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  • Electron microscopy
  • Springer  (37)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994  (17)
  • 1970-1974  (20)
  • 1992  (17)
  • 1970  (20)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994  (17)
  • 1970-1974  (20)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Glycine (root nodules) ; High-pressure freezing ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), in sharp contrast to chemical fixation and prefixation, appears to preserve the ultrastructure close to the native state. This is supported by the observation that the peribacteroid membrane of high-pressure-frozen samples is tightly wrapped around the bacteroids, a finding that is fully consistent with the current views on the physiology of oxygen and metabolite transport between plant cytosol and bacteroids. In soybean root nodules, the plant tissue and the enclosed bacteria are so dissimilar that conventional aldehyde-fixation procedures are unable to preserve the overall native ultrastructure. This was demonstrated by high-pressure freezing of nodules that had been pre-fixed in glutaraldehyde at various buffer molalities: no buffer strength tested preserved all ultrastructural aspects that could be seen after high-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 157 (1992), S. 381-388 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: PhiX174 ; Bacterial lysis ; Escherichia coli ; Electron microscopy ; Membranes ; Cell envelope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of cloned gene E of bacteriophage PhiX174 induces lysis by formation of a transmembrane tunnel structure in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli. Ultrastructural studies of the location of the lysis tunnel indicate that it is preferentially located at the septum or at polar regions of the cell. Furthermore, the diameter and shape of individual tunnel structures vary greatly indicating that its structure is not rigid. Apparently, the contours of individual lysis tunnels are determined by enlarged meshes in the peptidoglycan net and the force produced at its orifice, by the outflow of cytoplasmic content. Once the tunnel is formed the driving force for the lysis process is the osmotic pressure difference between cytoplasm and medium. During the lysis process areas of the cytoplasmic membrane which are not tightly attached to the envelope are extended inward by the negative pressure produced during lysis. After cell lysis external medium can diffuse through the lysis tunnel filling the inner cell space of the still rigid bacterial ghosts.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Transferrin ; Receptor ; Isolation ; Reconstitution ; Liposomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Human transferrin receptor was isolated from Triton X-100 solubilized placental plasma membranes by a rapid one-step chromatographic procedure based on immunoadsorption of the receptortransferrin complex on anti-transferrin Sepharose and lectin-affinity on wheat germ agglutinin. Following exchange of Triton X-100 with CHAPS or n-octylglucoside, the purified receptor was incorporated into egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes upon, detergent removal by dialysis (lipid/protein ratio 15:1 to 45:1 (w/w) Reconstitution of the receptor was confirmed by trypsin cleavage to dissociate the large extracellular receptor domain from the liposomal membranes. Electron micrographs of the receptor-lipid recombinants negatively stained with sodium sillicotungstate, showed ographs of the receptor-lipid recombinants negatively stained with sodium sillicotungstate, showed that the receptor molecules distributed very inhomogeneously on the liposomes, most receptors being clustered. Single copies of the receptor were seen as elongate structures (5×10 nm) oriented with their long axis parallel to the liposome surface and separated from this by a 2–3 nm gap. This result provides evidence for a narrow connecting link between the globular extracellular receptor domain and the membrane spanning segment.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Bioscience reports 12 (1992), S. 495-501 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; secretion ; neuropeptides ; exocytosis ; endocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exo- and endocytotic processes induced by depolarization of isolated neurosecretory nerve terminals show a close temporal correlation, which suggests a short time of integration of the neurosecretory granule membrane with the plasma membrane. In order to determine minimal time requirements for exocytosis-coupled endocytosis to occur, we have analyzed by electron microscopy uptake of horserdish peroxidase (HRP) as a fluid phase marker at the onset of depolarization. We have applied rapid mixing and sampling (quenched flow) to assess events in subsecond time peroids after stimulation. A significant number of labelled endocytotic vacuoles was observed during the first second of depolarization. This number then further increased by a factor of about 2 (within 5 s) and 4 (within 50s). Thus, as for exocytosis, the rate of endocytosis decreased considerably during prolonged stimulation. These data indicate i) that a substantial proportion of secretory granules undergoes exocytosis very shortly after stimulation, and ii) that, following exocytosis, the minimal time required for consecutive membrane retrieval is in the sub-second range.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 316-345 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Histophysiology of median eminence ; Avian neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de l'adénohypophysectomie et de diverses sollicitations de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysio-corticosurrénalien sur l'ultrastructure de l'Eminence Médiane (E.M.) ont été étudiés chez le Pigeon. 1. Chez le Pigeon entier, l'Eminence Médiane Caudale (E.M.C.) se distingue de l'Eminence Médiane Rostrale (E.M.R.) essentiellement par l'absence dans les deux couches les plus externes (couches palissadique et superficielle) de l'E.M.C. de granules de gros calibres (1600 à 1900 Å), la rareté de granules de diamètre moyen (1200–1400 Å) et la prédominance de petites vésicules à cœur dense de 600–800 Å. 2. La préhypophysectomie entraine: a) dans l'E.M.R. la quasi disparition de granulations dans les deux couches externes; b) dans l'E.M.C. la ≪vidange≫ de nombreux axones, mais un enrichissement relatif, parmi les granulations restantes, des granulations de gros calibre (1600–1900 Å) aux dépens des granules de plus petit calibre. 3. Un shock insulinique entraine des modifications du même ordre: a) déplétion des granules denses, limitée dans ce cas à la portion la plus antérieure des deux couches externes de l'E.M.R.; b) enrichissement relatif des granulations de moyen (1200–1400 Å) et de gros (1600–1900 Å) calibre dans l'E.M.C. avec, en plus dans l'E.M.C., un enrichissement en vésicules de type synaptique. 4. Un traitement à la métopirone produit un accroissement du nombre des granulations de moyen (1200–1400 Å) calibre dans les couches externes de l'E.M.R. et de l'E.M.C., et un enrichissement important de l'E.M.C. en vésicules de type synaptique. 5. Le traitement à la prednisolone conduit à un enrichissement très marqué des couches externes de l'E.M.R. en grains de 1200–1400 Å, et à un enrichissement des couches externes de l'E.M.C. en granulations de 1000 Å. Ces résultats sont discutés dans la perspective des régulations hypothalamo-corticotropes, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les granules de 1200–1400 Å.
    Notes: Summary The effects of adenohypophysectomy, and of several experimental interventions on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis have been studied in relation to the fine structure of the median eminence in the pigeon. 1. In control animals, the following morphological features of the caudal median eminence (C.M.E.) distinguish it from the rostral median eminence (R.M.E.): a) the absence in both external layers of the C.M.E. of large (1,600–1,900 Å) electron-dense granules, b) the presence in the C.M.E. of a small number of medium-size (1,200–1,400 Å) granules, and c) the predominance in the C.M.E. of small (600–800 Å) dense-core vesicles. 2. Adenohypophysectomy leads to: a) almost complete disappearance of electron-dense granules in both external layers of the R.M.E., and b) “emptying” of numerous axons and a relative increase in the number of large (1,600–1,900 Å) granules in the C.M.E. 3. Insulin shock produces modifications similar to those of adenohypophysectomy. The depletion of electron-dense granules from the axons is, however, restricted to the most anterior part of the R.M.E., and, in the C.M.E., the relative increase in the number of larger granules affects the 1,200–1,400 Å and the 1,600–1,900 Å size granules. 4. Metopirone enhances the number of medium-size (1,200–1,400 Å) granules in the external layers of both the R.M.E. and the C.M.E. and causes a significant increase in the number of synaptic-like vesicles in the C.M.E. 5. Prednisolone treatment leads to a marked enrichment of the external layers of the R.M.E. with 1,200–1,400 Å granules, and of the external layers of the C.M.E. with 1,000 Å granules. These results have been discussed with special reference to the hypothalamic control of the adrenocorticotropic function, especially reviewing the role of the 1,200–1,400 Å granules.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 451-472 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hemocytopoiesis ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mikroskopische Beobachtungen an normalen „phagozytären Geweben“ (im Sinne der älteren Autoren) entlang des dorsalen Diaphragmas der beiden Orthopteren-Arten Gryllus bimaculatus und Locusta migratoria zeigen übereinstimmend, daß diese Bildungen eine hematopoietische Struktur haben. Bei beiden Arten entwickeln sich die blutbildenden Stammzellen aus einer großen Anzahl sog. Retikularzellen mesodermalen Ursprungs, die den Retikularzellen der blutbildenden Gewebe der Vertebrata sehr stark ähneln. Wie bei den Vertebrata differenzieren sich bei den Insekten die Blutzellen in sog. isogenen Zellgruppen von gleichem Typus und gleichem Entwicklungsstadium. Die starke phagozytäre Neigung der Retikularzellen erklärt, warum die blutbildenden Gewebe der Orthoptera von den älteren Autoren als phagozytäre Organe angesprochen wurden. Die hämatopoietische Differenzierung der Retikularzellen in reife Blutzellen (Haemozyten) findet entweder in einem lockeren Gewebe entlang des dorsalen Blutgefäßes, wie bei Locusta, statt, oder im inneren mehrerer, an das Herz gebundener, hoch organisierter blutbildender Organe, wie bei Gryllus, die noch stärker an die klassischen Strukturen der Vertebrata erinnern. Wir beschreiben im einzelnen beide Strukturtypen, insbesondere bei Gryllus die Einteilung der Organe in einen Cortex, in dem sich die Blutzellen bilden, und eine Medulla, in welcher sich die reifen Haemozyten ansammeln können. Nach starken Blutverlusten zeigen besonders die blutbildenden Gewebe von Gryllus eine dramatische Stimulierung der Hämatopoiese an; die Punktion der hämatopoietischen Organe kann also ebenfalls experimentell nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary Microscopic observations of the normal “phagocytic tissues” (in the sense of the classic authors) of the dorsal diaphragm in the two Orthopterans Gryllus bimaculatus and Locusta migratoria unequivocally demonstrate the hematopoietic nature of these cellular accumulations. In the two species, the hematopoietic elements develop from a large number of so-called reticular cells of mesodermic origin, which resemble closely the reticular cells of the hematopoietic organs of Vertebrates. As it is the case in Vertebrates, the differentiation of the hematopoietic elements into mature blood cells occurs in the two Orthopterans also in isogenic cell islets. The phagocytic activity of the reticular cells explains the fact that these organs were classically considered in the Orthopterans as simple phagocytic organs. The hematopoietic differentiation of the reticular cells can occur either in a poorly organized, loose tissue located along the dorsal vessel, as is the case in Locusta, or in a group of highly organized hematopoietic organs, as in Gryllus, which resemble far more the classical hematopoietic structures of Vertebrates. We give a detailed description of both types of organization, especially of the subdivision in Gryllus, of the hematopoietic organs into a cortex, where the haemocytes differentiate, and a medulla, where they can accumulate. After severe hemorrhages, the hematopoietic organs of Gryllus show all the features of a dramatic stimulation of hematopoiesis; their function can thus be experimentally demonstrated.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 523-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Intracytoplasmic lipid bodies ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei erwachsenen Feuersalamandern und bei Salamanderlarven konnten in Ependymzellen sowie in subependymären Zellelementen des Gehirns und Rückenmarks zahlreiche rundliche intrazytoplasmatische Körper von starker Osmiophilie beobachtet werden, deren Durchmesser bis zu 12 μ betrug. Vereinzelt fanden sich diese voluminösen Gebilde auch im Cytoplasma von Satellitenzellen der Hirnnerven- und Spinalganglien. Das histochemische Verhalten und das Ultrastrukturbild der intrazytoplasmatischen Körper sprechen dafür, daß sie hauptsächlich aus Lipiden bestehen. Ihre funktionelle Bedeutung konnte bisher nicht eindeutig geklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary The ependymal and subependymal cells of the ventricular system and the central canal in adult und larval salamanders contain numerous unusually large intracytoplasmic osmiophilic spherical bodies with a diameter of up to 12 μ. Sporadically the bodies are found within satellite cells of peripheral ganglia. Histochemical and ultrastructural examination suggests that the bodies consist mainly of lipids. Their functional significance is unknown.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 384-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart muscle cells ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative ; Asphyxia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Normale und hypoxische Herzmuskelzellen aus der Wand des linken Ventrikels der Ratte wurden quantitativ-morphologisch anhand von elektronenmikroskopischen Längsschnitten nach Perfusionsfixierung untersucht. In normalen Zellen waren alle Myofibrillen relaxiert, die mittlere Sarcomerlänge betrug 2,2 μm. Die Schnittfläche wurde zu 55% von Myofibrillen, zu 27% von Mitochondrien und zu 18% von Grundplasma und Reticulum eingenommen. Die zwischen den Myofibrillen liegenden Mitochondrien waren längsoval und im Mittel 2,3mal so lang wie breit. Es bestand kein Unterschied zwischen subendokardial und subepikardial gelegenen Zellen. 10 min nach Erstickung der Tiere waren in den sonst unauffälligen Muskelzellen die Glycogengranula vermindert. Nach 20 min führte die Hypoxie zu einer Zunahme der relativen Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien um etwa 16% und zu einer beginnenden Kontraktur der Myofibrillen (Sarcomerlänge 2,0 μm). 20 min Hypoxie in Hypothermie (25–30°C intrathorakal) veränderte die normale Zellstruktur dagegen kaum. Wenn die Herzen während der 20 min dauernden Hypoxie in Normothermie mit einer procainhaltigen sauerstoff- und glucosefreien Blutersatzlösung durchspült wurden, waren die Myofibrillen relaxiert, die Schwellung der Mitochondrien dagegen wurde nicht reduziert. 30 min nach Erstickung wurde die Kontraktur stärker (Sarcomerlänge 1,7 μm). Nach 60 min bildeten sich Superkontraktionsknoten, einzelne Myofibrillen waren in Höhe der I-Bänder unterbrochen. Die Cristae der Mitochondrien wichen auseinander, die Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien hatte um 27% zugenommen. Während in Normotherapie eine Asphyxie des Tieres bereits nach 10 min die Herzmuskelzellen funktionell schwer schädigt, ist die Schädigung morphologisch erst nach 20 min eindeutig. Das bedeutet, daß für die elektronenmikroskopische Präparation eine Hypoxie von unter 10 min bedeutungslos ist. Hinsichtlich der morphologischen Manifestationszeit für die Unterbrechung der Sauerstoffversorgung stimmen unsere Befunde an Herzmuskelzellen gut mit vergleichbaren Angaben an Leberzellen überein.
    Notes: Summary In heart muscle cells of the left ventricle of rats the distribution of cell organelles and their reaction to hypoxia were investigated by electron microscopy. In normal hearts fixed by perfusion with aldehydes, the mean sarcomere length was 2.2 μm. 27% of the longitudinal sectional area was occupied by mitochondria, 55% by myofibrils and 18% by sarcoplasmic reticulum and ground plasm. The mitochondria situated in rows between the fibrils were oval and measured 2.3 times more in length than in width. There was no difference between cells from subendocardial and subepicardial regions. 10 min hypoxia (complete occlusion of the trachea) did not affect the appearance of muscle cells but diminished the number of glycogen granules. After 20 minutes the area occupied by mitochondria was increased by 16%, the mitochondria between the myofibrils were more spherical and only 1.5 times longer than wide. The sarcomeres shortened to 2.0 μm. With hypothermia (25–30°C) hypoxia of 20 minutes duration did not affect the cell structure. Perfusion of the heart by a saline solution, which contained procaine but neither oxygen nor glucose, for 20 minutes prevented shortening of the sarcomeres but not swelling of the mitochondria. 30 minutes after occlusion of the trachea the myofibrils shortened to a sarcomere length of 1.7 μm. After 60 minutes irregularly and excessively contracted myofibrils appeared and some sarcomeres were interrupted at the level of the I-bands. In some of the swollen mitochondria the cristae were widely separated. The increase of the area occupied by mitochondria was 27%. Asphyxia affects heart muscle cells severely with respect to function within 10 min, but morphologically it takes 20 min before a definite effect can be noticed. As to the time after which lack of oxygen is manifested morphologically, our results are consistent with findings in liver cells.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 431-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Contractile ring ; Cytokinesis ; Cell division ; Cytochalasin B ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Techniques of individual cell selection and precise ultramicrotomy have been employed to demonstrate that the contractile ring of cleaving HeLa cells is a transitory cytoplasmic organelle of distinctive fine structure and location. The contractile ring is an uninterrupted annulus encircling the equator of dividing cells exactly where the cleavage furrow forms. It is about 10 microns wide, up to 0.2 microns in thickness, and is composed exclusively of circumferentially aligned thin filaments 40–70 Å in diameter. Contractile ring filaments appear to be associated with the overlying plasma membrane. Controlled experiments with a mold metabolite (cytochalasin B) reveals that within a few minutes the drug abolishes the ability of HeLa cells to undergo cytokinesis. Cytochalasin B seems to decompose the contractile ring. It has no other clearly identifiable effects on other cell structures, notably the mitotic apparatus. Cytochalasin B is the only drug known which selectively inhibits cytokinesis in animal cells. In conclusion, the contractile ring is the most likely organelle responsible for cytokinesis in HeLa cells. Similar organelles probably occur in all cleaving animal cells. Successful cleavage depends upon the structural and functional integrity of the contractile ring.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reptiles ; Skin ; Keratin ; Electron microscopy ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The different patterns of keratin formation that have evolved in the class Reptilia are all variations of a common process. In Squamata (snakes and lizards), a sequence of layers composed of α or β keratin is formed periodically, after which the old epidermal generation is shed. In Chelonia (turtles and tortoises), the epidermis of the shell is composed of only β keratin, whereas the skin of the neck and leg is composed exclusively of α keratin. Molting in toto does not occur and shedding is a continuous process comparable to that in avian and mammalian epidermis. In Crocodilia (crocodiles, caimans, alligators) there is only a single layer of cornified cells, but the composition of the layer varies in different parts of the scale. The hinge regions have many of the morphological characteristics of α and β keratin whereas the center resembles β keratin. The living cells beneath contain accumulations of keratohyalin. There are four ultrastructural characteristics of a keratinized α layer: 1) cellular outlines remain distinct, 2) a thickened plasma membrane forms during keratinization, 3) 80 Å filaments embedded in an amorphous matrix can be seen, and 4) PAS-positive material accumulates in extracellular spaces between the desmosomes. The β layer exhibits none of these features. Instead the cells more or less (depending on species) coalesce into a compact layer which becomes attenuated in the hinge regions. A 30 Å filament pattern can be seen. The mesos layer of squamates resembles the hinge region of crocodilians, exhibiting a combination of the characteristics of both α and β keratin.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 309-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Substantia nigra ; Neuroglia ; Pericytes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of perivascular and perineuronal cells in the substantia nigra and red nucleus was studied in Nissl, silver carbonate, and electron microscopic preparations. In light microscopic preparations of the red nucleus and substantia nigra oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are located adjacent to blood vessels and nerve cells. Pericytes are also found adjacent to blood vessels. Scattered perineuronal oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are present in the magnocellular portion of the red nucleus and in the substantia nigra, whereas a distinguishing morphological feature of the parvocellular portion of the red nucleus is the clustering of perineuronal oligodendrocytes around a single neuron. In the present electron micrographs of the red nucleus and substantia nigra oligodendrocytes are separated from the vascular basement membrane (basal lamina) by astrocyte processes and therefore are not truly perivascular. Pericytes are easily identified by the basement membrane which encompasses their cell bodies and processes. Characteristic of the neuropil in the red nucleus are astrocytic processes that approximate dendrites. In contrast, astrocytic processes in the substantia nigra rarely contact dendrites which are covered by a mosaic of synaptic endings. A “third type of neuroglial element” is also present in the neuropil of the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 324-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human myocardium ; Innervation ; Nerve endings ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies of axons, distributing singly or in small bundles in the human ventricular and atrial myocardium, indicate a few per-cent of the axon profiles to be significantly large in diameter (1.5–3.0 μ). They are characteristically packed with a profuse number of mitochondria along with large granular vesicles, glycogen rosettes, lysosomic bodies; and some of them terminate on a “specific terminal cell” (Knoche and Schmitt). These mitochondria-rich, large axons are assumed to be terminal portions of the cardiac afferents. About half of the axons encountered in the ventricle and 2/3 in the atrium are non-vesiculated, usually less than 0.5 μ. in diameter. The varicosities containing numerous vesicles are mostly 0.5–1.5 μ in diameter and are assumed to be terminal portions of the cardiac efferents. The ratio between the number of axon profiles containing small granular vesicles and that of axon profiles containing agranular vesicles without small granular vesicles is 2∶1 in the ventricular myocardium and 1∶1.7 in the atrial myocardium.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 33-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Interstitial cells ; Reptiles ; Hormone Production ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure des cellules interstitielles du testicule de Lacerta vivipara a été étudiée entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années. Le retioulum endoplasmique lisse, et les mitochondries à crêtes tabulaires sont les organites les plus remarquables comme dans les autres cellules productrices de stéroïdes, mais les liposomes et l'appareil de Golgi sont bien représentés aussi. Les variations ultrastructurales les plus significatives apparaissent entre le printemps et le début de l'été. Au printemps, alors que les caractères sexuels secondaires sont hypertrophiés, un système remarquable de vésicules et de vacuoles se développe à partir du reticulum et probablement aussi du Golgi. Au début de l'été, lorsque les caractères sexuels secondaires sont atrophiés, les vacuoles sont moins nombreuses et le reticulum forme un réseau dense de tubules typiques, souvent étroitement associés aux liposomes; les crêtes mitochondriales sont gonflées. Ces images sont discutées en fonction de l'activité saisonnière d'élaboration d'hormones. L'hypertrophie des systèmes membranaires au printemps correspond probablement à la production ou (et) à l'excrétion des hormones androgènes. Au début de l'été, la cellule n'élabore pas d'androgènes, mais n'est peut-être pas complètement inactive: elle pourrait stocker des précurseurs hormonaux.
    Notes: Summary Interstitial cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electronmicroscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubular cristae are the most prominent organels, lipid droplets and Golgi apparatus being also well developed. The most significant ultrastructural changes occur between spring and the beginning of summer. In spring, during the hypertrophy of secondary sexual characters, a conspicuous system of vesicles and vacuoles originates from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and probably also from the Golgi apparatus. At the beginning of summer, when secondary sexual characters are atrophied, vacuoles are less prominent and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum consists of a dense network of typical tubules, often closely associated with the lipid droplets; the cristae of the mitochondria are swollen. These ultrastructural findings are discussed in relation to the production of hormones. The hypertrophy of membrane systems in spring corresponds presumably to production or (and) release of androgen hormones. In the beginning of summer the cell does not produce androgens, but probably is not completely inactive: it may store precursors of hormones.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Gastropoda ; Fluorescence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Vergleich fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen am zentralen Nervensystem von Planorbarius corneus L. wird nachgewiesen, daß in den Schlundringganglien Neurosekretzellen vorkommen (Nachweis mit Pseudoisocyaninchlorid), die mit Nervenzellen nicht identisch sind, die durch ihren hohen Gehalt an biogenen Aminen auffallen (Nachweis durch die Methode von Falck und Owman, 1965). Es können daher im Schlundring von Planorbarius corneus peptiderge und aminerge Neurosekretzellen unterschieden werden. Die PSC-positiven Neurosekretzellen enthalten elektronendichte Elementargrana und die aminergen Neurone „dense-core“ Vesikel. Der Nachweis biogener Amine in einigen Nervenzellen von Planorbarius corneus spicht für deren chemische Identität mit Transmittersubstanzen, ihre hohe Konzentration aber für eine Abgabe in die Körperflüssigkeit.
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory system of the snail Planorbarius corneus has been investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy. With the fluorochrome Pseudoisocyanin the established neurosecretory system in the cerebral ganglia and single neurosecretory cells in the other ganglia show an intensive yellow fluorescence. Electron micrographs reveal the presence of electron dense granules (elementary granules) in the pericarya and the axons of neurones which have the same localisation in the ganglia as the pseudoisocyanin-positive cells. The fluorescence technique for biogenic amines produces yellow and green fluorescence within neurons and in the neuropil and nerves. The fluorescence obtained in determinable areas and neurones correlates well with the electron microscopic location of “dense-core” vesicles within the pericarya and axons of cells in even the same areas. It is discussed, that in this animal both types of cells are so-called “neurosecretory cells”, because the high content of elementary granules in the “peptidergic neurosecretory cells” and of “dense-core” vesicles in the “aminergic neurosecretory cells” is an indication for secretion of these products in neurohaemal areas (circulatory channels).
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 321-335 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Lymphocyte ; Analysis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thymic small lymphocytes of dd-mice were qualitatively and quantitatively studied by electron microscopy. Differences in fine structure were revealed between cortical and medullary small lymphocytes. Cortical small lymphocytes are rounded in cell outline with a round nucleus. The cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus as a narrow rim is scanty and appears relatively dense due to an abundance of free ribosomes. The cell organelles are not well developed. On the other hand, medullary small lymphocytes are more irregular in shape with uneven cell membranes. Their nuclei are also more irregular in outline with frequent infoldings of the nuclear membrane. The cytoplasm is more abundant and paler with less numerous ribosomes. The cell organelles are better developed. Quantitative analysis was made of both cortical and medullary small lymphocytes by means of the point counting method. The nuclei of both cortical and medullary small lymphocytes are almost the same in size (a diameter of 4.9 μ). The cell sizes are different between cortical and medullary lymphocytes: cortical small lymphocytes with a diameter of 5.5 μ were smaller than medullary ones with a diameter of 6.4 μ. Cortical small lymphocytes are very sensitive to the destructive effects of hydrocortisone, whereas the medullary ones are resistant. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath in the splenic white pulp, which is known to be a thymus-dependent area, contains small lymphocytes that were similar in cytological details to medullary small lymphocytes of the thymus. In the light of the recent knowledge about a recirculating long-lived small lymphocyte pool, it appears probable that medullary small lymphocytes represent a contribution to the pool and that small lymphocytes with a long life span can be cytologically identified by electron microscopy.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic nerves ; Perineurial sheath ; Termination ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Perineurium kleiner Mesenterial- und Trachealnerven besteht aus einer Lage platter, beiderseits von einer Basalmembran umschlossener Zellen. Im Bereich von Abzweigungen kleiner Nerven bildet das Perineurium ein gekammertes, stark kollagenfibrillenhaltiges Hüllensystem. Die Endigung der einschichtigen Perineuralhülle hat die Form einer in das Interstitium geöffneten Röhre. Im ansatznahen Drittel des Mesenteriums und in der Schleimhaut der Trachea wurden ausschließlich perineuriumfreie Nerven gefunden. Es liegt nahe, diese perineuriumfreien Bezirke zu funktionellen Endräumen zusammenzufassen. In perineuriumfreien Bezirken wird das gehäufte Auftreten von Nervenauftreibungen mit Vesikeln, die Transmittersubstanz enthalten, und Mitochondrion beobachtet. Die erhobenen Befunde werden mit den an dickem Perineurium gewonnenen Ergebnissen verglichen und diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The perineurial sheath of small tracheal and mesenteric nerves consists of a layer of flat, basement membrane coated cells. Its ramifications form a complicated layered system, interspersed with collagen fibrils. The tube formed by the thin perineurial sheath ends openly, which affords communication between the respective interstitial spaces. The mesenteric nerves close to the duodenum as well as the nerves in the vicinity of the tracheal epithelium show no perineurial sheath. Peripheral nerves lacking a perineurial layer seem to be close to their terminations. Their fibers show varicosities containing transmitter vesicles and mitochondria with longitudinally orientated cristae. Our results are compared with those found in thick, multilayered perineurial sheaths and functional differences are discussed.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 51-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Purkinje cell ; Golgi apparatus ; Dendrites ; Differentiation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of postnatal differentiation of the Golgi apparatus, the nucleus, the perikaryon, and the dendrites was studied in Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum for 30 days after birth using histochemical, histological, and electron microscopic methods. The Golgi apparatus during differentiation undergoes morphological and positional changes. From the 1st to 7th postnatal day, the Golgi apparatus is found in a supranuclear position, and is connected with the axes of differentiating primary dendrites by beam-like processes. From days 8 to 11 this connection disappears, and most of the Golgi apparatus assumes a lateronuclear and infranuclear position. After the 11th or 12th day, the Golgi apparatus is found in perinuclear and peripheral cytoplasmic positions. The formation of granular endoplasmic reticulum occurs in the vicinity of the perinuclear Golgi apparatus. The differentiation of cell and nuclear forms requires approximately 20 days. The morphological changes of differentiation are discussed in relation to the participation of the Golgi apparatus in the differentiation of dendrites and in the formation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 149-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit ovum ; Fertilization ; Pronucleus ; Cleavage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fertilized ova were flushed from the Fallopian tubes of New Zealand White rabbits at 15 to 30 hours after mating and examined with the electron microscope. Between 21 and 22 hours intact pronuclei with extensive interdigitation of apposing surfaces were found in most ova. In some, an appearance suggesting internuclear communication was observed. In other ova disrupted pronuclear membranes surrounded centrally placed chromosome aggregates. In still others an advanced cleavage furrow was already present. By 23 hours all ova were in the two-cell stage.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chordotonal organ ; Scolopidium ; Homology ; Electron microscopy ; Sensilla ; Evolution ; Actias luna (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of a simple chordotonal organ, the presumed homologue of the noctuoid moth tympanal organ, is described in the atympanate moth, Actias luna. The organ consists of a proximal scolopidial region and a distal strand, which attaches peripherally to the membranous cuticle ventral to the hindwing alula. The strand is composed of elongate, microtubule-rich cells encased in an extracellular connective tissue sheath. The scolopidial region houses three mononematic, monodynal scolopidia, each comprised of a sensory cell, scolopale cell, and attachment cell. The dendritic apex is octagonally shaped in transverse section, its inner membrane lined by a laminated structure reminiscent of the noctuoid tympanal organ ‘collar’. A 9+0-type cilium emerges from the dendritic apex, passes through both the scolopale lumen and cap, and terminates in an extracellular space distal to the latter. Proximal extensions of the attachment cell and distal prolongations of the scolopale cell surrounding the cap are joined by an elaborate desmosome, with which is associated an extensive electron-dense fibrillar plaque. Within the scolopale cell, this plaque constitutes the scolopale ‘rod’ material. The data are discussed in terms of both the organ's potential function, and its significance as the evolutionary proto-type of the noctuoid moth ear.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Dopaminergic neurons ; Synapses ; Inner plexiform layer ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Bufo marinus (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry was utilized to quantify dopaminergic synapses in the inner plexiform layer of the retina of Bufo marinus. Since dopaminergic cells have bistratified dendritic arborisation in the inner plexiform layer, attention was given to the segregation of synapses between the scleral and the vitreal sublaminae. Light-microscopically, a more elaborate dendritic branching was observed in the scleral than in the vitreal sublamina. In contrast, about 55% of synapses occurred in the vitreal one fifth of the inner plexiform layer, 30% in the scleral fifth, and 15% in the intermediate laminae. Input sources and output targets showed only minor quantitative differences between sublaminae 1 and 5. TH-immunoreactive processes were found in presynaptic (62.8%) and postsynaptic (37.2%) positions. Synapses to the stained dendrites derived from bipolar (40.4%) and amacrine (59.6%) cells, whereas outputs from the TH-positive processes were directed to amacrine cells (56.8%) and to small and medium-sized dendrites (35.4%); at least some of these can be considered as ganglion cell dendrites. TH-positive profiles neither formed synapses with each other nor were presynaptic to bipolar cell terminals. Junctional appositions of the immunoreactive profiles were occasionally seen on non-stained amacrine and ganglion cell dendrites in the scleral sublamina of the inner plexiform layer and on optic axons in the optic fibre layer. Although dopaminergic cells are mainly involved in amacrine-amacrine interactions, inputs from bipolar terminals and outputs to ganglion cell dendrites were also substantial, suggestive of a role also in vertical information processing.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Skeletal muscle ; Injury ; Autoradiography ; Morphometry ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse (SJL/J BALB/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skeletal muscle regeneration in SJL/J and BALB/c mice subjected to identical crush injuries is markedly different: in SJL/J mice myotubes almost completely replace damaged myofibres, whereas BALB/c mice develop fibrotic scar tissue and few myotubes. To determine the cellular changes which contribute to these differential responses to injury, samples of crushed tibialis anterior muscles taken from SJL/J and BALB/c mice between 1 and 10 days after injury were analysed by light and electron microscopy, and by autoradiography. Longitudinal muscle sections revealed about a 2-fold greater total mononuclear cell density in SJL/J than BALB/c mice at 2 to 3 days after injury. Electron micrographs identified a similar proportion of cell types at 3 days after injury. Autoradiographic studies showed that the proportions of replicating mononuclear cells in both strains were similar: therefore greater absolute numbers of cells (including muscle precursors and macrophages) were proliferating in SJL/J muscle. Removal of necrotic muscle debris in SJL/J mice was rapid and extensive, and by 6 to 8 days multinucleated myotubes occupied a large part of the lesion. By contrast, phagocytosis was less effective in BALB/c mice, myotube formation was minimal, and fibrotic tissue conspicuous. These data indicate that the increased mononuclear cell density, more efficient removal of necrotic muscle, together with a greater capacity for myotube formation in SJL/J mice, contribute to the more successful muscle regeneration seen after injury.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 382-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Newborn rat ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata of the newborn rat adrenal cortex has been studied by the light and the electron microscope. The ultrastructural features of the cells of both zones are described. By morphometric methods the relative volumes occupied by mitochondria and by lipid droplets have been evaluated. The “membrane profile concentration” (i.e. the average number of microns of smooth reticulum profiles per square micron of cytoplasm) has been also measured. The most significant ultrastructural differences between the cells of the two zones concern the mitochondria, the lipid droplets, and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria show typical lamellar cristae in the elements of the zona glomerulosa, and vesicular cristae in the cells of the zona fasciculata. They occupy the same relative volume in both elements. The lipid droplets and the smooth reticulum show no qualitative differences in the two cell types, but they are found in a larger amount in the cells of the zona fasciculata. These ultrastructural findings are discussed in relation to the numerous biochemical data, suggesting that the cells of the zona glomerulosa are resting elements at birth, while the cells of the zona fasciculata are active steroid-secreting elements already in late gestation.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalins ; Neuropeptides ; Neurohemal organ ; Immunogold ; Electron microscopy ; Carcinus maenas, Uca pugilator, Eriocheir sinensis (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Leu-enkephalin containing secretory granules were demonstrated in axon terminals of immunogoldlabeled electron-microscopic sections of the sinus gland of three brachyuran crustaceans. These granules have a diameter of 120+-15 nm and differ in electron density from those located in adjacent terminals containing hyperglycemic or molt-inhibiting hormone. These neurohormones do not show co-localization with leu-enkephalin. The cross-reactivity of leu-enkephalin antiserum with met-enkephalin is less than 1%. The sinus glands of the three species examined show no immunoreactivity for FMRF-amide. A modulatory activity of endogenous enkephalin by paracrine mechanisms is suggested.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basic fibroblast growth factor ; Regeneration ; Degeneration ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Masseter muscle ; Myoneural junction ; Mouse (dystrophic mdx)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-like immunoreactivity in the masseter muscle of dystrophic mdx mice on postnatal day 28 was investigated by immunoblot analysis and electron microscopy. Crude homogenate of the masseter muscle, when subjected to immunoblotting with a bFGF antiserum, exhibited a main band with the same molecular weight (18 kDa) as bovine bFGF. By electron microscopy, bFGF immunoreactivity was detected in small regenerating myocytes; the smaller cells were the premature myocytes, the most intense staining was the immunoreactivity within the cytoplasm. Putative precursors of the muscle cells with a few myofilaments, which were most intensely labeled with anti-bFGF, contacted each other and possibly developed into multinucleated myocytes through cell fusion. Mature myocytes with densely packed myofilaments and peripherally located nuclei did not exhibit bFGF immunoreactivity; they formed myoneural junctions with motor nerve endings immunoreactive for bFGF. Early differentiating myocytes with intense bFGF-like immunoreactivity did not make contact with immunoreactive nerve terminals. Degenerating large myocytes with a limited number of distorted and/or disrupted myofilaments exhibited electron-dense deposits in the cristae of mitochondria; these deposits were not abolished by immunoadsorption control experiments. Thus, the cell-size-dependent decrease in bFGF immunoreactivity in regenerating but not in degenerating myocytes provides a morphological basis for an autoregulatory role of bFGF in muscle regeneration. This study suggests that neuronal bFGF is not involved in initial muscle regeneration in the dystrophic mdx mouse.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian nerves ; Development ; Folliculogenesis ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sympathetic neurotransmitters have been shown to be present in the ovary of the rat during early postnatal development and to affect steroidogenesis before the ovary becomes responsive to gonadotropins, and before the first primordial follicles are formed. This study was undertaken to determine if development of the ovarian innervation is an event that antedates the initiation of folliculogenesis in the rat, Rattus norvegicus. Serial sections of postnatal ovaries revealed a negligible frequency of follicles 24 h after birth (about 1 primordial follicle per ovary). Twelve hours later there were about 500 follicles per ovary, a number that more than doubled to about 1300 during the subsequent 12 h, indicating that an explosive period of follicular differentiation occurs between the end of postnatal days 1 and 2. Electron microscopy demonstrated that before birth the ovaries are already innervated by fibers containing clear and dense-core vesicles. Immunohistochemistry performed on either fetal (day 19) or newborn (less than 15h after birth) ovaries showed the presence of catecholaminergic nerves, identified by their content of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis. While some of these fibers innervate blood vessels, others are associated with primordial ovarian cells, thereby suggesting their participation in non-vascular functions. Since prefollicular ovaries are insensitive to gonadotropins, the results suggest that the developing ovary becomes subjected to direct neurogenic influences before it acquires responsiveness to gonadotropins.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 398-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Newborn rat ; Electron microscopy ; Lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structural changes of the zona juxtamedullaris of the rat adrenal cortex at birth, have been examined by the light and the electron microscope. In this zone clusters of medullary cells lying among the strands of cortical tissue were observed. In the inner portion of the zona juxtamedullaris two types of adrenocortical cells were found: light and very-dark cells. The latter are smaller than the light cells and are always in close connection with the medullary tissue. The ultrastructural features of the very-dark cells suggest that these elements are in degeneration. This finding supports the hypothesis that at birth there is a partial degeneration of the rat zona juxtamedullaris, i.e. the zone corresponding to the “fetal zone” of some mammalian species. It is proposed that in all mammalian species at birth there is a partial regression of the zona juxtamedullaris and that the regression of the “fetal zone” is only the quantitative increase of this phenomenon. This hypothesis is discussed in relation to numerous data demonstrating that there are enzymatic conditions in the rat during fetal life, which permit a discrete hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 341-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Brain ; Insects ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the brain of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, the beta lobes of the corpora pedunculata respond with an intense positive reaction to a specific fluorescence histochemical method for catecholamines. The fluorescence reaction disappears completely after prolonged treatment of the cockroaches with reserpine. An ultrastructural examination of the beta lobes in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed preparations reveals the presence of two types of fibres: 1) Fibres and nerve endings containing small clear vesicles and sligthly larger vesicles with a semi-dense content. The appearance and size distribution of these vesicles ist not affected by treatment with reserpine. 2) Fibres containing larger and denser vesicles, but practically no clear vesicles. The size distribution of these dense vesicles is only slightly affected by treatment of the cockroaches with reserpine. If brain slices are incubated in a medium containing noradrenaline or α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixed in permanganate, small vesicles with electron-dense central cores show up, similar to those which have been described in vertebrate adrenergic nerve fibres (“small granular vesicles”). They are confined to one of the two types of fibres (a and b) visible in these preparations, namely to type b, whose correspondence with type 2 fibres of formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed preparations is discussed.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 345-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptor ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der Photorezeptorzellen in der Epidermis, in kleineren Nervenästen und im Zerebralganglion von Lumbricus terrestris wurde untersucht. Das Vorhandensein eines zentralen, intrazellulären Lumens (Phaosom), das mit Mikrozotten gefüllt ist, erinnert in der Struktur der Photorezeptorzelle des Regenwurms an Lichtsinneszellen von Hirudo. Außer Mikrozotten findet man im Phaosom einige Zilien vom Typ 9×2+0; solche Zilien sind von den Mikrozotten strukturell unabhängig. Durch eine Aufzweigung des Phaosoms in kleinere Buchten, die tief in das umgebende Zytoplasma eindringen, erhält es ein labyrinthartiges Aussehen. Glatte Zisternen in Gruppen von 2 bis 5 wurden oft um das Phaosom im Zytoplasma beobachtet. Charakteristische Bestandteile der Zelle sind noch Vesikel und Vakuolen, die mit einer Substanz von wechselnder Elektronendichte gefüllt sind. Die Photorezeptorzellen werden von Gliazellen und Gliafortsätzen umgeben, die an vielen Stellen die Zelloberfläche tief einstülpen (Trophospongium).
    Notes: Summary Photoreceptor cells in the epidermis and nerve branches of the prostomium and in the cerebral ganglion of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with the electron microscope. The photoreceptor cell is similar to the visual cell of Hirudo by having a central intracellular cavity (phaosome) filled with microvilli. Besides microvilli, several sensory cilia can also be found in the phaosome but they are structurally independent of the microvilli. A gradual branching of the phaosome cavity into smaller cavities makes its sectional profile extremely labyrinthic. Flattened smooth-surfaced cisternae in stacks of 2 to 5 are frequently observed around the phaosome. Characteristic constituents of the cytoplasm are vesicles and vacuoles filled with a substance of varying density. The photoreceptor cell is covered by glial cells or by their processes which at many places deeply invaginate the cell surface (trophospongium).
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 176-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Salamandra maculosa ; Neuronal elements ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwischen den eigentlichen Ependymzellen des Zentralkanals adulter Feuersalamander kommen amphorenartig gestaltete Elemente vor, die sich aufgrund ihrer synaptischen Kontakte mit Axonendigungen als Neurone identifizieren lassen. Diese intraependymalen Nervenzellen weisen einen apikalen Fortsatz auf, der sich mit einer warzen- oder knotenförmigen Protrusion in das Lumen des Zentralkanals erstreckt. Die Protrusion ist gewöhnlich mit stereozilienartigen Ausläufern besetzt. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der beschriebenen neuronalen Elemente konnte bisher nicht geklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the canalis centralis of adult salamanders was examined by electron microscopy. Between the ependymal cells occur amphora-like elements identifiable as neurons by their synaptic contacts with axon terminals. These intraependymal nerve cells exhibit an apical outgrowth extending into the lumen of the canalis centralis with a wart-like or knob-like protrusion. The latter usually bears extensions resembling stereocilia. The functional significance of the neuronal elements is still unknown.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 515-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cuticle ; Rotifer ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of developing Asplanchna brightwelli embryos support the following hypothetical scheme of cuticle formation. First the external hypodermal membrane invaginates, and deposition of a dense intracellular layer commences next to this membrane. Then the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes fibrous protein which is transferred to the Golgi complex. Here polysaccharide is synthesized and added to the protein, and the resulting filamentous complex is enclosed in large irregularly shaped vesicles which bud off from the Golgi elements. Maturation of the filamentous material to condensed cuticle material occurs as the vesicles move to the invaginations. Each vesicle fuses with an invagination, thus forming a hypodermal bulb; then the cuticle material is discharged through the neck of the bulb to its extracellular location. After the bulbs are formed, new, smaller, spherical vesicles begin to bud off from the Golgi elements. They too contain the filamentous complex which is refined to condensed cuticle material as the vesicles near the bulb. These vesicles fuse with the hypodermal bulbs contributing the cuticle and membrane necessary for the growth of the hypodermis of the embryo and newborn animal. Ruthenium red staining has confirmed that the cuticle consists of glycoprotein.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Ageing ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological counterpart of the well-known age-dependent marked impairment of glucocorticoid secretion of rat adrenals was investigated by use of morphometric techniques. For this purpose 4-, 8-, 16- and 24-month-old rats were studied. Despite the notable lowering of both basal and ACTH-stimulated production of corticosterone by collagenase-dispersed inner adrenocortical cells, ACTH and corticosterone plasma concentrations displayed significant increases with ageing. Zona fasciculata (ZF) and zona reticularis (ZR) showed a notable hypertrophy in aged rats, which was due to rises in both the average volume and number of their parenchymal cells. The hypertrophy of ZF and ZR cells was in turn associated with increase in the volume of the mitochondrial compartment and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, i.e., the two organelles involved in steroid-hormone synthesis. All these morphologic changes, conceivably due to the chronic exposure to high levels of circulating ACTH, are interpreted as a response enabling ZF and ZR to compensate for their age-dependent lowering in glucocorticoid secretion. Stereology also demonstrated that ZF and ZR cells underwent a striking age-related lipid-droplet repletion. Lipid droplets are the intracellular stores of cholesterol esters, the obligate precursors of steroid hormones in rats. This finding is in keeping with the contention that the mechanism underlying the age-dependent decline in rat-adrenal glucocorticoid secretion mainly involves impairments of the utilization of intracellular cholesterol previous to its intramitochondrial transformation to pregnenolone.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Small intestine ; Large intestine ; External muscle layer ; Immunohistochemistry ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the external layers of human small and large intestine macrophage-like cells were characterized by immunohistochemical, histochemical and electronmicroscopical methods. Using immunohistochemistry and a number of monoclonal antibodies, the presence and distribution of phenotypic subpopulations of macrophages were evaluated. In all locations macrophage-like cells were identified with antibody EBM11, which recognizes CD68 antigen, C3bi which recognizes CD11b, and partly with an antibody which recognizes protein 150,95 (CD11c). Macrophage-like cells in the external muscle layer were HLA-DR-positive (expressing the MHC class-II antigen), in contrast to macrophage-like cells in the subserosa and submucosa. Macrophage-like cells in the external muscle layer were mostly acid phosphatase-negative, and at the electron-microscopic level they were found to have features of macrophages: primary lysosomes, coated vesicles and pits. However, very few secondary lysosomes were present. Birbeck granules were not observed. It is concluded that in the external muscle layer of human small and large intestine numerous macrophages of a special type are present. It is discussed whether this cell type plays a role in gastrointestinal motility and/or has an immunological function.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 321-335 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teeth ; Cementum ; Cementoblasts ; Matrix production ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study describes the formative process of the initiation of cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC) in still growing human teeth. From 29 premolars and molars with incomplete roots developed to 60–90% of their final length, 8 premolars (with roots formed to three quarters of their final length) were selected for electron-microscopic investigation. All teeth were clinically intact and prefixed in Karnovsky's fixative immediately after extraction. Most of them were decalcified in ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and the apical part of the roots was divided axially into mesial and distal portions that were subdivided in about 5 slices each. Following osmication and embedding in Epon, these blocks were cut for light- and electron-microscopic examination. In addition, 5 teeth with incomplete roots were freed from organic material and processed for scanning electron microscopy. It was found that CIFC-initiation commenced very close to the advancing root edge and resulted in a rapid cementum thickening. Thereafter, appositional growth continued on the already established cementum surface. Large, basophilic and rough endoplasmic reticulum-rich cementoblasts, some of which became cementocytes, were responsible for both fast and slow CIFC-formation. The CIFC-matrix was free of Sharpey's fibers and composed of more or less organized intrinsic collagen fibrils, in part fibril bundles, that ran roughly parallel to the root surface. Initially, the cementum fibrils intermingled with those of the dentinal collagen fibrils, which were not yet mineralized. This boundary subsequently underwent calcification. The development of collagen fibril bundles and their extracellular arrangement were associated with cytoplasmic processes probably involved in fibril formation and fibril assembly. Many cementoblasts contained intracytoplasmic, membrane-bounded collagen fibrils, which probably were related to fibril formation rather than degradation.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 385-389 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Macrophages ; Development, ontogenic ; Electron microscopy ; Testis ; (Rat Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Testicular macrophages and Leydig cells from adult animals are known to be functionally coupled. For example, secreted products from macrophages stimulate testosterone secretion by Leydig cells. In adult rat testes, structural coupling also exists between these cells. This coupling consists of cytoplasmic projections from Leydig cells located within cytoplasmic invaginations of macrophages. Although macrophages are known to exist in the testis in immature animals, it is not known when these digitations develop. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the time of their development coincides with known maturational events that occur in Leydig cells, particularly during the peripubertal period. Testes from rats at 20, 30 and 40-days-of-age as well as testes from mature rats weighing more than 500 gm were prepared for ultrastructural analysis. It was found that digitations form between 20 and 30-days-of-age. These structures varied from simple tubular projections to complicated branched structures, suggesting that digitations are more than simple invaginations of microvilli into coated vesicles as previously described. Subplasmalemmal linear densities were also observed within macrophages juxtaposed to Leydig cells. Collagen was commonly observed between macrophages and Leydig cells in animals 20 days old. These studies demonstrate that although macrophages are present in the testis in maximal numbers at 20 days-of-age, they do not form junctions with Leydig cells until day 30. This is just prior to the major increase in secretory activity of rat Leydig cells that occurs during puberty.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine ; Interstitial cells ; Pacemaker ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interstitial cells associated with the deep muscular plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine were studied by electron microscopy, and three-dimensional cell models were reconstructed from serial ultrathin sections with a computer graphic system. Three types of cells were recognized. The first type was similar in shape to smooth muscle cells, but did not contain an organized contractile apparatus. Many large gap junctions comprising about 4% of the cell surface were present; they connected cells of the first type to each other, to the second type of cell and to smooth muscle cells of the outer circular layer. The second type of cell had a welldemarcated cell body with long slender processes and was characterized by a large amount of glycogen comprising about 9% of the cell volume. The third type of cell was similar to fibroblasts, and contained well-developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic retiulum. Some of these fibroblast-like cells (a possible subtype) formed small gap junctions. All three types of cells showed close relationships with nerve varicosities. This cellular network consisting of gap-junction-rich cells, glycogen-rich cells and smooth muscle cells may be involved in the pacemaking activity of intestinal movement.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 239-245 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder ; Epithelial desquamation ; TPA ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Donryu)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is known to affect the proliferation and/or differentiation of several types of cells. We injected TPA directly into the lumen of rat bladder to determine, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, its effects on the bladder epithelium in vivo. At 1 h after TPA injection (1μg/ml), the superficial cells of the epithelium had changed their morphology, and large spherical vacuoles occupied their cytoplasm. In some areas, the underlying intermediate cells were exposed by the desquamation of the superficial cells. During the next few hours, TPA was excreted from the bladder lumen by voluntary micturition, but the desquamation of the superficial cells proceeded further. All the superficial cells were lost from the luminal surface by 24 h after TPA injection. The changes noted were specific for the superficial cells and were not observed in the intermediate or basal cells. After 24h, part of the epithelium had a three-layer structure, indicating that regeneration was taking place. These results demonstrate that TPA selectively affects and desquamates superficial cells in a short period of time. This experimental system may be useful for studying in vivo cell proliferation and/or differentiation.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: ATPase ; UTPase ; Electron microscopy ; Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis ; Gomphrena globosa ; Histochemistry ; Hordeum distichon ; Monstera deliciosa ; Phloem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary For the histochemical localization of nucleoside triphosphatases at the electron microscopic level, prefixed tissues were incubated with lead nitrate in addition to substrate (GOMORI reaction). While ATP and UTP as substrates gave electron-dense reaction products at the plasmalemma of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma cells, and at plasmodesmata in primary pitfields, AMP gave reaction products only at the tonoplast of parenchyma cells. Since electron-dense deposits also occur in cell walls and vacuoles, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was used to distinguish between lead deposits and lead-phosphate deposits. The latter were restricted to the symplast. Among the three plant species used, the leaf bundle phloem ofHordeum distichon showed ATPase activity largely restricted to the phloem cells, except for the thickwalled sieve tubes. Some activity also bordered the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells. In the C4 plantGomphrena globosa, ATPase and UTPase activities appeared to be the greater in phloem parenchyma cells than in sieve tubes. In the phloem of youngMonstera deliciosa roots, ATPase occurred not only at the plasmalemma of sieve tubes, but also around sieve-tube plastids. When compared with AMP as substrate, it appears that nucleoside triphosphates are the natural substrates of the enzyme(s) in the plasmalemma of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma cells.
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