameters ; TUERK ; Turkey ; Oerguelue ; Orgulu ; 7215 ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; parameters ; 7230 ; Seismicity ; and ; seismotectonics ; GRL
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  • 110
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    In:  Journal of Seismology, Bonn, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 5, no. 1-2, pp. 269-276, pp. 1273, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Stress ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Seismology ; Turkey ; NAF ; Fault zone ; Earthquake ; JOSE
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  • 111
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    In:  Journal of Seismology, Philadelphia, 4, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 243-261, pp. 2061, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Location ; Seismology ; Error analysis ; Seismicity ; JOSE
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  • 112
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Strong motions ; Magnitude ; Location ; Attenuation ; Quality factor ; Source parameters ; Earthquake hazard ; GJI
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  • 113
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    In:  Pageoph, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, vol. 158, no. 1-2, pp. 319-347, pp. L11308, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location ; Modelling ; Three dimensional ; Nuclear explosion ; PAG
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  • 114
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    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Amsterdam, Univ. of Tokyo, vol. 144, no. 3, pp. 647-655, pp. 1489, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Radiation pattern ; Green's function ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Iceland ; Iran ; Inversion ; Earthquake ; GJI
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  • 115
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Veldhoven, Kluwer, vol. 106, no. B8, pp. 16339-16356, pp. L01308, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source ; Inversion ; nokms ; 1208 ; Geodesy ; and ; Gravity: ; Crustal ; movements--intraplate ; (8110) ; 3210 ; Mathematical ; Geophysics: ; Modeling ; 8110 ; Tectonophysics: ; Continental ; tectonics--general ; (0905) ; 8150 ; Plate ; boundary--general ; (3040) ; Vavrycuk ; JGR
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  • 116
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    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Köln, Elsevier, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1079-1082, pp. B02401, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Geodesy ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; InSAR ; Earthquake ; Turkey ; NAF ; Source parameters ; 1242 ; Geodesy ; and ; gravity ; Seismic ; deformations ; (7205) ; 7205 ; Seismology ; Continental ; crust ; (1242) ; 7215 ; Earthquake ; parameters ; 7230 ; Seismicity ; and ; seismotectonics ; GRL ; FROTH ; (preprint) ; GHILLERS ; PDF
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  • 117
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    Oregon State University Press
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Corvallis, x + 406 pp., Oregon State University Press, vol. 101, no. B6, pp. 5847-5854, pp. B06310, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: NOK ; 7223 ; Seismology ; Seismic ; hazard ; assessment ; and ; prediction ; 1734 ; History ; of ; geophysics ; 7299 ; General ; or ; miscellaneous ; 9910 ; Corrections ; Books
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  • 118
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Stockholm, 3-4, vol. 106, no. B2, pp. 2167-2176, pp. L17317, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Correlation ; Seismicity ; critical ; point ; concept, ; power ; law ; time-to-failure ; relation ; seismic Moment ; release ; Stress ; Statistical investigations ; 7209 ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; dynamics ; and ; mechanics ; 7223 ; Seismic ; hazard ; assessment ; and ; prediction ; 7260 ; Theory ; and ; modeling ; JGR ; Zoeller ; Zoller
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  • 119
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    Cambridge Univ. Press, 713 pp.
    In:  Prague, 214 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, 713 pp., vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 275-291, (0-596-00648-9, 3rd edition 2005. XXII, 509 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Waves ; Textbook of geophysics ; Wave propagation ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Seismology ; Ray seismics ; Ray tracing ; GJI ; Cerveny
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  • 120
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Charleston, South Carolina, California Division of Mines San Francisco, vol. 106, no. B5, pp. 8729-8744, pp. L10305, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Statistical investigations ; Earthquake hazard ; ETAS ; epidemic ; type ; Aftershocks ; sequences, ; Modelling ; Omori ; 3210 ; Mathematical ; geophysics ; Modeling ; 7200 ; Seismology ; 7223 ; Seismic ; hazard ; assessment ; and ; prediction ; 7230 ; Seismicity ; and ; seismotectonics ; JGR
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  • 121
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    In:  Pageoph, Philadelphia, 4, vol. 158, no. 4, pp. 695-715, pp. 2061, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Description: Abstract Thirty-three earthquakes occurred in Central Apennines (Italy) with Ml ranging from 2.4 to 3.7 have been spectrally analysed using digital recordings from twelve stations of the Rete Sismometrica Marchigiana (RSM) network. Data corrected for geometrical spreading and quality factor Q have been inverted by means of the Generalised Inversion Technique. Site responses have been compared with those obtained by H/V ratio. Site amplifications have been observed both at stations placed on Pleistocene sediments and at one station located at 1800 m of altitude. Source parameters have been calculated by fitting the spectra with an automatic procedure adopting the w2 source model. The seismic moments range from 9.23*10^19 to 4.28*10^21 dyne-cm with average Mo (S) to Mo (P) ratio of 1.13 plus minus 0.38. The stress drops are generally low and they vary between 1.1 and 10.2 bar when estimated by using S source spectra, and between 0.5 and 7.1 bar when the P source spectra are fitted. For the considered range of seismic moments we observe that the stress drop does not have significant dependence on event size.
    Keywords: Seismology ; Site amplification ; Source parameters ; generalised ; Inversion ; H/V-ratio ; site ; effects ; Nakamura
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  • 122
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    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Basle, Wiley, vol. 28, no. 17, pp. 3341-3344, pp. 1264, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; InSAR ; SAR ; Geodesy ; Earthquake ; 1243 ; Geodesy ; and ; gravity ; Space ; geodetic ; surveys ; 7230 ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; and ; seismotectonics ; 8010 ; Structural ; geology ; (new ; field, ; replaces ; single ; entry ; 8165) ; Fractures ; and ; faults ; 8040 ; Remote ; sensing ; GRL ; Arnadottir
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  • 123
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    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Jena, Scientific American, vol. 28, no. 19, pp. 3729-3732, pp. L05301, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Subduction zone ; USA ; Earthquake hazard ; Seismicity ; 7200 ; Seismology ; 7215 ; Earthquake ; parameters ; 7223 ; Seismic ; hazard ; assessment ; and ; prediction ; 7230 ; Seismicity ; and ; seismotectonics ; GRL
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  • 124
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    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Int., Roma, Polish Geothermal Association, vol. 123, no. 2-4, pp. 247-266, pp. B09303, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Location ; Seismology ; Error analysis ; Modelling ; PEPI
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  • 125
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    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Leyden, Noordhoff International Publishing, vol. 106, no. 1-2, pp. 123-143, pp. B04306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source ; Volcanology ; Seismicity
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  • 126
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    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, London, AGU, vol. 28, no. 22, pp. 4323-4326, pp. B02408, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Statistical investigations ; cluster ; Hypocentral depth ; USA ; GRL ; 3220 ; Mathematical ; geophysics ; (new ; field) ; Nonlinear ; dynamics ; 7215 ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; parameters
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  • 127
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Taipei, EGS, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 499-510, pp. 2187, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio ; Nakamura ; Spectrum ; NOISE ; Site amplification ; Micro-tremor (seismic noise) ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Borehole geophys. ; Seismology ; BSSA
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  • 128
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    In:  Pageoph, Frankfurt, Peter Lang, vol. 158, no. 1-2, pp. 259-276, pp. 2151, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location ; Three component data ; Wave form analysis ; Nuclear explosion ; PAG
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  • 129
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    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Taipei, AGU, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 579-592, pp. 1470, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Scattering ; Seismology ; Coda (waves, ~ of seismograms) ; Volcanology ; Absorption ; Luehr ; Luhr ; GJI
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  • 130
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    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Kunming, China, D. Reidel Publishing Company, vol. 28, no. 20, pp. 3999-4002, pp. 1058, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Stress ; Statistical investigations ; Pacific ; 1255 ; Geodesy ; and ; gravity ; TIDES ; (4560) ; 3035 ; Marine ; geology ; and ; geophysics ; mid-ocean ; ridge ; processes ; 7209 ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; dynamics ; and ; mechanics ; 7220 ; Oceanic ; crust ; GRL
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  • 131
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    In:  Eos, Trans., Am. Geophys. Un. Trans. AGU, Kunming, China, 3-4, vol. 82, no. 26, pp. 285, 290 & 291, pp. 2180, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Tsunami(s) ; Portugal ; history ; Seismology ; Source parameters
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  • 132
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    Elsevier Science
    In:  München, Elsevier Science, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 65-66, (ISBN: 3-528-02574-3)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Handbook of physics ; Handbook of engineering ; Handbook of informatics ; Seismology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; comets ; Chaotic behaviour ; Source ; Plate tectonics ; Elasticity ; compilers ; earth Core ; earth mantle ; Acoustics ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; history ; Rock mechanics ; Artificial intelligence (AI) ; mathematics ; Geochemistry ; Fracture ; fatigue ; FractureT ; Geodesy ; Geomagnetics ; Statistical investigations ; Geothermics ; Global Positioning System ; Green's function ; Fluids ; ConvolutionE ; plumes ; Mineralogy ; Modelling ; Tectonics ; SOC ; percolation ; Oceanography ; Planetology ; MOON ; SAR ; InSAR ; Stress ; Tsunami(s) ; Volcanology ; Whitman ; Rikitake ; Stein ; Oreskes ; Loper ; Jeanloz ; Lee ; Mandelbrot ; Vanicek ; Bock ; Olson ; Campbell ; Madariaga ; Staufer ; Dickinson ; van ; Zyl ; Zoback ; Turcotte ; Ward ; Sigurdsson
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  • 133
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    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Bonn, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 747-759, pp. 1273, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Stress ; Structural geology ; Seismology ; GJI
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  • 134
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    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Basle, Wiley, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 435-438, pp. B09404, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Fault zone ; Creep observations and analysis ; Earth tides ; 1249 ; Geodesy ; and ; gravity ; Tides ; Earth ; 7209 ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; dynamics ; and ; mechanics ; 7223 ; Seismic ; hazard ; assessment ; and ; prediction ; 8123 ; Tectonophysics ; Dynamics, ; seismotectonics ; GRL
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  • 135
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Prague, Wiley, vol. 106, no. B11, pp. 26,467-26,482, pp. B09404, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Modelling ; Strong motions ; Fracture ; Synthetic seismograms ; Green ; Inversion ; Stress ; JGR
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  • 136
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Stockholm, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 1924-1929, pp. 1397, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Surface waves ; Wave propagation ; Synthetic seismograms ; Modelling ; Seismology ; BSSA ; SRICHWALSKI
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  • 137
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    In:  Scientific American, Jena, Scientific American, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. -, pp. RG4001, 29 pp., (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: politics ; Nuclear explosion ; Seismology ; SciAm
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  • 138
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, National Academy of Sciences of the USA, vol. 106, no. B3, pp. 4141- 4154, pp. B05311, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: P-waves ; Attenuation ; Earthquake ; Japan ; JGR ; 7200 ; Seismology ; 7215 ; Earthquake ; parameters ; 8180 ; Tectonophysics ; Tomography
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  • 139
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    In:  Pageoph, Luxembourg, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, vol. 158, no. 1-2, pp. 7-18, pp. B05311, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location ; Nuclear explosion ; PAG
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  • 140
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    In:  Earth planet. Sci. Lett., Tokyo, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, vol. 186, no. 1, pp. 7-14, pp. L18610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; hot ; spot ; Volcanology ; TOME ; Seismology ; Electromagnetic methods/phenomena
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  • 141
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    In:  Eos, Trans., Am. Geophys. Un., Tokyo, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, vol. 82, no. 20, pp. 224, pp. L18610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismometer ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; 1700 ; History ; of ; geophysics ; 1734 ; Seismology ; 6605 ; Public ; issues ; Education ; Goettingen ; Gottingen
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  • 142
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    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 28, no. 17, pp. 3381-3384, pp. 1489, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Stress ; Earthquake ; Seismology ; 7209 ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; dynamics ; and ; mechanics ; 7212 ; Earthquake ; ground ; motions ; and ; engineering ; 7223 ; Seismic ; hazard ; assessment ; and ; prediction ; 7260 ; Theory ; and ; modeling ; GRL
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  • 143
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    In:  Pure and Applied Geophysics, Minsk, Polish Geothermal Association, vol. 158, no. 5, pp. 1737-1761, pp. TC5003, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Coda (waves, ~ of seismograms) ; Attenuation ; Quality factor ; Source parameters ; Seismology ; Qc ; PAG
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  • 144
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Teleseismic events ; Earthquake ; Source time function ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; seismic Moment ; Body waves ; Source ; NAF ; Waves ; form ; analysis ; GJI ; Duezce ; Duzce ; Zuenbuel ; Zunbul ; Karakisa ; HGROSSER
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  • 145
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    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, Warszawa, AGU, vol. 28, no. 22, pp. 4311-4314, pp. 2133, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Description: Tibi et al. investigate the source process of the deep 1995 Mariana main shock using broadband data from global seismic stations. They relocate its aftershocks by combining teleseismic arrival times with arrival times from a local network operating directly above the event in the Mariana islands. The main shock ruptured downwards across the entire width of the active slab, with a rupture length of 20 km and rupture velocity of 4 km/s. Most of the aftershocks occurred along or very near the main shock fault plane, as is observed for shallow earthquakes. The characteristics of this event are also consistent with the idea that large deep earthquakes from cold slabs tend to have high aftershock activity, low stress drop, high seismic efficiency and high rupture velocity. The mechanism of deep focus earthquakes remains controversial, and such observations are critical in providing constraints on proposed mechanisms.
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Aftershocks ; Source ; Subduction zone ; GRL ; 7209 ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; dynamics ; and ; mechanics ; 7215 ; Earthquake ; parameters
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  • 146
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    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Taipei, AGU, vol. 110, no. 1-2, pp. 57-77, pp. B06304, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Hypocentral depth ; Location ; Volcanology ; Induced seismicity ; Seismology ; Coherency ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; JVGR
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  • 147
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    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Reykjavík, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Ministry for the Environment, University of Iceland, vol. 28, no. 18, pp. 3537-3540, pp. L05306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Description: Using a local recurrence time method for earthquakes along the Hayward fault, Wyss maps locked and unlocked patches, and compares them with the results of models from surface creep and geodetic measurements. The author reports that, in general, the observational and model data for the central and southern segments of the fault are in good agreement. However, there are indications from short local recurrence times in the northern segment of an asperity in this region that could result in a M6.5 event.
    Keywords: Fault zone ; Creep observations and analysis ; Seismicity ; Rheology ; 1208 ; Geodesy ; and ; gravity ; Crustal ; movements ; intraplate ; (8110) ; 7230 ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; and ; seismotectonics ; GRL
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  • 148
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    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Taipei, 3-4, vol. 28, no. 15, pp. 3007-3010, pp. 1429, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Stress ; Coulomb ; Earthquake ; Inelastic ; Rheology ; Modelling ; Seismicity ; Aftershocks ; Earthquake hazard ; Seismology ; 7205 ; Seismology ; Continental ; crust ; (1242) ; 7223 ; Seismic ; hazard ; assessment ; and ; prediction ; 7230 ; Seismicity ; and ; seismotectonics ; 7260 ; Theory ; and ; modeling ; GRL
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  • 149
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Taipei, 3-4, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 1088-1098, pp. 1429, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source ; Synthetic seismograms ; Modelling ; Inversion ; BSSA ; China
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  • 150
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    In:  Pageoph, Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 158, no. 1-2, pp. 129-141, pp. L12S01, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location ; Seismic networks ; Nuclear explosion ; PAG
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  • 151
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; Strong motions ; 7200 ; Seismology ; 7215 ; Earthquake ; parameters ; 7230 ; Seismicity ; seismotectonics ; 9350 ; North ; America ; GRL
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  • 152
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    GFZ
    In:  Project proposal, TU Braunschweig, GFZ, vol. 10, no. 13, pp. 1431-1434, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Project report/description ; Turkey ; GFZ ; private ; communication ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake hazard ; Seismology ; Seismic networks ; Global Positioning System ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; InSAR ; hydrology ; Radon ; Geochemistry ; Strong motions ; proposal ; draft
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  • 153
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 104-111 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of FluoromethyldialkylaminesFluoromethyldialkylamines (3a-f) are prepared from N,N-acetals (aminals) by cleavage with carboxylic acid fluorides or l-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. They are low-boiling liquids and are characterized by a covalent carbon-halogen bond. Their reactivity is similar to that of the analogous carbimonium chlorides, bromides and iodides.
    Notes: Fluormethyl-dialkyl-amine (3a-f) werden durch Spaltung von Aminalen mit Carbonsäurefluoriden oder l-Fluor-2.4-dinitro-benzol gewonnen. Sie sind niedrigsiedende, durch eine kovalente Kohlenstoff-Halogen-Bindung charakterisierte Flüssigkeiten und zeigen ähnliche Reaktionsfähigkeit wie die analogen Carbimoniumchloride, -bromide oder -jodide.
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  • 154
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 133-146 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterosubstituted Fulvenes, IV In the 5-Membered Ring Unsubstituted 6,6-DiaminofulvenesAlkylation of tetrasubstituted thioureas with methyl iodide leads to S-methyl isothiuronium iodides 3, which have been transformed to 6,6-diaminofulvenes 1 by condensation with cyclopentadienyl sodium. Some compounds of type 1 are also obtainable from the reaction between cyclopentadiene and chloroformamidinium chlorides 4 in the presence of triethylamine. I.r., u.v., and n.m.r. spectra of 1 and 3 are discussed.
    Notes: Tetrasubstituierte Thioharnstoffe lassen sich mit Methyljodid in die S-Methyl-isothiuroniumjodide 3 überführen, die ihrerseits mit Cyclopentadienylnatrium die 6.6-Diamino-fulvene 1 bilden. Einzelne Vertreter von 1 sind auch aus Cyclopentadien und Chlorformamidinium-chloriden 4 in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin zugänglich. Die IR-, UV- und NMR-Spektren von 1 und 3 werden diskutiert.
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  • 155
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: VinylsulfonylmethylidsThe preparation of dimethylsulfonio-(vinylsulfonylphenylsulfonylmethanide) (5), triphenyl-phosphonio-(vinylsulfonylphenylsulfonylmethanide) (6) and triphenylphosphonio-(vinyl-sulfonylbenzoylmethanide) (8) is described. The u. v. spectra of 5 and 6 are similar to the u.v. spectrum of the bis(phenylsulfonyl)methane anion (9). Because of the interaction of the SO2-groups with the ylide carbanions, the SO2-stretching frequencies compared to those of vinylsulfonylphenylsulfonylmethane (4) are shifted 20 -30/cm to lower wave numbers. This interaction causes a higher electron density in the vinyl groups of the ylids compared to 4, as shown by n. m. r. measurements. The mass spectra of 5, 6 and 8 are discussed.
    Notes: Die Synthese von Dimethylsulfonio-[vinylsulfonyl-phenylsulfonyl-methanid] (5), Triphenyl-phosphonio-[vinylsulfonyl-phenylsulfonyl-methanid] (6)undTriphenylphosphonio-[vinyl-sulfonyl-benzoyl-methanid] (8) wird beschrieben. Die Elektronenspektren von 5 und 6 sind mit dem UV-Spektrum des Bis-phenylsulfonyl-methan-Anions (9) vergleichbar. Durch Wechselwirkung der SO2Gruppen mit den Ylidcarbanionen werden die SO2-Valenzschwingungsfrequenzen im Vergleich zu Vinylsulfonyl-phenylsulfonyl-methan (4) um 20 - 30/cm zu kleineren Wellenzahlen verschoben. Diese Wechselwirkung bedingt eine höhere Elektronendichte in den Vinylgruppen der Ylide als bei 4, was NMR-spektroskopisch nachweisbar ist. Die Massenspektren von 5, 6 und 8 werden diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Cyclopentadienones with Aliphatic Diazo Compounds, 6 Experiments with „Indanocyclone“„Indanocyclone“ 3, prepared from ninhydrin (1) and dibenzylketone (2), reacts with an ethereal diazomethane solution to form an 1 :1-adduct 4a and two isomeric 1 : 2-adducts, presumably 12 and 13. Elimination of N2 from 4a leads to the formation of the cyclopropane 7, the fluorenone 6 and, by way of phenyl migration, the new cyclone 8a; elimination of N2 from 12 and 13 leads to undefined products. 5 is converted via its hydrazone into the diazo compound 10. Ring enlargement of 6 with diazomethane produces the phenanthrene 9.Reaction of diazoethane with 3 gives the instable 1 :1-adduct 4b, which yields the new cyclone 8b by N2-elimination and phenyl migration. 8b also forms an 1 :1-adduct (11?). Phenyl diazomethane adds to 3 giving a rather stable 1 :1-adduct 14, the isomeric 16 and the epoxide 15. Elimination of N2 from 14 yields the fluorenone derivative 17, which upon treatment with excess diazomethane undergoes ring enlargement to form the phenanthrene derivative 18.
    Notes: Das aus Ninhydrin(l)und Dibenzylketon(2) erhältliche, Indanocyclon‘ 3 gibt mit ätherischer Diazomethanlösung ein 1 :1-Addukt 4a und zwei isomere 1 : 2-Addukte, vermutlich 12 und 13. 4a zerfällt unter N2-Abspaltung zum Cyclopropanderivat 7, zum Fluorenonderivat 6 und unter Phenylwanderung zum neuen Cyclon 8a; 12 und 13 geben bei der N2-Abspaltung keine definierten Produkte. Aus 5 wird über sein Hydrazon die Diazoverbindung 10 und mit Diazomethan unter Ringerweiterung das Phenanthrenderivat 9 erhalten.Mit Diazoäthan entsteht aus 3 das instabile I :1-Addukt 4b, das bei der N2-Abspaltung unter Phenylwanderung das Cyclon 8b bildet; dieses gibt erneut ein Diazoathan-Addukt (11?).Mit Phenyldiazomethan liefert 3 ein ziemlich stabiles 1 :1-Addukt 14 und sein Isomeres 16 sowie das Epoxid 15. Bei der N2-Abspaltung entsteht aus 14 das Fluorenonderivat 17, das mit Diazomethan zum Phenanthrenderivat 18 ringerweitert wird.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 222-235 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Orthoamides, X: Reaction of Vinylogous Amide Acetals, Aminalesters and Amide AminalsDerivates of vinylogous orthoformic acid amides react with Grignard compounds to give l,3-bis(dimethylamino)-l-alkenes (4-7), with methylene active compounds to give derivates of N.N-disubstituted 4-amino-l,3-butadienes (17  - 29) and with primary aromatic amines to form vinylogous, N,N,N′-trisubstituted amidines (31-36, 38-40).
    Notes: Vinyloge Orthoameisensäureamid-Derivate geben mit Grignard-Verbindungen 1.3-Bis - dimethylamino-alkene-(l) (4-7), mit methylenaktiven Verbindungen N.N-disubstituierte 4 - Amino-butadien-(l.3)-Derivate (17-29) und mit primären aromatischen Aminen vinyloge N.N.N′-trisubstituierte Amidine (31-36, 38-40).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 17-22 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pyrimidines, VIII Synthesis and Properties of Uracil-4-carbaldehyde Hydrazone. The First Inner Orbital Complex of a Pyrimidine with CopperUracil-4-carbaldehyde (1) reacts with stoechiometric amounts of hydrazine to yield the azine 2. Under mild conditions (30 per cent hydrazine, room temperature) the azine is cleaved to uracil-4-carbaldehyde hydrazone (3). This cleavage by hydrazine is typical for the azomethine group in position 4 of the uracil ring. In aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic solution 3 reacts readily with aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes to form mixed azines in good yield. With copper(II)-acetate 3 yields in aqueous solution a new type of symmetrical inner orbital complex in which the ratio of pyrimidine to copper is 2 :1. The crystalline and insoluble paramagnetic complex 13 presumably has a planar structure. Substitution of the amino group, even with a methyl group, prevents complex formation. 13 is decomposed by mineral acids to the respective copper salt and azine 2. In analogy to 1 2-thiouracil-4-carb-aldehyde forms the corresponding hydrazone 12.
    Notes: Uracil-carbaldehyd-(4) (1) liefert mit stöchiometrischer Menge Hydrazin das symmetrische Azin 2, welches unter milden Bedingungen (30proz. Hydrazin, Raumtemperatur) zum Uracil-carbaldehyd-(4)-hydrazon (3) gespalten wird. Die schonende Hydrazinolyse ist spezifisch für die Azomethingruppe in 4-Stellung des Uracilrings. 3 liefert in wäßriger bzw. Wäßrig-alkoholischer Lösung mit aliphatischen, aromatischen und heterocyclischen Aldehyden in guter Ausbeute gemischte Azine. Mit Kupfer(II)-acetat bildet 3 einen neuartigen symmetrischen Innerkomplex der Art Pyrimidin : Kupfer = 2:1. Analog zu Uracil-carb-aldehyd-(4) (1) erhält man aus 2-Thio-uracil-carbaldehyd-(4) mit Hydrazin das entsprechende Hydrazon 12.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 46-49 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal Structure of l,2,3,4,4a,9a-hexahydro-4a,9-propanocarbazolium HydrobromideThe crystal structure of the title compound has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. From these results a twist angle of 64.5° of the orbital of the nitrogen is derived.
    Notes: Auf röntgenographischem Weg wurde die Kristallstruktur der Titel-Verbindung bestimmt. Aus den so erhaltenen Ergebnissen resultiert ein Verdrillungswinkel des Orbitals am Stickstoff von ϕpH = 64.5°.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 76-81 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Enthalpy of Formation of Tungsten Hexafluoride and Tungsten PentafluorideThe heat evolved on combustion of tungsten and tungsten pentafluorid in fluorine was measured in a bomb calorimeter. The enthalpies of formation calculated from these values were found to be ΔH°298(WF6, g) = -411.7 ± 0.5 kcal mol-1 and ΔH°298 (WF5, c) -346.1 ± 2.6 kcal mol-1.
    Notes: Die Verbrennungswärmen von Wolfram und Wolframpentafluorid in Fluor wurden in einem Bombenkalorimeter gemessen. Die aus den Meßdaten errechneten Bildungsenthalpien betragen ΔH°298(WF6, gas) -411.7 ± 0.5 kcal Mol-1 und ΔH°298(WF5, fest) -346.1 ± +2.6-1.0 kcal Mol1.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 97-103 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Inorganic Small Ring Compounds, III Cyclic Silyl-alkylidene PhosphoranesA simple method has been deviced for the synthesis of silyl-substituted alkylidene phosphoranes of the type F. Two members of this series, [(CH3)3PCSi(CH3)2]2 (1) and [( PCSi(CH3)2]2 (2), were prepared from methylene trimethyl and methylene tri-n-butyl phosphorane, resp., and dimethyl dichlorsilane and characterized by means of chemical analysis and n. m. r. spectroscopy. The pathway of the reactions is discussed and a possible mechanism confirmed by an independent preparation of the most likely intermediates. Among these the difunctional open-chain ylid 4, (CH3)3P= CH=Si(CH3)2=CH = P(CH3)3, is of special interest.
    Notes: Ein einfaches Darstellungsverfahren ermöglicht die Synthese von Silyl-alkylidenphosphoranen mit viergliedrigem Ringsystem des Typs F. Zwei Vertreter dieser Reihe, [(CH3)3PCSi(CH3)2]2 (1) und [(n-C4H9)3PCSi(CH3)2]2 (2), wurden aus Trimethyl-methylen- bzw. Tri-n-butyl-methylen-phosphoran und Dimethyldichlorsilan in guten Ausbeuten erstmals hergestellt und analytisch und NMR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Der Reaktionsablauf der Synthese wird diskutiert und durch die getrennte Darstellung möglicher Zwischenprodukte belegt. Unter letzteren ist das offenkettige difunktionelle Ylid 4, (CH3)3P=CH  -  Si(CH3)2  -  CH - P-(CH3)3, von Bedeutung.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 147-155 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterosubstituted Fulvenes, V 6,6-Diaminofulvenes with Electronegative Substituents in the 5-Membered RingCondensation of tetramethyl chloroformamidinium chloride (5) with methoxycarbonyl-, bis(methoxycarbonyl)-, and cyanocyclopentadienyl salts leads to the correspondingly substituted 6,6-bis(dimethylamino)fulvenes 6, 7 and 8. Vilsmeier formylation of 6,6-bis(dimethyl-amino)fulvene yields the diformyl derivatives 9 and 11. Structure elucidation of the fulvenes obtained is based on spektroscopic data; the temperature dependence of the n.m.r. spectra is discussed.
    Notes: Tetramethyl-chlorformamidinium-chlorid (5) bildet mit Methoxycarbonyl-, Bis-methoxy-carbonyl- und Cyan-cyclopentadienylsalzen die im 5-Ring entsprechend substituierten 6.6-Bis-dimethylamino-fulvene 6, 7 und 8; Vilsmeier-Formylierung des 6.6-Bis-dimethylamino-fulvens liefert zwei Diformyl-Derivate 9 und 11. Die Strukturzuordnung der erhaltenen Fulvene erfolgt spektroskopisch; die Temperaturabhängigkeit der NMR-Spektren wird diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 205-209 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Compounds with Urotropin Structure, XLVI Synthesis of the 6-Thia-l,3-diazaadamantane Ring System.A synthesis of the hitherto unknown 6-thia-l,3-diazaadamantane ring system starting from N-benzenesulfonyl-diallylamine (1), is described. The first stage of the synthesis is the sulfurdichloride addition to 1, resulting in Nbenzenesulfonyl-2,6-bis(chloromethyl)thiomorpho-line (2).2 was converted with alkali into N-benzenesulfonyl-2,6-dimethylenethiomorpholine (6) and subsequently oxidized to the sulfone 7. Addition of benzylamine followed by removal of the benzyl and the benzenesulfonyl groups yielded 9-thia-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.l]nonane 9,9-dioxide (11), which reacted with formaldehyde to produce 6-thia-l,3-diazaadamantane 6,6-di-oxide (12).
    Notes: Ausgehend von Benzolsulfonsäure-diallylamid (1) wird das bisher noch unbekannte 6-Thia-1.3-diaza-adamantan-Ringsystem synthetisiert, wobei im ersten Schritt die Schwefeldichlorid-Addition an 1 zu 4-Benzolsulfonyl-2.6-bis-chlormethyl-thiomorpholin (2) erfolgt. 2 wurde mit Alkali in 4-Benzolsulfonyl-2.6-dimethylen-thiomorpholin (6) und durch anschließende Oxydation in das Sulfon 7 übergeführt. Benzylamin-Addition an 7 und anschließende Abspaltung des Benzyl- und Benzolsulfonyl-Restes führte zum 9-Thia-3.7-diaza-bicyclo[3.3.1]-nonan-9.9-dioxid (11), das mit Formaldehyd das 6-Thia-s-l.3-diaza-adamantan-6.6-dioxid (12) lieferte.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Orthoamides, XII: Synthesis of Acyl Isocyanate O,N- or -N,N-Acetals from Amide Acetals or from an Aminal tert-Butylester and N-Halogencarbonamides, Halogen Ureas and N-ChlorourethanesDimethylformamide dialkylacetals (2) and aminal-tert-butylester 5 [bis(dimethylamino)-tert-butoxymethane] react with N-halogen carboxylic acid amides, halogen ureas and N-chlorourethanes to give acyl isocyanate-O,N -or -N,N-acetals (isoureas 3 or guanidines 6, respectively).
    Notes: Dimethylformamid-dialkylacetale (2) und Aminal-tert.-butylester 5 (Bis-dimethylamino-tert.-butyloxy-methan) bilden mit N-Halogen-carbonsäureamiden, Halogenharnstoffen und N-Chlor-urethan Acylisocyanat-O.N- bzw. -N.N-acetale (Isoharnstoffe 3 bzw. Guanidine 6).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 256-264 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Orthoamides, XIII Studies on the Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution of the Formyl-H Atom in Ortho Formic Acid AmidesOrtho formic acid amides and N-halogen carboxylic acid amides, halogen ureas or N-chloro urethanes primarily react to give adducts; these form ylides in the presence of bases. The ylides react by an intramolecular SE1- or SNi-mechanism to give O,N-acetals of the corresponding acyl isocyanates (isoureas).
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Orthoamiden mit N-Halogen-carbonsäureamiden, -harnstoffen und N-Chlor-urethan wurden Primär-Addukte nachgewiesen. Diese bilden in Gegenwart von Basen Ylide, welche über einen intramolekularen SE1- oder SNi-Mechanismus C-N-Knüpfung eingehen unter Bildung von O.N-Acetalen der entsprechenden Acylisocyanate (Isoharnstoffe).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 281-288 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Boron Azides, X Aminoazidoboranes and AlkoxyazidoboranesThe bis(dialkylamino)azidoboranes l a and 1b, the dialkylaminodiazidoboranes 2a and 2 b, diethylaminoazidophenylborane (3), and the dialkoxyazidoboranes 4 a and 4 b are formed from chloroboranes, chlorine being substituted by the N3-group with LiN3 or Bu3SiN3, respectively, as substitution agents. The monoazidoboranes 1, 3, and 4 are decomposed in a kinetically controlled manner at a noticeable rate only beyond 250° C; hydrolysis of the polymeric material gives the amines Et2NNH2 (from 1b), PhNH2 (from 3) and CH3ONH2 (from 4 a), respectively, indicating a rearrangement process during the thermolysis. The saltlike compounds (NH4N4 and (Et2NH2)N3, respectively, are the main products from the decomposition of the diazidoboranes 2a and 2b at 210°. The thermal decomposition of la in cyclohexene yields under participation of the solvent the diazadiborete derivative 6. From the photolytic decomposition of 1a and 1b, respectively, trisaminoboranes (as dismutation products) and the tetraaminodiazadiboretes 10 a and 10 b (as rearrangement products) are isolated.
    Notes: Die Bis(dialkylamino)azidoborane l a und l b, die Dialkylaminodiazidoborane 2 a und 2 b, Diäthylaminoazidophenylboran (3) und die Dialkoxyazidoborane 4 a und 4 b erhält man aus den entsprechenden Chlorboranen durch Azidierung mit LiN3 bzw. (im Falle von 4a) mit Bu3SiN3. Die Monoazidoborane 1, 3 und 4 zerfallen in kinetisch kontrollierbarer Weise mit nennenswerter Geschwindigkeit erst oberhalb 250°; neben N2 erhält man harzige Produkte, aus denen sich durch Verseifung die aus einer Umlagerungsreaktion hervorgegangenen Amine Ät2NNH2 (aus l b), PhNH2 (aus 3) bzw. CH3ONH2 (aus 4a) freimachen lassen. Der thermische Zerfall der Diazidoborane 2a und 2b bei 210° liefert neben N2 die salzartigen Azide (NH4)N3 bzw. (Nät2H2)N3. Der thermische Zerfall von l a in Cyclohexen führt unter Beteiligung des Lösungsmittels zum Diazadiboret-Derivat 6. Tetraaminodiazadiborete 10 a und 10 b sind neben Trisaminoboranen die Hauptprodukte des photolytischen Zerfalls von l a und l b.
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    Notes: Wir berichteten vor einiger Zeit über die Pyrolyse von Silbertetrafluorphthalat (1) und äußerten die Vermutung, daß als Hauptprodukt isolierte Octafluorbiphenylen seine Bildung dem intermediären Auftreten des Tetrafluorbenz-ins verdankte. Um diese Vermutung zu bestätigen, wurde die Pyrolyse von 1 in Gegenwart eines potentiellen Benz-in-Abfängers durchgeführt. In Anlehnung an McNelis setzten wir dafür Tetraphenylcyclopentadienon (Tetracyclon) (2) ein.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 322-324 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 788-798 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Method for Synthesis of Peptides: Activation of the Carboxyl Group with Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide using 1-hydroxybenzotriazoles as Additives1-Hydroxybenzotriazole and a number of substituted 1-Hydroxybenzotriazoles are suitable additives in the synthesis of peptides using the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide method1). The glc-racemisation test described by Weygand and coworkers2) was used to determine the influence of these additives on the racemisation during peptide synthesis. The newly employed additives decrease racemisation, prohibit the formation of N-acylurea and afford peptides in excellent yield and a high state of purity.
    Notes: 1-Hydroxy-benzotriazol sowie verschiedene kernsubstituierte 1-Hydroxy-benzotriazole eignen sich als Zusätze bei der Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid-Methode zur Synthese von Peptiden. Ihr Einfluß auf die Racemisierung bei Peptidsynthesen wurde unter Anwendung des gaschromatographischen Racemisierungstests von Weygand u. Mitarbb.2) untersucht. Die neuen Zusätze senken die Racemisierung, verhindern die N-Acyl-harnstoffbildung und führen in hoher Ausbeute zu sehr reinen Peptiden.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 426-439 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Stereochemistry of Sigmatropic 1,5-Hydrogen ShiftsAt 250° (S)-cis,trans-3-methyl-7-deutero-octa-4,6-diene (5) rearranges by a non-catalysed first order reaction to a mixture of (R)-trans,cis-3-methyl-7-deutero-octa-3,5-diene (3) and (S)-cis,cis-3-methyl-7-deutero-octa-3,5-diene (4). Therefore the sigmatropic 1,5-hydrogen shift proceeds in this system preferentially by way of a suprafacial transition state, which is at least 8 kcal/mol lower in energy than the antarafacial one.
    Notes: (S)-cis,trans-3-Methyl-7-deutero-octadien-(4.6) (5) lagert sich bei 250° in einer nichtkatalysierten Reaktion erster Ordnung in ein Gemisch aus (R)-trans,cis-3-Methyl-7-deutero-octadien-(3.5) (3) und (S)-cis,cis-3-Methyl-7-deutero-octadien-(3.5) (4) um. In diesem System durchläuft die sigmatrope 1.5-Wasserstoffverschiebung damit bevorzugt einen suprafacialen Übergangszustand, der um mindestens 8 kcal/Mol gegenüber dem antarafacialen Übergangszustand begünstigt ist.
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  • 172
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 855-862 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Catalytic Hydroalumination of 1,5-HexadieneThe hydroalumination of 1,5-hexadiene normally yields (cyclopentylmethyl)dialkylaluminium instead of the expected dimetallated hexane derivative. Titanium tetrabutoxide catalyses the reaction and favours the formation of the dimetallated product. - When the reaction is carried out in the absence of a catalyst but in the presence of electron donors such as ethers or tertiary amines, the two-fold hydroaluminated product is also formed exclusively. In such cases the reaction velocity is, however, drastically reduced. Titanium tetrabutoxide has now been found to act as an extraordinarily effective catalyst for this reaction, even in the presence of complex-forming agents. Certain amines or tetrahydrothiophene even intensify the catalytic activity of the titanium (IV) compound.
    Notes: Die Hydroaluminierung von Hexadien-(1.5) führt normalerweise nicht zu dem erwarteten dimetallierten Hexanderivat, sondern zum Cyclopentylmethyl-dialkyl-aluminium. Titantetrabutylat katalysiert die Reaktion und lenkt sie in Richtung des dimetallierten Produktes. Bei Durchführung der Reaktion ohne Katalysator, jedoch in Gegenwart von Elektronendonatoren wie Äthern oder tertiären Aminen wird ebenfalls ausschließlich das zweifach hydroaluminierte Reaktionsprodukt gebildet. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit wird dabei allerdings drastisch vermindert. Titantetrabutylat katalysiert nun die Reaktion auch bei Anwesenheit der Komplexbildner außerordentlich wirksam. Durch einige tertiäre Amine oder auch durch Tetrahydrothiophen wird die katalytische Aktivität der Titan (IV)-Verbindung sogar noch verstärkt.
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  • 173
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 486-495 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrazine Reactions, X Studies on Inversion-isomeric 1-Chloro-and 1-Aminoaziridines. Dependence of the 1H-C-14N-Coupling on the Konformation of the free Electron PairThe 1H-C-14N coupling depends on the conformation of the nitrogen lone-pair electrons. In 1-chloroaziridine for protons „cis“ to the nitrogen lone-pair electrons great values were found and for „trans“ protons smaller ones. The AA' BB'-system in the n.m.r. spectrum of 1-chloroaziridine is unsymmetrical. Irradiating of 14N frequency gives decoupling of 14N from other nuclei and the spectrum becomes symmetrical. In 1-amino-2-phenylaziridine the isomer with phenyl and amino group in „trans“ position is favoured. The variation of chemical shift in benzene solution of 1-amino- and 1-chloroaziridines are discussed.
    Notes: Die 1H-C-14N-Kopplung ist von der Konformation des freien Elektronenpaares abhängig und besitzt im 1-Chlor-aziridin für zum freien Elektronenpaar„cis“-ständige Protonen große, für „trans“-ständige kleine Werte. Das AA' BB'-System des NMR-Spektrums von 1-Chloraziridin ist daher unsymmetrisch und zeigt erst beim Einstrahlen der 14N-Frequenz infolge Spinentkopplung Symmetrie. 1-Amino-2-phenyl-aziridin liegt bevorzugt als das Inversionsisomere vor, in dem Phenyl- und Aminogruppe „trans“ zueinander stehen. Die Signalverschiebungen von 1-Amino-und 1-Chlor-aziridinen in Benzol werden diskutiert.
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  • 174
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 534-538 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Structure of SphaerophysineSphaerophysine-formerly described as 1 or 2- is shown by n.m.r. and mass spectrometry to have structure 3 (N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-guanidine). Dihydro-3 (7) has been synthesised.
    Notes: Sphaerophysin wurde bisher als 1-Isopentenylamino-4-guanidino-butan 1 oder 2 angesehen. Wir zeigen anhand von NMR- und Massenspektren sowie durch Synthese der Dihydro-verbindung, daß es die Struktur 3 eines N[4-Amino-butyl]-N-[3-methyl-buten-(2)-yl]-guanidins hat.
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  • 175
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 564-572 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterosubstituted Acetylenes, XXV Chain-Extension of Aldehydes and Ketones by two Carbon Atoms with Ynamines: Synthesis of Substituted AcrylamidesThe addition of ynamines to carbonyl groups, especially of aldehydes and ketones, leads to derivatives of acrylamides by reduction of which with lithiumaluminiumhydride and hydrogenation amines are available. The stereochemistry of the condensation has been investigated. cis- acrylamides are stereospecifically obtained by a kinetically controlled reaction from aldehydes.
    Notes: Die Addition von Inaminen an Carbonylverbindungen, insbesondere Aldehyde und Ketone. Führt zu Acrylamidderivaten, aus denen mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid und durch Hydrierung Amine erhältlich sind. Die Stereochemie der Addition wurde untersucht: Aus Aldehyden entsteht kinetisch gesteuert und stereospezifisch das cis-Acrylamid.
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  • 176
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 648-651 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 177
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 659-662 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polycyclic Hydrocarbons by Cycli-alkylation, IV. Cycli-alkylations of Benzene and Partially Hydrogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with 1.2-Bis(bromomethyl)cyclohexaneThe reactions of benzene and partially hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as tetrahydronaphthalene and symm. octahydrophenanthrene with a mixture of cis- and trans 1.2-Bis (bromomethyl)cyclohexane in the presence of aluminiumchloride lead to the partially hydrogenated polycyclic hydrocarbons 2-6; the dehydrogenation with Pd/C yields the corresponding aromatic compounds.
    Notes: Die Reaktionen von Benzol and teilhydrierten Aromaten, wie Tetrahydronaphthalin und symm. Octahydrophenanthren, mit einem Gemisch aus cis- und trans-1.2-Bis-brommethyl-cyclohexan in Gegenwart von Aluminiumchlorid führen zu den partiell hydrierten polycyclischen Kohlenwasserstoffen 2-6, deren Dehydrierung mit Pd/C die entsprechenden Aromaten ergibt.
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  • 178
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 685-693 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Alkylidenetriphenylphosphoranes, XXV. A New Synthesis of α.β-Unsaturated Carboxylic AcidsThe reaction between alkylidenetriphenylphosphoranes (1) and α-bromo-or α-iodocarboxylic esters (2) (ratio 2:1) gives rise to the formation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic esters (4), triphenylphosphine and phosphonium salts. The mechanism and the sterochemistry of this reaction are discussed.
    Notes: Triphenylphosphinalkylene (1) reagieren mit α-Brom-oder α-Jod-carbonsäureestern (2) im Molverhältnis 2:1 zu α.β-ungesättigten Carbonsäureestern (4), Triphenylphosphin und Phosphoniumsalzen. Der Mechanismus und die Stereochemie dieser Reaktion werden diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1463-1476 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rearrangement Reactions, V. A Kinetic Study on the Mechanism of the Wolff-RearrangementFor the thermal Wolff-rearrangement in the presence of nucleophiles such as alcohols or amines, the nitrogen evolution is measured as a function of the nucleophile concentration. With triphenylacetyldiazomethane and diacyldiazomethanes no influence of benzyl alcohol or aniline on the decomposition constants was found, whereas with phenylbenzoyldiazomethane, 2-oxo-1-diazocyclohexane and -dodecane a linear increase with the nucleophile concentration is observed. Benzyl alcohol, aniline and N-methylaniline are more active than pyridine, benzylamine or polar compounds such as nitrobenzene or bromobenzene. This acceleration is evidently a consequence of proton activity of the nucleophiles and not of an addition according to 2 → 3. The same effect is also observed with diazo compounds which cannot undergo the Wolff-rearrangement.
    Notes: Für die thermische Wolff-Umlagerung in Gegenwart von Nucleophilen (Alkohole, Amine) wird die Geschwindigkeit der Stickstoffentwicklung in Abhängigkeit von der Nucleophil-Konzentration gemessen. Bei Triphenylacetyl-diazomethan (7) sowie Diacyl-diazomethanen wird kein Einfluß von Benzylalkohol oder Anilin auf die Zersetzungskonstanten beobachtet, bei Phenyl-benzoyl-diazomethan, 2-Oxo-1-diazo-cyclohexan und -dodecan dagegen ein linearer Anstieg mit der Nucleophil-Konzentration. Benzylalkohol, Anilin und N-Methyl-anilin sind wirksamer als Pyridin, Benzylamin oder rein polare Zusätze wie Nitro- und Brombenzol. Diese Beschleunigung ist offenbar eine Folge der Protonaktivität der Nucleophile und nicht einer Einlagerung gemäß 2 → 3. Sie tritt auch bei Diazoverbindungen auf, die zur Wolff-Umlagerung nicht befähigt sind.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1512-1521 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Aromatic Erythrina-Alkaloids, XIII. A Direct Course to cis-15,16-Dimethoxyerythrinane-1,8-dioneThe enollactam 5 is obtained from ethyl dihydroresorcinol-2-acetate via the diketalamide 16. Cyclisation by heating with phosphoric acid yields the ketolactam 6; the overall yield of the five steps synthesis is 20%.
    Notes: Aus Dihydroresorcin-2-essigester wird über das Diketalamid 16 die Cyclisierungsvorstufe 5 gewonnen. Sie liefert beim Erhitzen mit Phosphorsäure das Ketolactam 6 mit einer Ausbeute von 20% über 5 Stufen.
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  • 181
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1168-1173 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Arylidene Isophorones Preparation and Properties of a Halochromic Polymethine SystemIsophorone (1) and araldehydes condense to give aryliden-isophorones 2-19. The yellow ary-dien-one systems of 2-19 form red polymethine cations like 21. Compounds of vinylogous carbonic acid structure yield red polymethine anions like 22. Differences between cation and anion are spectroscopically small with 6 relative to benzaurin (20).
    Notes: Aus Isophoron (1) und Araldehyden erhält man die Arylidenisophorone 2-19. Das gelbe Aryl-dien-on-System in 2-19 addiert leicht Protonen zu roten Polymethin-Kationen wie 21; vinyloge Carbonsäuren wie 6 bilden durch Dissoziation rote Polymethin-Anionen (22).Kation und Anion von z. B. 6 sind einander spektroskopisch ähnlicher als die analogen Salze des Benzaurins (20).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1216-1224 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterosubstituted Acetylenes, XXX1). A new Mechanism of Nucleophilic Halogen Substitution at Acetylene Triple BondsThe combination of nucleophilic and directiospecific addition in β-position to halogen 1) (except fluorine) with subsequent onium rearrangement is proposed as a new mechanism of nucleophilic halogen substitution at the acetylene triple bond. The reactions of chloro-tertbutyl-acetylene (1) with phenolate and thiophenolate are described as examples. The β-adducts 2,5 und 6 are formed directiospecifically. 5 and 6 give rise photochemically and thermally to the thermodynamically more stable isomer 8 in which the chlorine atom and the thioether residue have migrated and changed their C-atoms. All thioether isomers produce the tert-butylethinyl-thioether 10 upon elimination of HCl.
    Notes: Die Kombination von nucleophiler directiospezifischer Addition in β-Stellung zum Halogen1) (außer Fluor) mit anschließender Onium-Umlagerung 2) und Halogen-Anion-α-Eliminierung wird als neuer Mechanismus der nucleophilen Halogensubstitution an der Acetylendreifachbindung vorgeschlagen. Als Beispiel für diese Reaktionsschritte werden die Umsetzungen von Chlor-tert.-butyl-acetylen (1) mit Phenolat und mit Thiophenolat beschrieben. Directiospezifisch entstehen die β-Addukte 2,5 und 6. Thermisch und photochemisch bildet sich aus 5 und 6 das thermodynamisch stabilere Isomere 8, in welchem Chlor und der Thioätherrest unter Vertauschung der C-Atome gewandert sind. Alle Thioäther-Isomeren liefern bei der HCl-Abspaltung den tert.-Butyläthiny-thioäther 10.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1273-1278 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Carbene Complexes, XIX. Synthesis of Cyclopropane Derivatives with Transition Metal Carbonyl Carbene ComplexesPhenyllmethoxycarbenepentacarbonylchromium(0) (1b) reacts on warming with trans-methyl crotonate (2) stereospecifically to give the isomeric methyl 2-methoxy-3-methyl-2-phenycyclopropane-1-carboxylates (3a, b) via transfer of the carbene ligand. The configuration of the isomers was determined by analysis of the 1H n.m.r. spectra.
    Notes: Phenylmethoxycarben-pentacarbonyl-chrom(0) (1b) reagiert bei erhöhter Temperatur unter Übertragung des Carbenrestes mit trans- Crotonsäure-methylester (2) stereospezifisch zu den isomeren 2-Methoxy-3-methyl-2-phenyl-cyclopropan-carbonsäure-(1)-methylestern (3a, b). Die Konfiguration der Isomeren wurde durch Analyse der 1H-NMR-Spektren bestimmt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1306-1306 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1334-1346 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochemistry of Small Rings, 19. Photolysis of Spiro-pyrazoles to Cyclopropabenzenes and their ReactionsPhotolysis of cyclopentadiene-spiro-pyrazoles (9) in benzene yields 1 H-cyclopropabenzenes (10) in a novel reaction. The latter compounds can be rearranged thermally to benzofuranes (11). Degradation reactions of diphenylcyclopropabenzene 10c to give 2′-p-terphenylylacetic acid (14c) together with the spectroscopic data prove the structure of the cyclopropabenzenes.  -  The formation of 10 from 9 involves n→π*-excitation, followed by ring enlargement to indazoles (24) which eliminate nitrogen in a familiar manner. The excited states of 9 and 24 are triplets.
    Notes: Die Photolyse von Cyclopentadien-spiro-pyrazolen (9) in Benzol liefert in einer neuartigen Reaktion 1 H-Cyclopropabenzole (10). Diese können thermisch in Benzofurane (11) umgelagert werden. Abbaureaktionen des Diphenyl-cyclopropabenzols 10c zu p-Terphenylyl-(2′)-essigsäure (14c) zusammen mit den spektroskopischen Daten beweisen die Struktur der Bicyclen 10.  -  Die Bildung von 10 aus 9 verläuft über eine n→π*-Anregung, gefolgt von einer Ringerweiterung zu Indazolen (24), die in bekannter Weise Stickstoff eliminieren. Die Anregungszustände von 9 und 24 sind Tripletts.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Short-Life Radicals, VII. The Stereochemical Route of Free-Radical Additions to Conjugated Dienes: Hydrostannation and Isomerization of Penta-1,3-dieneThe radical addition of Me3SnH and Et3SnH to both of the pure stereoisomers of penta-1,3-diene proceeds by a highly stereospecific mechanism, whereby an extremely high configurational stability of the intermediate allyl radicals 9 is indicated. Besides 1,2- and 1,4-adducts small amounts of 4,1-adducts are formed: altogether 6 of the 8 possible isomers 1-8 are obtained. At 80° the cis-diene reacts 2.6 or 2.9 times faster than the trans-isomer. At 20° and 40° only the transoid conformation is involved in the reaction of cis-isomer, whereas in the case of the trans-diene both cisoid and transoid configurations are involved. The attack of organotin radicals at C-4 (that is, at the internal C=C double bond) is much more readily reversible than that at C-l and leads (primarily) to cis-trans-isomerization of the diene; this is highly dependent on the molar ratio of diene to hydride. By means of capillary gas chromatography it was possible to observe each stage of the addition and isomerization processes.
    Notes: Die beiden Stereoisomeren von Pentadien-(1.3) addieren (CH3)3SnH und (C2H5)3SnH radikalisch hochgradig stereospezifisch, woraus eine beträchtliche Konfigurationsstabilität der intermediär auftretenden Allylradikale 9 folgt. Neben 1.2- und 1.4- entstehen wenig 4.1-Addukte, insgesamt 6 der 8 möglichen Isomeren 1-8. Das cis-Dien reagiert bei 80° 2.6 bzw. 2.9 mal schneller als das trans-Isomere. Bei 20° und 40° ist nur die transoide Konformation des cis-Isomeren beteiligt, beim trans-Dien dagegen sowohl cisoide als auch transoide. Der Angriff von Stannylradikalen an C-4, also an der mittelständigen C=C-Gruppe, ist weit stärker reversibel als derjenige am endständigen C-l und bedingt so (hauptsächlich) eine cis-trans-Isomerisierung des Diens. Diese hängt stark vom Molverhältnis Dien : Hydrid ab. Mittels Kapillar-GC konnten Additionen und Isomerisierung in jedem Stadium verfolgt werden.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1412-1419 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Identification and Preparation of Metalated NitroarenesPhenyllithium is unable to metalate nitrobenzene in THF, but instead is oxidized quantitatively to phenol at low temperatures. With 2-bromo-1-nitrobenzene and its methyl homologues a bromo-lithium exchange is effected to give high yields of the deeply coloured title compounds. They are stable only below -100° and are trapped as carboxylic acids with carbon dioxide. The halogen-metal exchange competes with the reduction of the nitro group, the latter reaction being favoured at higher temperatures and in solvents of low polarity. The redox reactions at the nitro group predominate with 3-and 4-bromo-1-nitrobenzene even under optimum conditions.
    Notes: Nitrobenzol wird durch Lithiumorganyle nicht metalliert. Dagegen oxydiert es Phenyllithium in Tetrahydrofuran(THF) schon bei tiefer Temperatur quantitativ zu Phenol. Der Brom-Lithium-Austausch an 2-Brom-1-intro-benzol und seinen Methylhomologen führt in hohen Ausbeuten zu den unterhalb von -100° stabilen, tieffarbigen Titelverbindungen, die man durch Carboxylierung nachweist. Die mit dem Halogen-Metall-Austausch konkurrierende Reduktion der Nitrogruppe tritt bei höherer Temperatur und in weniger polaren Lösungsmitteln stärker hervor; sie überwiegt bei 3- und 4-Brom-1-nitro-benzol auch unter optimalen Bedingungen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1477-1485 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on Diazo Compounds, VII. Comparative Kinetic Investigations on the Thermal Stability of Aliphatic Diazo CompoundsThe thermal stabilities of 16 aryl-, carbonyl-, sulfonyl-, phosphinyl- and phosphono-substituted diazomethanes are compared. From kinetic measurements on the decomposition of the diazo compounds in mesitylene the comparison values τ100, T 0.1 and k100 as well as the activation energy Ea of the N2-elimination were determined (see table 1). The following series of substituents with increasing stabilizing effect was derived:C6H5 〈 C6H5CO 〈 CH3CO 〈 Aryl-SO2 〈 (C6H5)2PO 〈 C2H5OCO 〈 (C2H5O)2PO 〈 H Carbonyl diazo compounds are thermally less stable than their PO-analogs (see figure 1), because of the mesomerism C ↔ D resulting from the interaction of the CO- and CN2-groups.
    Notes: Die thermischen Stabilitäten von 16 aryl-, carbonyl-, sulfonyl-, phosphinyl- und phosphono-substituierten Diazomethanen werden verglichen. Aus der Zersetzungskinetik in Mesitylen werden die Vergleichsgrößen τ100, T0.1 bzw. k100 sowie die Aktivierungsenergie Ea der N2-Abspaltung bestimmt. (s. Tab. 1). Eine Stabilisierungsreihe für die folgenden Substituenten wird abgeleitet: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm h}_{\rm 5} {\rm 〈 C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5}{\rm CO 〈 CH}_{\rm 3} {\rm CO 〈 Aryl - SO}_{\rm 2} {\rm 〈 (C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm)}_{\rm 2} {\rm PO 〈 C}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCO 〈 (C}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O)}_{\rm 2} {\rm PO 〈 H} $$\end{document}Carbonyl-diazoverbindungen sind thermisch instabiler als ihre PO-Analogen (s. Abbild.), bedingt durch mesomere Wechselwirkungen zwischen CO- und CN2-Gruppe gemäß C↔D.
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  • 190
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1522-1535 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Aromatic Erythrina-Alkaloids, XIV. Application of the Glyoxylester Synthesis to DihydroresorcinolThe monocycloketal 7 of dihydroresorcinol yields, via glyoxylester synthesis, the condensation product 10. On treatment with dilute phosphoric acid, 10 hydrolyses to give the partially hydrogenated ketoisatin derivative 14a which is stabilised by conjugation and cannot be cyclised. In the presence of crystalline phosphoric acid 10 forms a violet cation, Pictet-Spengler cyclisation of which leads to a mixture of stereoisomeric spiroisoquinolines (22). From the mixture two racemates are isolated, the n. m. r. analysis of which permits the assignment of cis- and trans-configurations according to the formulae 22A and 22B.
    Notes: Aus dem Monocycloketal 7 des Dihydroresorcins wird auf dem Weg der Glyoxylestersynthese die Cyclisierungsvorstufe 10 gewonnen. Sie hydrolysiert unter der Einwirkung von verdünnter phosphorsäure zu dem Partiell hydrierten Ketoisatin-Derivat 14a, das durch Konjugation stabilisiert und nicht cyclisierbar ist. Mit kristalliner Phosphorsäure entsteht aus 10 ein violettes Kation, das durch Ringschluß nach Pictet-Spengler zu einem Gemisch stereoisomerer Spiroisochinoline 22 abreagiert. Nach Auftrennung in zwei Racemate wird durch NMR-Analyse die sterische Zuordnung zur cis- und trans-Reihe entsprechend den Formulierungen 22A und 22B ermittelt.
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  • 191
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1572-1577 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of 2,2′-Bisoxazolyls and 2,2′ -Bisthiazolyls, of Arylene-bis-2-oxazolyl and Arylenebis-2-thiazolyl DerivativesThe reaction of desylamine hydrochloride with carboxylic acid chlorides and dicarboxylic acid chlorides yields ms- (acylamino) desoxybezoins (2a, b) and amides of N, N′ -bis-desyldicarboxylic acids (2c,-f), respectively. These compounds are converted by condensation with phosphorus pentachloride to derivatives of oxazole (3) and by condensation with phosphorus pentasulfide to derivatives of thaizole(4).
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Desylaminhydrochlorid mit Carbonsäurechloriden bzw. mit Dicarbonsäuredichloriden gelangt man zu ms-Acyalmino -desoxybenzoinen (2a, b) bzw. zu N. N′-Bis-desyl- dicarbonsäurediamiden (2c-f). Diese lassen sich mit Phosphorpentachlorid zu Oxazolderivaten 3, mit Phosphorpentasulfid zu Thiazolderivaten 4 kondensieren.
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  • 192
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1631-1636 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Monosaccharides Containing Nitrogen in the Ring, XXVIII. Synthesis and Dimerization of 5-Benzylamino-1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-deoxy-L-ido-hexodialdo-1,4(β)-3,6(α,β)-difuranoseSelective hemihydrogenation of 5-benzylamino-1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-deoxy-β-L-idofuranuronic acid nitrile (1) yields 5-benzylamino-1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-deoxy-L-ido-hexodialdo-1,4(β)-3,6(α,β)-difuranose (2), which can be dimerized to 5. 5 represents a symmetrical heptacyclic system of five- and six-membered rings containing a central piperazine ring.
    Notes: Selektive Halbhydrierung des 5-Benzylamino-1.2-O-isopropyliden-5-desoxy-β-L-idofuranuron-säurenitrils (1) liefert 5-Benzylamino-1.2-O-isopropyliden-5-desoxy-L-ido-hexodialdo-1.4(β)-3.6(α, β)-difuranose (2), die zu 5 dimerisiert werden kann. In 5 liegt ein symmetrisches heptacyclisches Ringsystem mit zentralem Piperazinring vor.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1621-1630 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Monosaccharides Containing Nitrogen in the Ring, XXVII. Pyrolytic Rearrangement of 4-Amino-4-deoxy-L-xylose to 4-Amino-4-deoxy-L-lyxosePyrolysis of the periodate degradation product 2 results in the rearrangement of the L-xylo-to the L-lyxo-configuration and the formation of 4-amino-4-N, 5-O-carbonyl-2,3-O-isopropy-liden-4-deoxy-α-L-lyxofuranose (5). Free 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-lyxose is formed from 5 via the bisulfite adduct 13, which exists as an equilibrium mixture of the pyrrolidine-forms 14 ⇋ 15 ⇋ 18 The bis-pyrrolidine-form 18 predominates under anhydrous conditions. The dimeric structure of 18 is established by mass spectra of the pentaacetate 16 and the TMS-ether 17.
    Notes: Durch Pyrolyse des Perjodat-Spaltproduktes 2 erfolgt Umlagerung der L-xylo-in die L-lyxo-Konfiguration, und es wird 4-Amino-4-N.5-O-carbonyl-2.3-O-isopropyliden-4-desoxy-α-L-lyxofuranose (5) erhalten. Aus 5 ist über das Schwefligsäure-Addukt 13 freie 4-Amino-4-desoxy-L-lyxose darstellbar, die im Gleichgewicht der Pyrrolidin-Formen 14 ⇋ 15 ⇋ 18 vorliegt. Die Bis-Pyrrolidin-Form 18 überwiegt stark in der wasserfreien Substanz. Die dimere Struktur von 18 ergibt sich aus den Massenspektren des Pentaacetats 16 und des TMS-Äthers 17.
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  • 194
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 195
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1664-1673 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with N-Halogenphosphoranyliden-thiophosphoryldihalogenide AmidesThe reaction of S=PX2N=PF3 (X=F, Cl) with Si—N-compounds afforded the new compounds 1-11. It was proved that substitutions occurred only at the -N=PF3 group and that isomeric compounds were not formed. The reaction of S=PCl2N=PF3 and S=PFClN=PF3 with excess PF3Cl2 resulted in the formation of S=PCl2N=PFCl2 (12). The compounds 1, 2 are cleaved with water-free HBr at the P—N-bond to form the compounds 13, 14. The reaction of SPF2N=PF3 with amines yielded various products. The compounds 1-12 are much more stable towards hydrolysis than the starting compounds. 1H-, 19F-n.m.r., i.r., and mass spectra are reported and partially discussed.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von S=PX2N=PF3 (X=F, Cl) mit Si-N-Verbindungen erhielten wir die neuen Verbindungen 1-11. Wir konnten wahrscheinlich machen, daß die Substitutionen an der - N = PF3-Gruppe erfolgen und daß die isomeren Verbindungen dabei nicht ent-stehen. Die Reaktion von S=PCl2N=PF3 oder S=PFClN = PF3 mit überschüssigem PF3Cl2 führt zu S=PCl2N=PFCl2 (12). Die Verbindungen 1, 2 lassen sich mit wasserfreiem HBr an der P —N-Bindung spalten, wobei die Verbindungen 13, 14 entstehen. Die Umsetzung von S=PF2N=PF3 mit Aminen ergibt verschiedene Produkte. Die Verbindungen 1-12 sind gegen Hydrolyse stabiler als die Ausgangsverbindungen. 1H-, 19F-NMR-, IR- und Massenspektren werden mitgeteilt und teilweise diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1792-1796 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Glycosides of Amino Sugars, II. Synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosidesThe synthesis of glycosides and disaccharides of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose has been explored using trifluoroacetyl as the N-blocking group. Because of its high tendency for neighboring group participation only β-D-glycosides were formed. The corresponding α-disaccharide could be obtained as the main product when employing 2.4-dinitrophenyl as the N-protecting group.
    Notes: Die N-Trifluoracetyl-Schutzgruppe wurde zur Synthese von Glykosiden und Disacchariden der 2-Amino-2-desoxy-D-glucose benutzt. Sie zeigte eine hohe Tendenz zur Nachbargruppen-beteiligung unter Bildung von -β-D-Glykosiden. Das entsprechende α-Disaccharid wurde als Hauptprodukt bei Verwendung der N-2.4-Dinitrophenyl-Schutzgruppe erhalten.
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  • 197
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Isolation, Structure, and Synthesis of 5,6,7,4′-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone (Batatifoline), a new Flavone from Mikania batatifolia D.C.The flavone batatifoline has been isolated from Mikania batatifolia D. C. (Compositae). Its structure has been confirmed as 5,6,7,4′-tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone (1) by synthesis of the isomers 1 and 5,6,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (5, Pedalitine).
    Notes: Aus Mikania batatifolia D. C. (Compositae) wurde das Flavon Batatifolin isoliert und ihm durch Synthese der Isomeren 5.6.7.4′-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxy-flavon (1) und 5.6.3′.4′-Tetra-hydroxy-7-methoxy-flavon (5, Pedalitin) die Struktur 1 zugeordnet.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1886-1893 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyacetylenic Compounds, 175. Synthesis and Biogenesis of Anthemis-thioethersThe configurations of four isomeric naturally occuring thioethers are established by synthesis and a detailed analysis of the n. m. r. spectra. By feeding of 3H-labelled 1-4 the biogenesis of a phenylthioether is further confirmed.
    Notes: Die Konfigurationen von vier natürlich vorkommenden Thioäthern werden durch Synthese und eine eingehende Analyse der NMR-Spektren sichergestellt. Durch Verfütterung von 3H-markierten 1-4 wird die Biogenese eines Phenylderivates weiter gesichert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2024-2033 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Racemization in Peptide SynthesesVarious gaschromatographic racemization tests indicate, that 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1,2,3-benzotriazine as additive to DCCD decreases racemization in the DCCD-method to a minimum, compared with a series of N-hydroxy-compounds. It is also possible to prepare the intermediate activated esters without racemization. Addition of weak tertiary bases has a favourable effect on the yield and racemization in the preparation of N-acylpeptide-N-hydroxysuccinimide esters by the DCCD-method.
    Notes: Durch Anwendung mehrerer gaschromatographischer Racemisierungstests wurde gefunden, daß bei der DCCD-Methode1) aus einer Reihe von N-Hydroxyverbindungen als Zusatz zum DCCD das 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-3.4-dihydro-1.2.3-benzotriazin die Racemisierung am wirkungsvollsten senkt. Auch eine racemisierungsfreie Voraktivierung ist mit dieser Verbindung möglich. Bei der Herstellung von N-Acyl-peptid-[N-hydroxy-succinimidestern] nach der DCCD-Methode wirkt sich ein Zusatz schwacher tert. Basen günstig auf Ausbeute und Racemisierung aus.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2077-2083 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ions, II. Wittig Olefination with Phosphonium FluoridesPhosphonium fluorides are available by ion exchange and can be used for the Wittig reaction without an auxiliary base.
    Notes: Phosphoniumfluoride sind durch Ionenaustausch zugänglich und gehen ohne Hilfsbase die Wittig-Reaktion ein.
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