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  • Articles  (13,395)
  • American Physical Society  (7,418)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (13,395)
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  • Articles  (13,395)
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  • 2010-2014  (5,248)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetostatic wave devices for UHF band applications (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 285-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Magnetostatic surface wave (MSSW) devices made with pure and gallium-substituted yttrium-iron garnet (Ga:La-YIG) films are described. These devices include nondispersive and dispersive delay lines, band-pass filters, oscillators, and resonators. By controlling the magnitude of the bias magnetic field and the temperature of operation, it is possible to tune these devices over a wide frequency range extending from 0.3 to 4 GHz and from 3 to 18 GHz using Ga:La-YIG and pure YIG films, respectively. These devices could be used in pulse compression radar, microscan receivers, complicated Fourier transform processors, and fundamental oscillator circuits. In this paper, we briefly show results for pure YIG devices tunable in C and X bands and discuss, in detail, the performance of the Ga:La-YIG devices for UHF applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600086
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MSW devices for EW receiver applications (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 301-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Conclusion Significant improvements are required in the performance of MSW dispersive delay lines and filter banks before they are ready for systems application. Typically delay lines with bandwidths of 1 GHz or greater, differential delays in the range 200 ns to 1μs, and minimum phase errors (〈±1 °) are required for large (∿40 dB) dynamic range compressive receivers. However, techniques are evolving (see rest of this issue) in this relatively new area of technology which will allow systems performance requirements on phase errors to be met. Possible approaches to low phase error dispersive delay lines include reflective arrays, stepped ground planes, and multiple YIG films. The stepped ground plane technique is the most advanced and uses an optimization approach to the delay-line design, which results in a minimum phase error [20]. Ultimately the minimum achievable phase error will be limited by reflections from transducers and multiple mode effects in the delay lines. The MSW compressive receiver requires parallel advances in high-speed digital processing techniques to achieve its full potential. The MSW filter bank provides a simple channelization technique applicable up to approximately 20 GHz. Narrowband channels with 10 dB insertion loss, 3 dB bandwidths of 10 to 40 MHz, and 50 dB bandwidths of 30 to 120 MHz are possible with the already demonstrated techniques. Broader bandwidth channels in the range 50 to 200 MHz with flat passband response require improved transducer design techniques. The channelized receiver does not require extremely high-speed operations but, since a large number of channels are involved, size and cost become very significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600087
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the mechanism of transient instability of power systems (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 413-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In recent studies, it has been verifiedheuristically andexperimentally (via simulations) that instability in power systems due to a fault occurs when one machine or a group of machines, called thecritical group, loses synchronism with the remaining machines. Using energy functions associated with a critical group (rather than system-wide functions), transient stability results which are less conservative than other existing results, have been obtained. The existence and identity of a critical group is ascertained in these studies byoff-line simulations. In this paper, we present results, for power systems with uniform damping, which establishanalytically theexistence and theidentity of the critical group of machines due to a given fault. We also present a result to determine estimates of the domain of attraction of asymptotically stable equilibrium points in power systems. The results presented herein can potentially be usedon-line to determine which machines belong to a critical group, and to use this information for corrective action (e.g.,shedding of the critical generators orfast valving for these generators). The applicability of the present results is demonstrated by means of a specific example (a 162-bus, 17-generator model of the power network of the State of Iowa).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605428
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arma spectral estimation based on partial autocorrelations — Part II: Statistical analysis (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 367-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous paper [1], a new algorithm for ARMA spectral estimation of stationary time series has been presented. The algorithm is based on nonlinear least squares fit of the sample partial autocorrelations to the partial autocorrelations generated by the assumed ARMA model. This paper explores the statistical properties of the above algorithm, including some numerical examples of the asymptotic variance of the estimated parameters, as compared to the Cramer-Rao bound. The results confirm the good performance of the algorithm and suggest an improvement in its implementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605426
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MSW applications for phased array antennas (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 335-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A potential application of MSW technology lies in the area of time delay for future low-sidelobe wide-bandwidth phased array antennas. High-precision MSW electronically tunable analog time-delay units in transmit/receive modules in phased arrays have the potential of greatly enhancing antenna system capabilities, by increasing instantaneous operating bandwidth and decreasing sidelobe levels, over phased array systems using only phase shifters or switched lines for beam steering and control. This paper provides a status report of MSW time delays for such arrays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600089
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of FIR filters with reduced computations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a symmetric nonrecursive filter can be improved by multiple use of the same filter. The method is based on an Amplitude Change Function (ACF). An approach to the design of nonrecursive filters using an ACF is discussed in this paper. The prototype filter chosen is a Recursive Running Sum (RRS) filter which does not require any multipliers for its implementation. The required filter specifications are met by multiple use of the RRS filters. The overall filter requires a much smaller number of multiplications and adders than the one designed using the conventional method. It is shown that this method provides reduced noise due to coefficient quantization and product quantization compared with the conventional design technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598743
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical analysis of two nonlinear least-squares estimators of sine-wave parameters in the colored-noise case (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper establishes the large-sample accuracy properties of two nonlinear least-squares estimators (NLSE) of sine-wave parameters: the basic NLSE, which ignores the possible correlation of the noise, and the optimal NLSE, which, besides the sine-wave parameters, also estimates the noise correlation (appropriately parametrized). It is shown that these two NLS estimators have thesame accuracy in large samples. This result provides complete justification for preferring the computationally less expensive basic NLSE over the “optimal” NLSE. Both estimators are shown to achieve the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) as the sample size increases. A simple explicit expression for the CRB matrix is provided, which should be useful in studying the performance of sine-wave parameter estimators designed to work in the colored-noise case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598742
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of two-dimensional losslessm-Ports with prescribed scattering matrix (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 97-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Multidimensional lossless networks are of special interest for use as reference structures for multidimensional wave digital filters [l]–[3]. The starting point of the presented synthesis procedure for two-dimensional representatives of the networks mentioned is a scattering matrix description of the desired multiport. This given matrix is assumed to have those properties which have turned out to be necessary [9], [10] for any scattering matrix of a multidimensional lossless network. The method presented for the synthesis of 2-D reactancem-ports is based mainly on known properties of block-companion matrices and the factorization of a univariable rational matrix which is discrete para-Hermitian and nonnegative definite on the unit circle. The resulting network always contains only a minimal number of frequency-dependent building elements. No restrictions are made concerning the coefficients of the rational entries of the scattering matrix; they may be either real or complex, so as to include even complex networks which are of special interest for multi-dimensional wave digital filters [3].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598747
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systems which possessg- andh- Representations (1989)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 145-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Examples are given concerning the range of applicability of recent representation results that provide a means of studying the input-output properties of nonlinear systems in terms of the familiar impulse-response concept, and which extend the concept of integral transformation to nonlinear maps. We show that such representations, which we call “g-” and “h-representations,” exist for important classes of systems governed by nonlinear integral equations. In particular, it is proved that a large class of maps that have Volterra series representations also have these representations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599935
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory of MSW transducers (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 41-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This is a review of two electrical equivalent circuits for multi-element magnetostatic wave transducers. The two circuit models are identified as a transmission line and a two terminal model. Both models have been extended to all three principal MSW modes of propagation to the point where computer programs have been written to plot phase and amplitude response as measured by commercial network analyzers. A review is provided of the basic assumptions, similarities and differences, advantages and disadvantages, and limitations of the two models. The useful range of them covers many cases of practical interest in the one to twelve Ghz frequency range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600072
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetostatic surface wave straight-edge resonators (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of the magnetostatic surface wave straight-edge resonator (MSSW-SER) is presented. The resonator uses a rectangular YIG film to propagate MSSWs where the straight edge serves as a reflector. Problems arising from coupling to width mode resonances and their effect on the main resonance are investigated. Through a careful choice of YIG and transducer parameters, the interference effects of the width mode resonances with the main resonance are minimized. As a result, highQ tunable microwave resonators with a tuning range from 2–20 GHz, insertion loss less than 10 dB, and spurious rejection better than 10 dB could be designed and fabricated. This MSSW resonator could be used to construct a tunable low-phase-noise feedback oscillator. However, the tuning range of this MSW feedback oscillator is limited by the phase change of the external amplifier circuit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600080
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linear feedback system design (1983)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 35-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Via fractional representation methods, this paper tries to clarify the role of various conditions used in the feedback system design and stability with respect to the well-posedness of the system, the existence of a solution for stability and design, and the parameterization of the set of complete solutions. The design criterion for stable feedback system design can be used for filters design, as shown in Section 5. Systems to be considered in this paper include the linear time-varying case and results can easily be extended to the case where systems do not have the same number of inputs and outputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598142
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the existence of self-excited oscillations in systems with discontinuous elements (1983)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 57-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conditions are established which ensure the existence (or non-existence) of limit cycles in feedback systems containing discontinuous elements or elements with hysteresis. The results are applied to a specific example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598144
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consistent initial conditions for singular nonlinear systems (1983)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Conclusion A necessary condition for consistent initial conditions for singular nonlinear systems has been discussed. It is shown that for linear systems or systems of index less than three these conditions are equivlaent to previously reported results. However, for nonlinear systems of index greater than two these new conditions correct those previously reported. One consequence is that Euler's method may fail to estimate solutions for some semi-state equations. R. W. Newcomb's provision of an earlier version of [14] and subsequent correspondence is gratefully acknowledged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598143
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scattering and admittance matrices of SAW transducers (1983)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 161-177 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Thep-plane scattering and admittance matrices of SAW transducers consisting ofn equal sections modeled through the hybrid equivalent circuit are explicitly calculated. The results are specialized to the in-line and crossed-field models, and the technique is developed for unequal section transducers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599156
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the properties of linear spectral transformations for 2-dimensional digital filters (1983)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 203-211 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A set of eight linear spectral transformations which can be used in the design of two-dimensional digital filters is studied from a group-theoretic point of view. Several properties of the transformations, some of them known and some of them new, are deduced and are then applied in the implementation of 2-D digital filters. It is shown that trade-offs exist which can be used to reduce either the amount of memory required for the programming or the amount of data manipulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599159
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new negative resistance oscillator model (1983)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 213-238 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A physically justifiable mathematical model is proposed for a class of current-controlled, negative resistance oscillators having terminal characteristics which are poorly represented by the van der Pol, Scott, and Ceschia-Zecchin equations. Such resonators are typified by the monolithic emitter-coupled astable multivibrator (ECAM). A unique, three-parameter equation, based on the inverse hyperbolic tangent, is matched to the ECAM voltage-current curve. Using the method of Kryloff and Bogoliuboff, the transient and steady-state behavior of the ECAM is derived for oscillation with single-mode and double-mode LCR networks under quasi-linear conditions. An expression for the time of amplitude build-up and decay is derived. A phase plane is constructed for the double-mode case, yielding a system apparently free of simultaneous modes. The validity of the model is experimentally verified for quartz-controlled ECAM devices. The analysis results are extendable ton resonant modes and may be generalized to voltage-controlled devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599160
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-resolution spectral analysis using multiple-interval adaptive prediction (1983)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 421-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of adaptively detecting two sinusoids corrupted by noise is considered, with emphasis on resolution properties. The approach is to form a spectral estimate from the coefficients of a Δ-step-ahead adaptive predictor. A theoretical analysis reveals that attention to the choice of the prediction horizon Δ gives a distinct improvement in the spectral estimate and in the resolution of the signals. The theoretical results are illustrated with numerical examples. Comparisons with previously suggested techniques are also made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599163
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    The technology of YIG film growth (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 89-103 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents in a condensed form, a review of information regarding the technology of yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12 — YIG) film growth for MSW applications. The method used for film growth is liquid phase epitaxy from a molten solution of PbO/B2O3 into which Y2O3 and Fe2O3 have been added. There are five sections to the paper. The first is an introduction to the crystalline and magnetic features found in YIG. A short second section deals with growth techniques and apparatus. In a third section the melt composition, conditions of growth and homogeneity of as grown material are explored. Growth temperatures varying from 848° C to 998° C have been shown to successfully produce YIG films. Possible sources of MSW loss are explored in the fourth section. It is seen that material contamination and physical irregularities may have a negative effect onΔH. The final section summarizes the state in which YIG film production now stands. The finding is that although usable films are producible routinely, intrinsic performance is not yet achievable on a regular basis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600074
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Special issue on magnetostatic waves and applications to signal processing (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 5-7 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600070
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Dispersive delay at gigahertz frequencies using magnetostatic waves (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 115-135 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Magnetostatic waves are intrinsically suited for use in microwave dispersive delay lines, because they are readily generated at high frequencies and their velocity is frequency dependent. Here we review progress toward meeting the systems requirement that the delay time be linear in frequency. Magnetostatic waves can approach this condition if a ground plane is nearby or if two or more ferrite layers are present; with forward volume waves one may also use a dispersive reflecting array, as is done with surface acoustic waves. The use of a properly shaped ground plane gives the lowest phase errors so far measured (±16° over 0.6 GHz); multiple ferrite layers show promise of allowing the greatest delay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600076
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Q-factor for an MSW delay-line based oscillator (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical derivation of theQ-factor of an MSW delay-line based oscillator is presented which is based on a rigorous, classical definition of theQ-factor of a resonator. The theory takes into account (1) the propagation loss in the delay line, (2) the transduction losses at the input and output transducers of the delay line, (3) the delay times in the delay line and the circuit external to the delay line, and (4) the loading of the oscillator. While the present work was done with MSW in mind, the results are generally applicable to all delay-line based oscillators and would, for instance, apply to the SAW delay-line based oscillators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600082
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  • 23
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    Magnetostatic wave convolvers (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 253-263 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews recent theoretical results, and reports initial experimental results, on the convolution of contra-propagating magnetostatic forward volume waves (MSFVWs), in the form of cw signals or time-limited cw pulses, in an epitaxial yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film. Computations of the convolver bilinearity factorF int indicate an efficient convolution process over a wide bandwidth, with values ofF int that are of the same order as, or better than, the reported experimental results for MSW convolution in a YIG cylindrical or plate geometry. The values of Fint determined experimentally are in excellent agreement with theory. These results are of interest to microwave system developers particularly if bandwidths of 1 GHz or larger can be realized in practice. A limiting feature of magnetostatic wave (MSW) convolvers is that the maximum delay time of a delay line that is realizable without excessive insertion loss is in the order of 0.5μs. The advantage of MSW convolvers, of course, lies in their ability to perform signal processing directly at microwave frequencies, and in applications such as electronic warfare the advantageously large bandwidths would mitigate the limitations in delay time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600084
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Wavenumber support regions for arbitrary arrays (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 439-457 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We set out a procedure for defining the region of wavenumber support relevant for maximum entropy spectral estimation of a noise field incident on a planar array. We consider first linear, nonequispaced arrays, and argue that the problem of defining a region of wavenumber support is only well-posed when either position uncertainty for the array elements is postulated, or phase uncertainty in the measurement of the signals at the array elements is postulated, or one acknowledges that a polar diagram that is almost periodic defines an aliasing frequency in virtually the same way as a polar diagram which is periodic. For planar arrays, the region of wavenumber support can be approximately circular but in general has to be defined with reference to the particular array.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01601795
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Design criterion for zero-input asymptotic overflow-stability of recursive digital filters in the presence of quantization (1985)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 485-502 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the zero-input stability properties of the exact second-order recursive digital filter having both overflow and quantization non-linearities. Two examples demonstrate the adverse influence of quantization on the overflow-stability property of the filter. Three sets of conditions are presented to ensure asymptotic overflow-stability in the presence of quantization. Using these criteria, various regions in the coefficient plane corresponding to different minimum internal wordlengths required to ensure the non-interaction of overflow and quantization are derived. These results thus form a useful design criterion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01601797
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  • 26
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    ARMA spectral estimation based on partial autocorrelations (1983)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 341-360 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new method for estimating the coefficients of autoregressive moving-average parameters of stationary time series. The method is based on computing the sample autocorrelations of the given time series and fitting an ARMA model so as to approximate the partial autocorrelations in a least-squares sense. When the given time series are characterized by spectral zeroes near the unit circle, they tend to have relatively long sequences of nonzero partial autocorrelations; hence the new method is especially effective in such cases. This paper contains a derivation of all necessary mathematical details, as well as several numerical examples illustrating the performance.
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    Feedback system design: The single-variate case — Part II (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 3-34 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Summary of Part I The present article represents a survey of a new frequency domain approach to the feedback system design problem. Although the theory applies to the general multivariate case and, in fact, much of the theory can be extended to a general ring theoretic setting for the purpose of the present exposition we will restrict ourselves to the single-variate case wherein the simple algebraic nature of the new theory is most readily apparent. In Part I1 we introduced the concept of a stable rational fractional representation for a feedback system and derived an asymptotic design theory therefrom. This included a complete parameterization for the set of compensators which stabilize the system under appropriate tracking and/or disturbance rejection constraints. Moreover, expressions for the feedback system gains of the resulting system which are linear (actually affine) in the underlying design parameter are obtained. As such, the process of choosing a specific design within this set to meet additional specifications is greatly simplified. In Part II we investigate a number of these constraints. These include the robust design problem, transfer function design, the pole placement problem, the simultaneous design problem, and the problem of designing a stable stabilizing compensator.
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    On the anti-sidetone telephone circuit (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 99-117 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The anti-sidetone telephone circuit is a frequency-independent passive reciprocal 3-port whose scattering matrix between three prescribed resistive terminations (transmitter, receiver, line) meets a certain specification. In their 1920 paper, Campbell and Foster (CF) showed that the prescribed 3-port can be realized as a lossless 4-port consisting in two 3-winding transformers closed on one resistance (the balancing network). If one (two) relations are imposed between the terminating resistances of the 4-port, realizations involving a single 3-winding (2-winding) transformer are available, and the resulting 136 (38) distinct realizations have been listed by CF. In this paper, we reestablish the CF-results (which were stated almost without proof in their paper and have never been rediscussed in the literature) and present a genetic classification of their 136 + 38 circuits. Recently, a realization of the anti-sidetone 3-port containing more than one internal resistance (in addition to the balancing network, a light-emitting diode serves to illuminate the dial) has been described by D. R. Means; in this paper, we present a complete characterization of that wider class of circuits.
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    A semi-nonsingular sampled data model of a delayor (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 155-160 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A differential operational amplifier with reverse switched and fixed capacitors produces a semi-nonsingular sampled data system which leads to a delayed sample and hold signal. Such a device can be suitably applied to a compensating resonant low-pass filter which is derived within theclass of Rader-Gold transforms. The resonant low-pass filter application demonstrates that analog transfer functions with bounded spectrums can be converted to accurate digital spectrum counterparts without pole-zero decompositions.
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    Realization of a multivariable positive real function with polynomial derivative being a reactance function (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 239-253 
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    Notes: Abstract Multivariable positive real functions whose polynomial derivatives are reactance functions — a characteristic not possible in the case of single-variable positive real functions — are discussed. It is shown that the input impedances of certain cascaded multivariable networks belong to this class. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a multivariable positive real function with unity degree in each variable to be the input impedance of a resistively-terminated cascade of two lossless two-ports in mutually exclusive variables and separated by a series inductor or a shunt capacitor in another variable are discussed.
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    One canonical form for higher-index linear time-varying singular systems (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 311-326 
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    Notes: Abstract One form of the singular systemAx′+Bx=f is considered. The analytic solution, perturbation, and numerical solution of this form are examined. A class of systems which may be transformed into this form without altering these properties is characterized.
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    An infinite impulse response lattice filter for adaptive line enhancement (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 391-420 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The least-squares lattice filter is used to implement an infinite-impulse-response adaptive filter for the enhancement of narrowband signals in the presence of white or finitely correlated noise. The advantages of infinite impulse response filters for adaptive line enhancement are discussed. The performance of the proposed technique is illustrated by simulation results.
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    New realization of inductances for switched-capacitor filters using voltage inverter switches (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 469-485 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a new design method of inductance simulation for switched-capacitor (SC) filters based on the VIS-SC concept. The resulting circuits have not only the excellent sensitivity behavior of VIS-SC filters, but also the low sensitivity to the main parasitics occuring in the MOS integrated circuit, i.e., the parasitic capacitances between the bottom plates of the implemented capacitors and substrate. As examples, a sixth-order band-pass and a sixth-order band-stop elliptic filter transformed from a third-order low-pass are given. Experimental results agree very well with theory. A brief analysis is given of certain parasitic effects in band-stop filters at the Nyquist frequency.
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    Editorial (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 3-3 
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    Control of magnetostatic waves in thin films by means of spatially nonuniform bias fields (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 63-88 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Although magnetostatic wave devices normally employ spatially uniform magnetic bias, control of important features of the modes is afforded through judicious use of dc field gradients. Such control can be the basis for new forms of microwave signal processors. Gradients in either the field magnitude, direction, or both can be employed to affect wave dispersion or mode spectra. This is done to control prespecified characteristics such as frequency, rf energy distribution, impedance, and the velocity of energy propagation. Very general mathematical analyses of both the forward volume wave and surface wave geometries are developed for cases where the effective magnetic bias has, depending upon the mode, transverse spatial variation along either the ferrite film width or thickness caused by the applied field, saturation magnetization, magnetic anisotropy — or some combination. Computer simulation has been used to obtain eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes when the bias is uniform or nonuniform. The latter cases reveal that a great deal of control over the mode energy distributions can be exercised by the proper choice of gradients. For example, a forward volume wave can be forced to have strong field-displacement characteristics that are either nearly reciprocal or very strongly nonreciprocal.
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    Current status of magnetostatic reflective array filters (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 157-180 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The continual demand for increased performance in modern communication and radar systems in terms of increased bandwidths and higher operating frequencies has led to investigation of novel techniques and technologies for analog signal processing. In particular, surface acoustic waves (SAW) have been extensively exploited with great success to this end, but systems requiring bandwidths greater than 500 MHz and center frequencies greater than 1 GHz have pushed SAW devices near the practical physical limit of the technology. A novel technology promising increased bandwidths at higher frequencies is based on magnetostatic waves (MSW) propagating in epitaxial films such as Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG). These waves can be exploited in devices offering instantaneous bandwidths up to 2.2 GHz at microwave center frequencies from 0.5 to 20 GHz. MSW signal processing technology, based on transversal filtering concepts has been under extensive investigation for the past 10 years. This paper reviews the work that has been done utilizing the MSW technology in conjunction with reflective arrays to achieve practical spectral amplitude and delay modification.
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    Magnetostatic wave resonators and oscillators (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 181-200 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the current status of magnetostatic wave tunable resonators operating between 2 and 12GHz and their applications to microwave oscillators, the wave propagating in a pure yttrium-iron-garnet epi-layer. The first section deals with magnetostatic surface wave (MSSW) resonators consisting of a pair of reflective grooved gratings and two microstrip-transducers set between the gratings. Results on insertion loss, off-resonance frequency rejection andQ value are presented. However MSSW cavities suffer several disadvantages such as the small saturation power level at low frequencies and the difficulty to temperature compensate MSSW devices. These problems are overcome with magnetostatic forward volume waves (MSFVW). Then the second section is devoted to MSFVW resonators. A peculiar folded geometry made of five grooved gratings and two microstrip-transducers has been designed to provide a sufficient out-of-band rejection. The experimental characteristics of these resonators are given. In the last section of this paper are reported the features of tunable oscillators implemented with MSSW and MSFVW resonators in a hybrid configuration. Results about tunability, output power,FM phase noise are reported. MSFVW resonator stabilized oscillators are very promising and magnetostatic wave resonators seem a challenge to YIG spheres.
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    Nonlinear microwave signal-processing devices using thin ferrimagnetic films (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 227-252 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The signal-processing characteristics of signal-to-noise enhancers and frequency-selective limiters are described. Performance of several practical devices is discussed. The theory of below-threshold operation is reviewed. New theoretical results are presented for calculation of threshold power and above-threshold power loss. Frequency selectivity and the consequences of linear losses are calculated for the limiter.
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    Broadband matching of multi-port networks terminated in frequency-dependent loads (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 385-411 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper extends the problem of double-port matching of two frequencydependent non-Foster positive real impedances to that of multi-port matching. Givenn non-Foster positive real impedances and the preassigned transducer power-gain characteristics, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a lossless, reciprocaln-port equalizer terminated in these impedances at the ports satisfying the prescribed transducer power-gain characteristics.
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    Design of two-dimensional half-plane recursive digital filters with octagonal symmetry (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 459-483 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A design method for two-dimensional (2-D) half-plane recursive digital filters is proposed. Constraints in the parameters of the designed transfer function are imposed to ensure octagonal symmetry in the magnitude response. Optimization algorithms are used to minimize thel p norm. The stability of these filters is checked easily by evaluating a small number of predetermined inequalities. Twelve designs are presented to show the characteristics and efficiency of the method proposed.
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    Editorial (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 1-2 
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    The order of complexity of RLC-nullor networks (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 89-98 
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    Notes: Abstract An upper bound on the order of complexity of a solvable RLC-nullor network is found.
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    Envelope-constrained filters with uncertain input (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 131-154 
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    Notes: Abstract In an envelope-constrained filtering problem with uncertain input the set of possible input waveforms and the set of permissible output waveforms are each defined by envelope constraints (time domain inequalities). The object is to find the optimal (minimal norm) inpulse response for which every waveform in the input envelope evokes a response in the output envelope. The problem is solved by extending earlier results for a single specified input. The solution is further extended to allow for unknown-but-bounded errors in the filter realization.
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    Cascade realization of 2-D separable in denominator filters (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 193-201 
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    Notes: Abstract After selecting the most suitable model for the class of two-dimensional quarter-plane-causal, recursive, and separable in denominator (CRSD) filters, a procedure for realizing a cascade system of such filters is developed. The realization utilizes the individual CRSD models constituting the cascade system. An example is given to further illustrate the technique.
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    On an aspect of matched filters in continuous and discrete time (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 269-276 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present an approach for improving the output signal-to-noise power ratio of a discrete-time matched filter by employing a continuous-time filter, even though the continuous-time signal input is imperfectly known. It is shown that is it possible to design a continuous-time filter which is robust to inexact knowledge of the signal input; moreover, the robustness property does not severely compromise performance. In fact, it is shown that the resulting filter possesses an output signal-to-noise power ratio which upper bounds that of the discrete-time filter.
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    An alternate technique for min-max design of multiband finite impulse response digital filters (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 285-309 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The practical issue addressed in this paper is the automated design of FIR multiband digital filters. The specific theoretical filter-design problem addressed is what to do over the transition regions if a min-max design criterion is adopted. The technique suggested consists of formulating the design over the entire band [0,π]. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach versus the use of “don't care” bands are examined. Specific comparisons pertaining to FIR multiband design are presented. The specific contribution of the paper is twofold: (i) A suggestion for the type of functions to use as an objective over the transition regions if a full band [0,π] min-max formulation is to be used. (ii) A design technique for multiband FIR which appears useful in a CAD context. This technique gives results comparable to those obtained with the “don't care” band approach. However, the new procedure requires less user interaction and is thus much easier to automate.
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    Optimum FIR and IIR multistage multirate filter design (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 361-386 
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    Notes: Abstract A theorem is introduced which is useful in deriving equivalent multirate filter structures. Frequency responses of multistage multirate filters are derived and defined by deriving their equivalent one-stage filters. A design principle is proposed to reduce filtering requirements at each stage and move the filter operations to low-sampling-rate stages and thus result in a lower arithmetic rate. Optimum FIR and IIR multistage multirate filter designs are developed based on this principle. The new design has a one-point passband specification for each decimator and/or interpolator stage resulting in a wider transition region and lower filter order. Examples are given to explain the design procedure, and comparisons are made to show the superiority of the new filters.
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    Source-oriented adaptive beamforming (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 487-516 
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    Notes: Abstract A system concept expected to improve sonar multiple target detection and classification performance in severe directional interference environments is presented. Adaptive nulling of undesired strong interference sources and detection of desired weak sources are achieved by utilizing constrained adaptive processing techniquestogether with conventional processing techniques. The adaptive processing functions are incorporated in the overall system architecture in a manner which maintains the computational complexity and storage requirementslinearly proportional to the product of the number of interference sources and the number of adaptive weights per interference source. In addition, a detailed discussion is provided concerning the importance of certaina priori assumptions on constrained adaptive algorithm performance.
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    YIG film characterization for MSW devices (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 105-113 
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    Notes: Abstract An MSW forward volume wave delay line technique for evaluating the properties of as-grown YIG films is described. Presently a qualitative measurement of the effective demagnetizing field including anisotropy contributions is obtained together with a more qualitative estimate of propagation loss. Amplitude ripple or attenuation notches due to MSW to exchange resonance coupling is easily observed. Improvements are suggested which will enable all YIG film parameters relevant to MSW device performance to be obtained.
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    Dispersion control in magnetostatic wave delay lines (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 137-156 
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    Notes: Abstract A major impediment to the realization of practical magnetostatic wave (MSW) devices is the inherent non-linear delay versus frequency characteristics of MSW delay lines. Most device applications require either nondispersive (delay vs. frequency slope=0) or linearly dispersive (delay vs. frequency slope = constant) characteristics. There are four basic approaches to the elimination and/or linearization of MSW dispersion: (1) modification of the magnetic film properties as a function of film thickness, (2) modification of the ground plane geometry, (3) modification of the bias field uniformity, and (4) perturbation of the propagation path surface with metal electrode reflective arrays. In principle all four approaches can yield either linearly dispersive or nondispersive characteristics with a suitable choice of bias field orientation and critical design parameters. These dispersion control techniques are reviewed, and data from recent experiments demonstrating the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches are discussed. To date the most extensive experimental work has been done with the multiple layer (magnetic properties varied as a function of film thickness) and ground-plane spacing techniques. At present the ground-plane spacing technique produces results acceptable for some systems applications, while the multiple-layer approach is still under development.
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    Tunable microwave oscillators employing narrowband MSSW delay lines (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 211-219 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A recently reported experimental study of microwave tunable oscillators employing narrowband magnetostatic-wave (MSW) delay lines is reviewed. The narrowbanding was achieved by usinglifted transducers with magnetostatic surface waves (MSSWs) which yielded a bandwidth of 10 MHz with an insertion loss of less than 20dB. This approach at delay-line narrowbanding does not work as well with the other MSW wave-types because of increased insertion loss. The mode-hopping problem which beset earlier studies of MSW delay-line oscillators was overcome in the present work but now a different problem arose, viz., frequency jumping, which occurred every time the electrical length of the circuit external to the delay line changed by 360 degrees. A maximum tuning range of about 600 MHz was obtained, with this range limited primarily by the Avantek GaAs FET amplifier that was used whose electrical length was equivalent to about 45 cm of air transmission line. It was concluded that, if the electrical length of the external circuit is sufficiently reduced (ideally made zero), singlemode operation over an octave bandwidth or more is possible.
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    Optical signal processing with magnetostatic waves (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 265-284 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Magneto-optical devices based on Bragg diffraction of light by magnetostatic waves (MSWs) offer the potential of large time-bandwidth optical signal processing at microwave frequencies of 1 to 20 GHz and higher. A thin-film integrated-optical configuration, with the interacting MSW and guided-optical wave both propagating in a common ferrite layer, is necessary to avoid shape-factor demagnetization effects. The underlying theory of the MSW-optical interaction is outlined, including the development of expressions for optical diffraction efficiency as a function of MSW power and frequency, device geometry, materials properties, and other relevant parameters. Recent experimental observations of anisotropic Bragg diffraction and collinear TE↔TM mode conversion induced by MSWs in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin films suggest that high-performance MSW integrated-optical devices are feasible. Diffraction levels as large as 4% (7-mm interaction length) and a modulation dynamic range of ∼30 db have been demonstrated. Potential signal processing applications are mentioned, including: spectrum analyzers, convolvers/correlators, deflectors, non-reciprocal optical isolators, and tunable narrowband optical filters. Advantages of these MSW-based devices over the analogous acousto-optical devices include: much greater operating frequencies, tuning through the MSW dispersion relation by varying either the rf frequency or the applied bias magnetic field, simple MSW transducer structures (e.g., a single stripline), and the potential for very high diffraction efficiencies.
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    System applications of magnetostatic wave devices (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 317-334 
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    Notes: Abstract A need for microwave signal processing components ranging from simple delay lines to broadband, complex analog non-recursive transversal filters has led to the exploration of several solid-state technologies. Bulk acoustic delay lines lack spatial signal tapping and have high insertion loss. Electromagnetic delay lines have high insertion loss, limited signal processing capabilities, and are bulky. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices offer excellent signal processing capabilities at VHF/UHF but suffer from excessive loss at microwave frequencies and the requirement for transducers of sub-micron linewidths. However, a signal processing technology based on magnetostatic waves (MSW) propagating on epitaxial yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is emerging to fill microwave signal processing requirements. This paper summarizes the characteristics and status of magnetostatic waves and devices based on MSW, and initial experimental studies of the application of MSW devices to systems, and presents a survey of other potential areas of MSW device applications.
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    Applications of magnetostatic wave technology to EW systems — An assessment (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 351-363 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Current magnetostatic wave technology applicable to EW systems is assessed. Some of the developments currently underway with dispersive and non-dispersive delay lines, tunable oscillators and bandpass filters are examined and projected performance three years from now is given. Various EW applications are then described based on these projections. This includes compressive receivers, “fast call” receivers, phased arrays, scanning receivers, and channelizers. In many instances MSW technology can replace SAW provided further improvements materialize.
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    Simple consequences of the finite time laplace transform analysis of the periodically reversed switched capacitors (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 503-511 
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    Notes: Abstract The Finite Time Laplace Transform unifies the basis of periodically reverse switched capacitors and periodically switched capacitors. Several examples utilizing both of these switched capacitors are given. Both capacitors have additive semi-null functions which are removed by either a staircase input signal or a post-sampler. The impedance concept is retained and the simplified analysis is more readily accessible than the ubiquitous charge analysis in the literature. There is questionable substance to allegations of a time-variant nature to any switched capacitor.
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    The pseudorandom sequence of arrays (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 133-144 
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    Notes: Abstract Pseudorandom (or maximal length) sequences and arrays have been known for a long time, and have been reported by several authors. Pseudorandom volumes have also been mentioned. This paper presents a different type of sequence of arrays in which the arrays share many properties with the pseudorandom arrays of the literature, and the sequence (or group) of arrays has many properties in common with the pseudorandom sequences. It is proposed that this set of arrays be called a “pseudorandom sequence of arrays,” or PRSAs. Some interesting properties of the PRSA as well as its practical (hardware) implementation have been mentioned. It has also been shown that our result is a special case of the generalN(3)/D(3) case.
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    A recursive parameter estimator yielding exponential convergence under sufficient excitation (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 207-228 
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    Notes: Abstract For linear time-invariant discrete-time systems, an exponentially convergent recursive parameter identification scheme is derived requiring only that the regression vector be sufficiently exciting, that is the sum of the outer products of the regression vector is eventually positive definite. The algorithm produces a parameter estimate that converges to the batch-form (nonrecursive) least-squares estimate without requiring a persistent excitation. The rate of convergence can be selected as a design parameter. If the regression vector is persistently exciting, it is shown that a forgetting factor can be added to the formulation in such a way that the magnitude of the forgetting factor and the rate of exponential convergence can be set separately.
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    Image modeling and restoration: A new approach (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 229-229 
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    Some circuits and systems applications of semistate theory (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 235-260 
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    Notes: Abstract The semistate theory of circuits and systems is reviewed with regard to its applications. Among these latter discussed are electronic circuit design and analysis, hysteresis, knot generation, neural networks, and constrained robot characterizations.
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    On Hautus-type conditions for controllability of implicit linear discrete-time systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 289-298 
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    Notes: Abstract Four notions of controllability for general (i.e., possibly nonregular) implicit linear discrete-time systems are considered. Relationships between them are studied. A Hautus-type characterization of all of these notions is also given.
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    Strategies for finite-time control in singular systems in open- and closed-loop configurations (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 299-312 
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    Notes: Abstract A new concept of system equivalence which allows the establishment of a formal relation between singular and regular systems has been introduced. By applying this concept, an open-loop strategy for finite-time control of a given solvable singular system, which is simple for both computation and implementation, is developed. A strategy for finite-time output feedback control is considered for a continuous singular system. It is shown that provided the system is observable, a desired polynomial command for finite-time control can be determined from a finite sequence of output measurements sampled at discrete instants of time.
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    Reachability, observability, and minimality for shift-invariant two-point boundary-value descriptor systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 313-340 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the system-theoretic properties of two related classes of shift-invariant two-point boundary-value descriptor systems (TPBVDSs), namelydisplacement systems for which Green's function is shift-invariant, andstationary systems for which the input-output map is stationary. For such systems it is possible to obtain detailed characterizations of the properties of weak reachability and observability introduced in [16] and of minimality as well. An important difference, that has also been noted before in a different context [9], is that there is a certain level of nonuniqueness in minimal realizations. Another property that is studied in this paper is that of extendibility, i.e., the concept of considering a TPBVDS as being defined on a sequence of intervals of increasing length. Necessary and sufficient conditions for extendibility are given.
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    Call for papers (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    Signal scaling in cascade digital filters (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 421-426 
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    Notes: Abstract Scaling of filter variables is central to fixed-point implementation of digital filters. A simple method of scaling based on scaling constants of individual sections of a cascade digital filter is presented. The proposed method saves much computational labor in the implementation of higher-order digital filters. Maximal amplitude expressions of second-order filter transfer functions are also presented.
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    Zero-input limit cycles and stability in second-order fixed-point digital filters with two magnitude truncation quantizers (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 427-433 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the stability analysis of second-order direct-form digital filters with two magnitude truncation quantizers. Zero-input stability is proved for the parameter regions where no conclusion can be drawn using the methods previously suggested in the literature. The areas of the parameter plane in which only limit cycles of period 1 or 2 exist, are determined and related to the cycle amplitudes. Finally, a transition graph is suggested to study the convergence patterns of the filter output.
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    Analysis of a digital PLL Markov model (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 467-486 
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    Notes: Abstract The work of digital PLL is analysed. For this analysis a Markov model is used.
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    One-multiplier adaptive lattice algorithm for recursive filters (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 455-466 
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    Notes: Abstract The formulation of one-multiplier lattice structures of the Gray-Markel type forinfinite impulse response filters is reviewed. Several special cases of this formulation — including the well-known Gray-Markel normalized lattice—are presented as scaled polynomial versions of the two-multiplier lattice. A new adaptive algorithm is presented for updating the parameters of one-multiplier lattice structured recursive filters. The LMS-based algorithm requires fewer computations than earlier reported algorithms [1]–[4].
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    Computation of minimal-order realizations of generalized state-space systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 49-70 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of obtaining minimal-order representations of generalized state-space systems described by equations of the formE x(t)=A x(t)+B u(t),y(t)=C x(t)+D u(t) withE singular and det(sE−A)≠0. The underlying principle is that of removal of impulsive and exponential uncontrollable and unobservable modes. When this is followed by the removal of the remaining impulsive modes, we get a minimal-order generalized or standard state-space representation. Simple reduction procedures and numerical algorithms based on these principles are developed and illustrated by means of two numerical examples.
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    Estimation for boundary-value descriptor systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 25-48 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider models for noncausal processes consisting of discrete-time descriptor dynamics and boundary conditions on the values of the process at the two ends of the interval on which the process is defined. We discuss the general solution and well-posedness of systems of this type and then apply the method of complementary processes to obtain a specification of the optimal smoother in terms of a boundary-value descriptor Hamiltonian system. We then study the implementation of the optimal smoother. Motivated by the Hamiltonian diagonalization results for nondescriptor systems, we show how the descriptor Hamiltonian dynamics can be transformed to two lower-order systems by the use of transformation matrices involving the solution of two generalized Riccati equations. We present several examples illustrating our results and the nature of the smoothing solution and also present equations for covariance analysis of boundary-value descriptor processes including the smoothing error.
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    Call for papers (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    On the reducibility of centrosymmetric matrices — Applications in engineering problems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 71-96 
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    Notes: Abstract The structure inherent to the centrosymmetric matrices is exploited to obtain factorization results leading to significant computational savings in many engineering applications. Several interesting properties of the matrices are discussed with a view toward algorithm computational complexity. It is shown that the multiplicative complexity involved in the process of principal component (eigen-value/eigenvector) extraction, and in the evaluation of the determinant and inverse of such matrices, can be reduced by nearly 75% by employing the results presented here. The theory presented hereunifies andgeneralizes previous computationally efficient results onseveral specialized generalized centrosymmetric matrices; for example, the class of symmetric centrosymmetric (or doubly symmetric) matrices is shown to be a special case of the class of centrosymmetric matrices, and since the results obtained here are applicable over the field of complex numbers, the factorization results available for centrosymmetric matrices are readilyextended to the complex field. The centrosymmetric matrices play an important role in a number of areas such as pattern recognition, antenna theory, mechanical and electrical systems, and quantum physics. Specific examples of pattern recognition feature selection, a uniform linear antenna array, vibration in structures, and the quantummechanical oscillator are discussed to demonstrate that the theory developed here has a wide range of applications. In addition, certain specialized cases of the centrosymmetric matrices have, in the past, proved their indisputable usefulness in the areas of communication theory, digital filters, linear systems, linear prediction, and speech analysis.
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    Stability tests for singular cases of discrete systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 123-132 
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    Notes: Abstract The well-known Jury and Blanchard's stability test for discrete systems is with an array of (2n−3) rows of elements. Raible simplified Jury and Blanchard's array to (n+1) rows by introducing an additional element at the end of each row. Chen and Chan recently derived a Liapunov function through Schwarz' transform to prove the criterion directly and to produce a very compact form. The purpose of this paper is to explore the various singular cases by using the newly established Chen-Chan criterion. Some existing methods for studying singular cases are re-examined under the light shed by Chen and Chan. A by-product is to define and to determine the relative stability of discrete systems.
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    Investigation of the mathematical properties of a new negative resistance oscillator model (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 187-205 
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    Notes: Abstract A new negative resistance oscillator model was proposed by Walker and Connelly. We investigate the mathematical properties of the associated nonlinear differential equation for a single-mode LCR network oscillator. In particular, we prove that under suitable conditions, small-amplitude stable limit-cycle oscillations can occur. The method of harmonic balance is used to calculate an analytic approximation to the limit-cycle parameters. Also, the general properties of trajectories in phase-space are presented. These predictions are compared with the results obtained by numerical integration of the differential equation.
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    Block decomposition structures for the fast modular implementation of two-dimensional digital filters (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 163-185 
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    Notes: Abstract A general structure is presented for the block realization of two-dimensional infinite impulse response digital filters, which is based on the two-dimensional matrix convolution equations and the decomposition of their associated transfer function matrices. The proposed decomposition may be considered as an extension of the scalar decomposition technique, which has already been used for the realization of two-dimensional digital filters associated with two-variable polynomials. The decomposition structure is considered in two different forms, which correspond to the direct forms I and II. It is shown that if a given two-dimensional single-input, single-output filter is realizable, then realizable block decomposition structures may be always selected. The proposed approach is general and applies without any restriction for the block implementation of any two-dimensional filter. The resulting structures are characterized by high inherent parallelism, modularity, regularity, reconfigurability, local interconnections, and very high sampling and throughput rates. Thus they are well suited for VLSI implementation and implementation via multiprocessor systems and array processors, such as systolic and wavefront arrays.
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    Call for papers (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    Editorial (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 231-231 
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    Editorial: A new vocabulary for system theory? (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 233-234 
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    Distributional convergence of BDF approximations to solutions of descriptor systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 261-265 
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    Notes: Abstract It has been observed that the backward differentiation approximation to the solutions ofEx′+Fx =f can fail to converge even pointwise in an initial boundary layer. This paper shows that the approximations converge in a distributional sense even if the exact solution is also distributional.
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    Stability analysis of singular systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 267-287 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with a refined qualitative analysis of motions of a broad class of continuous time-varying nonlinear singular differential systems. These systems consist of a finite number of first-order differential equations that cannot be set into the normal form. Some novel qualitative concepts, convenient for the description of solutions of singular systems, are introduced and analyzed. These concepts involve some inherent properties of singular systems. General sufficient conditions for these concepts are derived in terms of the existence of a suitable Lyapunov function. Also, for the subclass of singular systems considered, the construction of a Lyapunov function candidate that can be effectively applied in the analysis is proposed. The results obtained generalize some known results in stability theory.
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    Fundamental matrix of discrete singular systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 341-355 
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    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to make clear the fundamental importance of thefundamental matrix ϕ k in the analysis of linear discrete-time singular systems. We relateϕ k to the coefficientsR k of the adjoint matrix (zE-A)−1, find an autoregressive recursion for theϕ k , and give the solution of the singular semistate equation in terms ofϕ k . Also discussed are thesemistatetransition matrix and the singular systemTschirnhausen polynomials. We close by giving a stable numerical technique for the computation of the sequenceϕ k that is based on first taking the pencilzE-A to triangular form.
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    Infinite elementary divisors of polynomial matrices and impulsive solutions of linear homogeneous matrix differential equations (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 357-373 
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    Notes: Abstract Impulsive solutions of linear homogeneous matrix differential equations are re-examined in the light of the theory of Jordan chains that correspond to infinite elementary divisors of the associated polynomial matrix. Infinite elementary divisors of general polynomial matrices are defined and their relation to the pole-zero structure of polynomial matrices at infinity is examined. It is shown that impulsive solutions are due to Jordan chains of a “dual” polynomial matrix that correspond to infinite elementary divisors that are associated with the orders of “zeros at infinity” of the original matrix.
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    Geometric theory and feedback invariants of generalized linear systems: A matrix pencil approach (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 375-397 
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    Notes: Abstract Generalized linear systems are classified according to their algebraic structure and their regularizability and normalizability properties under generalized state feedback are investigated. New feedback invariants are introduced in terms of the input-space restriction pencil and the Plücker matrix of the system. It is shown that the classification of subspaces of the state space of generalized linear systems is reduced to an equivalent problem of classifying the subspacesV of the domain of an ordered pair (F, G), F, Gεℝm×n. The set of strict equivalence invariants of the restriction pencil (F, G)/V provides a complete, basis-free algebraic characterization and leads to the definition of notions of geometric invariance. The key geometric notions that emerge are those of (F, G)-, (G, F)-, complete-(F, G)-, partitioned(F, G)-, cyclic-, and semicyclic-invariant subspaces. A complete set of geometric algorithms leading to the computation of the above families is also given. The above families of invariant subspaces are characterized in terms of the invariants of (F, G)/V, and this provides the links with their dynamic characterization. These results provide an “open-loop” or “feedback-free” unifying treatment of spaces of generalized systems, which for the case of proper systems is reduced to the standard geometric theory results.
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    Fast prime factor decomposition algorithms for a family of discrete trigonometric transforms (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 401-419 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper develops a set of fast prime factor decomposition algorithms (PFDAs) for a family of discrete trigonometric transforms of sizeN, whereN is a product of two relatively prime integers. Relevant equations for the PFDAs are derived. Computational procedures are presented followed by a specific example forN= 12. The input and output index mappings necessary for the algorithm are obtained and the computational complexity is briefly outlined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599762
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    The difference between regularity and irregularity in singular systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 435-444 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In the studies of singular systems regularity is often presumed although it may not be satisfied in some real cases. Therefore, natural questions are: What is the difference between regularity and irregularity? How far can we go from regularity to irregularity in the studies of singular systems? This paper partially answers these questions. The results show that the concepts of reachability, controllability, and observability for regular systems can be easily extended to irregular cases. There is minor difference between regular and irregular singular systems. Thus the assumption of regularity is reasonable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599765
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    Modified design of high-order 1-D all-pass recursive digital filters (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 445-453 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An optimization method is proposed for the design of high-order all-pass delay equalizers for a prescribed group-delay characteristic by using the cascade form realization of digital filters. Unlike other methods, in the proposed method stability is guaranteed by imposing certain mild constraints on the filter coefficients so that the unconstrained optimization technique of Fletcher and Powell is used. To reduce the function minimization time, design values of the parameters of the delay equalizers, obtained by Bernhardt's simplified method, are used as the initial vector in the optimization technique of the proposed method. It is shown that the proposed method for the design of optimal delay equalizers results in all classes of equalizers with real and complex poles and approximates the prescribed group delay more accurately.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599766
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    Call for papers (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. I 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599770
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    Realizations of nonlinear systems (1989)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 8 (1989), S. 487-506 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Given the Volterra series representation of a single input, single output nonlinear system, we examine conditions on the Volterra kernels that determine if the system is in some sense equivalent to a linear system. The systems considered herein are known as “feedback linearizable” systems. Feedback linearizable systems are usually discussed in terms of their state-space representations. A key result relates the Volterra series description of a feedback linearizable system to its state-space description.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599769
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    Series expansions for nonlinear systems (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 77-87 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we generalize recent theorems concerning the existence (and algorithms for obtaining) a power-series-type expansion for a nonlinear system's outputs in terms of its inputs. The results given here are directly applicable to a much larger class of systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598145
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    Maximally flat rational approximants in multidimensional filter design (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 119-128 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Explicit conditions required to be satisfied by the numerator and denominator polynomial coefficients of a magnitude-squared rational response function, ¦S21(jωi, jω2) ¦2, so that it might approximate an ideal low-pass characteristic along any straight line in the plane through (0,0) in a maximally flat manner, are obtained. The condition for attenuation along all radial directions through (0,0) is expressed in terms of the positivity of a form in two variables. The technique is easily extended to the multidimensional case and can be used to design filters other than those of the low-pass type. The theory could be used to design lumped-distributed and variable-parameter filters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01598148
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    Expansions for discrete-time nonlinear systems (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 179-192 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Results are given concerning the existence and other properties of Volterralike input-output expansions for discrete-time systems whose inputs and outputs are defined on the time set {0,1,2,}. The results, which establish the existence of (and show how to obtain) a locally convergent input-output expansion for a very large class of systems, are along the lines of those reported recently by this writer for continuous-time systems. With regard to one of the theorems given here, new ground is broken in that the theorem directly addresses the case where the nonlinear part of the system need not be assumed to be memoryless. Systems of the kind considered arise, for example, in the area of communication channel modeling for digital data transmission.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599157
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    Ladder networks, fixpoints, and the geometric mean (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 259-268 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Using fixed-point arguments, existence and uniqueness results are obtained for the joint resistance of infinite positive operator networks with noncommuting operators in the branches. Explicit representations for the joint resistance are given using the geometric mean of positive operators.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599069
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    Time-domain sensitivity of digital networks (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 277-284 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Convenient matrix formulas for calculating the sensitivities of multiplier coefficients of the impulse and step responses of arbitrary digital network configurations, as given by their flow graphs, are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599071
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    On generalized predictive compression of continuous-time signal samples (1983)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 327-339 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents new results for predictive compression of signal samples, based upon spectral observation. The formulation emphasizes the inherent presence of a deterministic signal model and will accommodate time-varying models and time- and signal-dependent error bounds. Transmission of predictive error residuals instead of the samples themselves is shown to be identical in structure to linear predictive coding; although additionally applicable where available stochastic signal models may be inadequate. Sample deletion, when prediction error is within a chosen bound, offers a real time compression method of particular importance to measurement and control applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599074
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    Approximation of 2-D analog and digital transfer functions using doubly terminated cascade-separable network properties (1983)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 2 (1983), S. 445-467 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers certain useful approximations which can be obtained by doubly terminated two-variable cascade-separable networks. Since such networks can be transformed into 2-D wave digital filters, these approximations provide useful magnitude responses in the 2-D digital domain, also. Two approximation methods are discussed, and these can produce near quadrantal symmetry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01599164
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    Propagation characteristics of magnetostatic waves (1985)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 4 (1985), S. 9-39 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews the propagation characteristics of the three magnetostatic wave-types that can exist in a ferrimagnetic film such as the commonly used epitaxial yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) film, viz., magnetostatic surface waves (MSSWs), magnetostatic forward volume waves (MSFVWs) and magnetostatic backward volume waves (MSBVWs). The pronounced inherent dispersiveness of these waves and methods of controlling or tailoring dispersion are discussed. Other propagation characteristics such as diffraction and propagation loss and the envelope distortion of acw pulse in propagating through such a dispersive medium are briefly described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600071
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    Three-wave mixing and light diffraction by transient light induced gratings for the study of fast relaxation processes (1983)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 15 (1983), S. 41-55 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The action of two successive intense ultrashort coherent light pulses with different wave vectorsk 1 andk 2 on a nonlinear inhomogeneously broadened medium is considered. The resulting spatial and temporal polarization and saturation structure is calculated within a two level density matrix approach. Without use of perturbation theory, both the dynamic behaviour of the nonlinear medium under hole burning conditions and the temporal behaviour of the output pulse in the2k 1 -k 2 direction generated by the polarization of the medium during and after the action of the second pulse are discussed. The diffraction of a third probe pulse by the saturation grating as well as by the polarization of the medium is calculated. Possibilities for measuring the longitudinal, transverse and inhomogeneous relaxation times are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620232
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    A new method for simultaneous complex addition and subtraction (1983)
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    Optical and quantum electronics 15 (1983), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract General results are given for the influence of coherence and misalignments on the complex amplitude addition and subtraction method using a holographic beam splitter. A new method for simultaneous complex addition and subtraction is also investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00620234
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    A study of multimode fibre attenuation measurement using a precision spectral radiometer and the near-field filtration technique (1983)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 15 (1983), S. 95-111 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the near-field filtration formulation, the paper identifies and quantifies the most important sources of interlaboratory error in multimode fibre attenuation measurements. Measures are proposed for the reduction of these errors, and it is estimated that a lower bound of about 0.04 dB should be possible under certain assumptions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612821
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    Laser fluctuation studies in intensity dependent absorption of light (1983)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 15 (1983), S. 241-245 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of a laser with an intensity-dependent absorber has been analysed for discrete regions of operations of the laser. It is shown that the beam is thermally defocused due to absorption for the values of intensity under consideration. The fluctuation properties have been analysed by evaluating 〈I〉,〈I 2〉 and 〈(ΔI)2〉/〈I〉2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619934
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    Actively coupled index-guided lasers (1983)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 15 (1983), S. 247-252 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An opto-electronic device is described in which two index-guided semiconductor lasers are actively coupled by means of a control injection current. The behaviour of the device under differing conditions of optical injection is examined. It is shown to be possible to find light-sensitive and light-insensitive configurations for device operation. The control current can be used to tune the sensitivity of the device.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619935
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